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  • 1995-1999  (1,741)
  • 1970-1974  (882)
  • 1955-1959  (401)
  • 1950-1954  (917)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 10 (1995), S. 93-104 
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Copper vapour laser ; Electron microscopy ; Illumination time ; Numerical modelling ; Optimal treatment ; Port-wine stain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the electron microscopy results obtained from two patients who were treated with 5 W of yellow (578 nm) light from a copper vapour laser with an illumination time of 3.6 ms and a 0.3 mm spot diameter. The endpoint of treatment was transient blanching. Following treatment, erythema was observed. There was minimal damage to the epidermis and non-vascular tissue such as the nerve fibres. There was severe damage to the endothelial cells of the ectatic vessels. Twenty-four hours after treatment, platelet activation and collagen were present, indicating that these vessels were no longer viable. Theoretical calculations are used to determine the flow of heat within and away from a 50μm diameter vessel. From this, heating of the entire vessel is shown to occur with illumination times of 4 ms, with minimal heating of the non-vascular tissue. Shorter illuminations do not heat the entire vessel, while the use of longer illumination times will cause excessive damage to the surrounding non-vascular tissue. Illumination times close to 4 ms must be regarded as optimal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 73 (1995), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Chloroquine ; Cardiomyopathy ; Heart ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Light microscopic and ultrastructural findings in patients suffering from chloroquine-induced cardiomyopathy are reviewed. Based on our own observations in an autopsy case, functional and morphological similarities between chloroquine effects and hereditary lysosomal storage diseases are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Graft-versus-host disease ; Cell blebs ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Subnuclear blebbing of the superficial colonic epithelium, a rarely described light and electron microscopic change in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), was studied in a murine model of GVHD. Severity of changes induced by transfer of various donor T cell subsets to irradiated, allogeneic recipients, and association with more severe alterations such as erosions and ulceration were evaluated. By light microscopy the basal region of the superficial enterocytes was greatly expanded by eosinophilic to amphophilic, flocculent, sometimes vacuolated material. By electron microscopy these changes were found to be organelle-poor, cytoplasm-filled protrusions from the basal surface of the epithelium. In this model, helper T cells (CD4+-enriched, CD8+-depleted T cells) transplanted after high dose irradiation were capable of causing the change suggesting cytokine responses may be involved in mediating the cellular injury seen histologically. Close association of blebbing and erosions suggest the blebbing may be the precursor to epithelial erosion or denudation seen in severe intestinal GVHD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Giant cell tumour of bone ; In vitro resorption ; Leukaemia inhibitory factor ; Synthetic calcium phosphate ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Osteoclastic cells from giant cell tumour of bone (GCT) of bone provide a rich source for investigation of cellular mechanisms leading to formation of multinucleated cells, the resorption process and involvement of hormones and cytokines in these events. In the present study we investigated the effect of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) and leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on the resorbing potential of osteoclast of GCT origin using quantitative image-analysis of resorption lacunae in an in vitro dentine model. While VD3 unsignificantly increased the number of resorption pits and implicated surface after 7 days of GCT cell culturing, the stimulative effect of LIF was statistically significant. In cultures supplemented with LIF (5000 U/ml) the number of lacunae and resorption surface increased by 38% and 55%, respectively, when compared with control cultures. We suggest that both osteotropic agents increased osteoclastic activity, as the number of multinucleated cells was similar in control and experimental cultures. Seeding of GCT cells on biphasic calcium phosphate substratum revealed the relative inability of osteoclastic cells to resorb this synthetic material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 426 (1995), S. 523-528 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Von Hippel-Lindau disease ; Neuroendocrine tumour ; Electron microscopy ; Flow cytometry ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 21-year-old woman with a family history of von Hippel-Lindau disease presented with a mass in the head of the pancreas. Light microscopic features of the tumour suggested neuroendocrine differentiation and although it displayed positive immunostaining for the antigens expected in a neuroendocrine neoplasm, S-100 staining was also present. This unusual feature prompted further evaluation by routine and post-embedding protein-A gold immunoelectron microscopy, which demonstrated the presence of neuroendocrine granules. Tumour cell DNA content was normal by flow cytometry. Although this patient exhibited no other signs of von Hippel-Lindau disease, the presence of a pancreatic tumour with neuroendocrine differentiation demonstrated that she was affected. Future surveillance and genetic counselling will be influenced by this diagnosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Microstructures ; Phase transitions ; Solid mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Si presentano i risultati di alcuni studi fatti attraverso la microscopia elettronica sulle microstrutture relative a transizioni di fase in una varietà di materiali. I casi comprendono leghe binarie e ternarie, superconduttori TC e materiali C60 e C70; le transizioni esaminate sono diffusionali, displacive o di entrambi i tipi.
    Notes: Abstract In this contribution the results of some electron microscopy studies on microstructures related with phase transitions in a variety of materials will be presented. The materials include binary and ternary alloys, high TC superconductors as well as C60 and C70 fullerenes, while the transitions can be diffusional, displacive or both.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Tonsillar herniation ; Syringomyelia ; Chiari malformations ; Histology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report describes an experimental model of chronic tonsillar herniation and its effects on the spinal cord. In ten rats, a small piece of chemically induced mammary cancer was transplanted to the supraoccipital bone. In all cases, the transplanted cancers grew into the posterior fossa, destroying the supraoccipital bone and compressing the cerebellum extradurally. In six of the ten rats, tonsillar herniation was observed at 8–14 weeks after transplantation. Transdural infiltration of the tumor cells was not apparent in any animal. In those rats with tonsillar herniation (n = 6), the spinal cord from the C5 to the T8 segments showed enlargement of the central canal without exception. Histological examination revealed the following changes: stretching and thinning of the ependymal cells; swelling of the astrocytic processes; and extracellular edema, predominantly in the dorsal gray matter, but also in the ventral inner portion of the dorsal column. In the control group (n = 4) and those rats without tonsillar herniation (n = 4), such histological changes of the spinal cord were not observed. Although the lesions can not be regarded as representing mature syringomyelia, they most likely constitute an earlier evolutionary stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 192 (1995), S. 265-274 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Lymphatics ; Valves ; Microanatomy ; Vimentin filaments ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The microanatomy and ultrastructure of the feline and canine thoracic duct and afferent lymphatics were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We found that the lymphatic vessels were always terminated by ostial valves of two shapes, crescent- and navicular-like, in a ratio of 4∶1. Specific regulatory structures along the free edges of the valves, including marginal thickenings and buttresses, are described. The tissue and cellular organization of the valve endothelium showed distinct peculiarities, particularly in the orientation and shape of the cells and their microrelief. We found that valvular endothelial cells, especially „tip cells”, which are situated in unfavourable lymphodynamic conditions, were characterized by an increased volume density of intermediate (probably vimentin-based) filaments, suggesting an accommodative mechanism involving such filaments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tonsillar herniation ; Syringomyelia ; Chiari malformations ; Histology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report describes an experimental model of chronic tonsillar herniation and its effects on the spinal cord. In ten rats, a small piece of chemically induced mammary cancer was transplanted to the supraoccipital bone. In all cases, the transplanted cancers grew into the posterior fossa, destroying the supraoccipital bone and compressing the cerebellum extradurally. In six of the ten rats, tonsillar herniation was observed at 8–14 weeks after transplantation. Transdural infiltration of the tumor cells was not apparent in any animal. In those rats with tonsillar herniation (n=6), the spinal cord from the C5 to the T8 segments showed enlargement of the central canal without exception. Histological examination revealed the following changes: stretching and thinning of the ependymal cells; swelling of the astrocytic processes; and extracellular edema, predominantly in the dorsal gray matter, but also in the ventral inner portion of the dorsal column. In the control group (n=4) and those rats without tonsillar herniation (n=4), such histological changes of the spinal cord were not observed. Although the lesions can not be regarded as representing mature syringomyelia, they most likely constitute an earlier evolutionary stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 90 (1995), S. 194-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer's disease ; Paired helical ; filaments ; Electron microscopy ; Tau
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate if Alzheimer paired helical filaments (PHF) closely resemble twisted ribbons, as indicated by recent high-resolution ultrastructural studies, we compared physical models of twisted ribbons with electron microscopic images of PHF. Uranyl-acetate-stained, isolated PHF with one or two helical turns were compared with scale models of twisted ribbons with one and two helical turns rotated at different angles. The various rotations of the twisted ribbon model corresponded well with the different orientations of randomly dispersed PHF. The electron-dense regions of individual PHF turns previously thought to represent a cross-over site of paired filaments corresponded to the edge of the twisted ribbon when the ribbon was oriented perpendicular to the filament axis. These data indicate that the overall configuration of PHF is a twisted ribbon but does not exclude possible configuration restrictions due to an ordered arrangement of subunits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 90 (1995), S. 194-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Paired helical filaments ; Electron microscopy ; Tau
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate if Alzheimer paired helical filaments (PHF) closely resemble twisted ribbons, as indicated by recent high-resolution ultrastructural studies, we compared physical models of twisted ribbons with electron microscopic images of PHF. Uranyl-acetate-stained, isolated PHF with one or two helical turns were compared with scale models of twisted ribbons with one and two helical turns rotated at different angles. The various rotations of the twisted ribbon model corresponded well with the different orientations of randomly dispersed PHF. The electron-dense regions of individual PHF turns previously thought to represent a cross-over site of paired filaments corresponded to the edge of the twisted ribbon when the ribbon was oriented perpendicular to the filament axis. These data indicate that the overall configuration of PHF is a twisted ribbon but does not exclude possible configuration restrictions due to an ordered arrangement of subunits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 85-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neonatal de-efferentation ; Sensory denervation ; Electron microscopy ; Intrafusal muscle fibre types ; Postnatal myogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of muscle spindles de-efferented by the extirpation of the lumbosacral spinal cord at the age of 2 days and subsequently deprived of their sensory innervation by the section of the sciatic nerve at 3–4 weeks of age was studied in serial sections of 2-month-old rat hindlimb muscles. De-efferentation leaves the primary sensory neurons and their peripheral axons intact and capable of inducing the muscle spindle morphogenesis during the critical period of their development. In de-efferented and subsequently denervated muscle spindles, new supernumerary intrafusal muscle profiles (SIPs) appeared in the muscle spindle A region. They were formed in intimate spatial relation with the original intrafusal muscle fibres (IMFs) predominantly from activated satellite cells derived from both nuclear bag (larger diameter) and nuclear chain fibres. SIPs, however, lacked the typical nuclear accumulations, as well as other ultrastructural distinctions present in control IMFs. The majority of differentiated SIPs separated from original IMFs, whereas the less differentiated SIPs were usually closely apposed to the surface of the parent IMFs and both were covered by the common basal lamina. In some spindles, the original IMFs and/or new SIPs at different stages of their