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  • Electronic Resource  (722)
  • 1990-1994  (722)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1990  (722)
  • Chemical Engineering  (674)
  • Gas chromatography
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  • Electronic Resource  (722)
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  • 1990-1994  (722)
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary prostaglandins in hyperglycaemic ketoacidosis of type I diabetes mellitus (1990)
    Springer
    Pediatric nephrology 4 (1990), S. 44-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-198X
    Keywords: Urinary prostaglandins ; Diabetes mellitus ; Ketoacidosis ; Radioimmunoassay ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Urinary excretion of various renal prostaglandins was measured by radioimmunoassay and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in children who had different degrees of metabolic control. Excretion in PGE2 in diabetic children was twice control values irrespective of the presence or absence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The urinary excretion of PGF2α was significantly increased in diabetic children with ketoacidosis, but not when diabetes was well controlled. The excretion of 13, 14 dihydro-15-keto PGE2, the major metabolite of circulating PGE2, was increased in all diabetic children, and was most elevated in ketoacidosis when it averaged 10 times basal excretion. Urinary excretion of PGI2α and of 6-keto-PGF1α, the metabolite of PGI2, was approximately doubled in DKA compared with values from healthy subjects. Excretion of PGE2 was twice control values in children with stable diatetes, whereas the equivalent value for TXB2, the metabolite of the active vasoconstrictor TXA2, was reduced by approximately 50%. We suggest that the increased excretion of prostacyclin metabolite may result from a protective biological action on the kidney opposing other vasoconstrictor hormone activity. PGE2 appears not to be involved in this process. The highly elevated excretion of PGE2 metabolite may represent an activation of systemic PGE metabolism during DKA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00858438
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological monitoring of isocyanates and related amines (1990)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 61 (1990), S. 79-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: HDA ; Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometry ; Urinary excretion ; N-acetylatoon phenotype
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1,6-Hexamethylene diamine (HDA), used as raw material in industrial manufacturing operations, was orally administered to six healthy volunteers. After acid hydrolysis of the urine by hydrochloric acid, HDA and the metabolite 6-aminohexanoic acid were quantified. HDA was determined as an ethyl-chloroformate derivative by capillary gas chromatography using thermionic specific detection (TSD), and 6-aminohexanoic acid was quantified by ion chromatography using the ninhydrin reaction. In nonhydrolysed urine, monoacetylated HDA (N-acetyl-1,6-hexamethylene diamine) and HDA, were verified as heptafluorobutyric anhydride derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), in a chemical ionization mode using isobutane and ammonia as reagent gases. In hydrolysed urine, a mean of 0.28 mg (range 1–6%) of the administered dose (8.2 mg) was recovered as HDA, and a mean of 0.8 mg (range 〈 1–27%) as 6-aminohexanoic acid. The urinary excretion of both the determined compounds was rapid, and the principal part (〉 90%) of the elimination was completed within 10 h. There was a considerable inter-individual variation in the excreted amounts, but the intra-individual variation in the excretion of HDA was limited. The subjects N-acetylator phenotype was determined by a dapsone test. Three slow acetylators excreted lower amounts (mean 2% of given dose) of HDA than three rapid ones (mean 5%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397852
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic assay of formic acid and gas chromatography of methanol for urinary biological monitoring of exposure to methanol (1990)
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 62 (1990), S. 227-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Keywords: Formic acid ; Methanol ; Biological monitoring ; Enzymatic analysis ; Gas chromatography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An enzymatic assay method for the determination of urinary formic acid is described. Formic acid in urine was cleaved to carbon dioxide and water by formic acid dehydrogenase, whereby NAD+ was converted to NADH, which reacted with INT (p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet) in the presence of NAD-diaphorase. The color thus produced was determined at 500 nm. In addition, a simple gas chromatographic method of urinary formic acid is described, in which head space gas of formic acid methylester was applied into the wide bore column. The urinary formic acid concentrations by the enzymatic method agreed well with that by the gas chromatographic method. A simple gas chromatographic method for urinary methanol assay is also described. Acetonitrile was added to an equal volume of urine containing methanol. After centrifugation, the supernatant was injected into gas chromatography (GC). The peaks of urinary methanol and ethanol were separated by GC. Formic acid and methanol in urine of unexposed healthy subjects and workers exposed to methanol were analyzed by the colorimetric and gas chromatographic methods. Geometric mean concentrations of urinary formic acid and methanol in the healthy subjects were 7.82 mg/g creatinine and 1.34 mg/l, respectively. The concentration ratio of formic acid to methanol in the urine of the workers exposed to methanol was calculated to be 3.67 ± 2.10, which agreed with the ratio under a controlled exposure experiment. A slower excretion of formic acid than that of methanol in the urine of a volunteer was also observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379438
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A routine gas chromatographic method for the analysis of chlorofluorocarbons in aerosol cans (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 13-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Mass spectrometery ; Aerosol cans ; Chlorofluorocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic (GC) method for the routine analysis of fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in aerosol cans is described. The identification of CFCs by GC was found to be in full agreement with those by GC-mass-spectrometery. The method has been applied to the analysis of CFCs in 448 aerosol products. The most commonly used fully halogenated CFC propellants in aerosol cans were found to be CFC11, CFC12 and CFC114.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261131
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Benzene emission comparisons by gas chromatography of leaded versus unleaded and “gasohol” versus straight-hydrocarbon fuel vapors (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 603-605 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Leaded fuels ; Unleaded fuels ; Gasohol ; Straight-hydrocarbon fuels
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary It has been theorized that the removal of lead in fuels may result in an increase of fuel volatility. In addition, alcohols added to fuels (“gasohols”) increase volatility. Consequently, benzene emissions in unleaded and gasohol vapors may be increasing. Flame ionization detection gas chromatography was used to analyze benzene concentrations in fuel vapors. Results indicated that leaded fuels emitted more benzene than unleaded fuels. Though benzene concentrations varied for unleaded vapors, leaded gasohol fuels had higher benzene levels than their straight-hydrocarbon counterparts. These higher benzene emission levels may be an indication that volatility increases in leaded and some gasohol brands.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261231
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The micro-trap: An alternative to cryofocussing in capillary gas chromatography (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 571-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Micro-trap ; Trace analysis ; Airborne halocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary For routine analyses involving numerous samples or for field operation of on-site instruments, cryogenic traps are inconvenient: their operation is timeconsuming and automation is technically demanding. complete trapping and efficient band-focussing may be achieved at ambient temperature with micro-traps packed with suitable sorbents. Two approaches have been evaluated: if the boiling points of the analytes are within a range of about 100°C, a single-sorbent trap and direct coupling to the column are recommended; for samples containing components wih widely different volatilities, a trap composed of two or more segments with complementary affinties and coupling to the chromatographic column under carrier-gas flow-reversion is preferable. The procedure has been evaluated for airborne C1 and C2-halocarbons; it is also applicable to trace analysis of other volatile organic air pollutants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261224
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of adsorption on the retention values in glass capillary columns coated with OV-101 (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 575-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention values ; Adorption effects ; Glass capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Effect of adsorption on the retention values for C5−C10 alkanes and C1−C8 n-alcohols in glass capillary columns coated with OV-101 is investigated. Adsorption parameters are evaluated from the retention data
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261225
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved gas chromatographic separation of C6 epoxides (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 322-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; C6 epoxides ; Retention indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of C6 epoxides on a fused-silica capillary column coated with Permaphase DMS (dimethylsilicone) was investigated. Retention indices were determined at 50 and 60°C. We demonstrate that this stationary phase provides a better resolving power than OV-101.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261297
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative GC determination of carbon monoxide by calibration via the production of CO from formic acid (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 347-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Quantitative determination of carbon monoxide ; In-situ generation of standards
