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  • Genetics
  • 1
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Colorectal neoplasms ; Genetics ; K-ras ; Gene mutations ; Early diagnosis ; Polymerase chain reaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: Best chances of a cure from colorectal cancer are obtained before metastatic spread. Lack of specific tests allowing early diagnosis of the tumor accounts for investigation of gene alterations involved in carcinogenesis by a noninvasive method. In the present study, K-ras codons 12 and 13 mutations were studied in neoplastic cells shed from the bowel into the stool and those contained in the tumor and normal mucosa. Moreover, healthy patients and a few others with precancerous conditions were examined. METHODS: Stool, tumor, and mucosa samples were taken from 25 patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma. Stool and mucosa samples were obtained from 11 healthy patients, and stool, pathologic bowel tissue, and normal mucosa samples were obtained from 3 patients with adenoma (1) or ulcerative colitis (2). Polymerase chain reaction amplification and restriction enzyme analysis were performed. RESULTS: K-ras codon 12 mutations were detected in both tumor and stool samples of 10 cancer patients, and no gene alterations were observed in 14 patients. In one patient with a tumor, a mutation was shown in only the tumor tissue. The agreement rate in tumor and stool analysis was 96 percent. A normal pattern of K-ras codons 12 and 13 was observed in the bowel mucosa. All stool and mucosa samples from healthy patients were not altered in K-ras.Agreement was registered between samples taken from patients with preneoplastic lesions. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings show a high rate of accuracy in the investigation of K-ras alterations in the colorectal cells shed into the feces, suggesting that such an approach could be used to study other gene alterations and, prospectively, to identify early colorectal cancers.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: SLE ; Apoptosis ; bcl-2 gene ; Susceptibility ; Linkage ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterised by the production of a large number of autoantibodies. It has been postulated that this may be the result of prolonged longevity of auto-reactive B cells due to defective regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis). The proto-oncogenebcl-2 is involved in the control of apoptosis in immunocompetent cells, and its over-expression is noted in T and B cells from SLE patients. This study examined the genetic linkage between thebcl-2 gene locus and SLE susceptibility using the affected sib-pair method in SLE families. Seventeen caucasian multiplex families were evaluated. A polymorphic microsatellite marker closely linked to thebcl-2 gene on 18g21.3 was used to determine thebcl-2 genotype. We demonstrated that haplotype sharing among the affected sibling pairs was not statistically different from random (P〉0.5). This suggests that thebcl-2 gene locus does not confer a genetic susceptibility to SLE expression.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 515-521 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Emotionality ; Behaviour ; Genetics ; Animal models ; QTL analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It seems that the genetic basis of common psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis is amenable to the genetic mapping strategies that have been successful in other complex disorders such as diabetes. The next challenge is the genetic dissection of quantitative behavioural traits such as mood, personality and intelligence. Quantitative traits pose new problems for gene cloning experiments. We argue that one way forward is by using animal models. One of the features of quantitative traits is that the DNA sequence variants which are responsible for them are unlikely to be immediately recognizable. In contrast to many qualitative traits where a discrete phenotypic difference is often the consequence of an inactivating mutation, the allelic variation responsible for quantitative traits probably has a more subtle basis. This distinction means that strategies to clone the genetic basis of quantitative behavioural traits will have to rely on functional assays of alleles thought to be important in determining the phenotype. We suggest that an efficient strategy for detecting sequences that give rise to quantitative behavioural traits can be devised in the mouse. The importance and utility of the mouse for quantitative trait analysis make it worthwhile to investigate mouse models of human behaviour; these advantages outweigh the difficulties that arise in attempts to validate the animal models. As an example we review the evidence that validates rodent emotionality as an animal model for susceptibility to human anxiety. We show that there is good evidence that rodent emotionality is a central nervous system state with a genetic basis, and that there are neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical parallels with human anxiety. Furthermore, our own work has shown that the genetic basis of the trait is relatively simple, and that the task of characterizing it at a molecular level is feasible. We expect that future experiments will show us how genetic variation gives rise to quantitative behavioural traits.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 74 (1996), S. 515-521 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Key words Emotionality ; Behaviour ; Genetics ; Animal models ; QTL analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It seems that the genetic basis of common psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis is amenable to the genetic mapping strategies that have been successful in other complex disorders such as diabetes. The next challenge is the genetic dissection of quantitative behavioural traits such as mood, personality and intelligence. Quantitative traits pose new problems for gene cloning experiments. We argue that one way forward is by using animal models. One of the features of quantitative traits is that the DNA sequence variants which are responsible for them are unlikely to be immediately recognizable. In contrast to many qualitative traits where a discrete phenotypic difference is often the consequence of an inactivating mutation, the allelic variation responsible for quantitative traits probably has a more subtle basis. This distinction means that strategies to clone the genetic basis of quantitative behavioural traits will have to rely on functional assays of alleles thought to be important in determining the phenotype. We suggest that an efficient strategy for detecting sequences that give rise to quantitative behavioural traits can be devised in the mouse. The importance and utility of the mouse for quantitative trait analysis make it worthwhile to investigate mouse models of human behaviour; these advantages outweigh the difficulties that arise in attempts to validate the animal models. As an example we review the evidence that validates rodent emotionality as an animal model for susceptibility to human anxiety. We show that there is good evidence that rodent emotionality is a central nervous system state with a genetic basis, and that there are neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical parallels with human anxiety. Furthermore, our own work has shown that the genetic basis of the trait is relatively simple, and that the task of characterizing it at a molecular level is feasible. We expect that future experiments will show us how genetic variation gives rise to quantitative behavioural traits.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 67 (1996), S. 837-845 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Migräne ; Genetik ; Familiäre Hemiplegische Migräne ; Linkageanalyse ; Zwillingsstudien ; Assoziationsstudien ; Key words Migraine ; Familial Hemiplegic Migraine ; Genetics ; Linkage analysis ; Twin studies ; Association studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Several historical reports focusing on the heredity of migraine, as well as recent studies on its epidemiology and molecular biology, have revealed evidence for a decisive role of genetic factors in the aetiopathogenesis of familial migraine. Indeed, family studies, segregation analyses and twin studies have shown that genetic factors play an important role in disposition towards migraine but could not explain the entire aetiopathogenesis. The influence of extragenetic factors, however, remains mostly unknown. Recent linkage analyses have provided evidence for genetic heterogeneity. A locus for Familial Hemiplegic Migraine (FHM), the only known type of migraine that follows autosomal-dominant transmission, has been linked to chromosome 19p13 but genetic heterogeneity has also been shown, i. e. different types of migraine could be excluded from this locus. Further investigations should concentrate on identifying the FHM gene on chromosome 19p13, on linkage analyses with markers for different susceptibility genes, and on genomic analyses of highly informative pedigrees. This would lead to further clues to the pathogenesis underlying migraine and, thus, to therapeutic developments.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nachdem bereits in historischen Beschreibungen eine genetische Verursachung der Migräne vermutet worden war, haben epidemiologische und molekularbiologische Forschungen in den letzten Jahren differenzierte Ergebnisse über genetische Faktoren in der Ätiopathogenese der familiären Migräne geliefert. Aufgrund von Familien- und Segregationsanalysen und von Zwillingsstudien wird dargestellt, daß genetische Faktoren mit größter Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Rolle in der Pathogenese der typischen Migräne spielen. Inwieweit extragenetische Faktoren auf die Ätiopathogenese der Migräne Einfluß nehmen, ist weitgehend offen. Linkageanalysen haben in jüngster Zeit gezeigt, daß möglicherweise mehrere verschiedene Gene für diese Erkrankung verantwortlich sind. Für die Familiäre Hemiplegische Migräne (FHM), der einzigen Migräneform, für die ein autosomal-dominanter Erbgang nachgewiesen ist, konnte ein Genlocus auf Chromosom 19p13 gefunden werden, gleichzeitig wurde aber auch genetische Heterogenität nachgewiesen. Verschiedene andere Formen der Migräne zeigten keine Linkage zu diesem Locus. Weitere Forschungen sollten neben der Identifizierung des FHM-Gens auch Linkageanalysen für Kandidatengene und Genomanalysen an großen informativen Familien zum Ziel haben. Letztlich werden die Ergebnisse genaueren Einblick in die Pathophysiologie der Migräne liefern und damit therapeutisch relevant sein.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bone density ; Femor geometry ; Genetics ; Twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To estimate genetic effects on femoral neck geometry and the distribution of bone mineral within the proximal femur a cross-sectional twin analysis was carried out at a university hospital that compared correlations in these traits in pairs of mono- and dizygo-tic female twins. Monozygotic (MZ, n=51 pairs, age 49.1±9.3 years) and dizygotic (DZ, n=26 pairs, age 45.7±11.3 years) twins were randomly selected from a larger sample of twins previously studied. Measurements of bone mineral density (BMD), femoral neck angles and length, cross-sectional area and moment of interia, the center of mass of the narrowest cross-section of the femoral neck, and BMDs of regions within the femoral neck were made. A summary index of the resistance of the femoral neck to forces experienced in a fall with impact on the greater trochanter (Fall Index, FI) was calculated. MZ pair intraclass correlations (rMZ) were significantly (p〈0.05) different from zero for all bone mass and femoral geometry variables (0.35〈rMZ〈0.82). DZ pair correlations (rDZ) were lower thanrMZ for all variables (0.04〈rDZ〈0.52) except femoral neck length (rDZ=0.38, rMZ=0.36). After adjustment for BMD of the femoral neck,rMZ was significantly greater thanrDZ, yielding high heritability estimates for regional BMDs (0.72〈H 2〈0.78), the center of mass of the femoral neck (H 2=0.70, −0.04 to 1.43 95% CI) and the resistance of the femoral neck to forces experienced in a fall (FI,H 2=0.94, 0.06 to 1.85 95% CI), but not for femoral neck length. Adjustments for age did not alter these findings. It is concluded that there are significant familial influences on the distribution of femoral bone mass and on the calculated structural strength of the proximal femur, but not on femoral neck length. If the assumptions of the twin model are correct, this is evidence for genetic factors influencing these traits.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-0905