differentiation were found together and they formed clusters of variable shape and composition. In the majority of clusters, all profiles seemed to be isolated along their entire length, although in few clusters, occasional cytoplasmic connections of variable length between intrafusal profiles were found. This result is important for the interpretation of the forthcoming study of expression of muscle spindle-specific myosin heavy chain isoforms in denervated SIPs in rat muscle spindles gradually deprived of their motor and sensory innervation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Astrocytes ; Alzheimer's disease ; Electron microscopy ; Paired helical filaments ; Straight tubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural investigation of the hippocampal CA1 and CA4 of nine sutopsy-proven cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type (duration of disease: 3–16 years; age: 76–92 years) revealed paired helical filaments (PHFs) and straight tubules (STs) in astrocytes of three advanced cases of long duration (〉13years). The PHFs and STs were indistinguishable from those seen in neurons. The abnormal glial fibrils were confined to the astrocytic processes that were associated with small vessels or, more frequently, with ghost tangles. In both locations the astrocytic PHFs and STs were located in the cytoplasm without limiting membranes, and were thicker than the straight filaments that composed ghost tangles. These findings, combined with the presence of regular constrictions of astrocytic PHFs, suggest that abnormal astrocytic fibers are produced by the glial cells, not engulfed by them. In addition, the presence of these abnormal glial filaments in only advanced, long-duration cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type suggests that disease duration has a significant effect upon the formation of these astrocytic profiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Astrocytes ; Alzheimer's disease ; Electron microscopy ; Paired helical filaments ; Straight tubules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural investigation of the hippocampal CA1 and CA4 of nine autopsy-proven cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type (duration of disease: 3–16 years; age: 76–92 years) revealed paired helical filaments (PHFs) and straight tubules (STs) in astrocytes of three advanced cases of long duration (〉13 years). The PHFs and STs were indistinguishable from those seen in neurons. The abnormal glial fibrils were confined to the astrocytic processes that were associated with small vessels or, more frequently, with ghost tangles. In both locations the astrocytic PHFs and STs were located in the cytoplasm without limiting membranes, and were thicker than the straight filaments that composed ghost tangles. These findings, combined with the presence of regular constrictions of astrocytic PHFs, suggest that abnormal astrocytic fibers are produced by the glial cells, not engulfed by them. In addition, the presence of these abnormal glial filaments in only advanced, long-duration cases of dementia of the Alzheimer type suggests that disease duration has a significant effect upon the formation of these astrocytic profiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 192 (1995), S. 257-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Cholinesterases ; Electron microscopy ; Development ; Mouse embryo ; Somites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During the development of somites in mouse embryos, widespread activity of unspecific cholinesterase (BuChE) was demonstrated after prolonged incubation. Independent of their position, all somite cells and their derivatives (dermatome, myotome and sclerotome) exhibited enzyme activity in the perinuclear space and in the endoplasmic reticulum. The plasmalemma did not show any enzyme activity. Differentiation of the sclerotome into vertebrae was accompanied by a reduction of BuChE. However, a low enzyme reaction was still present in the first typical differentiated chondroblasts. Notochordal cells were detectable by their high BuChE content. This was also found in cells already showed severe degeneration. In addition to BuChE, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was first visible on day 9 of embryonic development in newly formed myotubes of the myotomes. Some hypotheses on the functional significance of embryonic BuChE are discussed in the light of these results.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone sialoprotein ; osteoblast ; Bone matrix ; Electron microscopy ; Immunolocalization ; noncollagenous protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bone sialoprotein was immunolocalized at the EM level in thin Lowicryl K4M sections of rat bone. Because of the unconventional EM morphology of the bone matrix seen in thin demineralized acrylate sections, the pattern of immunolabeling was compared with detailed structural images of demineralized bone obtained using an en bloc treatment of tissue samples with the cationic electron ‘dye’, Malachite Green (MG), which provides stabilization and retention of anionic material throughout specimen processing. A system of structures corresponding to the sites of bone sialoprotein (BSP) immunoreactivity, as seen in Lowicryl K4M thin sections, could be readily identified in the MG-treated, expoxy thin sections. This system includes the cement lines, and aggregates of similar material within mineralized bone and mineralizing osteoid. The virtual identity of BSP distribution with the arrangement of the MG-visualized material indicates that a BSP-enriched, noncollagenous phase can be demonstrated using different, unrelated tissue preparation and imaging protocols for EM. Besides improving our understanding of the distribution of bone sialoprotein in bone, these data assign a previously unrecognized structural dimension to noncollagenous material in the bone matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Cathepsin inhibitors ; Osteoclasts ; Resorption ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This study was designed to evaluate the effects of specific and potent cathepsin inhibitors on osteoclastic resorptive functions in vitro by means of a novel ultrastructural assay system. Mouse bone marrow cell-derived osteoclasts were suspended on dentine slices and cultured for 48 hours in the presence of either E-64 (a generalized cysteine proteinase inhibitor) or Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2 (a selective cathepsin L inhibitor). After the removal of cultured osteoclasts, co-cultured dentine slices were examined using electron microscopy: backscattered (BSEM), scanning (SEM), and atomic force (AFM). In morphometric analyses of BSEM images, there were no significant differences in the areas of demineralized dentine surfaces between control and inhibitor-treated groups, suggesting that cathepsin inhibitors had no effect on dentine demineralization by cultured osteoclasts. However, in SEM and AFM observations, both inhibitors remarkably reduced to the same extent, the formation of deep resorption lacunae on dentine slices that had resulted from degradation of matrix collagen. In addition, Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2 treatment produced deeper, ring-like grooves with little collagen exposure in shallow resorption lacunae. These results strongly suggest that (1) cathepsins released by osteoclasts are involved in the formation of deep resorption lacunae, and (2) cathepsin L plays a key role in bone resorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 21 (1995), S. 482-489 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Mucociliary clearance ; Ultrastructural ciliary alterations ; Cilia ; Electron microscopy ; Intubation ; Mechanical ventilation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to investigate whether reduced bronchial mucus transport velocity (BTV) is associated with a loss of cilia or ultrastructural abnormalities of cilia in intubated patients. Design The patients were studied prospectively in a convenience sample trial. Setting The study took place in a university hospital. Patients and participants 29 orally intubated patients in a surgical ICU. Interventions BTV was measured with radiolabeled microspheres in the right and left primary bronchus. Following these measurements, biopsy samples were taken from the bronchi for scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron-microscopic investigations. Measurements and results SEM: Patients with normal or slight impaired BTV (group 1,n=14: BTV: 8.5 mm/min (3.8–11.5); median with range) showed more cilia on the luminal surface than patients with markedly depressed BTV (p〈0.05) (group 2,n=15: BTV: 0(0–2.1)). The difference was statistically significant. The BTV values correlated moderately with the number of cilia on the luminal surface (r=0.46;p=0.02). TEM: In group 1, 6.5% (3.9–14.9) of cilia were abnormal (median with range) vs 9.3% (4.9–13.7) in group 2; these differences were not statistically significant. Neither was there any significant correlation between BTV and the frequency of abnormal cilia. Conclusions Impaired mucociliary transport in intubated patients is associated with a loss of cilia rather than ultrastructural abnormalities of cilia, which are less relevant.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum ; Lysosomale Stoffwechselstörung ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Kapillarmikroskopie ; Key words Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum ; Lysosomal disorder ; Electron microscopy ; Capillary microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In a 22-year-old woman with mental impairment and some signs of dysmorphism, numerous angiokeratomas developed, starting when she was 3 years old and resulting in the clinical picture of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum. Extensive laboratory analyses did not disclose any associated metabolic disorder, and electron microscopy failed to demonstrate lysosomal inclusions. Therefore, this patient can be classified as one of the rare cases of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum without associated metabolic disease (idiopathic angiokeratoma corporis diffusum).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei einer 22jährigen Patientin mit ausgedehnten, ab dem 3. Lebensjahr auftretenden Angiokeratomen im Sinne eines Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum, welche zusätzlich eine Intelligenzminderung und Dysmorphiezeichen aufwies, konnte trotz intensiver Suche laborchemisch keine assoziierte Stoffwechselstörung gefunden werden. Der fehlende Nachweis einer lysosomalen Speicherung in der Elektronenmikroskopie stützte diesen Befund. Somit liegt bei dieser Patientin die seltene Situation eines Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum ohne assoziierte Stoffwechselkrankheit (idiopathisches Angiokeratoma corporis diffusum) vor.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 16 (1995), S. 404-407 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Nerval-neuroendokriner Komplex ; Zollinger-Ellison-Syndrom ; Magenschleimhaut ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Key words Nerve fibre-neuroendocrine cell complex ; Stomach ; Zollinger-Ellison-Syndrom ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Nerve fibre-neuroendocrine cell complexes (NF-NEC-C's) are neuroendocrine cells located in the lamina propria of the gastrointestinal tract directly connected with nerve fibres of Meissner's plexus. We report on a patient with sporadic Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) with electron microscopically demonstrated multiple NF-NEC-C's in non-antral gastric mucosa. It is suspected that in ZES the hypergastrinaemia may represent a trophic stimulus for the proliferation of NF-NEC-C's in the gastric mucosa.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Unter nerval-neuroendokrinen Komplexen (N-NE-K) versteht man in der Lamina propria mucosae des Magen-Darm-Traktes gelegene Nester neuroendokriner Zellen, die in direktem Kontakt zu Nervenfasern des Meissner-Plexus stehen. Es wird über einen Patienten mit sporadischem Zollinger-Ellison-Syndrom (ZES) berichtet, bei dem sich elektronenmikroskopisch in nonantraler Magenschleimhaut multiple N-NE-K fanden. Möglicherweise stellt die Hypergastrinämie bei ZES einen trophischen Stimulus für die Proliferation von N-NE-K in der Magenschleimhaut dar.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 300-306 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrosomonas europea ; Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) ; Electron microscopy ; Electron spectroscopic imaging ; Quaternary structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hydroxylamine oxidoreductase from Nitrosomonas europaea was prepared to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. Electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations of the sample revealed an overall diameter of about 8.8 nm of the enzyme particle. The native structure was determined as a tetrahedron-like assembly of identical subunits exhibiting four protein masses.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 300-306 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsNitrosomonas europea ; Hydroxylamine ; oxidoreductase (HAO) ; Electron microscopy ; Electron ; spectroscopic imaging ; Quaternary structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The hydroxylamine oxidoreductase from Nitrosomonas europaea was prepared to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity. Electron microscopy of negatively stained preparations of the sample revealed an overall diameter of about 8.8 nm of the enzyme particle. The native structure was determined as a tetrahedron-like assembly of identical subunits exhibiting four protein masses.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Morbus Hailey-Hailey ; Pemphigus chronicus benignus familiaris ; Polymerasekettenreaktion ; Herpes-simplex-Virus ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Histologie ; Key words Hailey-Hailey disease ; Benign familial pemphigus ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Herpes simplex virus ; Electron microscopy ; Histology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A 49-year-old man suffered from Hailey-Hailey disease for several years. The patient presented with an acute exacerbation of the disease, which did not respond to oral treatment with high doses of glucocorticosteroids. A skin biopsy was taken and the histological examination indicated a viral infection. Herpes simplex virus was confirmed by electron microscopy (negative staining) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The PCR presents a sensitive and effective molecular-biological method for the diagnosis of viral infections.