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Carbon monoxide, produced from the dehydration of formic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid is proposed for the quantitative determination of the gas in the parts-per-million range. In this method the standard solution of formic acid in acidified water is introduced with a total-volume syringe from the injector and passes through a precolumn packed with sulfuric acid on diatomite support. The produced carbon monoxide is converted to methane over nickel and determined with a flame-ionization detector. The accuracy of this method is about 5% in the experimental range.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261301
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of new radiolysis products in γ-irradiated, methanolic medazepam by GC-FTIR (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; FTIR ; γ-Irradiation sterilization ; Medazepam ; 1,4-Benzodiazepines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A methanolic solution of 2% medazepam was irradiated with a dose of 50 kGy. A capillary gas chromatograph with a Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) was used to investigate the radiolysis products in the solution. The changed products found earlier were confirmed and new ones identified. The radiolytic scheme can be improved and enlarged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02319703
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of melissyl alcohol by capillary column gas chromatography (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 267-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Split injection ; Insert packing material ; Melissyl alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary For accurate determination of polar, high-boiling melissyl alcohol in mixtures containing also low-boiling components by capillary column gas chromatography with hot split injection, all experimental paramenters, such as the injection procedure, insert size and design, injector temperature, sample size, solvent and carrier gas nature, etc. must be optimized. Of the factors affecting the quantitation the nature of the insert packing material is of the greatest importance. With the commonly used packing material, quartz wool, in the insert, a much lower than true melissyl alcohol concentration was obtained. Accurate quantitation was only possible when stop-flow injection, together with an insert packed with glass beads was used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02319705
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The system of universal retention indices and aspects of its application in gas chromatography (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Universal retention index ; Classification of stationary phases ; Identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The universal retention index has been developed on the basis of a critical analysis of the forms of chromatographic retention data presentation. Methods are presented for the determination of the universal retention index. The advantages of the universal retention index system in the evaluation of the selectivity and classification of stationary phases and in the determination of the composition of binary and polynary stationary phases are discussed. The thermodynamic aspect of the suggested system of chromatographic retention data presentation is also considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274540
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependence of solution data at ideal dilution on solvent molecular size (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 493-499 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Chemical potential of solutes ; Ideal dilute solutions ; Effect of size of solvent molecule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Gas-liquid chromatography allows the rapid experimental determination of the Henry coefficient of molecular probes if a number of precautions are taken. From a knowledge of the temperature dependence of the related standard chemical potential, the standard partial molar enthalpy, entropy and the mean heat capacity difference can be calculated. These functions determine the retention behaviour of the probe over a temperature range of more than 100 K with a precision better than 1%. They also give the necessary information to verify and to develop models for ideal dilute solutions and for the calculation of interaction forces. The choice of specific solvents is examined and justified and the experimental determination of retention data is discussed especially with reference to the precautions to observe in order to measure retention governed by gas-liquid partition only. Calculation of the standard chemical potential related to the molal Henry coefficient is advocated and the dependence of the standard chemical potential on size and shape of the solvent molecule based on data collected on paraffinic stationary phases is examined. This latter function is shown to depend linearly on the inverse of the molar mass of the solvent. Comparison with literature data demonstrates the general validity of this finding and that the shape of the solvent molecule is of less importance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269794
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of carbofuran in a nutrient solution by GLC/NPD and HPLC (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 421-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Carbofuran ; Hydroponics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two analytical methods using GC/NPD and HPLC to analyse carbofuran in a nutrient solution used in hydroponic culture are described. Both methods show a high recovery, (greater than 90%), and their limits of detection are low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02328509
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluoride determination in fluorinated milk by headspace gas chromatography (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 544-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Headspace sampling ; Fluoride in milk ; Trifluorosilane derivative
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new method was developed for the determination of fluoride in fluorinated milk on the basis of headspace gas chromatography utilizing, the reaction between trimethylchlorosilane and ion-bound fluorine in highly acidic media. The obtained trifluorosilane has a high volatility and can be easily determined by headspace gas chromatography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261219
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of selectivity tuning in series-coupled capillary GC columns for the exact quantification of the quenching effect in FPD detection (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 115-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; FPD-Detection ; Sulfur compounds ; Quenching effects ; Series-coupled columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In a series-coupled system of two capillary columns with different polarity, a controlled overlapping of sulphur-containing and sulphur-free compounds can be achieved by means of different mid-point pressure settings. By means of this selectivity tuning it is possible to measure exactly the quenching of the flame photometric detector signal for a sulphur compound coeluted with an excess of a sulphur-free compound. With the example of a complex sample it is shown that, with a suitable system of columns, selectivity tuning can give quench-free FPD chromatograms or chromatograms with quench-free regions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268695
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The glass insert in stop-flow split injection (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 29 (1990), S. 385-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Split injector design ; Glass inserts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary In stop-flow split injection the careful choice of the experimental conditions is of great importance for accurate quantitation, the size of the gaseous sample plug and its position with respect to the column inlet and to the top of the insert during the evaporation period are critical to prohibit sample vapour overflow and aerosol splitting. The proper insert design is established. A sample volume of 0.5 μl is recommended in the practical application of the stop-flow method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261307
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theoretical interpretation of the retention indices of alkylbenzenes (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 144-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index calculation ; Alkylbenzenes ; Structure-retention relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The correlation between retention data of alkylbenzenes in GLC (measured on the stationary phase OV-101) and contribution of the Gibbs solvation energy are investigated in order to determine the dominant factor controlling retention. The retention in GLC can be predicted with help of our thermodynamic retention model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274536
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of adsorption on the retention values in glass capillary columns coated with poly(ethylene glycol) 20M (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 635-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention values ; Adsorption ; Glass capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Effect of adsorption on the retention values for some n-alkanes, n-alcohols and esters in glass capillary columns coated with PEG-20M was studied. Adsorption parameters for the used solutes were evaluated from the retention data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269737
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the adduction constant by gas-liquid chromatography (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Determination of adduction contant ; Enthalpies and entropies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The adduction constants for the following eight binary systems were measured by gas liquid chromatography, at different temperatures: tetrachloromethane/p-xylene, tetrachloromethane/pseudocumene, chloroform/p-xylene, chloroform/pseudocumene, chloroform/aniline, m-methylphenol/aniline, o-methylphenol/aniline, and o-chlorophenol/aniline. The relationships between the adduction constant and temperature were used to fit the enthalpies and entropies of adduct formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02274549
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproducibility of retention indices measurement of alkylbenzenes on crosslinked methyl silicone phase fused silica capillaries (1990)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 30 (1990), S. 328-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index reproducibility ; Alkylbenzenes ; HP PONA columns ; OV-101 glass capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Reproducibility of the Kovats retention indices of alkylbenzenes was studied on conventional “PONA” fused-silica capillary columns coated with crosslinked dimethyl silicone phase, with a film thickness of 0.5 μm. The data were compared with those obtained on conventional OV-101 columns. The tested PONA columns showed reproducible chromatographic properties, capacity ratios and high efficiencies. Having a standard deviation of s=0.03 i.u. of the retention indices on a single column, the column-to-columns differences were found to be up to 0.3 i.u. Higher indices were determined for crosslinked columns, the difference being in most cases about one i.u.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02319717