    Keywords: Differential diagnosis ; Etiology ; Genetics ; Mathematics performance ; Reading disability ; Twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract In order to assess the etiology of reading disability as a function of mathematics performance, data from 168 monozygotic (MZ) and 127 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs in which at least one member of each pair was reading-disabled were subjected to quantitative genetic analyses. MZ and DZ concordance rates for reading disability were computed for different levels of mathematics performance, and reading performance data were fitted to an extension of the basic multiple regression model for the analysis of selected twin data. Results of these analyses suggest that genetic factors may be especially salient as a cause of reading disability in children with borderline deficits in mathematics performance: thus, mathematics performance may be a valid dimension for diagnosing subtypes of reading disability.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer’s disease ; Clinicopathological ; correlations ; Early-onset dementia ; Genetics ; Pick’s ; disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 39 (1996), S. 375-382 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Genetics ; maternally inherited diabetes and deafness ; NIDDM ; IDDM ; mitochondria ; MELAS syndrome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diabetes mellitus is a common disease with many forms of clinical expression. In addition, the development of diabetic complications is not only dependent on glycaemic control but also on individual factors which may be related to genetic heterogeneity. At present, multiple genetic factors are being recognized as contributing to the development of diabetes or possibly modulating its clinical expression. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of our current knowledge on a subtype of diabetes which is apparently caused by a single mutation in the mitochondrial DNA.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 108 (1996), S. 419-423 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Barnyard grass ; Seed dormancy ; Geographic variation ; Genetics ; Ecophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In 1991–1993, we investigated the incidence of seed dormancy in 25 local populations of barnyard grass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv., in the western Czech Republic. The percentage of germination after 4 months afterripening of dry seeds at 25°C varied between 0.0 and 83.6%. Although there were significant annual differences in the percentage of germination at some localities, typical proportions of dormant seeds persisted over 3 years at field sites where the seed bank was not disturbed. One-way ANOVA (using data from 14 cultivated or abandoned fields) revealed that 73.0% of variance in seed dormancy incidence could be attributed to the effect of locality (P〈0.001). Incidence of dormancy was not correlated with mother plant stature (dry above-ground biomass, number of tillers, maximal stem height) nor seed mass. There was a significant correlation (r 2=0.403, P〈0.005) between dormancy incidence at natural localities in 1991 and in F1 offspring sown at experimental grounds at Praha-Ruzyně in 1992. The results indicate that heredity is important in maintaining local variation in seed dormancy, probably favoured by the self-pollinating reproduction of barnyard grass.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Myotonic dystrophy ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Brain ; Muscles ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Amplification of an unstable CTG trinucleotide repeat sequence in a protein kinase gene on chromosome 19 has recently been recognised as the molecular basis of myotonic dystrophy (DM), a multisystem disorder with a wide spectrum of muscular and extramuscular manifestations. The CTG expansion of 40 patients was assessed by direct genotype analysis of the white blood cell DNA and correlated with MRI of the brain and muscles, and with functional clinical data. Cerebral pathology on MRI consisted of diffuse atrophy (68 %), subcortical white matter lesions (65 %), wide Virchow-Robin spaces (38 %) and thickening of the skull (35 %). Cerebral atrophy and extent of white matter disease correlated significantly with mental retardation, duration of disease and CTG fragment amplification. MRI of the muscular system showed fatty degeneration of different degrees in neighbouring muscles causing a mosaic pattern of the thigh in 38 % and the calf in 44 %. Muscular changes on MRI were strongly correlated with muscular impairment but less strongly with CTG expansion. Changes on MRI reflect the stage of development of tissue pathology in DM, modified by defect of the DM gene. Pathology on MRI is strongly correlated with functional deficits.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 540-544 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Amyloidosis ; Arab ; children ; Familial Mediterranean ; fever ; Genetics ; Recurrent ; abdominal pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over a period of 3 years, 192 children with familial Mediterranean fever were prospectively studied. Of these, 106 (55%) were girls and 86 (45%) were boys. The prevalence was 1 : 2600 children with a gene frequency of 1 : 50. The age at onset ranged between 4 months and 16 years. Of these patients 24% started their illness below the age of 2 years and 88% were symptomatic before the age of 10 years; 82% had recurrent abdominal pain, 43% had pleurisy, 37% had arthritis, 15% had cutaneous manifestations, 12% had splenomegaly and 4% had hepatomegaly. The presenting symptoms were abdominal pain in 51%, unilateral chest pain in 23% and arthritis in 26%. The family history was positive in 62%. Of 12 affected families 19 members had/have renal failure and amyloidosis was confirmed in 7 patients. Conclusion Our data show a high prevalence of familial Mediterranean fever and a high gene frequency in Arab children similar to that reported in Jews and Armenians.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 155 (1996), S. 540-544 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Amyloidosis ; Arab children ; Familial Mediterranean fever ; Genetics ; Recurrent abdominal pain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over a period of 3 years, 192 children with familial Mediterranean fever were prospectively studied. Of these, 106 (55%) were girls and 86 (45%) were boys. The prevalence was 1∶2600 children with a gene frequency of 1∶50. The age at onset ranged between 4 months and 16 years. Of these patients 24% started their illness below the age of 2 years and 88% were symptomatic before the age of 10 years: 82% had recurrent abdominal pain, 43% had pleurisy, 37% had arthritis, 15% had cutaneous manifestations, 12% had splenomegaly and 4% had hepatomegaly. The presenting symptoms were abdominal pain in 51%, unilateral chest pain in 23% and arthritis in 26%. The family history was positive in 62%. Of 12 affected families 19 members had/have renal failure and amyloidosis was confirmed in 7 patients.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 124 (1996), S. 332-339 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Genetics ; Self-administration ; Reinforcement ; Seizures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Inbred mouse strains differ in sensitivity to a first dose of nicotine and in the development of tolerance to nicotine. The experiments reported here used six inbred mouse strains (A, BUB, C3H, C57BL/6, DBA/2, ST/b) that differ in sensitivity to an acute challenge dose of nicotine to determine whether differences in oral self-selection of nicotine exist. Animals were presented with solutions containing nicotine or vehicle (water or 0.2% saccharin) and their daily intake of the two fluids was measured for 4 days starting with a 10 µg/ml nicotine solution. This was followed by sequential 4-day testing with 20, 35, 50, 65, 80, 100, 125, 160, and 200 µg/ml nicotine solutions. The strains differed dramatically in their self-selection of nicotine and in maximal daily dose (mg/kg); the rank order of the strains was C57BL/6〉DBA〉BUB〉A≥C3H≥ST/b for both the tap water and 0.2% saccharin choice experiments. Correlations between nicotine consumption and sensitivity to nicotine, as measured by a battery of behavioral and physiological responses, were also calculated. Strain differences in nicotine intake were highly correlated with senstivity to nicotine-induced seizures. As senstivity to nicotine-in-duced seizures increases, oral self-selection of nicotine decreases. This finding may suggest that this toxic action of nicotine serves to limit intake.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 246 (1996), S. 175-181 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Schizophrenia ; Genetics ; Liability ; Vulnerability ; Eye-tracking dysfunction ; Eye movements ; Smooth-pursuit eye movements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing evidence that the genetic predisposition for schizophrenia in families affects more individuals than those fulfilling the criteria for schizophrenia. This finding is supposed to be one of the major problems in molecular genetic schizophrenia research, especially when linkage studies are employed. Eye-tracking dysfunction (ETD), which is conceived as a possible phenotypic marker for genetic liability to schizophrenia, may offer considerable advantages. However, there is only little information from families with multiple occurrence of schizophrenia. It is still unclear whether in these families ETD aggregates with diagnoses from the schizophrenia spectrum. This first report from an ongoing study presents the results of 48 individuals from 6 multiplex families. Smooth-pursuit eye movements were recorded by infrared reflectometry and assessed by quantitative measurement techniques. Along with the high degree of psychiatric morbidity in these families, in 56.3% of the individuals ETD was assessed. Reduced mean pursuit gain was present in 39.6%. The distribution of eye-tracking dysfunction resembles the distribution of schizophrenia-related psychiatry morbidity.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 33 (1996), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Key words NIDDM ; Candidate genes ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 33 (1996), S. 257-262 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: NIDDM ; Candidate genes ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 382-387 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Blacking resistance ; Brassica napus ; Brassica juncea ; Leptosphaeria maculans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic control of adult-plant blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance in a Brassica napus line (579NO48-109-DG-1589), designated “R13” possessing Brassica juncea-like resistance (JR), was elucidated by the analysis of segregation ratios in F2 and F3 populations from a cross between “R13” and the highly blackleg-susceptible B. napus cultivar “Tower”. The F2 segregration ratios were bimodal, demonstrating that blackleg resistance in “R13” was controlled by major genes. Analysis of the segregation ratios for 13 F3 families indicated that blackleg resistance in these families was controlled by three nuclear genes, which exhibited a complex interaction. Randomly sampled plants of F3 progeny all had the normal diploid somatic chromosome number for B. napus. The similarities between the action of the three genes found in this study with those controlling blackleg resistance in B. juncea is discussed.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 817-826 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; RFLPs ; Plant breeding ; Genetics ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to compare maize quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for grain yield and yield components in F2∶3 and F6∶7 recombinant inbred (RI) lines from the same population. One hundred and eighty-six F6∶7 RIs from a Mo17×H99 population were grown in a replicated field experiment and analyzed at 101 loci detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Single-factor analysis of variance was conducted for each locus-trait combination to identify QTL. For grain yield, 6 QTL were detected accounting for 22% of the phenotypic variation. A total of 63 QTL were identified for the seven grain yield components with alleles from both parents contributing to increased trait values. Several genetic regions were associated with more than one trait, indicating possible linked and/or pleiotropic effects. In a comparison with 150 F2∶3 lines from the same population, the same genetic regions and parental effects were detected across generations despite being evaluated under diverse environmental conditions. Some of the QTL detected in the F2∶3 seem to be dissected into multiple, linked QTL in the F6∶7 generation, indicating better genetic resolution for QTL detection with RIs. Also, genetic effects at QTL are smaller in the F6∶7 generation for all traits.