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über einen 49jährigen Patienten berichtet, bei dem seit Jahren ein Morbus Hailey-Hailey bekannt ist. Bei einem Rezidiv der Erkrankung kam es trotz hoher Glukokortikosteroidgaben zu keiner Remission. Erst die erneute diagnostische Abklärung des Rezidivs durch eine Hautprobe ergab den Verdacht auf eine Herpessimplex-Virus-Infektion, die über elektronenmikroskopische Negativkontrastierung und über Polymerasekettenreaktion (PCR) bestätigt werden konnte. Anhand dieser Kasuistik wird auf ein neueres molekularbiologisches Verfahren hingewiesen, das eine sensitive und schnelle Methode zum Virusnachweis darstellt.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Adult Niemann-Pick disease ; Generalized AL-amyloidosis ; Progressive liver failure ; Fibroblast culture ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report a case in which an adult form of Niemann-Pick disease (type B of NPD) was associated with a rapidly progressive generalized AL amyloidosis of kappa type. Both diagnosis were made by biopsy, the NPD by bone marrow biopsy and fibroblast culture, the amyloidosis by liver biopsy. Malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma was not found. The patient, a 67-year-old woman, died from hepatic coma subsequent to a progressive liver failure. We discuss possible relations between the lysosomal storage disease and the development and rapid progression of amyloidosis.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Node of Ranvier ; Axon ; Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) ; Retrograde axonal transport ; Electron microscopy ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into the left dorsal column nuclei of adult cats. Large dorsal funiculi axons of the C3, C5, C8 and L7 segments were searched for HRP-activity after 12, 24, 36 and 48 h using light and electron microscopy. Accumulations of intra-axonal HRP-positive bodies occurred at nodes of Ranvier in the C3–C8 segments at 12, 24 and 36 h and in the L7 segments at 24, 36, and 48 h. The accumulations of HRP in three spatio-temporally different consecutive patterns, noted earlier at nodes of Ranvier in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) portion of feline alpha motor axons for more than 70 h after an intramuscular injection of the enzyme, were not observed in the present material. We suggest that the differences in the modes in which large PNS and CNS axons interact with retrogradely transported HRP are due to differences in the organization of the respective nodal regions. We also emphasize that endocytosis via axon terminals in the CNS normally represents uptake of material from an extracellular space which is controlled and protected by the blood-brain barrier. This is in contrast to endocytosis via axon terminals in a muscle, which represents uptake of material from an extracellular space openly exposed to influx of different substances from the blood stream.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Lateral heart nerve ; FMRFamide ; Allatostatin ; Coexistence ; Mirror-section ; Axosomatic synapses ; Electron microscopy ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Both allatostatin immunoreactivity (AS-IR) and FMRFamide immunoreactivity (FMRFa-IR) have been demonstrated light-microscopically in the lateral heart nerve of Periplaneta americana. The identical labeling of some fibers suggests the coexistence of the two antigens. Electron-microscopically, six granule types in the peripheral part of the lateral heart nerve can be distinguished according to their size and density (types 1–6). These granule types can be subdivided immunocytochemically by means of a new mirror-section technique. Granules of types 4 and 5 always exclusively show FMRFa-IR. In the populations of fibers containing granules of types 1 and 6, axon profiles can be found that contain granules colocalizing FMRFa-IR and AS-IR. Other axon profiles of these populations only contain immunonegative granules of the same ultrastructure. Granules of type 2 can be differentiated immunocytochemically in three forms in the same section: In some fibers, they are nonreactive; in other fibers of the same section, they show FMRFa – IR, whereas in a third fiber type, granules show AS – IR. Finally, granules of type 3 can be observed with FMRFa-IR. In other fibers, they occur with the same ultrastructure but exhibit no immunoreactivity. Two soma types occur in the lateral heart nerve. Soma type I is characterized by the production of electron-dense granules that show FMRFa-IR. Type II is in close contact with various fibers, forming different types of axosomatic synapses, hitherto unknown in Insecta.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Spermatozoa ; Acrosome ; Thiols ; Disulphides ; Electron microscopy ; Monomaleimido nanogold ; Macropus eugenii (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This study utilised a commercially available monomaleimido-nanogold reagent to directly label cellular thiol groups (SH) of marsupial (tammar wallaby) spermatozoa before and after reduction of disulphides (S-S) with mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride (MEA). The sperm surface, mitochondrial membranes, axoneme and tail fibres were all labelled with gold particles before MEA treatment and the label intensity was increased after S-S reduction. The acrosomal membranes and matrix of spermatozoa contained no detectable SH prior to MEA treatment. However, after moderate MEA treatment (1 mg/ml) gold label was associated with the acrosomal membrane and invaginated acrosomal membrane within the acrosomal matrix. After exposure to 5 and 10 mg/ml MEA, gold particles heavily labelled the acrosomal matrix. Thus, the acrosomal membranes and matrix of tammar wallaby spermatozoa both contain S-S cross-linked structures, and this may contribute to the unusual stability of the marsupial acrosome. Under all treatment conditions the nucleus remained unlabelled. This is consistent with early studies which indicated that cysteine was absent from the nuclear protamines. The study also demonstrated that monomaleimido-nanogold can be used to resolve SH- and S-S-rich cellular structures directly, in addition to its use to label antibodies and Fab fragments for immunochemical localisation.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Somatotrophs ; Growth hormone ; Growth hormone-releasing factor ; Secretory granule ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rat (Fischer 344)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The anterior pituitary tissue of male rats injected with growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) was either processed for stereology at the light-and electron-microscopic levels, or homogenized for growth hormone (GH) assay 2–60 min after GRF injection. Secretory granules of somatotrophs became smaller but increased in numerical density 2 min after GRF injection. Their volume density began to increase at 5 min. The frequency of exocytosis of the granules was most prominent as early as 2 min after GRF injection and reduced thereafter. GH levels in the tissue were lowest at 2–5 min, and returned to the control value by 60 min. Serum GH levels were highest at 15 min; even at 60 min, this value was higher than in the controls. These findings suggest that secretory granules in somatotrophs are stimulated to divide by GRF, resulting in a decrease in size and an increase in number. The discrepancy between the earlier formation of new secretory granules and the later restoration of intracellular GH levels implies that GRF first stimulates the synthesis of constituents of granules other than GH, and only later the synthesis of GH, and that newly formed small secretory granules contain less GH. From the clearance rate of serum GH and the frequency of granule exocytosis, it can be estimated that about a half million granules are released to maintain 1 ng/ml of serum GH in rats.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood platelets ; Oxidized LDL ; Cytochalasin D ; Reflection contrast microscopy ; Image analysis ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The adhesion of human blood platelets is studied with an in vitro model using reflection contrast microscopy and an image analysis system. The adhesive feature is promoted by oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein, which also induces functional morphological changes of platelets. However, when washed platelets are pretreated with 0.05 mM cytochalasin D, oxidized low density lipoprotein (100 μg/ml) causes a slower increase of the adhesion area (11.6 μm2/min) compared to untreated platelets (15.7 μm2/min) or platelets treated by oxidized low density lipoprotein alone (20.5 μm2/min, P〈0.01). These results are supported by light transmission analysis and by transmission electron microscopy. Our experiments suggest that cytochalasin D inhibits the change of platelets in shape induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein, hinders the adhesion, but does not prevent the adhesion entirely.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nitric oxide synthase ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Submucous plexus ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the submucous plexus of the guinea-pig ileum, previous light-microscopic studies have revealed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive terminals are found predominantly in association with VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. In this study, double-label immunohistochemistry at the light-microscopic level demonstrated co-localization of NOS-immunoreactivity and VIP-immunoreactivity in axon terminals in submucous ganglia. About 90% of nerve fibres with NOS-immunoreactivity or VIP-immunoreactivity were immunoreactive for both antigens; only about 10% of labelled varicosities contained only NOS-immunoreactivity or VIP-immunoreactivity. The VIP/NOS varicosities were more often seen in the central parts of the ganglia, close to the VIP-immunoreactive cell bodies. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with antibodies to VIP was used to determine if NOS/VIP terminals synapse exclusively with VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. We examined the targets of VIP-immunoreactive boutons in two submucous ganglia from different animals. Serial ultrathin sections were taken through the ganglia after they had been processed for VIP immunocytochemistry. For each cell body, the number of VIP inputs (synapses and close contacts) was determined. The number of VIP-immunoreactive synapses received by the cell bodies of submucous neurons varied from 0–4 and the number of VIP-immunoreactive close contacts varied from 3–10. There was no significant difference between VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and non-VIP nerve cell bodies in the number of VIP-immunoreactive synapses and close contacts they received. Thus, the implication from light microscopy that NOS/VIP terminals end predominantly on VIP nerve cells was not vindicated by electron microscopy.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: CD44, adhesion molecule ; Bone ; Osteoclasts ; Osteocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract CD44 is a multifunctional adhesion molecule that binds to hyaluronic acid, type I collagen, and fibronectin. We have studied the immunohistochemical localization of CD44 in bone cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in order to clarify its role in the cell-cell and/or cell-matrix interaction of bone cells. In round osteoblasts attached to bone surfaces, immunoreactivity is restricted to their cytoplasmic processes. On the other hand, osteocytes in bone matrices show intense immunoreactivity on their plasma membrane. Intense immunoreactivity for CD44 can be detected on the basolateral plasma membranes of osteoclasts. There is considerably less reactivity observed in the area of the plasma membrane that is in direct contact with bone. The pre-embedding electron-microscopical method has revealed that CD44 is mainly localized on the basolateral plasma membrane of osteoclasts. However, the ruffled border and clear zone show little immunoreactivity. A CD44-positive reaction can be detected on both plasma membranes in the contact region between osteoclasts and osteocytes. These findings suggest that: 1) cells of the osteoblast lineage express CD44 in accordance with their morphological changes from osteoblasts into osteocytes; 2) osteoclasts express CD44 on their basolateral plasma membrane; 3) CD44 in osteoclasts and osteocytes may play an important role in cell-cell and/or cell-matrix attachment via extracellular matrices.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nitric oxide synthase ; Coronary vasculature ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry Rat (sprague Dawley) ; Guinea-pig (Dunkin Hartley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural investigation of nitrix oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerves closely associated with blood vessels in rat and guinea-pig hearts revealed many labelled nerve fibres in the walls of the main branches of the coronary arteries, and in arterioles, capillaries and post-capillary venules. The number of nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibres associated with different vessels, even those of the same calibre, varied. Terminal regions of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive fibres were observed in the endocardium and myocardium. Nitric oxide synthase-labelled fibres displayed electrondense immunoproduct in both varicose and intervaricose regions. Immunoreactive axonal varicosities contained both small and large synaptic vesicles. The characteristics of the nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerve fibres observed in the heart and the possibility that these fibres represent the processes of intracardiac neurones and/or sensory neurones of extrinsic origin are discussed.