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Review: Sample preparation of catecholamines and biologically active peptides by solid phase extraction (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 309-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid chromatography ; Sample preparation ; Solid phase extraction ; Catecholamines ; Peptides, biologically active ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper reviews solid phase extraction as applied to the sample preparation of catecholamines and biologically active peptides. The mechanisms used in solidphase extraction are: non-polar, polar, ion-exchange, and covalent.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240130503
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fused silica substrate effects on capillary column performance (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 348-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Fushed silica capillary columns ; Surface properties ; 50% phenyl stationary phase ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of a pretreatment step on the polarity of fused silica capillary tubing prior to coating was evaluated. Columns were tested prior to and after coating with a 50% phenl stationary phase, and the chromatographic findings were compared. The results confirmed that the polarity of the fused silica substrate affects the inertness and reproducibility of the final coated columns.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240130511
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple and efficient fraction collector for micropreparative capillary gas chromatography (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 784-785 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Micropreparative capillary GC ; Fraction collector ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240131114
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple coupling device for flow tuning of serially coupled fused silica capillary columns (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 840-842 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Multi-chromatography ; Fused silica capillary columns ; Selectivity tuning by flow ; Coupling device, preparation of ; Press-iit connector, preparation of ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240131211
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a modulator to measure water vapor selectively in a gaseous mixture (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 835-837 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Selective thermal modulation ; Humidity determination ; Martian atmosphere ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240131209
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    A standard test mixture for assessing enantioselectivity of chiral phase capillary GC columns - CHIRAL-Test IThis test mixture is intended for routinely determining the enantioselective separation potential of capillary GC columns. In preference to an acronym, derived from the authors' names, we propose CHIRAL,-Test as a self-explicatory label for such routine. The CHlRAL-Test I presented here has been optimized towards probing the “chiral performance” of amide phases. for amide phases (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 234-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns, glass ; Enantioselectivity test procedure ; Cyclodextrin/amide phase comparison ; Enantiomer separation ; Chiral resolution (cR) ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A test mixture is proposed which allows assessment of the enantioselective separation potential of chiral amide phase capillary columns. This CHIRAL-Test I includes a range of chromatographically problematical substrates, covering the temperature range from 100-200°C. One test component, the N-pivaloyl leucine methyl ester enatiomers, may be used exemplarily to calculate chiral resolution (chirale Auflösung, cR). Unlike separation factors α, cR values take account of peak shape as well as of relative retention time of both enantiomers, and thus are a measure of affective chromatographic separation. In combination with the Grob test, the CHIRAL-Test may be used for characterizing the chromatographical properties of columns coated with chiral amide phases.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240130404
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  • 28
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    Intra- and intermolecular interactions in the first members of homologous series of carbonyl containing compounds in gas chromatography (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns, glass ; Packed columns ; Free energy of sorption ; Intramolecular interactions ; Intermolecular interactions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Variation of the values of free energy of sorption of the methylene unit has been studied in the homologous series of n-alkyl methyl ketones, n-alkyl butyl ketones, n-alkyl acetates, and methyl esters of carboxylic acids, depending on the homologue number and the temperature of analysis. The experiment was carried out on a capillary column with a thick film of immobilized Silicone SE-54 and on packed columns with OV-210 and Silar-10C. An intramolecular donor-acceptor interaction between neighboring CH3— and C=O groups is assumed to be the reason for anomalously high values of free energy of sorption of the first CH2 unit in the series: RmC(O)OCH3, RmC(O)CH3, and RmC(O)C4H9. The anomaly disappeared in stationary phases containing strongly electronegative —CF3 and —CN groups because of specific inter molecular interactions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240130110
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A versatile interface modification for GC/MS on benchtop instruments (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 656-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Open split interface ; GC/MS ; Benchtop mass spectrometer ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240130918
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    Selectivity enhancement of a metal-sensitive flame ionization detector for capillary gas chromatography (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 694-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Selective detection ; Hydrogen-atmosphere flame ionization detector ; Organolead ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A novel modification of a hydrogen-atmosphere flamo ionization detector (HAFID) is presented which attenuates response to hydrocarbon compounds, significantly enhancing selectivity towards organometallic compounds by more than an order of magnitude. Chromatograms of an organometallic compound test mixture and regular leaded gasoline are presented to depict the specificity of the response.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240131008
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  • 31
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    Factors affecting headspace analysis by the on-column injection/cryofocusing method (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 518-520 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; On-column injection ; Cryofocusing ; Bonded phase capillary columns ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240130717
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  • 32
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    Gas chromatography of hydrocarbons using packed liquid chromatographic capillary columns (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 606-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; LC-type microcolumns ; Hydrocarbons ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Capillary columns of 0.3-0.5 mm i.d. packed with 3- to 30-μm silica-based stationary phases for liquid chromatography were used for gas chromatographic separation of hydrocarbons. Column efficiencies were evaluated for various commercially available packing material. The best column efficiency was achieved with 5-μm octadecyl group bonded silica gel, the surface of which was coated with a poly (dimethylsiloxane) film. The 30-cm column produced 11,000 theoretical plates.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240130904
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  • 33
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    Flame control accessory for GC-FID operation with autosampler injection (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 13 (1990), S. 849-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Automatic thermodesorption technique ; Flame ionization detector, FID ; Flame control ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240131214
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  • 34
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    Mechanical behavior related to the phase morphology of PC/SAN polymer blendsA part of this work has been presented at the seventh international conference “deformation, yield, and fracture of polymers”(1988) (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1474-1483 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phase morphology of intensively melt mixed and injection moulded bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC)/styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) blends changes on annealing above the glass-transition temperature (Tg) of both components. For the selected PC and SAN resins, the phase morphology of the 60/40 PC/SAN blend changes from a fine dispersion of the PC phase in a SAN matrix to a coarse co-continuous phase network, whereas a co-continuous 70/30 PC/SAN blend changes to a dispersion of SAN domains in a PC matrix. The effect of the blend morphology on dynamic mechanical properties and ambient tensile stress-strain properties have been studied thoroughly. An increase of the storage modulus between Tg(SAN) and Tg(PC) is observed with increasing coarsening of the phase structure until a continuous PC matrix is formed. The coarsening of the phase structure of the blends gives rise to a transition from ductile to brittle fracture. The loss in ductility is related to a decrease in relative amount of interface and a transition in the type of dispersion.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760302208
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  • 35
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    A direct injection gas-liquid chromatographic method to monitor polymer melt devolatilization: Methyl methacrylate in poly(methyl methacrylate) (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1500-1503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new capillary gas chromatography method to monitor a residual monomer in a polymer is described. A short (5 m) crosslinked methyl silicone fused silica capillary column with flame ionization detection gave good separation efficiency and parts-per-million detection limits. Capillary gas-liquid chromatography was superior to packed column analysis (SP 1000) in terms of both analytical utility and ease of use. This technique may prove useful for monitoring other monomer/polymer systems.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760302303
