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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0711
    Keywords: Medroxyprogesterone acetate ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Cortisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Seventeen women aged 55 to 76 years who had been treated for endometrial cancer by surgery or radiotherapy or a combination of both were given 300 mg of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) daily by mouth. Before treatment and again during the 3rd week of treatment an oral glucose tolerance test (with measurement of serum insulin levels) and an ACTH-stimulation test were done. All blood glucose levels tended to be higher with MPA therapy and serum insulin levels were significantly increased 3 h after a glucose load. The rise of serum cortisol 30 min after ACTH-stimulation was significantly less with MPA therapy. Oral MPA thus appeared to have a glucocorticoid-like action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 1065-1069 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: CAPD ; Glukose ; Insulin ; Lipoproteine ; Aminosäuren ; CAPD ; Glucose ; Insulin ; Lipoprotein ; Amino acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Biochemical studies are being performed in chronically renal insufficient patients undergoing treatment by CAPD. Serum protein and albumin levels have remained stable during treatment as have the ratios of essential/non-essential amino acids and valine/glycine in plasma. Dietary intake therefore appears to adequately compensate dialysate losses. Serum calcium and phosphate as well as immunoreactive parathyroid hormone concentration and alkaline phosphatase levels did not change during the treatment. The glucose load due to the high concentrations of glucose in the dialysate may have adverse effects on the glucose tolerance and insulin secretion of CAPD patients. However, in fasting patients it could be shown that only the 4.25% glucose dialysate causes any increase in plasma glucose levels with a concommitant rise of insulin secretion, an exchange with a 1.5% glucose dialysate having relatively little effect on these parameters. Quantification of the individual serum lipoproteins is also being performed during CAPD. No changes were observed in α-cholesterol levels, but 50% of the patients have shown significant increases in total serum cholesterol, β-cholesterol and serum triglycerides in the course of treatment. In these cases dietary consequences must be considered in order to minimise the potential artherosclerotic risk.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Biochemische Untersuchungen wurden an acht chronisch-niereninsuffizienten Patienten im Verlaufe der CAPD (mittlere Behandlungszeit 11,5±4 Monate) durchgeführt. Trotz erheblicher Proteinverluste ins Dialysat blieben die Serumprotein-und -Albuminkonzentrationen konstant. Auch die Quotienten essentielle/nicht essentielle Plasmaaminosäuren sowie Valin/Glycin im Plasma blieben unverändert. Es scheint also, als ob die Aminosäuren- und Proteinverluste ins Dialysat alimentär gut kompensierbar sind. Auf die Plasmakonzentration von Calcium und Phosphat hatte die CAPD keinen sicheren Einfluß. Ebenso ließen sich Änderungen des immunreaktiven Parathormons und der alkalischen Phosphatase nicht nachweisen. Theoretisch ist angesichts der hohen Glukosekonzentration der Dialysatlösungen und einer dadurch bedingten Glukosebelastung des Patienten mit einer Beeinflussung von Glukosetoleranz und Insulinsekretion zu rechnen. Unter Nüchternbedingungen fand sich jedoch ausschließlich bei Verwendung der hochkonzentrierten (4,25%igen) Glukosedialysatlösung eine erhöhte Plasmaglukose mit verstärkter Insulinsekretion. Die 1,5%ige Glukoselösung hatte dagegen keinen wesentlichen Einfluß auf diese Parameter. Von den Serumlipoproteinen blieb im Verlaufe der CAPD α-Cholesterin unverändert, während Gesamtcholesterin signifikant und β-Cholesterin sowie die Neutralfette insignifikant zunahmen. Um ein potentielles Arterioskleroserisiko gering zu halten, müssen gezielte diätetische Maßnahmen während der CAPD ergriffen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Beta-receptor blockers ; Carbohydrate metabolism ; Insulin ; ACTH ; Ergometry ; Beta-Rezeptorenblocker ; Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel ; Insulin ; ACTH ; Ergometrie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei 11 Hochdruckkranken (mittleres Alter 37 Jahre; Stadium I–II, WHO) wurde im Überkreuzversuch der Einfluß einer chronischen, überwiegend β1-selektiven (500 mg Acebutolol/die) und β1—β2-Rezeptorenblockade (15 mg Pindolol/die) auf den Blutdruck, den Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel und die Plasmainsulin- und ACTH-Spiegel untersucht, und zwar sowohl in Ruhe als auch während ergometrischer Leistung nach 6 min bei 100 Watt, nach 30 min im Steady-state mit einer Herzfrequenz von 130 min−1, während maximaler Leistung sowie 5 min danach. 