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Periodic lamellar granule ; Primary granule ; Chronic myeloproliferative disorder ; Neutrophils ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Granules consisting of periodically arranged membranous lamellae and amorphous electron-opaque material, i.e., periodic lamellar granules, are present in human neutrophils. To date, no extensive ultrastructural studies have been carried out on these granules because of their infrequent presence in neutrophils. The bone marrow of 18 cases of chronic myeloproliferative disorders, including one case of chronic neutrophilic leukemia in which periodic lamellar granules were frequently seen in neutrophils, was investigated by electron microscopy. Periodic lamellar granules were seen in neutrophils in 12 of the 18 cases at varying frequencies. They were preferentially seen in immature neutrophils. The transverse profiles of these granules revealed concentric complete/incomplete rings or periodic parallel straight lines, i.e., various patterns of lamellar arrangement were present. Periodic lamellar granules were positive for myeloperoxidase and lysozyme at the electron-microscopic level. These results suggest that these granules represent a primary neutrophil granule subtype. However, their functional and pathologic significance remains unknown.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Ellipsoids ; Spleen ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescent microspheres ; Oncorhynchus mykiss (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The ultrastructure of ellipsoids in the spleen of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is described. The endothelium of terminations of arterioles bulged into the lumen, and gaps between the endothelial cells were evident. A continuous basal lamina was not present, and there were extensive interdigitations between the endothelial cells and surrounding reticular cells. The interdigitating processes were rich in microfilaments. Intravenously injected colloidal carbon, approximately 0.03 μm in diameter, was held in the reticular matrix of the ellipsoidal wall and taken up by macrophages that extended cellular processes among the reticular and endothelial cells. The intravenous injection of fluorescent polystyrene microspheres of known diameter showed that microspheres with a diameter of 0.5 or 1.0 μm were localised in the red pulp, whereas microspheres with a diameter of 0.15 μm were retained in ellipsoidal walls. Thus, the terminations of splenic arterioles in rainbow trout were found to be consistent with descriptions of ellipsoids in other vertebrates in that they possessed a specialised cuboidal endothelium, lacked a continuous basal lamina, were surrounded by a sheath of macrophages and reticular cells, and had a role in the selective filtration and retention of blood-borne particles.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral heart nerve ; FMRFamide ; Allatostatin ; Coexistence ; Mirror-section ; Axosomatic synapses ; Electron microscopy ; Periplaneta americana (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Both allatostatin immunoreactivity (AS-IR) and FMRFamide immunoreactivity (FMRFa-IR) have been demonstrated light-microscopically in the lateral heart nerve of Periplaneta americana. The identifical labeling of some fibers suggests the coexistence of the two antigens. Electron-microscopically, six granule types in the peripheral part of the lateral heart nerve can be distinguished according to their size and density (types 1–6). These granule types can be subdivided immunocytochemically by means of a new mirror-section technique. Granules of types 4 and 5 always exclusively show FMRFa-IR. In the populations of fibers containing granules of types 1 and 6, axon profiles can be found that contain granules colocalizing FMRFa-IR and AS-IR. Other axon profiles of these populations only contain immunonegative granules of the same ultrastructure. Granules of type 2 can be differentiated immunocytochemically in three forms in the same section: In some fibers, they are nonreactive; in other fibers of the same section, they show FMRFa-IR, whereas in a third fiber type, granules show AS-IR. Finally, granules of type 3 can be observed with FMRFA-IR. In other fibers, they occur with the same ultrastructure but exhibit no immunoreactivity. Two soma types occur in the lateral heart nerve. Soma type I is characterized by the production of electron-dense granules that show FMRFa-IR. Type II is in close contact with various fibers, forming different types of axosomatic synapses, hitherto unknown in Insecta.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Catecholamines ; Dopamine ; Electron microscopy ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Vasopressin ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Catecholaminergic fibers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of adult rats were investigated by use of light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives a modest density of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing axons, homogeneously distributed in the nucleus and forming varicosities throughout its entire rostro-caudal extension. Immunolabeling with antibodies against dopamine showed that this catecholamine input comprises a dopaminergic component. Many tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells were localized at the immediate periphery of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. With electron-microscopic examination, dendrites of these neurons were found within the limits of the nucleus as well as at a border zone between the suprachiasmatic nucleus proper and the optic tract where they received unlabeled synapses, providing a morphological support for a possible role of dopaminergic neurons in the integration and/or transfer of light-related signals. More than 91% of catecholaminergic axonal varicosities were found to establish morphologically defined synapses with dendrites. To investigate whether these synapses might be shared with neurons of one or both of the two main peptidergic populations of the nucleus, namely vasoactive intestinal peptide- and vasopressin-containing neurons, we carried out doublelabeling experments combining immunoperoxidase and immunogold-silver labeling. Results showed only a few cases of direct association of the catecholaminergic terminals with these peptidergic categories. In both types of dually stained sections, catecholaminergic synapses were preferentially made with unlabeled dendrites. The homogeneous distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus could therefore reflect a lack of significant catecholaminergic innervation of both vasoactive intestinal peptide- and vasopressin-synthesizing neurons.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Gonadotrops ; Crinophagy ; Electron microscopy ; Enzyme cytochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The possible function of globules and irregular membrane-bound masses in the gonadotropin cells of the pituitary of Clarias gariepinus was studied. Strong secretory stimulation led to the disappearance of the secretory granules from gonadotropin cells but globules and irregular masses remained present. Acid phosphatase was detected enzyme-cytochemically in both globules and irregular masses. Radiolabelling with tritiated amino acids followed by autoradiography demonstrated that globules received radioactive material after secretory granules. The latter received radioactive material within 75 min of administration of radioactive amino acids but globules and irregular masses did not. Although some globules became radioactively labelled within 24 h of the administration of radioactive amino acids, irregular masses remained unlabelled during this period. Secretory granules reacted positively with antisera against α and β gonadotropin subunits, whereas globules and irregular masses only reacted with the antiserum against the β subunit. A moderate anti-7B2 immunoreactivity was demonstrated in secretory granules and globules, whereas irregular masses labelled strongly. The combined cytological results indicate that globules and irregular masses are degradative, possibly crinophagic structures which develop by fusional events from secretory granules to globules and then to irregular masses.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pituitary ; Gonadotrops ; Crinophagy ; Electron microscopy ; Enzyme cytochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Autoradiography ; Catfish ; Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The possible function of globules and irregular membrane-bound masses in the gonadotropin cells of the pituitary of Clarias gariepinus was studied. Strong secretory stimulation led to the disappearance of the secretory granules from gonadotropin cells but globules and irregular masses remained present. Acid phosphatase was detected enzyme-cytochemically in both globules and irregular masses. Radiolabelling with tritiated amino acids followed by autoradiography demons trated that globules received radioactive material after secretory granules. The latter received radioactive material within 75 min of administration of radioactive amino acids but globules and irregular masses did not. Although some globules became radioactively labelled within 24 h of the administration of radioactive amino acids, irregular masses remained unlabelled during this period. Secretory granules reacted positively with antisera against α and β gonadotropin subunits, whereas globules and irregular masses only reacted with the antiserum against the β subunit. A moderate anti-7B2 immunoreactivity was demonstrated in secretory granules and globules, whereas irregular masses labelled strongly. The combined cytological results indicate that globules and irregular masses are degradative, possibly crinophagic structures which develop by fusional events from secretory granules to globules and then to irregular masses.
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 183-188 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Blood platelets ; Oxidized LDL ; Cytochalasin D ; Reflection contrast microscopy ; Image analysis ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The adhesion of human blood platelets is studied with an in vitro model using reflection contrast microscopy and an image analysis system. The adhesive feature is promoted by oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein, which also induces functional morphological changes of platelets. However, when washed platelets are pretreated with 0.05 mM cytochalasin D, oxidized low density lipoprotein (100 μg/ml) causes a slower increase of the adhesion area (11.6 μm2/min) compared to untreated platelets (15.7 μm2/min) or platelets treated by oxidized low density lipoprotein alone (20.5 μm2/min, P〈0.01). These results are supported by light transmission analysis and by transmission electron microscopy. Our experiments suggest that cytochalasin D inhibits the change of platelets in shape induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein, hinders the adhesion, but does not prevent the adhesion entirely.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Suprachiasmatic nucleus ; Catecholamines ; Dopamine ; Electron microscopy ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Vasopressin ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Catecholaminergic fibers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of adult rats were investigated by use of light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry. The suprachiasmatic nucleus receives a modest density of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing axons, homogeneously distributed in the nucleus and forming varicosities throughout its entire rostro-caudal extension. Immunolabeling with antibodies against dopamine showed that this catecholamine input comprises a dopaminergic component. Many tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells were localized at the immediate periphery of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. With electron-microscopic examination, dendrites of these neurons were found within the limits of the nucleus as well as at a border zone between the suprachiasmatic nucleus proper and the optic tract where they received unlabeled synapses, providing a morphological support for a possible role of dopaminergic neurons in the integration and/or transfer of light-related signals. More than 91% of catecholaminergic axonal varicosities were found to establish morphologically defined synapses with dendrites. To investigate whether these synapses might be shared with neurons of one or both of the two main peptidergic populations of the nucleus, namely vasoactive intestinal peptide- and vasopressin-containing neurons, we carried out double-labeling experiments combining immunoperoxidase and immunogold-silver labeling. Results showed only a few cases of direct association of the catecholaminergic termin als with these peptidergic categories. In both types of dually stained sections, catecholaminergic synapses were preferentially made with unlabeled dendrites. The homogeneous distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers in the suprachiasmatic nucleus could therefore reflect a lack of significant catecholaminergic innervation of both vasoactive intestinal peptide- and vasopressin-synthesizing neurons.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Thyro-parathyroidectomy ; Parathyroidectomy ; Enamel formation ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The effects of thyro-parathyroidectomy, parathyroidectomy or thyroidectomy upon enamel formation in the rat incisor were studied. One control group and four groups of surgically treated rats were used: parathyroid autotransplanted, thyroidectomized, parathyroidectomized, and thyro-parathyroidectomized. One month after surgery, the incisors were processed for light and electron microscopy. The present study revealed perturbations of the Tomes’ process morphology, of the rod pattern in the inner enamel formation, of the enamel surface, and of the mineralization after thyro-parathyroidectomy. After parathyroidectomy, only mineralization defects could be visualised. No effects were observed in enamel after thyroidectomy. A severe hypocalcemic state as seen in thyro-parathyroidectomized rats affects the enamel shape, and mineralization, and the morphology and function of secretory ameloblasts. Knowledge of the way in which the alteration of the enamel surface is produced should contribute to a better understanding of the development of tooth enamel.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Meninges ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Electron microscopy ; Aging ; Multilamellar bodies ; Surfactant ; Goldfish ; Carassius auratus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the optic tectum of goldfish, the outer, middle and inner layers of the endomeninx were evident in animals ranging in age from 1 month to several years. The outer layer in young animals consisted of closely overlapping cells with intertwined processes, whereas in the older animals it contained large extracellular spaces. The intermediate layer cells were always arranged in a single continuous layer, but in young animals they overlapped extensively with one another toward their edges whereas in the oldest animals they became extremely flat and non-overlapping. The inner layer included an outer tier of cells with their bases adhering to the intermediate layer, and an inner tier of cells detached from both the intermediate layer and the basal lamina overlying the brain parenchyma. Inner layer cells contained many large vacuoles that were in continuity with the extracellular space. With age, the extracellular space and the vacuolar system expanded, and the inner layer evolved into a meshwork of attenuated cytoplasmic processes embedded in the granular extracellular matrix. Another age-related feature was the accumulation adjacent to the basal lamina of uniform disc-shaped membranous structures, resembling multilamellar bodies of lung surfactant. These “disc bodies” were apparently generated by the coalescence of vesicles formed at the surface of the inner layer cells, possibly as a by-product of protein secretion by these cells.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Nitric oxide synthase ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Submucous plexus ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In the submucous plexus of the guinea-pig ileum, previous light-microscopic studies have revealed that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-immunoreactive terminals are found predominantly in association with VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. In this study, double-label immunohistochemistry at the light-microscopic level demonstrated co-localization of NOS-immunoreactivity and VIP-immunoreactivity in axon terminals in submucous ganglia. About 90% of nerve fibres with NOS-immunoreactivity or VIP-immunoreactivity were immunoreactive for both antigens; only about 10% of labelled varicosities contained only NOS-immunoreactivity or VIP-immunoreactivity. The VIP/NOS varicosities were more often seen in the central parts of the ganglia, close to the VIP-immunoreactive cell bodies. Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with antibodies to VIP was used to determine if NOS/VIP terminals synapse exclusively with VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies. We examined the targets of VIP-immunoreactive boutons in two submucous ganglia from different animals. Serial ultrathin sections were taken through the ganglia after they had been processed for VIP immunocytochemistry. For each cell body, the number of VIP inputs (synapses and close contacts) was determined. The number of VIP-immunoreactive synapses received by the cell bodies of submucous neurons varied from 0–4 and the number of VIP-immunoreactive close contacts varied from 3–10. There was no significant difference between VIP-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and non-VIP nerve cell bodies in the number of VIP-immunoreactive synapses and close contacts they received. Thus, the implication from light microscopy that NOS/VIP terminals end predominantly on VIP nerve cells was not vindicated by electron microscopy.