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  • 36
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    Iterative boundary pressure reflection method for the simulation of injection mold filling (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1513-1522 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An Iterative Boundary Pressure Reflection (IBPR) method has been developed to improve the accuracy of the flow front generation and transient mold filling simulation in injection molding. The method iteratively calculates the virtual pressure reflection, either positive or negative, at the impinging melt front nodes which are to be relocated subsequently according to the new pressure field. The scheme is formulated into a finite element program using a power-law model and applied to the filling of polystyrene melts injected into an edge-gated circular cavity and a variable-gap-thickness cavity with an insert. The calculated results show very good agreement with the experimental results of the previous study by others in the position of the advancing melt fronts at each time step, weldline location, and pressure distributions.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760302305
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  • 37
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    Mold pressurization as a method to reduce warpage in rotational molding of polyethylene (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1523-1528 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Warpage and global shrinkage of rotationally molded polyethylene parts can be a serious problem with resins of higher densities with rapid quenches and high mold wall thicknesses. It is shown that relatively low pressurization of molds substantially reduces the warpage of molded polyethylene parts. Samples cut out of parts produced in pressurized molds have the same density distributions, Izod Impact, and uniaxial stress-strain characteristics as parts fabricated in unpressurized molds.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760302306
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  • 38
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    An experimental study on plasticating single-screw extrusion (1990)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 30 (1990), S. 1557-1567 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study was conducted with a plasticating single-screw extruder, which had the following screw dimensions: (a) the diameter (D) of 6.35 cm; (b) the total extruder length of 24 D; (c) the length of the feed section of 3 D; (d) the length of the tapered section of 4 D; and (e) the length of the metering section of 17 D. The extruder had nine pressure transducers which were mounted, almost equally spaced along the extruder axis, on the wall of the extruder barrel, so that we could measure axial pressure profiles during extrusion. Also measured in our study were the solid-bed width profiles in the screw channel by conducting tracer experiments (i.e., screw ‘pushout’ experiments). For the study, a high-pressure low-density polyethylene and a high-density polyethylene were used. Experimental results were analyzed using the reported Lee-Han melting model. Theoretical predictions of axial pressure profiles were found to be in good agreement with results. Of particular note are the theoretical predictions that for the particular screw configurations used, which has short feed and tapered sections, and extrusion conditions employed, there was considerable solid-bed acceleration in the tapered section of the screw.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760302402
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  • 39
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    Multiple filter methods for detection of hazardous states in an industrial plant (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1697-1706 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Model-based detection systems are presented and classified according to their complexity. The main emphasis is put on multiple Kalman filters. A two-stage approach including Bayes formula and inhomogeneous Markovian processes is suggested to achieve a fault discrimination. Methods are presented to use the information of nondisjunctive models in this context. To show the proper working of the detection algorithms simulation studies and on-line laboratory experiments with runaway reactions are considered first. A report on an implementation at a large-scale industrial process unit concludes the discussion.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361110
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    Fluidized bed drying of solids (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 29-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model is developed for the drying of solids in fluidized beds, assuming a falling rate period following a constant rate period. Experimental data obtained using batch and continuous single and spiral fluidized beds are satisfactorily matched with the assumed drying kinetics and the residence time distribution of solids appropriate for the type of dryer.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360106
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  • 41
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    The backfill cycle of the pressure swing adsorption process (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 53-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The backfill cycle in the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) separation of air to produce an enriched oxygen product using a zeolite 5A molecular sieve was studied theoretically and experimentally. The effects of the backfill cycle, cycle configuration, backfill rate, pressurisation rate, and product rate were studied. The theory agreed well with the experimental results in predicting the product oxygen concentration over a wide range of backfill pressures, thus giving a basic understanding of the bed dynamics of the backfill cycle. The theory showed that the backfill rate and adsorption capacity of the adsorbent were the most important parameters governing the efficiency of the PSA process. We showed that, given an adequate backfill pressure, a separate pressurization step could be omitted by incorporating it with the product release step with no detrimental effect on the product oxygen concentrations while increasing adsorbent productivity.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360108
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  • 42
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    Bubble-size distribution in Fischer-Tropsch-derived waxes in a bubble column (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bubble sizes were measured for molten wax-nitrogen systems using photography and dynamic gas disengagement. The effects of operating conditions, system geometry and wax type were studied in 0.05- and 0.23-m-diameter by 3-m-tall bubble columns. Both techniques were used with FT-300 wax, while only the dynamic gas disengagement technique could be used with reactor waxes due to their dark color. For FT-300 wax, Sauter mean diameters obtained from photographs taken near the column wall were significantly lower than those obtained from photographs taken near the center. The ds values obtained from dynamic gas disengagement and photographic (near the column center) methods, for this noncoalescing medium, were in the range 0.5-1.6 mm in the large-diameter column. For reactor waxes, ds values were significantly higher (1-2 mm for Sasol and 1-5.5 mm for Mobil's reactor wax) and are in agreement with results reported in earlier studies with similar waxes (ds = 2-4 mm), where different experimental techniques (light transmission or hot wire anemometry) were employed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360112
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  • 43
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    An approach to organizing the EOS model in process simulators (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 132-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360116
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  • 44
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    Ullman's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. vols. B2, B3: Unit operations I, II edited by Barbara Elvers, Michael Ravenscroft, James Rounsaville, Gail Schulz; Wolfgang Gerhartz, Executive Editor, VCH Publishers, New York, 1988, approx. 850 pp. / vol., $190.00 vol (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 157-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360121
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  • 45
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    Advances in turbulence. W. K. George and R. Arndt, ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1989, 234 pp., $60 (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 159-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360125
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  • 46
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    A mathematical model of pulse plating on a rotating disk electrode (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A galvanostatic pulse plating model is presented for the electrodeposition of an alloy on a rotating disk electrode. This model is used to simulate the electrodeposition of nickel/chrome alloys. The mass transport equations used in the model include the effects of diffusion, migration and convection; and the electrode kinetics are described by the Butler-Volmer equation. It is predicted that the effect of ionic migration is significant and therefore should be included in models of pulse plating.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360204
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  • 47
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    Ultrapurification of SiCl4 by photochlorination in a bubble column reactor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 216-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The development and performance of a bubble column photoreactor for ultrapurification of SiCl4 is described. Trichlorosilane (SiHCl3), the principle contaminant in SiCl4 commercially available for use in optical fiber manufacture, is converted to SiCl4 and HCl by UV-initiated photochlorination. Studies of the homogeneous photochlorination kinetics and of Cl2 gas absorption in a bubble column were undertaken. In addition, an extensive set of data was collected from continuous-flow bubble column reactor (BCR) runs. The rate of photochlorination in the BCR was found to be mass-transfer-limited. A simple model of BCR performance, incorporating the effect of Cl2 mass transfer rate enhancement by chemical reaction, was tested that agrees well with the experimental data. The BCR was found to be operable over a wide range of SiHCl3 concentrations and SiCl4 feed rates, and capable of lowering the concentration of SiHCl3 in product to below measurable levels (〈1 ppm).