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 932-940 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Adult-plant ; Blackleg resistance ; Brassica napus ; Leptosphaeria maculans ; Australian cultivar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic control of adult-plant blackleg [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et De Not.] resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was studied in the F2 and first-backcross populations of the cross “Maluka” (blackleg-resistant) x “Niklas” (highly susceptible). A L. maculans isolate possessing high levels of host specificity (MB2) was used in all inoculations. Resistance/susceptibility was evaluated using three separate measures of crown-canker size, i.e. the percentage of crown girdled (%G), external lesion length (E) and internal lesion area (%II). Disease severity scores for the F2 and first-backcross populations based on E and %II gave discontinuous distributions, indicating major-gene control for these measures of resistance; but those for %G were continuous, indicating quantitative genetic control for this measure. Chi-square tests performed on the (poorly-defined) resistance classes, based on E, in the F2 and first-backcross populations indicated the likelihood for resistance being governed by a single, incompletely dominant major gene. Although the distributions of the F2 and first-backcross populations, based on%II, were clearly discontinuous, the observed segregation ratios for resistance and susceptibility did not fit any of the numerous Mendelian ratios which were considered. Differences in inheritance of resistance according to the assessment method and blackleg isolate used, were discussed.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 93 (1996), S. 301-306 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leptosphaeria maculans ; Brassica napus ; Blackleg ; Genetics ; Virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of virulence of 24 isolates of L. maculans collected from various sites throughout south-eastern and south-western Australia were studied using five clone-lines of B. napus. The experimental design allowed the estimation of the environmental and genetic components of variance using a standard analysis of variance. Virulence of these isolates (as measured by the percentage of stem girdling, %G) on the clonelines NCII and Tap was found to be most likely controlled by a small number of genes; the broad-sense heritabilities were 79.7% and 67.5% for virulence on NCII and Tap, respectively. The significance of these results in relation to the potential of L. maculans in adapting to new resistant B. napus cultivars is discussed.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 267-272 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cerrado ; Savannah ; Acid soils ; Hydroponics ; Nutrient ; Variety ; Genetics ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The soybean is a major crop in the agricultural systems of the Brazilian Cerrados (Savannahs), whose soils are acidic, devoid of nutrients and need to be amended before they are cultivated. However, below the ploughed layer there is a scarcity of nutrients and toxic aluminium (Al). These limit root growth, subsequently causing nutritional imbalance and drought stress. Our aim in the investigation described here was to identify genetic differences in the aluminium tolerance of soybeans by a 9 × 9 diallel cross among contrasting varieties grown in high-Al areas and in hydroponics. Combining ability analysis indicated predominantly additive gene effects, and the additive-dominance model explained most of the genetic differences in this germ plasm for mineral element absorption and root growth under aluminium stress. The relationship between the two factors suggest that conjugation hydroponics and field evaluations in breeding programmes would further improve soybeans with respect to yield stability under tropical cultivation conditions.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 92 (1996), S. 817-826 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words  Zea mays ; RFLPs ; Plant breeding ; Genetics ; Recombination ; Abbreviations  RFLPs Restriction fragment length polymorphisms ; QTL quantitative trait loci ; RIs recombinant inbreds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   This study was conducted to compare maize quantitative trait loci (QTL) detection for grain yield and yield components in F2:3 and F6:7 recombinant inbred (RI) lines from the same population. One hundred and eighty-six F6:7 RIs from a Mo17×H99 population were grown in a replicated field experiment and analyzed at 101 loci detected by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Single-factor analysis of variance was conducted for each locus-trait combination to identify QTL. For grain yield, 6 QTL were detected accounting for 22% of the phenotypic variation. A total of 63 QTL were identified for the seven grain yield components with alleles from both parents contributing to increased trait values. Several genetic regions were associated with more than one trait, indicating possible linked and/or pleiotropic effects. In a comparison with 150 F2:3 lines from the same population, the same genetic regions and parental effects were detected across generations despite being evaluated under diverse environmental conditions. Some of the QTL detected in the F2:3 seem to be dissected into multiple, linked QTL in the F6:7 generation, indicating better genetic resolution for QTL detection with RIs. Also, genetic effects at QTL are smaller in the F6:7 generation for all traits.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Aluminum toxicity ; Diallel analysis ; Genetics ; Rice ; Variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study was undertaken to investigate the variability among lowland rice cultivars and the mode of gene action of aluminum (Al) toxicity tolerance in rice. Pregerminated seeds were grown in a nutrient solution containing 30 ppm Al and in normal nutrient solution, and relative root length (RRL) was determined at the 14-day-old stage to characterize genotypes for tolerance. Sixty-two traditional rice cultivars grown on lowland acid sulfate soil areas of Asia and West Africa were tested. Tolerant varieties ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT104’, and ‘Moroberekan’, moderately sensitive ‘IR29’ and ‘IR43’, and sensitive ‘IR45’ and ‘IR1552’ were used to investigate the genetics of tolerance by diallel analysis. Of the 62 cultivars tested, only 3 were found to be sensitive to A l toxicity. Among the tolerant cultivars identified, 11 (‘Siyam Kuning’, ‘Gudabang Putih’, ‘Siyam’, ‘Lemo’, ‘Khao Daeng’, ‘Siyamhalus’, ‘Bjm-12’, ‘Ketan’, ‘Seribu Gantang’, ‘Bayer Raden Rati’, and ‘Padi Kanji’) were found to possess higher levels of tolerance than the improved tolerant upland cultivar ‘IRAT104’. Diallel analysis revealed that high RRL is governed by both additive and dominance effects with a preponderance of additive effects. The trait exhibited partial dominance, and one group of genes was detected. Heritability was high, and environmenal effects were low. Findings suggest that when breeding for A1 toxicity tolerance, selection can be made in early generations. The pedigree method of breeding would be suitable. Combining ability analysis revealed the importance of both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in the genetics of A1 toxicity tolerance in rice. GCA was more prevalent than SCA. Tolerant parens ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT104’, and ‘Moroberekan’ were the best general combiners. The presence of reciprocal effects among crosses suggested the proper choice of parents in hybridization programs. Results indicated that ‘Azucena’, ‘IRAT 104’, and ‘Moroberekan’ should be used as the female in crosses for A1 toxicity tolerance.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Extreme virus resistance ; Potyviruses ; Genetics ; Genes Ry and Ra ; New gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extreme resistance in cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) to potato viruses Y and A (PVY and PVA) conditioned by the presence of Ry genes introduced from Solanum stoloniferum was described by Cockerham (1970). Cockerham detailed a number of genes which controlled a variety of reactions, including extreme resistance to both viruses (i.e. little or no visible reaction of plants and no viral replication following graft and manual inoculation) controlled by gene Ry sto. In the present study, cvs ‘Pirola’ and ‘Barbara’, which contain a Ry gene, were found to have extreme resistance to PVY isolates from the ordinary (PVY°), veinal necrosis (PVYN) and potato tuber necrotic ringspot (PVYNTN) subgroups, and PVA. The inheritance of this phenotype was examined in seedling progenies obtained by crossing ‘Barbara’ and ‘Pirola’ with susceptible cultivars. Segregation data for resistance to PVY and PVA in a progeny involving cv ‘Pirola’ best fitted a genetical model of one gene controlling extreme resistance to both PVY and PVA, although the possibility that there are two genes, each controlling resistance to one virus but closely linked, cannot be excluded. Segregation data from progenies involving cv ‘Barbara’ best fitted a genetical model in which there are two independent genes, one controlling extreme resistance to PVA and PVY and a second gene controlling extreme resistance to PVA but not to PVY. This previously unrecognised gene conferring extreme resistance to PVA only, should be given the notation Ra in keeping with nomenclature used for other resistance genes.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1573-0905
    Keywords: Compensation ; Dyslexia ; Environment ; Familial aggregation ; Genetics ; Risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Education
    Notes: Abstract When one or both parents have a history of developmental reading disorder (RD) in childhood, the risk to their offspring for developing reading problems is substantially increased. However, risk research has usually assumed a stability of reading problems across the lifespan (i.e., if a parent was affected in childhood, he or she remains affected in adulthood). Yet, some individuals with RD in childhood compensate for the disorder as they grow older. Both an environmental and genetic hypothesis would predict that the risk for RD in offspring will vary as a function of parental compensation. This study examined whether risk to offspring was dependent on the parents' successful or unsuccessful compensation for their childhood reading problems. Two large family data sets were analyzed (N=907). Diagnoses with either an age discrepant or IQ discrepant criteria essentially showed that having at least one still affected parent (i.e., RD both as a child and as an adult) put the offspring at a higher risk for RD than having at least one compensated parent (i.e., RD as a child but not as an adult). The lowest risk to an offspring occurred when both parents were never affected (i.e., not RD as a child or as an adult). The implications of these findings are discussed with regard to counseling and early diagnosis of reading problems.
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  • 27
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    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1677-1702 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Abstract
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1647-1675 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: yeast ; phosphorylation ; protein phosphatase ; PP1 ; PP2A ; PP2B ; calcineurin ; Sit4 ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Since the isolation of the first yeast protein phosphatase genes in 1989, much progress has been made in understanding this important group of proteins. Yeast contain genes encoding all the major types of protein phosphatase found in higher eukaryotes and the ability to use powerful genetic approaches will complement the wealth of biochemical information available from other systems. This review will summarize recent progress in understanding the structure, function and regulation of the PPP family of protein serine-threonine phosphatases, concentrating on the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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  • 29
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    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1635-1646 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Abstract
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1607-1633 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; glycolysis ; TCA cycle ; sugar metabolism ; metabolic engineering ; pyruvate decarboxylase ; pyruvate carboxylase ; pyruvate dehydrogenase complex ; alcoholic fermentation ; Crabtree effect ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In yeasts, pyruvate is located at a major junction of assimilatory and dissimilatory reactions as well as at the branch-point between respiratory dissimilation of sugars and alcoholic fermentation. This review deals with the enzymology, physiological function and regulation of three key reactions occurring at the pyruvate branch-point in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: (i) the direct oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, catalysed by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, (ii) decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetaldehyde, catalysed by pyruvate decarboxylase, and (iii) the anaplerotic carboxylation of pyruvate to oxaloacetate, catalysed by pyruvate carboxylase. Special attention is devoted to physiological studies on S. cerevisiae strains in which structural genes encoding these key enzymes have been inactivated by gene disruption.