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: CD44 ; adhesion molecule ; Bone ; Osteoclasts ; Osteocytes ; Immunohistochemistry ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. CD44 is a multifunctional adhesion molecule that binds to hyaluronic acid, type I collagen, and fibronectin. We have studied the immunohistochemical localization of CD44 in bone cells by confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy in order to clarify its role in the cell-cell and/or cell-matrix interaction of bone cells. In round osteoblasts attached to bone surfaces, immunoreactivity is restricted to their cytoplasmic processes. On the other hand, osteocytes in bone matrices show intense immunoreactivity on their plasma membrane. Intense immunoreactivity for CD44 can be detected on the basolateral plasma membranes of osteoclasts. There is considerably less reactivity observed in the area of the plasma membrane that is in direct contact with bone. The pre-embedding electron-microscopical method has revealed that CD44 is mainly localized on the basolateral plasma membrane of osteoclasts. However, the ruffled border and clear zone show little immunoreactivity. A CD44-positive reaction can be detected on both plasma membranes in the contact region between osteoclasts and osteocytes. These findings suggest that: 1) cells of the osteoblast lineage express CD44 in accordance with their morphological changes from osteoblasts into osteocytes; 2) osteoclasts express CD44 on their basolateral plasma membrane; 3) CD44 in osteoclasts and osteocytes may play an important role in cell-cell and/or cell-matrix attachment via extracellular matrices.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Nitric oxide synthase ; Coronary vasculature ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Sprague Dawley) ; Guinea-pig (Dunkin Hartley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Ultrastructural investigation of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerves closely associated with blood vessels in rat and guinea-pig hearts revealed many labelled nerve fibres in the walls of the main branches of the coronary arteries, and in arterioles, capillaries and post-capillary venules. The number of nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibres associated with different vessels, even those of the same calibre, varied. Terminal regions of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive fibres were observed in the endocardium and myocardium. Nitric oxide synthase-labelled fibres displayed electron-dense immunoproduct in both varicose and intervaricose regions. Immunoreactive axonal varicosities contained both small and large synaptic vesicles. The characteristics of the nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerve fibres observed in the heart and the possibility that these fibres represent the processes of intracardiac neurones and/or sensory neurones of extrinsic origin are discussed.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 69-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Periodic lamellar granule ; Primary granule ; Chronic myeloproliferative disorder ; Neutrophils ; Electron microscopy ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Granules consisting of periodically arranged membranous lamellae and amorphous electron-opaque material, i.e., periodic lamellar granules, are present in human neutrophils. To date, no extensive ultrastructural studies have been carried out on these granules because of their infrequent presence in neutrophils. The bone marrow of 18 cases of chronic myeloproliferative disorders, including one case of chronic neutrophilic leukemia in which periodic lamellar granules were frequently seen in neutrophils, was investigated by electron microscopy. Periodic lamellar granules were seen in neutrophils in 12 of the 18 cases at varying frequencies. They were preferentially seen in immature neutrophils. The transverse profiles of these granules revealed concentric complete/incomplete rings or periodic parallel straight lines, i.e., various patterns of lamellar arrangement were present. Periodic lamellar granules were positive for myeloperoxidase and lysozyme at the electron-microscopic level. These results suggest that these granules represent a primary neutrophil granule subtype. However, their functional and pathologic significance remains unknown.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Blood platelets ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Coated vesicles ; Clathrin ; Adhesive proteins ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Coated membranes and vesicles play an important role in receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular trafficking in various cell types, and are also present in blood platelets. Platelets take up certain proteins from the blood plasma, such as von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen, and these substances are transferred to storage granules. The receptors for these plasma proteins on the platelet plasma membrane have been well characterized, but morphological evidence for their transport to the storage granules is not yet available. In an attempt to clarify this aspect, we employed postembedding immunocytochemistry on platelets embedded in the acrylic resin LR White. Clathrin as the major coat component of coated vesicles was localized in the cytoplasm, on the plasmic faces of α-granules and the open canalicular system, and on the plasmic face of the plasma membrane. Colocalizations of the adhesive proteins, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen and fibronectin, with clathrin could be observed at the same typical locations as coated vesicles were seen in Araldite-embedded material. These colocalizations have not been reported to date and furnish further evidence for a coated vesicle-mediated transport of blood plasma-derived adhesive proteins from their receptors on the outer plasma membrane to the α-granules.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Meninges ; Cerebrospinal fluid ; Electron microscopy ; Aging ; Multilamellar bodies ; Surfactant ; Goldfish ; Carassius auratus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In the optic tectum of goldfish, the outer, middle and inner layers of the endomeninx were evident in animals ranging in age from 1 month to several years. The outer layer in young animals consisted of closely overlapping cells with intertwined processes, whereas in the older animals it contained large extracellular spaces. The intermediate layer cells were always arranged in a single continuous layer, but in young animals they overlapped extensively with one another toward their edges whereas in the oldest animals they became extremely flat and non-overlapping. The inner layer included an outer tier of cells with their bases adhering to the intermediate layer, and an inner tier of cells detached from both the intermediate layer and the basal lamina overlying the brain parenchyma. Inner layer cells contained many large vacuoles that were in continuity with the extracellular space. With age, the extracellular space and the vacuolar system expanded, and the inner layer evolved into a meshwork of attenuated cytoplasmic processes embedded in the granular extracellular matrix. Another age-related feature was the accumulation adjacent to the basal lamina of uniform disc-shaped membranous structures, resembling multilamellar bodies of lung surfactant. These ”disc bodies” were apparently generated by the coalescence of vesicles formed at the surface of the inner layer cells, possibly as a by-product of protein secretion by these cells.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Estradiol receptor ; Breast cancer cells ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distribution of estradiol receptor in serial sections of estradiol-deprived and estradiol-stimulated MCF7 cells was studied by using mouse monoclonal antibodies reacting with different domains of the receptor and goat-antimouse IgG/6 nm gold. In the nucleus and the cytoplasm of estradiol-deprived cells, the receptor was detected by all three monoclonals (13H2, HT 65 and MA1-310). The antibodies 13H2 and MA1-310 detected receptor associated to the microfilament bundles in the cytoplasm. Higher densities of antireceptor attachment to the nuclear areas were accompanied by a reduction in the attachment to the cytoplasm after estradiol stimulation of the cells. The results confirm earlier observations on the presence of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in estradiol-deprived cells and support the premise of an es- tradiol-induced translocation of this ligand-dependent transcription regulator.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Estradiol receptor ; Breast cancer cells ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of estradiol receptor in serial sections of estradiol-deprived and estradiol-stimulated MCF7 cells was studied by using mouse monoclonal antibodies reacting with different domains of the receptor and goat-antimouse IgG/6 nm gold. In the nucleus and the cytoplasm of estradiol-deprived cells, the receptor was detected by all three monoclonals (13H2, HT 65 and MA1-310). The antibodies 13H2 and MA1-310 detected receptor associated to the microfilament bundles in the cytoplasm. Higher densities of antireceptor attachment to the nuclear areas were accompanied by a reduction in the attachment to the cytoplasm after estradiol stimulation of the cells. The results confirm earlier observations on the presence of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in estradiol-deprived cells and support the premise of an estradiol-induced translocation of this ligand-dependent transcription regulator.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood platelets ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Coated vesicles ; Clathrin ; Adhesive proteins ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Coated membranes and vesicles play an important role in receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular trafficking in various cell types, and are also present in blood platelets. Platelets take up certain proteins from the blood plasma, such as von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen, and these substances are transferred to storage granules. The receptors for these plasma proteins on the platelet plasma membrane have been well characterized, but morphological evidence for their transport to the storage granules is not yet available. In an attempt to clarify this aspect, we employed postembedding immunocytochemistry on platelets embedded in the acrylic resin LR White. Clathrin as the major coat component of coated vesicles was localized in the cytoplasm, on the plasmic faces of α-granules and the open canalicular system, and on the plasmic face of the plasma membrane. Colocalizations of the adhesive proteins, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen and fibronectin, with clathrin could be observed at the same typical locations as coated vesicles were seen in Araldite-embedded material. These colocalizations have not been reported to date and furnish further evidence for a coated vesicle-mediated transport of blood plasma-derived adhesive proteins from their receptors on the outer plasma membrane to the α-granules.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ellipsoids ; Spleen ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescent microspheres ; Oncorhynchus mykiss (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of ellipsoids in the spleen of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is described. The endothelium of terminations of arterioles bulged into the lumen, and gaps between the endothelial cells were evident. A continuous basal lamina was not present, and there were extensive interdigitations between the endothelial cells and surrounding reticular cells. The interdigitating processes were rich in microfilaments. Intravenously injected colloidal carbon, approximately 0.03 μm in diameter, was held in the reticular matrix of the ellipsoidal wall and taken up by macrophages that extended cellular processes among the reticular and endothelial cells. The intravenous injection of fluorescent polystyrene microspheres of known diameter showed that microspheres with a diameter of 0.5 or 1.0 μm were localised in the red pulp, whereas microspheres with a diameter of 0.15 μm were retained in ellipsoidal walls. Thus, the terminations of splenic arterioles in rainbow trout were found to be consistent with descriptions of ellipsoids in other vertebrates in that they possessed a speciallised cuboidal endothelium, lacked a continuous basal lamina, were surrounded by a sheath of macrophages and reticular cells, and had a sheath of macrophages and reticular cells, and had a role in the selective filtration and retention of bloodborne particles.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Acrosome ; Thiols ; Disulphides ; Electron microscopy ; Monomaleimido nanogold ; Macropus eugenii (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study utilised a commercially available monomaleimido-nanogold reagent to directly label cellular thiol groups (SH) of marsupial (tammar wallaby) spermatozoa before and after reduction of disulphides (S-S) with mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride (MEA). The sperm surface, mitochondrial membranes, axoneme and tail fibres were all labelled with gold particles before MEA treatment and the label intensity was increased after S-S reduction. The acrosomal membranes and matrix of spermatozoa contained no detectable SH prior to MEA treatment. However, after moderate MEA treatment (1 mg/ml) gold label was associated with the acrosomal membrane and invaginated acrosomal membrane within the acrosomal matrix. After exposure to 5 and 10 mg/ml MEA, gold particles heavily labelled the acrosomal matrix. Thus, the acrosomal membranes and matrix of tammar wallaby spermatozoa both contain S-S cross-linked structures, and this may contribute to the unusual stability of the marsupial acrosome. Under all treatment conditions the nucleus remained unlabelled. This is consistent with early studies which indicated that cysteine was absent from the nuclear protamines. The study also demonstrated that monomaleimido-nanogold can be used to resolve SH- and S-S-rich cellular structures directly, in addition to its use to label antibodies and Fab fragments for immunochemical localisation.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Somatotrophs ; Growth hormone ; Growth hormone-releasing factor ; Secretory granule ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rat (Fischer 344)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The anterior pituitary tissue of male rats injected with growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) was either processed for stereology at the light- and electron-microscopic levels, or homogenized for growth hormone (GH) assay 2–60 min after GRF injection. Secretory granules of somatotrophs became smaller but increased in numerical density 2 min after GRF injection. Their volume density began to increase at 5 min. The frequency of exocytosis of the granules was most prominent as early as 2 min after GRF injection and reduced thereafter. GH levels in the tissue were lowest at 2–5 min, and returned to the control value by 60 min. Serum GH levels were highest at 15 min; even at 60 min, this value was higher than in the controls. These findings suggest that secretory granules in somatotrophs are stimulated to divide by GRF, resulting in a decrease in size and an increase in number. The discrepancy between the earlier formation of new secretory granules and the later restoration of intracellular GH levels implies that GRF first stimulates the synthesis of constituents of granules other than GH, and only later the synthesis of GH, and that newly formed small secretory granules contain less GH. From the clearance rate of serum GH and the frequency of granule exocytosis, it can be estimated that about a half million granules are released to maintain 1 ng/ml of serum GH in rats.
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  • 55
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 252 (1995), S. 239-243 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Homograft auditory ossicles ; Preservative solutions ; Shelf life ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of preserved ossicles at different shelf lives was compared. Homograft ossicles were harvested and preserved in 70% alcohol, 1:5000 Cialit (sodium-2-ethyl-mercuri-mercapto-benzoxazole-5-carboxylate), and buffered 4% formaldehyde at pH 7. The ultrastructure of each ossicle was studied by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy and was compared to that of fresh controls placed in 0.9 N saline solution. The results indicated clearly the superiority of 70% alcohol as a long-term preservative and 1:5000 Cialit as a short-term preservative.
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  • 56
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 252 (1995), S. 469-474 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Reinke's laryngeal edema ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Pathogenesis Neobursa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Light microscopy of vocal cord mucosa in patients with Reinke's edema revealed highly ramified fissured spaces in the subepithelial tissue that were generally lined with flat cells. The ultrastructure of the parietal cells resembled fibroblasts whose cytoplasmic extensions overlapped in two to three layers in some places. Cell contacts were not observed. Neither electron microscopy nor immunohistochemical testing with antibody against laminin demonstrated a basal membrane. It was possible to distinguish between light and dark cells in the specimens examined. The cytoplasm of the light cells contained intermediate filaments, mitochondria, lysosomes, coated vesicles, caveolae and broad cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The dark cells were more numerous and typically exhibited a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes. The parietal cells showed no immunoreaction against human vascular endothelial cells. Immunohistochemical demonstration of mesenchymal intermediate filaments using antibody against vimentin yielded a positive reaction for some of the cells in the walls of the crevices and subepithelial tissue. It was also possible to demonstrate a few cells with monoclonal antibody against macrophages (KiM6). These findings contradict the concept of lymphatic distension in cases of Reinke's edema. Since the parietal cells seen resembled synoviocytes in their structure and immunohistochemical reactions, findings indicate that the hollow spaces of Reinke's edema develop like neobursae from mechanical strain.