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360207
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  • 48
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    A dynamic model for the interaction of caustic reagents with acidic oils (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 233-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the mechanisms and a quantative analysis of the interaction between a multicomponent acid mixture with a spectrum of caustic solutions. A physico-chemical model of the acidic oil/caustic system has been proposed which demonstrates the effect on dynamic interfacial tension (IFT) of variations in caustic concentration as well as changes in the initial composition and ionization properties of the constituent acids of the oleic phase. The model relies on the Langmuirian theory of interfacial sorption kinetics in addition to the Nernstian theory of convective diffusion. Pertinent kinetic and mass transfer parameters for all contributing surface-active species were determined from a recently proposed single-component dynamic model (Chiwetelu et al., 1988a). The validity of this multicomponent dynamic model was confirmed by the close agreement between predicted IFT and experimental data for a binary carboxylic acid system in contact with a broad range of caustic concentrations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360209
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  • 49
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    Experimental study and parameterization of interfacial gas absorption (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 265-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments of simultaneous absorption of carbon dioxide and helium, in transient absorption regimes, have been carried out in a gas-liquid flume for stratified-type cocurrent flows. There was a need to improve a method of chromatographic analysis for helium and CO2 titrations in the gaseous phase and the liquid phase; this led us to study simultaneous absorption of CO2 and He independent of dynamic conditions. In addition the dominant wave characteristics were studied and the interfacial friction velocity was measured. It was confirmed that, for two gases presenting a large contrast in diffusivities, gas absorption rates are related directly to the physical properties of the gases. The mass transfer coefficient varies with the - 1/2 exponent of the Schmidt number for a large interfacial stress and a clean interface whereas it varies with the - 2/3 exponent for weaker winds.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360212
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  • 50
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    Exploiting parallelism in chemical engineering computations (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 291-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360216
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    Sorbents for removal of Lead compounds from hot flue gases (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 307-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360220
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  • 52
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    Shear thickening (dilatancy) in concentrated dispersions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 321-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new criterion is introduced for the onset of shear thickening in a concentrated dispersion. The criterion follows from the assumption that shear thickening occurs when the shear forces overrule the interparticle forces. A force balance at small interparticle distances is used to predict the dependence of this critical shear rate on the volume fraction. It is deduced that the critical shear rate is proportional to the interparticle distance, has a linear dependence on the magnitude of the stabilizing force, an inverse linear dependence on the dispersion medium viscosity, and an inverse linear dependence on the particle radius. The model is confirmed experimentally with viscosity measurements on various electrostatically stabilized dispersions. The validity of the model is also checked with data obtained from the literature. Experiments indicate that polydisperse dispersions exhibit pronounced shear thickening but with a less dramatic increase in viscosity than monodisperse dispersions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360302
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    Computer simulation of isothermal fluidization in large-scale laboratory rigs (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 361-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Finite-difference computer models have been used by several investigators to predict hydrodynamic mixing in fluidized beds. In the present study the finite-difference model CHEMFLUB is used to simulate cold, isothermal mixing in axisymmetric fluidized beds. The bed geometries and the operating conditions are based upon those of two large-scale laboratory cold flow rigs. The finite-difference model is an iterative, implicit formulation to solve continuum equations describing the gas and particle dynamics of fluidization. Comparisons with experimental data are presented. It is shown that the model provides a good prediction of jet penetration height, bubble frequency, and bubble velocity.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360306
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  • 54
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    Experiments on the conductivity of suspensions of ionically-conductive spheres (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 387-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This is a report on the ionic conductivity of monodisperse, neutrally-buoyant suspensions of ion-exchange beads, both AC total-ion conductivity and DC specific-ion conductivity of an electrochemically-active species. They represent the zero Péclet-number and the large Péclet-number limits of mass transfer, respectively.A rotating disc electrode was employed for the DC studies and a well mixed conductivity cell for the AC - for particle volume fractions φ ranging from zero to about 45%. Novel techniques were developed for rapidly determining the particle AC conductivity and for modifying the relative conductivity α of ion-exchange beads by poisoning with immobilely-bound ions. For α values, 0.044≤ α ≤ 1.48, of this study Maxwell's classical relation is shown to be adequate for φ ≤ 0.5, which is, in agreement with Turner (1973, 1976).Our results for the DC conductivity differ somewhat from those of Andersen (1987) land show the weak dependence on particle Péclet number predicted by the dilute-suspension theory of Nir and Acrivos (1976) for Pe ≫ 1.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360308
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  • 55
    Electronic Resource
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    Particle generation in a chemical vapor deposition process with seed particles (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 409-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The formation of aerosol particles by gas-phase chemical reaction in the presence of seed particles has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) vapor containing ultrafine TiO2 seed particles was introduced into a laminar flow aerosol reactor, and the properties of produced TiO2 aerosol were measured. By comparing the particle numbers and size distributions of the resulting aerosol with those of the seed particles and those of homogeneously nucleated particles in the absence of seed particles, the effects of initial concentrations of TTIP vapor, reaction temperatures, and properties of seed particles on the suppression of homogeneous nucleation were experimentally clarified. In the theoretical analysis, the population balance equation expressing simultaneous generation of TiO2 monomer, Brownian coagulation and diffusive deposition of TiO2 monomer and aerosols was solved. The observed suppression of homogeneous nucleation by the seed particles is explained qualitatively by the theoretical analysis.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360310
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  • 56
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    Correlation of aqueous Henry's constants from 0°c to the critical point (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 539-546 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recent theoretical results (Japas and Levelt Sengers, 1989) for the temperature dependence of Henry's constant near the solvent's critical point are used to obtain a linear expression which, for aqueous solutions of nonpolar gases, fits experimental Henry's constant data at temperatures from water's critical point down to roughly the normal boiling point. A small correction with only one additional adjustable parameter extends the correlation to 0°C. The final result is a three-parameter correlation, covering the entire range of temperatures, which fits the available data as well as or better than existing four-parameter empirical expressions and better than a recently proposed three-parameter expression. Since the correct near-critical behavior is built in, the new correlation should be especially useful for estimating Henry's constants in systems where little or no data exist at high temperatures. Fitted parameters are given for ten nonpolar gases in H2O and six nonpolar gases in D2O.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360405
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  • 57
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    Rigorous dynamics and feedforward control design for distillation processes (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 576-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Feedforward control has the theoretical potential for perfect control; therefore, research to simplify and improve the use of such a control strategy for possible industrial applications has potential value. A general model for simulation of controlled distillation columns is used to reproduce operating trends of some monitored variables for an industrial column. Comparisons between simulated and operating data show a general good agreement.When a rigorous model is available and can be proved reliable for practical purposes, the design of feedforward control schemes becomes viable and can be incorporated in the more conventional approach. A specific industrial example shows the practical implementation problems and the real economic value of a feedforward control strategy to optimize the process behavior. In particular, the feedforward control action can reduce the inherent error from changes in feed composition when a basic feedback control structure is used to infer composition.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360409
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  • 58
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    Dynamics of pulsing flow in trickle beds (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 605-621 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A macroscopic model of two-phase flow in packed beds, based on the volume-averaged equations of motion for the gas and liquid phases, was analyzed in an attempt to understand the onset and evolution of fully-developed pulsing flow in trickle beds. By assuming that solutions take the form of waves travelling at constant speed, periodic solutions to these equations are found which can be associated with long-time, asymptotic behavior of pulses in a very long bed. Families of one-dimensional waves which exist at a particular set of mass fluxes can be characterized by infinite period bifurcations in the travelling wave frame. We numerically follow these bifurcations as the fluxes are changed, generating bifurcation diagrams for the original model. The results predict that properties of one-dimensional pulses should correlate with the total superficial velocity through the bed. A hysteresis in the trickling-pulsing transition is also predicted.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360412
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  • 59
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    Flow characteristics of stirred reactors with newtonian and non-newtonian fluids (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 627-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360414