2. Beide β-Rezeptorenblocker senkten nahezu gleichstark und signifikant (p〈0,01) den systolischen und diastolischen Blutdruck und die Herzschlagfrequenz in Ruhe sowie während und nach Ergometrie. 3. Allein unter Pindolol (P) kam es im Vergleich zur Kontrolle (K,p〈0,001) und zu Acebutolol (A,p〈0,01) zu einem signifikanten Absinken des Blutzuckers nach 30 min. Ergometrie im Steady-state (K 69.1±8.9; A 65.3±8.4, P 54.5±8.7 mg/dl) und während maximaler Leistung (K 70.4±10.7; A 67.6±8.7; P 54.1±12 mg/dl). 4. Die Plasmainsulinspiegel sanken signifikant (p〈0,05) während Ergometrie ab und zeigten unter beiden β-Rezeptorenblockern keine Abweichungen zu den Kontrollwerten. 5. Vor β-Rezeptorenblockade kam es nach 30 min Ergometrie zu einem signifikanten (p〈0,05) Anstieg des Plasma-ACTH-Spiegels, der unter Acebutolol annähernd gleichstark, unter Pindolol nahezu doppelt so stark (p〈0,05) ausfiel (K 60.4±43.8; A 64±42.7; P 117.3±108.8 pg/ml). 6. Der Abfall des Blutzuckers bis in den hypoglykämischen Bereich unter dem β1—β2-Rezeptorenblokker Pindolol bedeutet eine erhebliche Einschränkung der körperlichen Leistungsbreite. Er wird hervorgerufen durch eine im Vergleich zu Acebutolol stärkere Hemmung der Glykogenolyse im Skelettmuskel, da diese überwiegend über β2-Rezeptoren gesteuert wird. Deshalb empfiehlt sich besonders für jugendliche Hochdruckkranke und alle Patienten, die in Beruf und Freizeit und zur Durchführung eines präventiven und rehabilitativen Trainings auf ihre volle körperliche Leistungsbreite angewiesen sind, die Gabe eines β1-selektiven Rezeptorenblockers.
    Notes: Summary 1. The effects of long-term beta1-selective (500 mg acebutolol) and nonselective (15 mg pindolol) beta-receptor blockade on blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and plasma insulin and ACTH levels were studied at rest and during a short-term (6 min, 100 W), long-term (30 min under steady state conditions with a heart rate of 130 min−1) and maximal ergometric work and 5 min after exercise in 11 moderately hypertensive men (mean 37 years) using a single-blind, crossover design. 2. The antihypertensive effects of acebutolol and pindolol were virtually identical (p〈0.01) both at rest and in association with exercise. During exercise heart rates were similarly reduced by both drugs. 3. However, there was a marked and significant drop in the blood glucose levels in the 30th min of ergometric work on pindolol (P) as compared with acebutolol (A;p〈0.01) and with the Control group (C;p〈0.001) (C 69.1±8.9; A 65.3±8.3; P 54.5±8.7 mg/dl). The same phenomenon was observed during maximal work (C 70.4±10.7; A 67.6±8.7; P 54.1±12 mg/dl). 4. Plasma insulin levels decreased significantly (p〈0.05) during exercise and were not significantly affected either by acebutolol or by pindolol. 5. In the pretreatment examination there was a significant (p〈0.05) increase of the plasma ACTH level in the 30th min of ergometric work. This concentration was not significantly affected by acebutolol but was increased by pindolol (p〈0.05) (C 60±43.8; A 64±42.7; P 117.3±108.8 pg/ml). 6. The drop of blood glucose levels to hypoglycemic values on the beta1-beta2-receptor blocker pindolol implies a considerable reduction of the physical working capacity. The decrease is due to impaired glycogenolysis in the skeletal muscles, since this is mainly regulated via beta2-receptors. Therefore a beta1-selective receptor blocker is recommended especially for the treatment of young hypertensives and for all patients who are physically active on the job or are engaged in a preventive and rehabilitative training program.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Orale Glukose-Belastung ; Insulin ; Kalium ; Renin ; Aldosteron ; Oral glucose-load ; Insulin ; Potassium ; Renin ; Aldosterone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The effects of a standard oral glucose load (100 g) on plasma glucose, insulin, potassium, renin and aldosterone levels were investigated in 10 supine normal subjects (Group A). Responses of plasma glucose, insulin, potassium and aldosterone to glucose ingestion were evaluated further in 16 seated normal or borderline hypertensive subjects (Group B), studied in the untreated state as well as following renin-aldosterone activation by diuretic pre-treatment. In both groups, the increase in plasma glucose and insulin following glucose ingestion was accompanied by an acute decrease (p〈0.01) in plasma potassium and aldosterone levels, which in Group A was associated with an increase (p〈0.02) in plasma renin activity. In all subjects analyzed together, significant (p〈0.005) correlations were noted between plasma aldosterone and potassium levels and between glucose-induced changes in