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  • 57
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 252 (1995), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Larynx ; Neuroendocrine carcinoma ; Carcinoid tumor ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Carcinoid tumors belong to the group of neuroendocrine tumors of epithelial origin, i.e., neuroendocrine carcinomas. These neoplasms usually occur in the gastrointestinal tract or bronchial system but are very rare neoplasms in the larynx. Since carcinoid tumors in this latter site may appear to be undifferentiated by light microscopy, they may possibly be misinterpreted and their neuroendocrine characteristics may remain unrecognized. Using immunohistochemical methods, three carcinoid tumors were studied and showed positive immunostaining for markers of epithelial origin (cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen, carcino-embryonic antigen) and, in particular, for markers of neuroendocrine differentiation (chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase). All tumors expressed calcitonin-, serotonin- and adrenocorticotropic-hormone-like immunoreactivity. In contrast, three poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas showed positive immunostaining for epithelial markers but did not show any immunoreactivity with markers of endocrine characteristics. Fine structurally, carcinoid tumor cells contained neurosecretory-type granules scattered throughout the cytoplasm. The present study demonstrated that (1) carcinoid tumors of the larynx possess distinct immunohistochemical characteristics that allow a clear classification, (2) it is advisable to use a battery of primary antibodies rather than rely on specificity and sensitivity of a single marker to establish diagnosis and (3) the fine structural demonstration of neurosecretory-type granules serves as a reliable adjunct to diagnosis.
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  • 58
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 252 (1995), S. 53-56 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Parotid gland ; Amyloidosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of an organ-limited amyloid tumor of the left parotid gland is described with a history of recurrence. A slowly growing parotid mass was the only symptom. After 5.5 years following local excision, the patient was readmitted with a slowly growing recurrence in the superficial lobe of the previously treated gland. Lateral parotidectomy was performed with wide excision of the infiltrated tissue and preservation of the facial nerve. Primary amyloidosis of the AL type was confirmed with immunohistochemical studies revealing staining for lambda but not kappa light chains of immunoglobulins. There has been no clinical or laboratory evidence of systemic amyloidosis or recurrence after 2 years. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a recurrent amyloid tumor of the parotid gland.
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  • 59
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 252 (1995), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Middle ear ; Glycoconjugate ; Wheat germ agglutinin ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate the protective function of the mucous blanket (MB) against lectin substances, we examined at the ultrastructural level whether intraluminal colloidal gold-labelled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) could enter the MB-covered epithelial cell surface of the guinea pig tubotympanic mucosa. Post-embedding staining with WGA/gold on thin tissue sections was done in parallel for comparison. The cell surface glycoconjugate of the eustachian tubal and transitional epithelium had a typical bilayered structure: the outer MB and the microvilli-associated glycocalyx (MAG), which were interposed by the interciliary fluid zone. In squamous epithelium of the distal middle ear, the MB adhered to the MAG, thereby forming a monolayered coat of glycoconjugates at the cell surface. In the pre-embedding staining, WGA/gold did not bind with the MB and MAG in the eustachian tube, and exclusively bound with MB in the transitional area. Direct binding was also found with MAG and the apical plasmic membrane in the squamous epithelium. These findings indicate that MAG is occluded by MB lined with the interciliary fluid zone for luminal access of lectin at the proximal lumina of the tubotympanic epithelium. It is also suggested that MB existing at two sites possesses a different WGA-binding capacity: shielding as a “dust cover” in the eustachian tube and entrapping as a “flypaper” against lectin in the transitional area of the middle ear.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Skin metastasis ; Adenocarcinoma ; Biliary system ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An 81-year-old Japanese man noticed red papules and subcutaneous tumors on his face and trunk about 2 months before entering our clinic. He had been suffering from biliary system cancer for about one year.Light microscopic findings: Tumor cells, which formed various-sized glands lined by columnar cells, were observed in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.Electron microscopic findings: In tumor cells, intracytoplasmic lumina lined with microvilli were observed. Cell organelles, such as mitochondria and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, were relatively well-developed. From these findings, it seems that the characteristics of these tumor cells resemble those of the biliary system.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Subarachnoid hemorrhage ; Calcium ; Cerebral vasospasm ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to clarify the relationship between calcium mobilization and morphological changes in the arterial wall after subarachnoid hemorrhage, electron microscopic histochemical assessments of the intracellular calcium in the arterial wall of human subjects showing vasospasm angiographically were conducted. Intracellular calcium ions in the arterial wall after subarachnoid hemorrhage were significantly more numerous than those of the control specimens. However, reaction products of calcium ions in the arterial wall were distributed mainly in the areas which morphologically revealed spastic changes such as myonecrosis and vacuoles, and there were no or extremely few reaction products of calcium ions in the areas showing no morphological changes in the arterial wall. These findings were consistent with the data for a feline model with experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage previously studied by the authors and indicated that increased intracellular calcium mobilization detected histochemically might be related to the morphological changes in the arterial wall after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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  • 62
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 45-49 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma ; Larynx ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the vocal cord occurring in a 46-year-old male was studied immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally. The tumor consisted of the two main areas, pleomorphic and storiform. Immunohistochemical staining was strongly positive for α1-antitrypsin and α1-antichymotrypsin, and negative for desmin, keratin, myoglobin, actin, carcinoembryonic antigen, and S100 protein. Ultrastructurally, this MFH consisted of four different types of cells which were either fibroblast-like, histiocyte-like, myofibroblast-like, or with features of both the fibroblast and histiocyte types. Transition forms between the four types of cells were also found. This suggests that cells of MFH are derived from the same undifferentiated stem cells.
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  • 63
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 80-87 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Endotoxin ; Inner ear ; Electron microscopy ; Inflammatory cell ; Stria vascularis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Escherichia coli-derived endotoxin was introduced into the middle ears of 10 guinea pigs 24 hr after intraperitoneal injection of the same endotoxin. The cochleae were removed 24 hr after the introduction of the endotoxin into the middle ears and observed by light and electron microscopy. Inflammatory cell infitration and bleeding were observed in both endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces. Inflammatory cells also infiltrated the stria vascularis, spiral ligament, spiral prominence and the organ of Corti. Blood sludge was observed in almost all of the strial capillaries of the upper three turns, but in few of the basal turns. The hair cells were intact in every turn except for a small number of degenerated mitochondria. Intermediate cells of the stria vascularis were shrunken, and some of them showed degenerative changes. Marginal cells had also shrunken, but they were less shrunken than the intermediate cells. The shrinking of both cells caused the enlargement of the intercellular space of the stria vascularis.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Ganglioneuroma ; Electron microscopy ; Ultrastructural study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tissue samples of adrenal ganglioneuromas were obtained from two patients: 35- and 47-year-old males. Light microscopic studies showed that these tumors contained Schwann cells and ganglion cells. Electron microscopic examinations revealed numerous unmyelinated and myelinated axons surrounded by Schwann cells. The ganglion cells in the tumors had abundant organelles, such as well-developed cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, many profiles of the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, microtubules and neurofilaments. Electron dense cored granules resembling catecholamine granules were present in the ganglion cell bodies and neural processes. These features resmebled those of normal sympathetic ganglion cells. It is concluded that adrenal ganglioneuroma originates from sympathetic ganglion tissue.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Duchenne muscular dystrophy ; Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy ; Electron microscopy ; Myofiber degeneration and regeneration ; Muscle plasma membrane undercoat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Muscle plasma membrane undercoats were investigated by conventional electron microscopy in both Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD). The densities of the plasma membrane undercoats were rarefied in the parts of the plasma membranes overlying the degenerating focus in both DMD and FCMD myofibers. The degree of rarefaction tended to be parallel to the degree of degeneration in the myofibers. It was hard to distinguish the undercoat densities of normal-looking myofibers of DMD and FCMD muscles from those of control myofibers from histochemically-normal muscles. On the other hand, the undercoats of regenerating myofibers in DMD and FCMD muscles were denser than normal.
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  • 66
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 137-145 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Embryonal heart ; Formation of the cardiac vascular system ; Formation of the ventricular compact wall ; Corrosion cast ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The corrosion cast method for scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and auto-injection of tracers for light microscopy were used to examine the cardiac coronary development and the forming of the ventricular compact wall to the embryonal sponge-work wall. Our observations suggest that the coronary artery first extends over outer layer, and later over middle and inner layers. As intertrabecular spaces are closed by fusion to each endocardium in the inner layer position, the veins are formed by the remaining expanded sinusoidal intertrabecular spaces. The capillaries of the coronary vessels are then connected to the veins to finally complete the cardiac vascular system.
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  • 67
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    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 163-171 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Neurocytoma ; Intraventricular tumor ; Electron microscopy ; Blood vessel ; Neurosecretory granule
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of central neurocytoma was studied by electron microscopic and immunohistochemical methods. Immunohistochemical examinations showed the tumor cells to be positive for neuron-specific enolase, sporadically positive for synaptophysin, and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein. The Ki-67 (MIB-1) positive index value for the tumor cells was a low 1.5%. Ultrastructurally, thin cytoplasmic processes of tumor cells showed differentiation to neuronal cells containing parallel bundles of microtubules and abortive synapses with dense core vesicles and/or clear vesicles. Microvessels composed of endothelial cells without fenestrations and tight junctions in the endothelial clefts appeared in fibrillary stromas as revealed by light microscopy. Neurosecretory granules in thin cell processes may have been secreted around microvessels.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: chlorine complexes ; ethene complexes ; intermediates ; rotational spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A complex of ethene and Cl2 has been characterised in the gas phase. Rotational spectra of the isotopomers C2H4…35Cl2, C2H4…35Cl37Cl and C2H4…37Cl35Cl were recorded by using a fast-mixing nozzle in an FT microwave spectrometer. Rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants and Cl nuclear quadrupole coupling constants. χgg (Cl) are reported in each case. The complex is of the π-donor-acceptor type and has a C2v geometry in which Cl2 lies along the C2 axis perpendicular to the plane of the C2H4 nuclei. The binding is weak, and only small changes in the χgg (Cl) attend complex formation. A simple model attributes these changes to a transfer of around 0.02e from the inner to the outer Cl nucleus, thus confirming that the complex is of the Mulliken outer type. Similarities in the properties of C2H4… Cl2 and C2H4… HCl indicate that the angular geometry is in both cases determined mainly by the electrostatic part of the interaction. The distance from the π-bond midpoint to Cl decreases from C2H4… HCl to C2H4… Cl2; this suggests that Cl2 is “snub-nosed”.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 68-73 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: porphyrinoids ; Rothemund synthesis ; sapphyrin ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Rothemund-type condensation of pyrrole and benzaldehyde yields, apart from 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPH2) and inverted tetraphenylporphyrin 2-aza-21-carba-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (CTPPH2), a unique pentapyrrolic macrocyclic molecule with the aromatic nucleus of sapphyrin, namely, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylsapphyrin (TPSH3). Its unorthodox structural skeleton with an inverted pyrrole ring lying opposite to the bipyrrole unit accounts for the spectroscopic properties of the novel sapphyrin. The diprotonation of TPSH3 acts as a trigger for a structural transformation involving a flip of the pyrrole units, which relocates the 27-NH pyrrolic nitrogen from the periphery into the center of the macrocycle. The formation of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylsapphyrin proves that the pentapyrrolic product is accessible by the mechanism of the Rothemund synthesis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: charge transfer ; EPR spectroscopy ; organometallic compounds ; platinum compounds ; spectroelectrochemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In spite of their very similar cyclic voltammograms, absorption spectra, and solvatochromic behavior, the two 1,4-diazabutadiene title complexes exhibit markedly different photoreactivities and underlying electronic structures, as evident from absorption and EPR spectra of the persistent anion radical forms. The lowest excited state of the nonphotoreactive PtII system [(CyN=CH—CH=NCy)-PtMe2] has MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge-transfer, 5d → π*) character, and the EPR spectrum of the corresponding anion radical at 〈g〉 = 2.016 exhibits sizable metal/ligand orbital mixing. On the other hand, the structurally characterized PtIV complex [(CyN=CH—CH=NCy)-PtMe4] (C2/c; a = 2021.6(2), b = 805.3(1), c = 1254.2(1) pm; β = 111.05(1)°; V = 1905.7(4) × 106 pm3; Z = 4) has a lowlying photoreactive LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer, σPt—C → π*) excited state in which the axial Pt—C bonds are activated, as already suggested by the longer Pt—C(ax) bonds (214.0(8) pm) relative to Pt—C(eq) in the ground state (204.5(5) pm). The anion radical of the PtIV complex has lost the long-wavelength absorption band in the visible; it shows a well-resolved EPR spectrum at 〈g〉 = 1.9945 with π-ligand and 195Pt hyperfine structure and a small g anisotropy. A qualitative MO scheme is presented to account for the similar frontier-orbital energy differences despite dissimilar underlying electronic structures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 71
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: alkyne complexes ; carbon networks ; macrocycles ; platinum compounds ; tetraethynylethene ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of the first organometallic mono- and dinuclear platinum complexes bearing the tetraethynylethene unit as an η1-ligand are reported. Structural characterization of two of the trans σ-bis(acetylide) derivatives by X-ray crystallography reveals coplanarity of the acetylenic π-ligands and indicates possible electronic delocalization across the metal center. This notion is further supported by comparing the electronic absorption spectra of the platinum-containing compounds with those of related tetraethynylethene derivatives without metals. The solidstate structure of a dinuclear complex with two iodoplatinum fragments attached to one set of geminal acetylenes of tetraethynylethene was also investigated by X-ray diffraction. Hay coupling of a mononuclear species leads to the incorporation of the σ-bis(acetylide) moiety into a diplatinated metallacycle. This macrocyclic compound represents a novel structural motif in the design of a transition metal linked carbon network based on tetraethynylethene.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric syntheses ; azomethine ylides ; chiral auxiliaries ; cycloadditions ; pyrrolidines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Upon treatment with triethylamine or DBU in the presence of LiBr, aromatic and aliphatic imines of amino acid esters are converted to N-metalated azomethine ylides. These 1,3-dipoles undergo highly stereoselective cycloadditions with N-acryloyl-(S)-proline esters in THF at -78 to -40°C to afford highly substituted pyrrolidines with complete regiocontrol and good to excellent diastereomeric ratios. The chiral auxiliary groups can readily be removed from the cycloadducts by simple acid hydrolysis. To rationalize the observed stereoselectivity a transition-state model is proposed in which the lithium cation is coordinated to both the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile.