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  • 31
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    Yeast 12 (1996), S. 1603-1606 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: No Abstract
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Blood Pressure ; Hypertension ; Salt ; Sodium ; Genetics ; Twin Model ; Salt Restriction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To examine the effect of genetic variance on blood pressure, sodium homeostasis, and its regulatory determinants, we studied 37 pairs of monozygotic twins and 18 pairs of dizygotic twins under conditions of volume expansion and contraction. We found that, in addition to blood pressure and body size, sodium excretion in response to provocative maneuvers, glomerular filtration rate, the renin-angiotensin system, and the sympathetic nervous system are influenced by genetic variance. To elucidate the interaction of genetic factors and an environmental influence, namely, salt intake, we restricted dietary sodium in 44 families of twin children. In addition to a modest decrease in blood pressure, we found heterogeneous responses in blood pressure indicative of sodium sensitivity and resistance which were normally distributed. Strong parent-offspring resemblances were found in baseline blood pressures which persisted when adjustments were made for age and weight. Further, mother-offspring resemblances were observed in the change in blood pressure with sodium restriction. We conclude that the control of sodium homeostasis is heritable and that the change in blood pressure with sodium restriction is familial as well. These data speak to the interaction between the genetic susceptibility to hypertension and environmental influences which may result in its expression.
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  • 33
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    Pediatric nephrology 1 (1987), S. 69-75 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Blood pressure ; Essential hypertension ; Genetics ; Epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a review of the genetic transmission of normal blood pressure and of essential hypertension. Familial aggregation of normal blood pressure has been reported in adults, in children and even in newborns. Blood pressure aggregation phenomenon, however, is the result of both a genetic component and shared environmental factors. More specific for each etiological factor were the studies of blood pressure aggregation in twins and in adopted children. Attention was focused on the Montreal Adoption Study. In essential hypertension, a Japanese study is reviewed showing the occurrence of hypertension in the offspring of hypertensive parents. The heterogeneity of essential hypertension is underlined and two of the multiple etiological factors are particularly considered for their genetic component: the response to salt intake and erythrocyte cation fluxes. The conclusion from the literature reviewed is that essential hypertension is a polygenic disease transmitted by polygenic systems.
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  • 34
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    Pediatric nephrology 1 (1987), S. 136-139 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: IgA nephropathy ; Genetics ; Complement ; C4 ; Glomerulonephritis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract C4 and factor B typing were performed in 37 pediatric patients with primary IgA nephropathy. Null alleles for C4B occurred with a frequency of 26% in patients, as compared to 15% in healthy controls (NS). The phenotype of C4B deficiency (homozygous C4B null), however, was found in 16% of patients and 4% of controls (P〈0.05). Comparison of observed C4B phenotypes with those predicted from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium also confirmed an excess of C4B deficiency (P〈0.0005). In contrast, there was no evidence of distortion in the frequencies of the C4A null allele or phenotype, or of the factor B alleles. The data suggest that C4B deficiency may be one of multiple interacting factors contributing to the development of this glomerulopathy.
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  • 35
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    Pediatric nephrology 1 (1987), S. 397-404 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Cystic kidneys ; Genetics ; Prenatal diagnosis ; Linkage studies ; Potter sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Despite the high incidence of cystic kidney diseases, affected families are not usually well informed of the inheritance of these disorders. Genetic counselling must be based on precise diagnostic criteria. Detailed information on the different types of cystic kidney disease is summarized, including clinical features, pathology, radiology, prenatal diagnosis and the risk of recurrence. In addition, a genetic interpretation is given of the Caroli syndrome, Potter sequence as well as congenital hepatic fibrosis.
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  • 36
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    Pediatric nephrology 1 (1987), S. 436-438 
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Alport's syndrome ; Genetics ; Heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of inheritance in Alport's syndrome has been controversial for some time. Recent studies have clarified the mode of inheritance in this disease. Alport's syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder made up of a number of genetically distinct syndromes, with an autosomal dominant, an X-linked dominant and a rare autosomal recessive form. Clinical analysis shows that there are many distinct forms with or without nerve deafness, and with early or late occurrence of end-stage renal disease.
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  • 37
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    European journal of pediatrics 146 (1987), S. 283-287 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Pena-Shokeir I syndrome ; Facial anomalies ; Ankylosis ; Pulmonary hypoplasia ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two siblings whose clinical and pathologic features were consistent with the “Syndrome of camptodactyly, multiple ankyloses and pulmonary hypoplasia” originally described by Pena and Shokeir were examined at autopsy. Additional features were intrauterine growth retardation, immaturity of the central nervous system (CNS) and atrophy of skeletal muscles. Our data suggest that CNS damage may cause the complicated phenotypic abnormalities of the syndrome.
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  • 38
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    European journal of pediatrics 146 (1987), S. 550-554 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Epilepsy ; Genetics ; Myoclonic-astatic seizures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents case reports of patients suffering from myoclonic-astatic and stimulus-sensitive myoclonic seizures, respectively. It gives details of clinical and EEG data in the pertinent families. This is discussed in the context of controversial nosographic concepts of epilepsies with myoclonic seizures, and of the results of extensive family investigations. The findings demonstrate the decisive importance of hereditary factors in the pathogenesis of myoclonic and myoclonic-astatic epilepsy, the genetic background of which is probably polygenic.
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  • 39
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    Archives of microbiology 149 (1987), S. 36-42 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Catabolite repression ; Genetics ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Molecular cloning ; Sequence ; CRP binding site ; Escherichia coli
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The malate dehydrogenase gene of Escherichia coli, which is susceptible to catabolite and anaerobic repression, has been cloned using plasmic pLC32-38 of Clarke and Carbon (1976). The nucleotide sequence was determined of a 2.47 kbp fragment, containing the mdh structural gene. All information necessary for expression of the mdh structural gene was mapped within a 1.3 kbp SphI-BstEII fragment. Compared with the untransformed wild type, transformations with pUC19 vector, containing this fragment, gave up to 40-fold more malate dehydrogenase activity in both E. coli wild type and mdh mutant recipients. Catabolite repression was not affected in the transformants. A possible CRP binding site in the promotor region of the mdh gene provides evidence for a co-regulation with fumA gene, the structural gene of fumarase, which is also subject to catabolite repression. The structures for transcription initiation and termination were similar to those previously described for E. coli. Amino acid sequence homologies between pro- and eucaryotic malate dehydrogenases are discussed.
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  • 40
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 73 (1987), S. 440-444 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Secale cereale L. ; Genetics ; α-Amylase ; Isozymes ; Modifiers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Fifteen inbred lines of rye, F1 and F2 progenies from crosses between lines were studied using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Conventional genetic analysis of α-amylase zymograms showed that the 19 bands detected in the endosperm of germinating caryopses were controlled by three linked structural loci and one independent modifying locus, which influenced the electrophoretic mobility of isozymes. Two codominant alleles were found at the α-Amy1, α-Amy2 structural loci and the M-α-Amy modifying locus while the α-Amy3 locus had three alleles. Double-banded expression of the α-amylase alleles was probably due to the simultaneous presence of modified and unmodified forms of isozymes on the zymogram.
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  • 41
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 177-187 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley ; Grain development ; Mutants ; Ultrastructure ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Eleven Na-azide induced barley shrunken endosperm mutants expressing xenia (sex) were characterized genetically and histologically. All mutants have reduced kernel size with kernel weights ranging from 11 to 57% of the wild type. With one exception, the mutant phenotypes are ascribable to single recessive mutant alleles, giving rise to a ratio of 3∶1 of normal and shrunken kernels on heterozygous plants. One mutant (B10), also monofactorially inherited, shows a gene dosage dependent pattern of expression in the endosperm. Among the 8 mutants tested for allelism, no allelic mutant genes were discovered. By means of translocation mapping, the mutant gene of B10 was localized to the short arm of chromosome 7, and that of B9 to the short arm of chromosome 1. Based on microscopy studies, the mutant kernel phenotypes fall into three classes, viz. mutants with both endosperm and embryo affected and with a non-viable embryo, mutants with both endosperm and embryo affected and with a viable embryo giving rise to plants with a clearly mutant phenotype, and finally mutants with only the endosperm affected and with a normal embryo giving rise to plants with normal phenotype. The mutant collection covers mutations in genes participating in all of the developmental phases of the endosperm, i.e. the passage from syncytial to the cellular endosperm, total lack of aleurone cell formation and disturbance in the pattern of aleurone cell formation. In the starchy endosperm, varying degrees of cell differentiation occur, ranging from slight deviations from wild type to complete loss of starchy endosperm traits. In the embryo, blocks in the major developmental phases are represented in the mutant collection, including arrest at the proembryo stage, continued cell divisions but no differentiation, and embryos deviating only slightly from the wild type.
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  • 42
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 74 (1987), S. 439-444 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Callus ; Regeneration ; Tissue culture ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Calli were initiated from immature embryos of nine lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell). These were the euploid lines Chinese Spring and Cappelle-Desprez, a line of Chinese Spring ditelocentric for the long arm of 4B, four substitution lines of Chinese Spring in which chromosome 4B has been replaced by its homologues from different wheat varieties and substituted into Chinese Spring and a substitution line of Besostaya I 4B into Cappelle-Desprez. The calli from these lines were found to differ in their growth rates and morphogenic and regenerative activities. The substitution of different 4B chromosomes into Chinese Spring significantly increased morphogenesis and shoot regeneration from callus. The potential for developing wheat lines with improved culture characteristics is discussed.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: E. coli ; Genetics ; Polysaccharide biosynthesis ; Secretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Transposon and deletion analysis of the cloned K1 capsule biosynthesis genes of Escherichia coli revealed that approximately 17 kb of DNA, split into three functional regions, is required for capsule production. One block (region 1) is required for translocation of polysaccharide to the cell surface and mutations in this region result in the intracellular appearance of polymer indistinguishable on immunoelectrophoresis to that found on the surface of K1 encapsulated bacteria. This material was released from the cell by osmotic shock indicating that the polysaccharide was probably present in the periplasmic space. Insertions in a second block (region 2) completely abolished polymer production and this second region is believed to encode the enzymes for the biosynthesis and polymerisation of the K1 antigen. Addition of exogenous N-acetylneuraminic acid to one insertion mutant in this region restored its ability to express surface polymer as judged by K1 phage sensitivity. This insertion probably defines genes involved in biosynthesis of N-acetylneuraminic acid. Insertions in a third block (region 3) result in the intracellular appearance of polysaccharide with a very low electrophoretic mobility. The presence of the cloned K1 capsule biosynthesis genes on a multicopy plasmid in an E. coli K-12 strain did not increase the yields of capsular polysaccharide produced compared to the K1+ isolate from which the genes were cloned.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: NAD metabolism ; Regulation ; nadR ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nadR locus (99 min) controls the transcription of several genes involved with either the biosynthesis (nadAB) or recycling (pncB) of NAD in Salmonella typhimurium. Point mutations in this locus were found to cause defects either in the transport of nicotinamide mononucleotide (PnuA-), the regulation of nadAB (NadR-) or both transport and regulation (PnuA-NadR-). Deletions or insertions into nadR always resulted in the PnuA- NadR- phenotypes. Merodiploids constructed with various combiminations of PnuA-, NadR- or PnuA-NadR- strains indicate a single complementation group. The results suggest the NadR product is a bifunctional regulatory protein. Operon fusions to lacZ (nadR:: Mud1-8) were used to show that nadR is not autoregulated and is transcribed in a clockwise direction. The gene was also cloned and located within a 2 kb EcoR1-BglII fragment.