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  • 60
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    Masthead (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360501
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  • 61
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    Hydrodynamics of gas-agitated liquid-liquid dispersions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 677-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Gas-agitated liquid-liquid dispersions arise in applications as diverse as direct hydrogenation processes for bitumen and coal, and the manufacture of iron and steel. The transfer of gas-phase constitutents to the dispersed liquid phase and/or elution of dispersed-phase drops have been identified as potential limiting phenomena in these processes. Consequently, mean drop size and drop size distribution are key design variables. In this paper, the impact of gas flux and the physical properties of dispersed-phase constitutents on the steady-state size distribution of liquid drops in lean liquid-liquid dispersions is quantified. The physical properties of the dispersed phase are shown to have a significant impact on drop size and drop-size distribution at low gas fluxes. Sauter mean drop size is correlated using theoretical models for drop break-up and coalescence. All results are compared with stirred tank analogues.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360505
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  • 62
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    Effective kinetic modeling of multistep homogeneous reactions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1200-1208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Bodenstein approximation for trace-level intermediates is used to reduce multistep reaction-kinetic networks of arbitrary topology and size to simpler forms with only pseudosingle steps between nodes and to derive explicit equations for formation or consumption rates of end members. Networks with nontrace intermediates or steps of higher orders in intermediates must be broken at the respective steps into portions to which the procedure can then be applied separately. A recipe is provided with which rate and yield-ratio equations are readily compiled for networks of arbitrary configuration and complexity. The method is illustrated with an example of a reaction of industrial interest.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360809
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  • 63
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    Homogeneous nucleation in supercritical fluids (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1289-1298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When a supercritical solution is rapidly expanded, large solute supersaturations can be attained, and small particles are formed. The evolution of the homogeneous nucleation rate, work of nucleus formation, and critical nucleus size along different expansion paths is investigated here for the model system phenanthrene-carbon dioxide. Nucleation rates are the result of the competition among solvent expansion, cooling due to depressurization, and high supersaturation. Although supersaturations can reach very high values (〉 106), relatively flat nucleation rate profiles result due to cooling and expansion. For an interfacial tension of 0.02 N/m, computed nucleation rates never exceed 104 s-1 · cm-3. A substantial fraction of the maximum nucleation rate is attained with partial decompression to pressures above 1 bar.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360902
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  • 64
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    Calculation of the compression zone height in continuous thickeners (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method to calculate the compression zone height in continuous thickeners is presented. With this method, it is necessary to know the variations of the pulp-supernatant interface and the sediment height vs. time in a batch test. This method is discussed considering the following aspects: relationship between the settling rate of solids and their concentration in the settling zone; and the compression of solids due to the squeeze transmitted by the upper layers - unbuoyed weight of particles minus force of friction due to the Darcian flow. When the variation of the sediment height vs. time becomes linear, it is possible to calculate the maximum solids concentration which can be reached by sedimentation. The change of the solids matrix permeability and its influence on the method proposed are also analyzed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360103
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  • 65
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    Heat transfer under multiple slot jets impinging on a permeable moving surface (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1370-1378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local and average heat transfer were measured for a system of multiple jets impinging on a moving permeable surface at which there may be throughflow. Multiple jets were confined by a hood, as is required industrially for thermal efficiency. Exhaust ports located symmetrically between the jet nozzles eliminated crossflow, otherwise a strongly detrimental effect. Impingement surface motion decreases average heat transfer, by 17% at industrially relevant values of the surface motion parameter, Mvs. Enhancement of impingement heat flux by throughflow is linearly additive. Expressed as ΔSt, this enhancement depends only on the throughflow parameter, Mus, with ΔSt/Mus = 0.17. For typical operating conditions, withdrawal as throughflow of only 10% of the jet flow increases mean Nusselt number by over 50%. Industrial design modeling for the potential process of combined impingement and throughflow drying of wet webs such as paper is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360910
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  • 66
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    Hydrodynamics of particulate motion in sinusoidal pores via a singularity method (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1403-1419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Axisymmetric motions of suspended spheres and dumbbells through sinusoidally corrugated capillaries are considered as an illustrative model of particulate or macromolecular transport in porous media. Numerical simulations are carried out using a least-squares singularity method, which is well suited to simulating creeping flows in the complicated, time-evolving geometries associated with particle motion through nonrectilinear pores. The numerical method is applied to a representative closure problem, whose solution yields effective transport coefficients describing particulate flow in porous media. With reference to polymer-induced mobility control in enhanced oil recovery, a hydrodynamic mechanism of mobility reduction is studied using a rigid dumbbell polymer model.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360913
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  • 67
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    Mass transfer with chemical reaction in a threehyphen;phase foam-slurry reactor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies on mass transfer coupled with chemical reaction were conducted in a gas-liquid-solid foam bed contactor under a variety of operating conditions in order to establish the controlling parameters for such a contacting system. Analytical equations were derived in order to predict the influence of solids dissolution on the specific rate of absorption in the stable foam stage of a three-phase foam-slurry reactor. Experimental investigations on the absorption of carbon dioxide in the presence of an aqueous foam-slurry containing calcium hydroxide particles were carried out in order to verify the theoretical model. Results indicate that the gas-liquid interfacial area and gas flow rate strongly affected the rate of mass transfer, while solids holdup affected mass transfer rates only moderately over the range of solids holdup studied. A comparison with conventional chemical reactor configurations (e.g., bubble column, CSTR) was made to demonstrate the gas-liquid-solid system, for which this novel reactor might be employed. Foam stability enhancement, due to the presence of solid particles, was not observed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360114
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    Letters to the editor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 151-155 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360120
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  • 69
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    Melt blowing: General equation development and experimental verification (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 175-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model has been developed for steady polymer melt blowing. This model includes the dominant effect that the forwarding air has upon the process. Inertial, gravitational and heat transfer effects are also included. The model equations are solved numerically with both Newtonian and viscoelastic (Phan-Thien and Tanner) constitutive equations. The predicted results compare favorably with actual experimental data.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360203
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    Unifying indicator and instantaneous reaction methods of measuring micromixing (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 227-232 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Instantaneous chemical reactions, either themselves or together with chemical indicators, have previously been used as probes of turbulent micromixing. Both methods obtain statistics of the micromixing from measurement of time mean quantities. The mean reactant concentration, which is the quantity measured in the instantaneous reaction method, is shown here to be the integral with respect to feed concentration ratio of the mean color density, which is the quantity measured in the chemical indicator method. Differentiation of the mean color density gives the scalar probability density while integration gives the mean reactant concentration. Measurements of the color density of bromothymol blue at the centerline of a turbulent jet of base mixing with acid are used as an example.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360208
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  • 71
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    Interpretation of the magnetic resonance imaging signal from a foam (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 287-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360215
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    Single effective diffusivities for dynamic adsorption in bidisperse adsorbents (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 302-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360219
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    Novel liquid-in-pore configurations in membrane solvent extraction (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1592-1596 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361018
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    Self-consistent local composition model of electrolyte solutions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 370-386 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A self-consistent local composition theory for the excess Gibbs free energy of a multicomponent electrolyte solution is developed. The theory incorporates correct pair counting, assumes that like-charged ions cannot be nearest neighbors of each other, and accounts for the effect of second nearest neighbor interactions.A perturbation analysis of the model, linear in the interaction parameters, is also carried out. For a given solvent and a given class of electrolyte the perturbed theory yields universal functions of molality, which can be weighted by suitable parameter values and added to give the desired property. The parameters can be expressed in a temperature-independent form. This theory correlates very well the data on osmotic and activity coefficients in single-solute aqueous solutions up to very high concentrations (up to 20 M) as well as over a range of temperatures.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360307