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  • 73
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: block synthesis ; epoxidations ; glycosylations ; oligosaccharides ; selenoglycosides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several suitable building blocks for the construction of the phytoalexin elicitor α-methyl-32, 34-di-β-D-glucopyranosylgentiopentaoside (2) were readily accessible by oxidative coupling of glucals. Block coupling of trimeric phenylseleno- and ethylthioglucosyl donors 17 and 18 with tetrasaccharide 16 in the presence of the thiophilic promoter N-iodosuccinimide and catalytic trifluoromethanesulfonic acid furnished the desired heptaglucan 2 in high overall yield.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 74
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 75
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric syntheses ; enol ethers ; Fischer carbenes ; Michael additions ; syn diastereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Michael addition reactions of ketone and ester lithium enolates to optically active Fischer vinylcarbene complexes derived from (-)-8-phenylmenthol take place with high syn selectivity and high levels of asymmetric induction. The initial Michael adducts can be further elaborated through diastereoselective addition of organometallic reagents to ketones and aldol reactions. Removal of the metal fragment and chiral auxiliary group leads to cyclic enol ethers with three or five contiguous stereogenic centers and of high enantiomeric purity.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: amphiphiles ; C-glycosides ; cryptates ; fullerenes ; ionophores ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the first fullerene cryptate 7 with a sodium ion bound to a benzo[2.2.2]cryptand covalently attached to a methanofullerene[60] is described. The amphiphilic properties of 7 as well as of a variety of other covalent fullerene derivatives with polar functional groups and the ability of these compounds to form Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface were investigated in a systematic study. Among these derivatives are Diels-Alder adducts of C60 and methanofullerenes, four of which are fullerene C-glycosides. The films at the water surface were characterized by their surface pressure versus molecular area isotherms, compression and expansion cycles, and optical light microscopy. UV/Vis spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS) were employed for LB film characterization on solid substrates. Parameters influencing the spreading and monolayer character include (a) polarity, (b) balance of hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity, (c) size and bulkiness of the polar groups attached to the fullerene, and (d) presence of aromatic residues in these groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: diarylethenes ; molecular devices ; nonlinear optics ; photochromes ; redox switches ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organic photochromic systems represent a starting point for the elaboration of light-triggered molecular switching devices. The novel bispyridinium and bispyridine compounds 12+ and 6 were synthesized as their uncyclized isomers from 3,5-dibromo-2-methylthiophene in overall yields of 43 and 44%, respectively. The diarylethene photochromes 2 and 10-13, substituted with electron donors and acceptors, were prepared from 5-methylthiophene-2-carboxaldehyde in 21-32% overall yield. All of the compounds were found to exhibit pronounced photochromic properties. Irradiation with UV light resulted in essentially complete photocyclization of the open forms to the intensely coloured closed isomers which could, in turn, be reconverted back to the open state with visible light of γ〉600 nm. The absorption maxima of the described compounds in their closed forms are shifted far towards, and even into, the near-IR region. Whereas no thermochromic properties were observed for the open isomers, the rates of thermal decolouration of the cyclized forms was found to be highly dependent on the nature of the substituents on the thiophene rings. It was demonstrated that reversible photochemical interconversion between the two photochromic states could be used to effectively switch a number of physical properties. Thus, the molecules 12+ and 12 represent two kinds of redox switches, the former in reduction and the latter in oxidation, in which electron conduction is switched on in the closed state and off in the open state. Compound 12 may also be considered to be a photoswitchable analogue of tetrathiafulvalene type substances. On the other hand, compound 2 displays a marked increase in nonlinear optical activity on conversion from the open to the closed form. Such systems are prototypes of photoswitchable molecular wires where electron conduction and push-pull interaction can be reversibly modulated by an external stimulus, namely, irradiation by light.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: diarylethenes ; electrochromes ; molecular devices ; optical memory ; photochromes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bisphenolic dithienylethene molecules 1a and 1b were synthesized in overall yields of 45% from 4-bromoanisole and 44% from 2.6-di-tert-butyl-4-iodophenol, respectively. The corresponding extended quinones 3a and 3b were also prepared. Photochemical studies showed that compounds 1 are photochromic; the open forms 1 could be converted with UV light of 312nm to the closed coloured forms 2 with photostationary states lying at essentially complete conversion (〉 98%). The 1a-2a system was found to exhibit good resistance to photofatigue and thermal stability for both photoisomers. Cyclic voltammetry studies involving the 2/3 couples showed that whereas 2b undergoes irreversible oxidation at + 0.85 V (vs. SCE in THF), the hydroquinone 2a is reversibly oxidized at an E1/2 of + 0.72V (in MeCN, quasi-reversibly in THF at + 0.81 V); this reflects the differences in deprotonation behaviour of the generated QH2/2+ species. The large difference in oxidation potential between 1a and 2a allows the photochemical switching of redox properties. In a complementary fashion, redox switching of the photochromic properties within the 2a-3a pair is possible since 3a is stable to visible light. Owing to this unique behaviour, the triad consisting of 1-3a represents a novel molecular device with mutually regulating photo- and electrochromic behaviour. In addition, the ability to interconvert between the three stable states makes the system well-suited as the basis for an optical memory system with multiple storage and nondestructive readout capacity through a write-lock-read-unlock-erase cycle.
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  • 80
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric syntheses ; alkenylations ; SAMP/RAMP hydrazones ; selenyl aldehydes ; sphingosine ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: L-threo-sphingosine and its D-erythro isomer (1) are subunits of many glycosphingolipids, gangliosides and ceramides. This paper describes the highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of both isomers (de, ee 〉 98%). The key steps in the synthesis are the aldol reaction of the SAMP hydrazone (S)-2 with racemic α-phenylselenylpentadecanal 3, the diastereoselective triacetoxyborohydride reduction of ketone 5 and exclusive (E) C—C double bond formation in the elimination of hydroxyl and selenyl moieties promoted by methanesulfonyl chloride. Mesylate 8 was then readily converted via the 1,3-O-acetonide-protected azidosphingosine 9 to L-threo-sphingosine. Conversion to the known 1-O,2-N-diacetyl-protected sphingosine 13 with subsequent Mitsunobu inversion of the C3—OH centre afforded the D-erythro-sphingosine epimer.
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  • 82
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 403-413 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: conjugation ; ferromagnetism ; helices ; magnetic properties ; polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electronic structures of conjugated polymers containing methyl radicals, carbenes, and nitrogen-based radicals coupled in various ways through benzene rings are examined, employing band-structure calculations in the extended Hückel approximation. The structural and electronic properties of polymers with a para-phenylene or meta-phenylene coupling unit are compared. In the polymer with methyl radicals coupled through a para-phenylene unit, a pairing or Peierls distortion occurs to remove the degeneracy at the Fermi level. The resulting bandgap is nevertheless relatively small; we conclude that such polymers are likely to exhibit high electrical conductivity upon doping, very much like polyacetylene. On the other hand, in the polymers with a meta-phenylene coupling unit, striking symmetry-determined, halfoccupied narrow bands appear at the Fermi level and contribute to the stability of the ferromagnetic state. The relation of a potential ferromagnetic state to metallic, CDW, and SDW states is discussed from the viewpoint of orbital interactions in extended systems. We suggest novel 3- and 4-fold helical structures for the meta-phenylene-coupled polymers.
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  • 83
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 423-429 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: kinetics ; peroxyl radicals ; pulse radiolysis ; radicals ; superoxide radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydroxyl radicals were generated radiolytically and reacted with a number of benzene derivatives (PhH). In the presence of oxygen, the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals thus formed were converted into their corresponding peroxyl radicals. Pulse radiolysis has shown the oxygen addition (forward reaction, f) to be reversible (reverse reaction, r) [Eq. (1)]. The peroxyl radicals can eliminate HO2· to yield phenols, alongside some ring-fragmentation products (product-forming reaction, p). The rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions (kf and kr) and the corresponding stability constants K (= kf/kr) were determined for the hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radicals derived from anisole, toluene, fluorobenzene, benzene, chlorobenzene, benzyl chloride, benzoate ion, phenylalanine, and terephthalate ion. The constants kf lie between 8 × 108 (anisole) and 1.6 × 107 dm3 mol-1 s-1 (terephthalate ion), and kr between 7.5 × 104 (toluene) and 3.4 × 103 s-1 (terephthalate ion). The stability constants lie between 2.6 × 104 (benzene) and 3.3 × 103 dm3 mol-1 (phenylalanine). The rate constants for the product-forming reactions kp are between 5.5 × 103 (anisole) and 3.4 × 102 s-1 (benzoate). For the peroxyl radical derived from phenylalanine, a bond dissociation energy of 5.5 kcal mol-1 has been derived. A number of hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radicals (e.g., those derived from benzoic acid, ethylbenzoate, benzonitrile, and nitrobenzene) react too slowly to allow the equilibrium constant to be determined by means of pulse radiolysis. These reactions have rate constants kf in the order of 5 × 106 dm3 mol-1 s-1, except for nitrobenzene where the reaction is too slow for measurement. The rate constants kr are below 500 s-1, and the product-forming reaction is too slow to be detected by pulse radiolysis. γ-Radiolysis of N2O/O2(4:1)-saturated aqueous solutions of benzonitrile gave dimeric compounds (e.g., dicyanobiphenyls) in low yield, alongside the three isomeric phenols; this again proves the low reactivity of its hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical toward oxygen.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: allylhydrazines ; cadmium compounds ; catalysis ; photochemistry ; zinc compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Suspensions of zinc or cadmium sulfide powders in a protic solvent catalyse the linear addition of enol ethers and olefins to 1,2-diaryl- and 1-aryl-2-alkyl-1,2-diazenes, producing allylhydrazine derivatives. Relative quantum yields decrease sharply when the 1,2-diazene is more difficult to reduce, while their relationship to the oxidation potential of the enol ether/olefin is complicated. Reduction to 1,2-diarylhydrazine and concomitant dehydrodimerization of the enol ether occurs as a side reaction. It is favoured by increasing light intensity and becomes the major reaction path when platinized (5 mol%) photocatalysts are employed. It is proposed that the photogenerated electron-hole pair in a proton-coupled electron transfer reduces the diazene to a hydrazyl radical and oxidizes the olefin/enol ether to a radical cation. The allylic radical obtained from the latter by deprotonation then undergoes C—N coupling with the hydrazyl radical to afford the allylhydrazine. Diarylhydrazine formation occurs by disproportionation of the hydrazyl radical or by a successive proton-coupled reduction. Thus photoaddition can be classified as a 1 e-/1 h+ process while 2e-/2h+ are necessary for the reduction.