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  • 45
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    International journal of anthropology 2 (1987), S. 141-149 
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Absolute finger ridge count ; Genetics ; Dermatoglyphics ; India ; Major gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to test the hypothesis of a major gene effect on absolute total finger ridge count (ATFRC), the nature of relationship between mean ATFRC and its variability was evaluated in a series of 47 population samples from India. Regression analysis showed that both the standard deviation and the coefficient of variation are significantly related to mean ATFRC, and about 35% of the variation in ATFRC is explained by the dependent variable coefficent of variation. These results support the hypothesis of a major gene effect on the trait ATFRC.
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  • 46
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    Environmental biology of fishes 18 (1987), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Developmental rate ; Genetics ; Inheritance ; Meristic ; Salmonidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Deviations from morphological intermediacy in six first generation hybrids between three hatchery strains of rainbow trout, raised in a common environment, are reported. Hybrids have higher mean counts of four meristic characters than their maternal parental strain in a significantly greater number of cases (18 out of 24). Furthermore, eight of eleven hybrid indices are not intermediate. These results are discussed in reference to several mechanisms and models proposed to account for observed responses of meristic characters to environmental and genetic influences.
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  • 47
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: development ; isozymes ; murine trisomy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We examined developmental changes in the relative activities of three different isozyme systems: aldolase, enolase and phosphoglycerate mutase, in tissues of fetal mice with trisomy 16 and of fetal euploid littermates. We wanted to determine whether morphological abnormalities such as reduced weight and size, which are generally observed in murine trisomy, are reflected at the molecular level. Following electrophoretic separation and subsequent measurement of relative activities of enolase isozymes in brain and phospho-glycerate mutase isozymes in heart, we found no significant differences between trisomy 16 fetuses and their euploid littermates. Synthesis of liver-specific aldolase was, however, delayed in trisomy 16 fetuses.
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  • 48
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 83-89 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: chick blastula ; hypoblast-epiblast interaction ; transcriptional control ; α-amanitin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Interaction between the epiblast and the primary hypoblast in chick blastula results in induction of the primitive streak (PS) in the epiblast. Alpha-amanitin, a specific inhibitor of poly A-containing RNA synthesis, inhibits formation of the definitive PS. This inhibition is associated with qualitative changes in the pattern of protein synthesis in the hypoblast but not in the epiblast. The protein pattern of the component areas of the epiblast shows increase in some polypeptides after treatment with α-amanitin. By contrast, α-amanitin resulted in a decrease in synthesis of several polypeptides, which are either undetectable or weakly present in the hypoblast. The α-amanitin-sensitive translational products of the embryonic genome that are observed in the hypoblast may have specific functions in the control of PS induction and stabilization.
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  • 49
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 121-122 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 50
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 99-119 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Drosophila ; tissue polarity ; frizzled ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The epidermis of Drosophila has a tissue polarity that is manifested by a parallel array of polarized structures (primarily hairs and bristles). The production of normal tissue polarity requires the function of the frizzled (fz) locus. We have isolated a large number of alleles at this locus and have phenotypically characterized more than 25 of them. We have found extensive allelic variation that a previous study failed to detect. Most of the alleles fall into a hypomorphic to amorphic series. Two alleles, however, have unusual properties. These alleles, which in general are moderately strong alleles, fail to produce a rough eye phenotype that is characteristic of all the other moderate or strong fz alleles. Thus, these two alleles are tissue specific in effect. Furthermore, these two alleles also have a neomorphic or antimorphic effect on hair polarity in one region of the wing.
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  • 51
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 165-177 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: embryonic antigen ; tumor mutants ; oncodevelopmental molecule ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The 63-kDa antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody F7D6 is present in all Drosophila embryonic cells and disappears from most tissues as each one reaches its final, differentiated state. Larval tissues lose the antigen around the time of hatching, imaginal tissues lose it during metamorphosis, and germ cells lose it during gametogenesis (Bedian et al: Devel Biol 115:105-118, 1986). The nervous system and spontaneously contracting musculature of the gut and gonads are exceptions and remain antigen positive at all stages. The F7D6 antigen appears to be associated with dividing, undifferentiated cells and electrogenic cells. This prompted us to test tumors for antigen presence. We tested four different recessive mutants that give rise to four different types of tumorous transformation: the embryonic tumor Notch, several larval melanotic tumors, the imaginal disc tumor 1(2)gl, and three alleles of the ovarian tumor otu. In all cases, tumorous tissues in homozygotes contained the F7D6 antigen. The electrophoretic mobility of the antigen appeared to be unaltered in tumorous tissues compared to normal cells, but the antigen is expressed at higher levels. The antigen is found on the cytoplasmic surface of plasma membranes and appears to be a marker of undifferentiated normal and tumorous cells. Similarities and differences between the F7D6 antigen and Drosophila c-src protein are discussed.
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  • 52
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. i 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: microinjection ; familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy ; fertilized egg ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To analyze the regulation of transthyretin gene expression we have produced transgenic mice by microinjecting cloned human transthyretin genes into fertilized eggs of C57BL/6 mice. The 7.6-kilobase (kb) human transthyretin gene containing about 500 base pairs (bp) in the upstream region was used for microinjection. Seven out of nine transgenic mice had detectable amounts of human transthyretin in serum when analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Transthyretin mRNA was detected in liver and yolk sac but not in other tissues including brain. The amount of mRNA was variable among transgenic mice and was about one-tenth of mouse endogenous transthyretin mRNA. Human and mouse transthyretin mRNAs were detected in liver of fetus and yolk sac at 13 days of gestation and unlike yolk sac the level of mRNA in liver increased gradually during development and reached the maximum at around 17 days of gestation. Human transthyretin was associated with mouse transthyretin to form tetramers as judged from the dilution curve of enzyme-linked immu-nosorbent assay and the spur formation in Ouchterlony assay.
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  • 54
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 281-293 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: mouse ; human ; cow ; maps ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Technological advances in the 1970s encouraged the mapping of homologous gene loci in different mammalian species, including mouse and man. One hundred eighty-five homologous loci have now been mapped in these two species. Conservation of linkage is sufficient to identify substantial segments of the two genomes that have been left intact since their divergence from a common ancestor. The recognition of these conserved segments allows experimental manipulation of mouse chromosomes or chromosomal regions to produce models of human chromosomal anomalies of medical importance.Comparative gene mapping has been extended beyond mouse and man and the genomes of some species, including domestic cattle, appear to be more highly conserved relative to humans than the mouse. Such species may be particularly useful in providing models of human chromosomal anomalies that cannot be duplicated in laboratory mice.
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  • 55
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 91-98 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: wing size ; miniature ; cell size ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To elucidate the mechanisms whereby genes and environment influence wing size, we investigated the effects of various rearing temperatures and larval crowding conditions on the wings of the mutant miniature and wild-type fruit flies. In adults we monitored wing size, cell number, wing thickness, cell density; in larval imaginal discs we looked for cell death. Cell density was inversely proportional to wing size. Of particular interest was the finding that smaller wings tend to be thicker. Electron microscope studies showed that the miniature wing layers are grossly abnormal. We hypothesize that these abnormalities are due to abnormal cell flattening of the wing epithelial cells, and we conclude that gene and environmental effects on cell flattening may be an important component in determining cell density and hence organ size.
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  • 56
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 123-123 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 57
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 125-133 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: retrovirus ; embryonal carcinoma ; embryonic gene ; DNA methylation ; gene expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Northern blot analysis and in vitro nuclear transcription assays were performed in order to clarify conflicting reports on the expression of intracisternal A particle (IAP) genes in embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines. Results demonstrate that post-transcriptional mechanisms control the final steady-state levels of IAP RNA in EC cells. IAP genes were further found to be undermethylated in IAP-expressing EC cell lines.
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  • 58
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 187-187 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 59
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 189-194 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: H-Y antigen ; skin grafts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The influence of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the survival of H-Y-incompatible skin grafts in rats has been determined by challenging normal and previously sensitized females of various isogenic and congenic strains with male trunk or ear skin isografts. The MHC's influence on the potency of H-Y has also been evaluated by determining the survival of male parental strain ear skin grafts on sensitized (with F1 hybrid male cells) F1 hybrid females of two different MHC congenic strains. The results indicate that, as in mice, the MHC has a dual affect on H-Y; it is involved in determining the ability of females to respond to the antigen as well as influencing its potency.
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  • 60
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 233-247 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: DNA dispersion ; human β-globin ; reverse transcription ; evolution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A human bacteriophage clone containing adult β-globin genes with four Alu sequences was microinjected to produce transgenic mice. Southern blot analysis on the spleen of a transgenic mouse revealed an unusual hybridization pattern that suggested extensive dispersion of human DNA throughout the mouse genome. This pattern was reproducible using several restriction enzymes, including a noncutting enzyme. The hybridization pattern was not observed in other tissues, and sequences were not detected in progeny using the bacteriophage probe. However, hybridization of spleen DNA of offspring against a human Alu probe revealed genetic transmission of human Alu sequences. The results suggest dispersion of microinjected Alu sequences throughout the genome.