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    Flue gas desulfurization by in-duct dry scrubbing using calcium hydroxide (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 473-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: No Absract.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360318
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  • 76
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    A bubbling fluidization model using kinetic theory of granular flow (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 523-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Detailed knowledge of solids circulation, bubble motion, and frequencies of porosity oscillations is needed for a better understanding of tube erosion in fluidized bed combustors. A predictive two-phase flow model was derived starting with the Boltzman equation for velocity distribution of particles. The model is a generalization of the Navier-Stokes equations of the type proposed by R. Jackson, except that the solids viscosities and stresses are computed by simultaneously solving a fluctuating energy equation for the particulate phase. The model predictions agree with time-averaged and instantaneous porosities measured in two-dimensional fluidized beds. Observed flow patterns and bubbles were also predicted.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360404
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    Nucleation, growth, and aggregation rates from steady-state experimental data (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1748-1752 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361117
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  • 78
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    Hydrodynamics of a semibatch slurry bubble column with a foaming liquid (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1758-1762 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361119
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  • 79
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    Solid-liquid separation. Edited by Ladislav Svarovski, 3rd ed., Butterworths, Stoneham, MA, 1990, 716pp., $95 (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1780-1781 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361125
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  • 80
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    Revised vapor-liquid equilibrium model for multicomponent formaldehyde mixtures (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1807-1814 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Formaldehyde is one of the most important intermediate products of the chemical industry. Due to its high reactivity, it is commonly handled in aqueous or methanolic solutions. In these solutions, formaldehyde is dissolved chemically. Therefore, modeling thermodynamic properties of aqueous and methanolic formaldehyde-containing mixtures require the consideration of chemical reactions and physical effects. A recently published physico-chemical model (Maurer, 1986) for the description of vapor-liquid equilibria of these systems is tested and improved on the basis of about 140 new experimental data points for mixtures containing formaldehyde, water, methanol, and trioxane at temperatures between 320 and 380 K and pressures below 100 kPa. Improvements are achieved by fitting some of those binary interaction parameters, which formerly had to be estimated due to the lack of experimental data. The revised model is able to reliably predict vapor-liquid equilibria in multicomponent formaldehyde-containing mixtures.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361204
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  • 81
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    Nonisothermal parison inflation in blow molding (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1837-1850 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nonisothermal inflation of a viscous annular parison and its cooling and solidification before and upon wall contact are analyzed by solving the unsteady momentum and energy conservation equations. The algorithm simultaneously determines the flow field and temperature distribution within the parison together with the moving surfaces at every time step. Results of the present study indicate that the inflation rate is increased as a result of higher temperature within the parison. However, the instantaneous shape of the parison and the final thickness variation upon mold contact remain virtually unchanged. Due to the temperature dependence of physical properties, the critical factor during inflation is initial temperature distribution within the parison. Inflation resulting in full attachment to a confining mold wall takes only a small fraction of the time required to cool the material to the ambient gas temperature. The transient calculations illustrate how computer simulations may be used to improve design of blow molding operations, and they are in good agreement with available experiments.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361208
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  • 82
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    Wave propagation in the flow of shear-thinning fluids down an incline (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1873-1889 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of shear-thinning rheology on the spatial growth of waves in multilayered flow down an inclined plane is modeled, utilizing the Carreau viscosity constitutive equation. It is shown that waves associated with the free surface propagate as if they were in a Newtonian system, where the viscosity is some average of the varying viscosities in the shear-thinning layer. This averaging is due to the global effects of shear thinning, such as changes in velocity profile and film thicknesses. In contrast, waves that are associated with the interfaces between adjacent fluid layers are largely affected by the local interfacial viscosities; wave propagation is not governed by some average Newtonian viscosity across the layer. It is found that shear-thinning rheology can either increase or decrease the growth of waves associated with a fluid-fluid interface, compared with a purely Newtonian case.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361211
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  • 83
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    Correction (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1925-1925 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690361220
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  • 84
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    Spatial instabilities in the regeneration of diesel-particulate filters (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 353-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An instability is proposed that can lead to channel formation during the regeneration of monolithic diesel-particulate filters. This instability, which occurs during the transport-controlled combustion of the soot bed, is compared to a kinetically driven instability by using a numerical model for channel growth. Both mechanisms are shown to be important and may lead to higher thermal stresses in the filter wall. It is suggested that both mechanisms can be controlled by the ratio of the filter-plate to soot-bed flow resistance, lateral heat transfer, and other design parameters.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360305
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  • 85
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    Thermoflow multiplicity in a cooled tube (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 397-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The coupling between the momentum and energy balances and the change of physical properties with temperature can give rise to situations in which the pressure drop vs. flow rate curve is nonmonotonic. This can lead to thermoflow multiplicity - the existence of different flow rates in a tube under the same overall pressure drop. A two-dimensional model is used to analyze the conditions leading to thermoflow multiplicity for an incompressible non-Newtonian fluid flowing in a cooled tube. First, the multiplicity features of various limiting models are determined. These results are later used to gain an understanding of the asymptotic multiplicity features of the general model. The results show that the temperature sensitivity of the viscosity necessary for thermoflow multiplicity to occur decreases with increasing Brinkman number or β (modified Stanton number), or with decreasing cooling temperature, Biot number, or power law parameter. Multiple flow rates for a prescribed pressure drop are unlikely to occur in heat exchangers in which the Brinkman numbers are usually low and Biot numbers are high but may be found in polymer processing applications.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360309
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  • 86
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    Microencapsulation in polyurea shell by interfacial polycondensation (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 431-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model and a simple measurement technique for time of encapsulation have been developed to study the microencapsulation of butachlor in polyurea shell by means of interfacial polymerization. The model is based on diffusion of the hydrophilic monomer through the polymeric shell with an interfacial reaction at the inner surface while the measurement technique is based on the indirect determination of the concentration of the hydrophilic monomer in the continuous phase by monitoring the pH. Measurements show that capsule sizes ranging from 1 to 20 μm can be produced, and the surface to volume mean size varies only from 2 to 6 μm for a large variation in rpm of the agitator. Time of encapsulation is found to be approximately proportional to the microcapsule size, and it varies from 150 to 300 s. Both the data and the model were used to discern that the process is kinetically-controlled by and large. It is also shown that time of encapsulation varies with the square of the capsule size in a diffusion-controlled regime.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360312
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  • 87
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    Stress distribution in a packed bed above raceway cavities formed by an air jet (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 461-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vertical stress profile in a packed bed above the cavities formed by an upward, high-velocity air jet is estimated from a force balance analysis and static pressure measurements. The objective is to understand and determine the forces responsible for maintaining the cavity roof. Such cavities, formed in an iron blast furnace, adjacent to the hot air blast emanating from the tuyere pipes, are called raceways. A net upward force provided by the gas pressure drag and the support from the bed walls holds the raceway roof in its position. Abrupt changes in the stress and the gas velocity are observed near the roof. The zero vertical stress is also found close above the roof but fluctuates vertically with the raceway size, which varies irreversibly following a cyclic change in the blast rate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360315
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  • 88
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    Ceramic processing: An overview (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 481-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Processing of ceramics is reviewed from a broad perspective, with emphasis on the predominant powder-based methods, but with considerable attention to other methods. Major stages of the powder process, from preparation, modification, and handling, to sintering or pressure densification (or postdensification) are discussed. Nonpowder-based methods, such as chemical vapor deposition, melt, and polymer pyrolysis processing, are also presented. Processing of ceramic composites is reviewed, noting the shifts in processing technology this entails. Practical aspects, such as part size, shape, volume, and the costs of various processes are also addressed.