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  • 85
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general method for the homologation of aldehydes to α-amino aldehydes (aminohomologation) has been developed, which employs nitrones as iminium derivatives of the aldehydes. Key operations include a) the addition of a thiazole metalated at C-2 to the N-benzylnitrone derived from the aldehyde, b) the reductive dehydroxylation of the resultant thiazolyl N-benzylhydroxylamine, and c) the unmasking of the formyl group from the thiazole ring. The homologation sequence was studied by employing nitrones derived from various chiral polyalkoxy aldehydes and dialdoses. The addition of 2-lithiothiazole to these nitrones was syn-selective, whereas the reaction with the same nitrones precomplexed with Lewis acids was anti-selective. Hence, from each nitrone a pair of diastereoisomeric hydroxylamines was obtained. These compounds were then converted by the above sequence into α-epimeric α-amino aldehydes. Model elaborations of some of these products afforded the amino sugars D-glucosamine, D-mannosamine, D-nojirimycin, and advanced intermediates for the synthesis of destomic acid and lincosamine.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: alkenyl ; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; labelling studies ; rhodium compounds ; vinyl ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Results consistent with the participation of vinyls in the initiation and of alkenyl species in the propagation steps of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction are reported. Substantial incorporation of 13C2 into the alkene and alkane (C3-C7) hydrocarbon products occurred when doubly labelled vinyls (13C2H3Br. (13C2H3)4Si, or 13C2H4) were added as molecular probes to the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide over rhodium/ceria/silica catalysts (1 atm, 220°C). There was, by contrast, no significant incorporation of 13C1 into any of the organic products; thus cleavage of the C2 probe did not occur. The degree of 13C2 incorporation decreased with increasing molecular mass of the hydrocarbon; this indicates that the probe molecule initiated but did not propagate. A mathematical model based on polymerisation of surface methylenes initiated by a vinyl, propagated by alkenyls and terminated by reaction with a surface hydrogen or by coupling has been developed to explain the 13C2 incorporation data. Under the conditions of the experiments, the relative ability of the probes to initiate is: vinyl bromide (60%)〉tetravinylsilane (30%)〉ethene (15%). Substantial formation of 13C4 products also occurred when vinyl bromide or tetravinylsilane were used as probes; this arises from a dimerisation of the vinyl on the surface, a process which has been modelled in homogeneous systems and also by other workers in studies on single crystal surfaces. There was no significant 13C incorporation into the oxygenates (methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde); these products are formed by a different path.
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  • 88
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 89
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 594-597 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: electron microscopy ; gels ; helices ; self-assembly ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis, molecular structure, and properties of a new chiral gelforming agent 1 are described. Key structural features in 1 are a γ-alkoxybutyro-lactone tetralin moiety and an angular phenylsulphone unit. The new low molecular weight gelator 1 can reversibly form stable gels in low concentrations (e.g., 1:800 for n-hexane) with isopropanol and a variety of apolar organic solvents. The gels were studied with differential scanning calorimetry and a combination of electron microscopy techniques, which revealed a highly ordered three-dimensional network of entangled fibers. X-ray analysis showed that the aggregation of 1 leads to a helical structure in the solid state. Nonchiral analogues 2 and 3 were unable to initiate gel formation.
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  • 90
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 91
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 56-67 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: amethyrin ; orangarin ; porphyrinoids ; terpyrroles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new, general synthesis of the first β-substituted tetra- and hexaalkyl terpyrroles is described. Also described are two new classes of expanded porphyrins derived from the hexaalkyl terpyrrole. The key step in the terpyrrole formation is the copper(II)-mediated oxidative coupling of the LDA-derived enolates of α-keto pyrroles. The first new expanded porphyrin reported here, the so-called “orangarin”, contains five pyrrolic subunits and two bridging carbon atoms, and is formally a 20π-electron nonaromatic macrocycle. The second new class of expanded porphyrins, the “amethyrins”, are 24π-electron nonaromatic macrocycles containing six pyrrole units. Both of these new macrocycles, as well as one of the new terpyrrolic precursors have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 100-100 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 118-123 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: antiferromagnetic exchange ; crystal structure ; indium compounds ; Jahn-Teller distortion ; titanium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dark green crystals of In3Ti2Br9 have been synthesized from elemental Ti and molten InBr3 at 450°C. The X-ray diffractional characterization by means of single-crystal and powder Rietveld refinement reveals a hexagonal crystal structure (a = 738.2(2), c = 1813.9(3) pm; P63/mmc, Z = 2) of Cs3Cr2Cl9 type, containing Ti2Br3-9 dimers and univalent indium cations. Self-consistent, semiempirical band structure calculations show the structural distortions of the two monovalent indium cations to arise from a second-order Jahn-Teller instability. The new compound's magnetic susceptibility and microscopic antiferromagnetic exchange are analyzed by using a Bleaney-Bowers ansatz.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: electrophilic additions ; N-pyrrolyl complexes ; rearrangements ; rhenium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of [{Re}(OTf)] (1; {Re}  -  (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3) and potassium pyrrolide gives the N-pyrrolyl complex 2, 88%). Reactions of 2 with (CF3CO)2O/N(C2H5)3 and CH3O2CC=CCO2CH3 give 3- and 2-substituted pyrrolyl complexes respectively (3, R/R′ = H/COCF3, 77%; 5, R/R′ = C(CO2CH3)=CHCO2CH3/H, 69-87%). Free pyrrole is much less reactive towards these reagents. Reactions of 2 and TfOH or HBF4·OEt2 give the 2H-pyrrole adducts +X- (7+X-; 89-83%). At 0-25°C in CH2Cl2, these rearrange to the carbon-ligated tautomers +X-(8+X-) and then +X-; (9+X-; 72-96 h, 90-96%). Reaction of 1 and pyrrole in refluxing toluene gives 8+TfO- and then 9-TfO- (92%). However, 1 and pyrrole react too slowly in CH2Cl2 to be intermediates in the conversion of 7+TfO- to 9+TfO-. Reaction of 9+ TfO- and KH gives the C-pyrrolyl complex (68%), which adds TfOH to give 9+TfO-. Mechanistic aspects of the preceding reactions are discussed. The crystal structures of 2 and 9+TfO- are determined, and the NC4Hx ligand conformations analyzed with extended Hückel MO calculations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: rapamycin ; stannylethenes ; Stille coupling ; vinyl iodides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Details of the total synthesis of rapamycin (1) are reported. The synthesis required the preparation of intermediates 4 - 9 in nonracemic form; key coupling reactions included a chromium-mediated addition of vinyl iodide 8 to aldehyde 7 and an Evans aldol reaction to couple fragments 62 and 9. Intermediates 4 and 6 were joined through an amide bond formation to afford advanced intermediate 71. Swern oxidation of the diol in 71 was followed by a selective removal of the TES groups and a second Swern oxidation. Finally, removal of the remaining silyl protecting groups provided fully deprotected, penultimate intermediate 2 in which all carbons were in their proper oxidation state. Macrocyclization was achieved through a tandem inter/intramolecular palladium-mediated Stille coupling reaction between distannylethene 3 and bis(vinyl iodide) 2. This latter process accomplished in one step the installation of the remaining two carbons of the natural product and the completion of its total synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: ate complexes ; intramolecular coordination ; lutetium complexes ; organometallic compounds ; yttrium complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New complexes of lutetium and yttrium containing the monoanionic, terdentate ligand [2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]- (NCN) have been synthesized by substitution reactions starting from MCl3 (M = Lu, Y). Reaction of MCl3 (M = Y, Lu) with one equivalent of (NCN)Li affords the ate complexes [(NCN)MCl2(μ-Cl)(μ-Li(thf)2)]2) (M = Lu (1a), Y (1b)) in which the terdentate ligand is bound in mer fashion and all three chloride atoms are retained in the product. Crystals of 1a are monoclinic (space group P21/n, a =10.4559(4), b = 21.6150(9), c=12.1700(7) Å, β = 105.294(4)°, Z = 2, final R = 0.039 for 3695 observed reflections [I〉2.50σ(I)]). Attempted substitution of chloride in the yttrium complex 1b by Me3SiCH2- leads to decomposition. However, reaction of 1a with Me3SiCH2Li gives the monoalkyl complex [(NCN)Lu-(μ-Cl)(CH2SiMe3)]2 2, 30% yield), in which the terdentate ligand is bound in a pseudo-facial manner. Crystals of 2 are triclinic (space group P1, a = 9.8575(7), b = 10.0171(7), c = 11.1460(14) Å, α = 75.096(8). β = 78.092(8), γ =77.474(6)°, Z = 1, final R1 = 0.11 for 1361 reflections [I 2σ(I)]). Substitution of the chloride ions in 2 by Me3SiCH2- is possible and affords quantitatively the bisalkyl complex [(NCN)Lu(CH2SiMe3)2] (3). The lutetium complexes 2 and 3 are formally coordinatively unsaturated complexes, which are moisture-sensitive and thermally stable for several weeks when dissolved in aromatic solvents. However, they decompose rapidly in aliphatic solvents such as hexane, and a decomposition route involving the formation of carbene species is proposed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: biomineralization ; calcite ; crystal morphology ; mosaic structure ; symmetry reduction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organisms can exert a remarkable degree of control over crystal growth. One way of achieving this is by the adsorption of specialized macromolecules on specific planes of the growing crystals. With continued growth of the crystal, the macromolecules are incorporated inside the crystal bulk. Their presence does not change the crystal structure, but creates discontinuities in the perfect lattice. Here we study in detail three unusual cases of reduction in symmetry at the level of crystal domain shapes, induced by this controlled intercalation. We examined sponge spicules, which are single crystals of Mg-bearing calcite. They were specifically chosen for this study, because their morphologies do not reflect the hexagonal symmetry of calcite. Their crystal textures (coherence lengths and angular spreads) were characterized by high-resolution X-ray diffraction with well-collimated synchrotron radiation. The results are compared to analogous studies of synthetic calcite and Mg-bearing calcite. In all the selected spicules reduction in symmetry is observed in the coherence lengths among symmetry-related crystallographic directions. The reconstructed shapes of the domains of perfect structure closely match the specific spicule morphologies. The synthetic crystals show no such reduction in symmetry. Although the manner by which such exquisite control is achieved is not known, we envisage it involving a combination of oriented nucleation with either physical or stereochemically driven adsorption.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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