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  • 61
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 321-337 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: T-DNA ; T-cyt gene ; plant promoter structure ; plant development ; plant gene regulation ; plant defense-related mRNAs ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 375-387 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: urease ; isozymes ; clones ; null mutants ; soybean ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) contains two urease isozymes whose expression is regulated in a tissue-specific and temporal manner. The ubiquitous urease is expressed in all tissues examined (leaf, embryo, seed coat, cell culture); the embryo-specific urease is synthesized exclusively in the developing embryo. The embryo-specific urease accumulates during seed development while the ubiquitous urease is found in highest levels during early development of both leaves and seeds. We have isolated mutants which fall in three phenotypic classes lacking one or both urease isozyme activities. Genetic analysis has thus far identified three unlinked loci which control the expression of urease(s). Genomic and cDNA clones of urease structural genes have also been recovered and we are working to assign these to genetic loci by sequence and RFLP analyses. That the ubiquitous urease isozyme is expressed in cell culture makes it possible to include cell culture in physiological and developmental studies. Additionally, we have developed direct selections for urease-negative mutants, and their revertants, in cell culture. These selections will facilitate the study of the expression of cloned urease genes in genetically transformed tissue.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: tubulin genes ; microtubules ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Microtubules are important components of the cytoskeleton of plant cells and play key roles in plant growth and morphogenesis. Recent molecular studies have begun to elucidate the structure and expression of plant genes coding for the major components of microtubules, α- and β-tubulin. Tubulin amino acid sequences deduced from the DNA sequences of eight higher plant tubulin genes are 79-87% homologous with constitutively expressed mammalian tubulins. The genome of the model plant system Arabidopsis thaliana contains four dispersed α-tubulin sequences and at least seven β-tubulin sequences, only two of which appear to be linked. Of the five A. thaliana genes whose expression has been analyzed, the transcripts of one α-tubulin and one β-tubulin gene are constitutively expressed in roots, leaves, and flowers. A second α-tubulin gene is expressed predominately in flowers; the transcripts of the second and third β-tubulin genes are found predominately in leaves or in roots, respectively.
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  • 64
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: W locus ; mouse ; chromosome 5 lethal ; implantation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A recessive lethal mutant linked to Wsh causes the death of homozygous embryos between 4.5 and 5.5 days postcoitum (pc). Histological examination of implantation sites from intercross and backcross matings indicates that homozygotes are not all evident at 4.5 days pc, when embryos have begun to form trophectoderm giant cells and primitive endoderm, but are degenerating by 5.5 days pc, with only a few primary giant cells remaining after this time. The mutants thus form blastocysts that initiate the implantation process but the inner cell mass and polar trophectoderm fail to develop further. In vitro examination and culture of blastocysts indicated that the mutant homozygotes hatch from the zona pellucida and outgrow, although they do so somewhat more slowly than normal embryos. After 3 days of culture, the inner cell masses of mutant outgrowths may be smaller than normal. Since the gene has no known heterozygous effect and the primary gene function remains unknown, the mutant has been given the provisional symbol l(5)-1 for the first lethal on chromosome 5.
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  • 65
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 45-58 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: white-mottled ; Malpighian tubules ; gene action ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Riboflavin deposition in organs of Drosophila hydei was studied by means of a growth test using a riboflavin-deficient strain of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans. In wild-type animals, riboflavin is deposited in Malpighian tubules (MT) and testes but not in adult eyes. Certain white (w) mutants do not contain riboflavin, whereas intermediately colored w mutants contain minor amounts of the substance. Riboflavin-containing MT cells contain special globules that can be fixed and stained with the redox dye phenazine-methosulphate. The number and size of these granules is related to growth effect and point to a role of the w locus in the intracellular deposition of riboflavin in special organs. In white-mottled (wm) position-effect variegation mutants, a significant correlation was found between the extent of variegation (percentage of yellow cells) and riboflavin content (growth effect) of the MT. However, the individual variation of cell phenotype was extremely large and exaggerated types were observed indicating “overdominance” of the rearranged w+ gene. This contradicts an unsubstantiated dogma of position-effect variegation that assumes that the affected gene simply switches between the on and off state, as is discussed.
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  • 66
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 73-82 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: isoelectric focusing ; corticosterone ; gene assignment ; alanine transferase ; tyrosine aminotransferase ; liver cytosol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The amount of cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor in liver of Ts18, Tsl6, and Tsl9 vs euploid mouse fetuses was studied after incubation of [3H]dexamethasone with cytosol followed by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels. In addition, corticosterone concentrations and enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase and tyrosine aminotransferase were measured in the cytosol of the livers. The amount of glucocorticoid receptor in the cytosol fractions of the livers was always higher in the Tsl8 than in the euploid fetuses of the same litter. It was also significantly (P 〈 0.0005) higher if pooled data from different litters were analyzed. The ratio of the glucocorticoid receptor in Ts l8 vs euploid mice varied between 1.3 and 4.7, with a mean of 2.1. In contrast, the glucocorticoid receptor levels in Tsl6 and Tsl9 fetuses were not different from the corresponding euploid controls. Comparing the corticosterone levels of the three trisomies tested with the corresponding euploid fetuses, no significant differences were found, indicating that the markedly elevated cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor concentrations in Tsl8 were not due to different corticosterone levels. This finding is consistent with the assignment of the glucocorticoid receptor gene to chromosome 18 in the mouse. There was no correlation betwen glucocorticoid receptor levels and the activity of the two glucocorticoid inducible enzymes tested in the liver of mouse fetuses.
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  • 67
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987) 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 68
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 135-150 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: mouse ; NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase ; electrophoresis ; gene regulation ; allele-specific expression ; heart ; kidney ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The murine “housekeeping” enzyme, cytosolic NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.42) (genetic locus:Idh-1), exhibited a complex pattern of allele-specific expression. Protein electrophoresis on cellulose-acetate gels and determination of relative enzymatic activity by means of densitometry revealed that in heart tissue (but not liver tissue) of certain hybrid crosses the AA-homodimer was underrepresented relative to total enzymatic activity, and the degree of underrepresentation changed during development. In mixtures of homozygous tissue extracts of heart tissue (but not liver tissue) the AA-homodimer was underrepresented relative to the BB-homodimer. Relative activity of allelic isozymes varied as a function of tissue (heart versus liver), age, and the parental source of the Idh-1a allele, but did not vary as a function of sex.Allele-specific expression was also exhibited in kidney tissue of the same animals. In adult male kidney tissue extracts from heterozygotes, the AA-hornodimer was underrepresented relative to total enzymatic activity; in adult female kidney tissue extracts from heterozygotes, a more codominant phenotype was observed. Tissue extracts from immature hybrid animals exhibited a phenotype midway between the adult male and adult female phenotypes. Tissue extracts from castrated males exhibited a phenotype equivalent to that seen in females. Relative activity of allelic isozymes in kidney varied as a function of age and sex, but did not vary as a function of the parental source of the Idh-1a allele.While cytosolic NADP-IDH is a “housekeeping” enzyme, expressed in multiple tissues of the mouse, differences in the relative intensities of allelic isozyme bands provide evidence for tissue- and stage-specific regulatory variation.
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  • 69
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: differentiation ; melanogenesis ; tyrosinase ; albino ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Albino mutation in animals blocks pigmentation owing to a deficiency in tyrosinase, although it does not affect the differentiation of colorless melanocytes from the neural crest. In the albino Japanese quail (al, sex-linked), it was demonstrated that morphologically normal melanocytes differentiated from neural crest cells in culture and that these cells contained unmelanized melanosomes as expected for the mutant cells. The mutant melanocytes, however, were shown to exhibit tyrosinase activity in the Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosome region and in the Golgi vesicles. Our results seem to indicate that the mutation at the al locus affects the transport of tyrosinase from the Golgi area to melanosomes.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: lactate dehydrogenase ; spermatogenesis ; multigene enzyme family ; somatic cell hybrids ; gene mapping ; evolution ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: From the data presented in this report, the human LDHC gene locus is assigned to chromosome 11. Three genes determine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in man. LDHA and LDHB are expressed in most somatic tissues, while expression of LDHC is confined to the germinal epithelium of the testes. A human LDHC cDNA clone was used as a probe to analyze genomic DNA from rodent/human somatic cell hybrids. The pattern of bands with LDHC hybridization is easily distinguished from the pattern detected by LDHA hybridization, and the LDHC probe is specific for testis mRNA.The structural gene LDHA has been previously assigned to human chromosome 11, while LDHB maps to chromosome 12. Studies of pigeon LDH have shown tight linkage between LDHB and LDHC leading to the expectation that these genes would be syntenic in man. However, the data presented in this paper show conclusively that LDHC is syntenic with LDHA on human chromosome 11.The terminology for LDH genes LDHA, LDHB, and LDHC is equivalent to Ldhl, Ldh2, and Ldh3, respectively.
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 295-304 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: sequence ; cDNA ; fetal pig ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A cDNA clone of porcine alpha1 acid glycoprotein (α1AGP) has been isolated and sequenced. Sequence homologies between porcine, human, and rat indicate that porcine α1AGP is similar in structure to the rat and human proteins. RNA blots from days 40, 60, 80, and 110 fetal, newborn, and adult livers showed that α1AGP mRNA is relatively abundant throughout fetal development, particularly at the later stages and in the newborn; there is a rapid decline in abundance following birth. From birth to 3 days of age, there is a three- to four-fold decline in abundance, and α1AGP mRNA is approximately 100 times less abundant in the adult liver than in that of perinatal pigs. Southern blots showed that α1AGP is probably a single-copy gene. The isolation of a cloned cDNA for porcine α1AGP provides a tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in the developmental regulation of the gene and to correlate changes in gene expression during development with fetal growth and well being.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: mental retardation ; Down syndrome ; cholinergic neurons ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In this study, we examined the neurochemical profiles of selected brain regions (cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon/brainstem) in fetal (day 14 to 18 gestation) trisomy 19 (Ts19) mice. The neurochemical characteristics we observed in Ts19 mice were quite different from those we observed previously in Ts16 mice. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was reduced significantly in the cerebral hemispheres, but not in the brainstem/diencephalon, of the fetal Ts19 mouse brain, suggesting a selective vulnerability of telencephalic cholinergic neurons. Additionally, the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was reduced significantly in both hemispheres and diencephalon/brainstem of late gestation Ts19 fetuses, suggesting a selective vulnerability of GABAergic neurons as well. While the levels of catecholaminergic and dopaminergic markers were reduced significantly at late gestational ages, the relative rate of turnover of dopamine (DA), measured by the ratio of DOPAC/DA, was elevated significantly in Ts19 mice. Neither reduction in the thickness of various cellular zones of the cerebral cortex nor reduced cell density of the cerebral cortex accounts for the alterations in neurochemical parameters observed in Ts19 mice. These results suggest that the effects of the triplication of specific genes on the respective chromosomes, rather than a generalized disruption of developmental homeostasis resulting from extra chromosomal material, may produce selective alterations in neurochemical and neuroanatomical markers observed in these two mouse trisomies.