    Additional Material: 24 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360402
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  • 89
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    Magnetic resonance imaging and modeling of flow in hollow-fiber bioreactors (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 547-558 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Nuclear magnetic resonance flow imaging (MRFI) was used to measure fluid flow noninvasively in the extracapillary space (ECS) of a hollow-fiber bioreactor without cells. Agreement between these axial flow measurements in a single hollow-fiber module and predicted axial velocity contour plots at various image planes along the path length was good.Flow in a solid-wall tube (phantom) was first used to calibrate pixel intensities with axial velocities. Flow images at several locations along the permeable hollow fiber length were then obtained in order to observe the well-known leakage or Starling flow in the ECS. These quantitative spatially dependent velocity measurements were then compared to theoretically derived velocities obtained from a solution of Poisson's equation with a constant pressure gradient and no slip at the solid surfaces. A mathematical transformation was used to simplify the numerical methods. Leakage flow through the ECS of a multifiber bioreactor (40 fibers) was also measured by MRFI, illustrating the applicability of this method for optimizing operational procedures and design of membrane bioreactors and filtration devices.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360406
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
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    Simple process equations, fixed-point methods, and chaos (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 641-654 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chaotic behavior of fixed-point methods for steady-state process simulation is studied. It is shown that direct substitution and Newton's method exhibit all of the rich structure of chaos (period doubling, aperiodicity, fractal basin boundaries, and related properties) on simple process examples. These examples include finding roots to the Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Underwood equations, dew point and flash calculations for heterogeneous mixtures, and a simple process flowsheet.For single variable problems, it is shown that direct substitution follows a classical period-doubling route to chaos. On the other hand, the chaotic behavior of direct substitution and Newton's method on multivariable problems is considerably more complex, and can give the appearance that no organized route to chaos is followed. For example, for the dew point problems, truncated period doubling, odd periodic cycles, and chaotic behavior can be observed, within which are embedded narrow regions of global convergence. Many numerical results and geometric illustrations are presented.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360502
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  • 91
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    Lumped kinetics of many parallel nth-order reactions (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 685-700 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of lumped nth-order reactions are examined both asymptotically and numerically. The lumped kinetics in most cases are Mth order at large times. There exist two critical values for n, denoted by n* and n*, which are expressed explicitly as functions of the feed properties. It is shown that (1) M = n when n 〉 n*, (2) M is linear in n when n* 〈 n 〈 n*, and (3) M does not exist when n = n* or n ≤ n*. Whenever the feed contains some unconvertibles, M is independent of n for -∞ 〈 n 〈 n*. The overall effective rate constant is not continuous at n = n* nor at n = n*. Unexpectedly, when n 〉 n* the lump's long-time behavior is governed by all species, not just by the most refractory species. Although the asymptotic kinetics are developed for long times, they are useful for fitting the whole-time behavior of the lump by an mth-order model. This is true even when M does not exist in the asymptotic regime. Numerical experiments show that M and m behave similarly in many respects. For example, as n increases, they both become closer to n and less dependent on the feed properties. Some published data are rationalized in light of the present results.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360506
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  • 92
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    Competitive hydrodesulfurization and hydrogenation in a monolithic reactor (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 746-752 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Competitive liquid-phase hydrodesulfurization of thiophene and hydrogenation of cyclohexene on a monolithic CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst were studied. The flow pattern in the monolithic catalyst reactor was segmented gas-liquid flow (slug flow). The hydrogen pressure and the temperature were varied between 30-40 bar and 509-523 K, respectively. The experimental data are consistent with rate expressions of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type where the reactions proceed on two different types of active sites. This kinetic model is based on hydrogenation of the thiophene ring prior to sulfur elimination.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360511
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  • 93
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    Catalytic hydroprocessing of chlorobenzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 773-778 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrodechlorination reactions of chlorobenzene and 1,2-dichlorobenzene on a NiMo/γAl2O3 catalyst were examined in a differential microflow reactor. The NiMo catalyst had high activity and selectivity for dechlorination; no hydrogenation of the aromatic ring was detected. The dechlorination reactions were examined at temperatures ranging from 275 to 375°C. In this temperature range the rates of adsorption and surface reaction are comparable and neither controls the overall reaction rate. A kinetic model, incorporating adsorption, desorption and surface reaction rates, has been used to model the data.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360514
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  • 94
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    Bouncing motions of liquid drops between tilted parallel-plate electrodes (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1039-1045 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The paper reports on experimental and analytic studies on translational motions of liquid drops in an immiscible, dielectric liquid confined by a pair of tilted parallel-plate electrodes, across which a steady electric field is being applied. With an increase of the strength of the field, drops begin to bounce back and forth between the electrodes while falling down along the axis of tilt of the electrodes. The bouncing motions are found to be predictable with a reasonable accuracy by using a simple model constructed within the framework of conventional fluid mechanics and electrostatics.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360710
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  • 95
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    Development of a space-charge transport model for ion-exchange membranes (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1061-1074 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A two-dimensional, electrokinetic transport model that incorporates ionic hydration, orientation of solvent molecules by an applied electric field, and solvent dipole-dipole interactions is developed. The model is used to simulate equilibrium and transport experiments for perfluorosulfonic acid membranes containing aqueous alkali metal sulfate solutions. The membrane is modeled as an array of cylindrical pores. Solution of the mathematical model requires that the membrane porosity, water partition coefficient, coion partition coefficient, water diffusion coefficients, and coion and counterion diffusion coefficients be known. Membrane coion and counterion diffusion coefficients were determined from free solution equivalent conductance data. All other parameters were determined experimentally for a Nafion (of E. I. du Pont de Nemours Inc.) cation-exchange membrane and five 0.1 M alkali metal sulfate solutions. Experimental radiotracer data for coion absorption as well as for coion and water transport are compared with theoretical predictions to test the accuracy of the model.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360713
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  • 96
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    Control structures for disturbance rejection and decoupling of distillation (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1107-1113 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The process gains for different distillation control structures can be calculated through transformations from known gains of one arbitrary structure.In this paper the transformation is utilized for calculation of a two-point distillation control structure which, in the steady state, simultaneously rejects disturbances in the feed composition and in the feed flow rate and results in implicit decoupling between the two product control loops. This disturbance rejecting and decoupling (DRD) structure is tested on a model of a 15-plate pilot-plant distillation column. It compares favorably with standard structures for dual composition control. Experimental results agree with the simulation results.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360717
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  • 97
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    The Benzylphenylether thermolysis mechanism: Insights from phase behavior (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1129-1136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The thermolysis of benzylphenylether (BPE) was examined at 320°C in liquid, vapor, and supercritical methanol phases as a probe of the reaction mechanism. Toluene and phenol were the major products in all cases, but observed selectivities were dependent upon the reaction phase. Isotopic labeling experiments demonstrated that methanol participated in the reaction network as a hydrogen donor through a free-radical mechanism. These results are consistent with free-radical steps for neat BPE primary pyrolysis that include BPE fission followed by hydrogen abstraction and radical recombination reactions. A detailed set of 21 free-radical steps quantitatively explains the dependence of the selectivity and conversion on the phase behavior.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360802
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  • 98
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    Near-critical phenomena and resolution in supercritical fluid chromatography (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1163-1175 
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    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The analysis in this paper shows the relationship between molecular resolution in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), and certain divergent thermodynamic properties of solutes dissolved in near-critical fluids. This divergence is most pronounced in the near-critical regime, leading to the hypothesis that this region provides most promise for heightened molecular resolution, which lies at the heart of analytical and separation technologies.A thermodynamic model for representing capacity factor data in SFC is proposed, spanning a wide density range. The model uses a perturbed hard sphere equation for the fluid phase and lattice concepts for the stationary phase. In addition, data are presented for a number of systems and discussed in terms of the analysis provided. For an isomeric system, the data shows that resolution between species increases with the onset of retrograde behavior, resulting in a distinct maximum point.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360806
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  • 99
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    Simultaneous synthesis of mass-exchange and regeneration networks (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1209-1219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A systematic procedure is developed for the simultaneous synthesis of primary transfer mass-exchange networks and their associated mass-exchange regeneration networks. The purpose of the primary transfer network is to preferentially transfer certain species from a set of rich streams to a set of lean streams. The regeneration network aims at regenerating any recyclable lean stream. The proposed procedure deals with the problem in two stages. In the first stage, a mixed-integer nonlinear program is solved to minimize the cost of mass-separating and regenerating agents. The solution of this program provides the location of the pinch points as well as the optimal flow rates of all the lean and the regenerative streams without any prior commitment to the network structure. In the second stage, a mixed-integer linear program is solved to minimize the number of exchangers in both networks. An example problem with industrial relevance is solved to elucidate the merits offered by the devised synthesis procedure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360810
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  • 100
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    Analysis of bioproduct separation using gel-enclosed adsorbents (1990)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 36 (1990), S. 1239-1248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The concept of “gel-enclosed” adsorbents was recently introduced for whole fermentation broth processing. The term “gel-enclosed adsorbents” in this paper refers to small adsorbent particles such as the ones used in affinity or ion-exchange chromatography enclosed within a protective, spherical, semipermeable gel barrier. The barrier can be in the form of an entrapment matrix where a porous gel matrix in itself contains entrapped adsorbent particles, or in the form of an encapsulating membrane where an aqueous spherical core containing the adsorbent particles is enclosed by a gel membrane. Both experimental and theoretical analyses were carried out to elicit a more fundamental view of the diffusion and adsorption phenomena occurring within these forms of adsorbents. Furthermore, the effective porosity of the gel matrix and the effective diffusivities of the species being separated, as well as their adsorption behavior combined result in what is here termed “kinetic selectivity”.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690360813
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