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  • 73
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 305-320 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: maize ; chlorophyll-deficient mutants ; high-chlorophyll-fluorescent mutants ; albino mutants ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Although a wide range of mutations in the nuclear genome also affect chloroplast biogenesis, their pleiotropic nature often limits their use in studying nuclear genes that regulate or facilitate chloroplast development. However, many mutations that cause a high-chlorophyll-fluorescent (hcf) phenotype exhibit limited pleiotrophy, causing the loss of functionally related sets of chloroplast polypeptides. Several hcf mutations are described that result in the loss of one specific protein complex from the thylakoid membrane. Chlorplast and cytosolic mRNAs coding for component polypeptides of the missing complex are unaffected in the mutants, suggesting that each mutation disrupts some process in the synthesis and assembly of the missing complex. Another hcf mutation causes both the loss of three protein complexes and grossly abnormal thylakoid membrane structures. The primary effect of this mutation might be in the assembly of thylakoid membranes or in the stable accumulation of the three protein complexes. Two other hcf mutations are more pleiotropic. Hcf*-38 causes a quantitative reduction of many chloroplast proteins and a reduction of some chloroplast RNAs, including several splicing intermediates. Hcf*-7 causes a major reduction of all chloroplast-encoded proteins examined. The range of pleiotropic effects of hcf mutations indicates that the mutations identify nuclear genes whose products are involved in a number of different steps in chloroplast devclopment. Because some of the mutations described have been generated by transposon insertions, they can be cloned using the transposon to identify the mutant allele.
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  • 74
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 389-403 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: nuclear mutations ; chloroplast assembly ; maize ; light ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The major chlorophyll a/b light harvesting complex (LHCII) of mesophyll chloroplasts is normally assembled late during chloroplast morphogenesis. LHCII occurs at greatly reduced levels in bundle sheath chloroplasts of maize. In order to understand the normal regulatory mechanisms we are examining nuclear maize mutants that alter either (1) the assembly timing or (2) the steady state level of LHCII in mature mesophyll thylakoids. We have found a delayed greening mutant, v24 (on chromosome arm 2L), that unmasks a second unlinked locus, Mof*, that can mediate LHCII assembly timing. The polypeptides of LHCII are encoded by the nuclear multigene cab family. We find that two alleles at Mof* regulate the steady state level of cab mRNA in parallel to their effect on LHCII assembly timing: The genotype Mof*-1 Mof*-1 v24 v24 corresponds to reduced cab mRNA and late LHCII assembly timing, while Mof*-2 Mof*-2 v24 v24 corresponds to reduced cab mRNA and late LHCII assembly timing. A second group of mutations (Oy-700, pg11 and pg12 reduces LHCII levels in mesophyll thylakoids. This is the first report that pg11 and pg12) reduce the LHCII of mesophyll thylakoids. The basis of pg11 and pg12 is unknown. Mutations at the Oy locus block the chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme, protopor-phyrin IX Mg-chelatase. Heterozygotes of the codominant mutation Oy-700 with the normal allele (Oy) have reduced LHCII. We have defined genetic backgrounds that suppress and those that do not suppress the Oy-700 Oy phenotype under certain conditions: (1) reduced light intensities (200 μE cm-2 sec-1) and/or (2) plant maturity.
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    Developmental Genetics 8 (1987), S. 475-493 
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: methylation ; Adh1 ; Zea ; Arabidopsis ; transformed DNA ; CpG-rich islands ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Higher plant DNA is extensively methylated, but the two methylated sequences (CpG and CpNpG) show different characteristics. Using sequence analysis techniques, we demonstrate that while CpG methylation follows the existing models for cytosine methylation in animals, CpNpG methylation does not. Although there is evidence to support the suggestion that the low CpG frequency has arisen from deaminational conversion of 5-methylcytosine to thymidine, there appears to be no comparable conversion of 5-methylcytosine in the CpNpG configuration. It therefore appears that between the evolution of CpG and CpNpG cytosine methylation systems, a mechanism evolved for the correction of C→T conversion, probably using the methylated strand to direct the repair in the correct direction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 5-9 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Schizosaccharomyces pombe ; sterile mutants ; ste genes ; protoplast fusion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In previous experiments of Girgsdies (1982), eight sterile (ste) mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe did not sporulate when fused with h+ or h- protoplasts. We succeeded in achieving sporulation with these mutants. Two hitherto unknown ste genes, ste7 and ste8, were found.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast protein map ; carbon metabolism machinery ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Using a modification of the basic two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique, we have undertaken a systematic identification of the polypeptides of the protein map of Saccharomyces cerevisiae corresponding to components of the carbon metabolism machinery. To the previous location of nine glycolytic enzyme polypeptides on the yeast protein map we add the location of 23 polypeptides. Ten of them were identified as corresponding to cytoplasmic enzymes of the carbon metabolism machinery and 13 were characterized as mitochondrial proteins. The criteria used to establish the identification of these polypeptides spots include migration with purified proteins, immunodetection, overproduction by plasmid-carrying strains and physiological behaviour.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Zygosaccharomyces ; weak-acid resistance ; intracellular pH ; yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Weak acids and hydrogen ions in different concentration combinations affect the intracellular pH value (pHi) of Zygosaccharomyces bailii. The lowest pHi value measured was not at the most extreme, but at intermediate conditions of inhibition. Proton and organic-acid ejection, on a cell volume basis, is greater in cells grown under inhibitory conditions and is stimulated by weak acids, whilst in cells not grown under inhibitory conditions acid efflux is lower and is depressed by weak acids; this may be important in the maintenance of tolerable pHi values in the presence of weak acids. The concentration of benzoic acid measured internally is identical to the value expected from its pK, external pH and pHi. Addition of fructose to starved cells causes both a decreased pHi and a concomitant efflux of previously loaded benzoic acid, quantitatively in accord with the shift in equilibrium of the freely permeable undissociated acid. There is no evidence that weak acids are actively extruded. Protoplast volume also varies with hydrogen-ion and weak-acid concentration and this too may play a role in intracellular pH maintenace.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 43-49 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Heterologous gene expression ; Hepatitis B ; protein estimation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Purified recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen separated on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate has a very low staining index with Coomassie blue relative to a number of standard proteins. In contrast the protein stains better than average with silver nitrate. This property has been used to develop a semi-quantitative method of estimation of recombinant surface antigen in extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing this protein. The method can be used to follow purification protocols. It is quick, simple and since it measures the surface antigen biochemically, is independent of the aggregation state or conformation of the protein, a factor which can affect enzyme-linked immunoassays which rely on antigen-antibody interactions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 80
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 33-42 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; acid phosphatase ; gene regulation ; upstream activating sequences ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To identify the sequences involved in the regulation of the yeast acid phosphatase gene (PHO5) we constructed a series of hybrid promoters. Increasing lengths of 5′-flanking sequences of the PHO5 gene were placed in front of the TATA-box of constitutively expressed acid phosphatase gene (PHO3).The PHO5/PHO3 promoter constructions were used to replace the entire PHO5, PHO3 gene cluster on chromosome II. Depending on the length of PHO5 5′-flanking sequences present the PHO3 gene driven by the hybrid promoter could now be derepressed in response to inorganic phosphate (low Pi) exactly as the PHO5 wild type gene. A critical regulatory element was located between position -402 to -351 (upstream from ATG) and sequences further downstream (from -351 to -300) could increase transcriptional activation. The transcription levels of PHO3 were determined by northern blot analysis, under repressed (high Pi) and derepressed (low Pi) conditions which was paralleled by an increase in extra-cellular acid phosphatase activity. Fully regulated promoter hybrids showed a 40-fold induction of mRNA levels, comparable to wild type PHO5 promoter. S1-nuclease protection experiments revealed that the PHO5 5′-flanking sequences, placed in front of PHO3, did not change the PHO3 transcription initiation site/s.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cyclic AMP ; nitrogen limitation ; resting state ; cell cycle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have identified a mutation called rcal (for rescue by cAMP) which allows adenylate cyclase-deficient mutants to divide in the presence of cAMP. We took advantage of this rcal mutation to study the effect of externally added cAMP on the onset of the resting state when cells are starved for ammonium. We measured the resistance of the cells to zymolyase treatment as a parameter of the resting state. We observed that the onset of the resting state is reversibly blocked by cAMP. This inhibitory effect of cAMP is discussed together with the cAMP control of the start. This leads us to propose a model in which the cAMP level, controlled by the availability of nutrients, should trigger the choice between the entry of the cell into the resting state and the initiation of a new division cycle.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 82
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 95-105 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; tryptophan accumulation ; genetic engineering ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Plasmid pME559, carrying all five yeast TRP genes, was constructed. This plasmid is a yeast/Escherichia coli shuttle vector based on pBR322 and 2 μm-DNA sequences derived from plasmid pJDB207. We studied in yeast (i) the stability of the plasmid under selective and non-selective conditions, (ii) expression of all five TRP genes and (iii) tryptophan accumulation in yeast transformants. These studies were conducted in comparison with an earlier construction, pME554, which differs from plasmid pME559 in the expression of the TRP1 gene and which carries the TRP2 wild type instead of the TRP2fbr mutant allele. For stable maintenance of the plasmids in yeast a selection was necessary. Plasmid pME559 displayed normal expression of all TRP genes, and enzyme levels on average 23-fold higher than in the wild type strain were found. In comparison, the maximal tryptophan flux observed in such a plasmid-carrying strain was about ten-fold higher than the maximal flux capacity in the wild type strain.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 83
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 107-115 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: DNA replication ; ARS elements ; histone genes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have previously identified an autonomously replicating segment (ARS) near the 3′ end of the histone H4 gene at the copy-I H3-H4 locus. We have now searched for additional autonomously replicating segments and sequences homologous with the ARS core consensus sequence near the copy-II histone H4 gene and both of the histone H3 genes. No new ARS elements were identified by functional cloning assays. However, several matches to the ARS core consensus element were found within the DNA sequencs of the copy-I and copy-II genes. An exact match to the ARS core consensus was identified in the region downstream from the copy-I histone H3 gene and a set of sequences with weak homology was also locatd within the copy-II region. However, restriction fragments including these sequences did not demonstrate ARS activity on a plasmid in transformed cells.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 84
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    Yeast 3 (1987) 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 85
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 117-129 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Killer ; virus-like particles ; nucleotides ; pyrophosphatase ; RNA polymerase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The intracellular killer virions of yeast co-purify with an RNA polymerase activity which catalyzes the synthesis of fulllength transcripts of the two viral genomic double-stranded RNA segments. This polymerase utilizes ribonucleoside diphosphates or triphosphates as substrates. The virions have other associated nucleotide-metabolizing enzyme activities, including nucleoside diphosphate kinase, adenosine monophosphate kinase, and nucleoside triphosphate phosphotransferase, an activity which catalyzes the exchange of gamma-phosphate from any ribonucleoside triphosphate with any ribonucleoside or deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate. The purified virions also contain an inorganic pyrophosphatase activity. These enzymes may allow the virus to utilize nucleotide pools distinct from those utilized in host cell transcription.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 131-137 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Transformation ; Saccharomyces ; plasmid ; DNA uptake ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have studied the mechanism of DNA transformation of whole yeast cells in Saccharomyces cerevisiae with particular emphasis on the role of the cell wall complex in DNA uptake. Two new aspects of the process have been investigated in order to evaluated its specificity. Such aspects are: (i) effect of monovalent vs. divalent cations during incubation with the transforming DNA and (ii) timing of DNA adsorption and uptake. We found that the specificity for cation requirement is a strain-dependent characteristic influenced by the presence of transforming DNA in the cell suspension. This finding is supported by reports from several laboratories that some yeast strains show mutually exclusive transformability with monovalent vs. divalent cations. While irreversible adsorption of plasmid DNA molecules is induced by both heat shock and polyethylene-glycol(PEG), DNA uptake seems to occur only after the removal of PEG. In the course of this study we have developed a new, alternative method of whole cell DNA transformation with CaCl2 able to transform strains that do not respond to other methods.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 87
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 255-262 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yarrowia lipolytica ; isocitrate lyase ; structural gene ; gene map ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The gene ICL1 codes for the tetrameric enzyme isocitrate lyase of Y. lipolytica. Twenty icl1- alleles have been analysed for their reversion frequency, their interallelic complementation pattern, and the position of the corresponding mutation site on the fine structure map of the gene ICL1. One intragenic temperature-sensitive revertant of the allele icl1D-39 was isolated, which expressed a thermolabile enzyme. In spite of the fact that no nonsense mutations have been detected, the direction of transcription of the gene ICL1 was inferred from the localization of a linked cis-dominant regulatory mutation site. The size of the mitotic map of this gene suggests that recombination frequency in Y. lipolytica is lower than in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Pichia pinus ; alcohol oxidase ; catabolite repression ; metabolic regulation ; methanol ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effect of various carbon compounds on the synthesis of alcohol oxidase in a medium with methanol was studied in the wild type strain of Pichia pinus as well as in gcr1 and ecr1 mutants defective in glucose and ethanol repression of methanol metabolic enzymes, respectively. Compounds repressing the synthesis of alcohol oxidase in the wild type strain were divided into four groups. Repression of alcohol oxidase by compounds of the first group (glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, L-sorbose and xylose) was impaired only in the gcr1 mutant and that by compounds of the second group (ethanol, acetate, 2-oxoglutarate and erythritol) only in the ecr1 mutant. Repression by compounds of the third group (malate, dihydroxyacetone) was not impaired in both these regulatory mutants and that by compounds of the fourth group (succinate, fumarate, L-arabinose, sorbitol, salicin, xylitol and cellobiose) was partially reduced in both gcr1 and ecr1 strains.Mutation gcr1 causes a significant decrease in phosphofructokinase activity. It also led to a six- to seven-fold increase in intracellular pools of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate and to a two-fold decrase in the intracellular pool of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In ecr1 strains, a decrese in 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase activity accompanied by an increae in activities of NAD- and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases and NAD- and NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases was demonstrated. The intracellular pool of 2-oxoglutarate was increased 2·5-fold in ecr1 strains. Genes GCR1 and ECR1 are not linked.The mechanisms of catabolite repression of alcohol oxidase in methylotrophic yeasts are discussed.
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  • 89
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 273-273 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 91
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 263-270 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Lodderomyces elongisporus ; Rhodotorula gracilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; accumulation ratio ; membrane transport ; suspension density ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The previously described effect of cell suspension density on metabolic and transport phenomena in yeast, apparently caused by inhibition by dissolved carbon dioxide, is also observed with the accumulation ratio of both sugars and amino acids where not only a kinetic but also an energetic factor comes into play. Unlike all previously measured metabolic and transport parameters, the dependence of the accumulation ratio on suspension density is not monotonic but shows a pronounced maximum in the range of 4-8 mg dry wt/ml, depending on yeast species and on cultivation conditions. In Rhodotorula gracilis and in Lodderomyces elongisporus it is not due to CO2 but is semiquantitatively related to the proton-motive force across the plasma membrane as well as to the intracellular ATP content. It is observed both in oxygen and in argon, over a wide range of pH values and of temperatures, but it is suppressed by metabolic inhibitors. It is expressed only in a range of transported solute concentrations between about 0·1 and 10 mM.
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  • 92
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 63-70 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Antibodies ; immunofluorescent labelling ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In the course of making antibodies against various yeast (S. cerevisiae) proteins, we have noted that it is common to observe reactivity of rabbit sera with a number of extraneous bands on Western transfers of yeast proteins. The pattern of reactive bands can change within a period of weeks, even when the rabbit has not been injected with antigen. A simple method of affinity purification, using antigen bound to nitrocellulose, is employed to remove the reactivity with these extraneous bands from immune sera. The importance of affinity purification is demonstrated by our attempts to immunolocalize a 55 kd yeast protein (p55). Immune serum stains yeast cells to give a striking pattern of spots and blotches not seen with preimmune serum. However, affinity purification of anti-p55 antibody shows that this pattern is not due to staining by anti-p55 antibody; rather the pattern is due to staining left in the serum depleted of anti-p55 antibody.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 71-76 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: OFAGE ; X-ray damage ; DNA repair ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Orthogonal field alternation gel electrophoresis (OFAGE) allows separation of DNA molecules in the size range of 200 kb to 3000 kb. These sizes encompass the chromosome sizes of the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using this technique, we have found that yeast cells exposed to X-rays generate a smear of DNA fragments corresponding to the products of random, independent double strand breaks, and that the bands corresponding to unbroken chromosomes decrease in intensity in direct proportion to chromosome size. If exposed wild type cells are permitted time to repair (5 h at 30°C on YEPD), the fragments partially disappear and the chromosome bands reappear, although at less than normal intensity. In certain radiation-sensitive mutants (rad51, rad52 and rad54), the fragment smear appears following X-ray exposure but no repair of broken chromosomes occurs. In fact, loss of the fragments occurs; this could appear as partial repair using other procedures.
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  • 94
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 77-84 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Microbodies ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; oleic acid ; β-oxidation ; catalase ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The development of microbodies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied in response to different conditions of growth. Various strains of S. cerevisiae were investigated, using cells from the exponential growth phase on glucose as an inocullum in all transfer experiments. Electron microscopy, including serial sectioning, revealed that these cells generally contained one to four small microbodies which were localized in the vicinity of the cell wall and characterized by the presence of catalase. Transfer of these glucose-grown cells into media supplemented with various compounds known to induce microbody proliferation in other yeasts - i.e. uric acid, alkylated amines, amino acids, C2-compounds such as ethanol or acetate, in the presence or absence of compounds that induce oxygen radical formation - did not result in a significant change in the number of microbody profiles observed. Marked microbody proliferation was, however, observed after a shift of cells into media containing oleic acid and was associated with the induction of activities of β-oxidation enzymes. In addition, catalase and isocitrate lyase were present in enhanced levels. Kinetic experiments suggested that these microbodies developed from those originally present in the inoculum cells. In thin sections up to 14 microbody profiles were occasionally observed, often present in small clusters. Their ultimate volume fraction amounted to 8-10% of the cytoplasmic volume.
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  • 95
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 96
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    Yeast 3 (1987), S. 187-200 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondria ; cAMP-dependent protein kinase ; submitochondrial localization ; topology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We describe the identification and submitochondrial localization of four protein kinases and of their target proteins in derepressed yeast mitochondria. The activity of one of the kinases depends on the presence of cyclic AMP (cAMP). It is soluble and localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Its natural target is a polypeptide of 40 kDa molecular mass, which is bound to the inner membrane. Besides this natural target this kinase phosphorylates acidic heterologous proteins, like casein, with high efficiency. The other protein kinases identified so far are cAMP-independent. At least one is localized in the matrix having its natural substrates (49 and 24 kDa) in the same compartment. Two others are firmly bound to the inner membrane phosphorylating target proteins in the inner membrane (52·5 kDa) and in the intermembrane space (17·5 kDa), respectively.
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  • 98
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    Yeast 3 (1987) 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 99
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 3 (1987) 
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Cellulases ; Endoglucanases ; Trichoderma reesei ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cellulolytic yeast ; secretion ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cDNA copies of the two endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes, egl1 and egl3, from the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei were expressed in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the yeast phosphoglycerate kinase gene promoter. Active EGI and EGIII enzyme was produced and secreted by yeast into the growth medium. The recombinant EGI enzyme was larger and more heterogeneous in size than the native enzyme secreted by Trichoderma, due to differences in the extent of N-glycosylation between these two organisms. The morphology of the yeast cells producing EGI or EGIII was clearly different from control strain.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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