these factors. In Group A, there were significant (p〈0.001) correlations between glucose-induced changes in plasma aldosterone and renin values and between absolute aldosterone and renin levels in the glucose-loaded state. Plasma aldosterone or renin levels following glucose-load were unrelated to glucose or insulin values. These findings indicate that an oral standard glucose load causes acutely marked aldosterone suppression and mild but distinct renin stimulation. The glucose-induced inhibition of aldosterone secretion appears to depend on insulin-mediated changes in potassium metabolism and may be partly counteracted by concomitant renin activation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß einer oralen Standard-Glukosebelastung (100 g) auf die Plasma-Konzentrationen von Glukose, Insulin, Kalium, Renin und Aldosteron wurde bei 10 liegenden Normalpersonen untersucht (Gruppe A). Das Verhalten der Plasma-Konzentrationen von Glukose, Insulin, Kalium und Aldosteron nach einer solchen Glukose-Einnahme wurde zudem bei 16 sitzenden, normalen oder grenzwertig-hypertensiven Personen studiert (Gruppe B), wobei die Untersuchungen im unbehandelten Zustand sowie nach Aktivierung des Renin-Aldosteron-Systems durch Vorbehandlung mit Diuretika erfolgten. In beiden Gruppen wurde der Anstieg der Plasma-Glukose und -Insulinwerte nach Glukose-einnahme von einer akuten Senkung (p〈0,01) der Plasma-Kalium und -Aldosteron-Konzentrationen begleitet. In Gruppe A fand sich gleichzeitig ein signifikanter Anstieg (p〈0,02) der Plasma-Renin-Aktivität. Die gemeinsame Analyse aller Personen ergab signifikante (p〈0,005) Korrelationen zwischen den basalen (prä-Glukose-Infusion) Absolutwerten von Plasma-Aldosteron und -Kalium einerseits und zwischen den Glukose-induzierten Änderungen dieser beiden Parameter andererseits. In Gruppe A fanden sich zudem nach der Glukose-Einnahme signifikante Beziehungen zwischen den absoluten Plasma-Aldosteron und-Reninwerten, sowie zwischen den Änderungen dieser beiden Parameter (p〈0,001). Dagegen korrelierten Plasma-Aldosteron- oder -Reninspiegel nicht signifikant mit den Glukose- oder Insulinwerten. Diese Befunde zeigen, daß eine orale Standard-Zufuhr von Glukose akut eine markante Aldosteron-Hemmung und eine leichte, aber signifikante Renin-Stimulation bewirkt. Die Glukose-induzierte Aldosteron-Suppression scheint mit den Insulin-vermittelten Änderungen des Kaliummetabolismus in Zusammenhang zu stehen und durch die Renin-Aktivierung teilweise antagonisiert zu werden.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-8580
    Keywords: Arginine-hydrochloride ; Endogenous glucagon ; Insulin ; Arterial blood flow ; Arterial blood pressure ; Heart rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The relationship of arginine-mediated release of endogenous glucagon and insulin to renal and splanchnic arterial blood flow, blood pressure, and heart rate was studied in dogs. Intravenous injection of argininehydrochloride (arg-HCl) in logarithmically increasing doses increased the concentration of glucagon (pGl) in the femoral artery from 143 ± 39 pg/ml (pre-injection) to 282 ± 49 pg/ml (following maximum dosage of arg-HCl) and insulin concentration from 23 ± 5 to 41 ± 11 µU/ml. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and urea, isovolemic and isosmolar to arg-HCl, failed to change pGl and insulin. Arg-HCl depressed arterial blood pressure from 93 ± 13 (preinjection) to 60 ± 14 mm Hg (maximum dose), NaCl increased it from 89 ± 13 to 99 ± 13 mm Hg. The blood flow increase due to arg-HCl was comparable with that due to NaCl in renal as well as in celiac and left gastric artery. The former was more pronounced in superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery by 61 and 102%, and in gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric artery by 11 and 35%. Infusion of arg-HCl increased pGl from 294 ± 90 to 731 ± 200 pg/ml, and insulin from 23 ± 5 to 63 ± 18 µU/ml; the resulting blood flow increase, however, only differed in both pancreatic arteries by 10–20% from the rise during NaCl infusion where no change of pGl was observed and a decline occurred in insulin from 64 ± 21 to 27 ± 8 µU/ml. It is concluded that physiological levels of pGl have no systemic effect on arterial blood flow. A local flow increasing effect of glucagon and/or insulin on the arteries next to the pancreas is discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; pancreatic polypeptide ; glucagon ; antibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sera of 30 patients who had been treated with conventional beef insulin were tested for binding of insulin and other pancreatic hormones. All showed antibody binding of insulin, 29 binding of proinsulin, 29 binding of pancreatic polypeptide, two binding of glucagon but none of the sera bound vasoactive intestinal peptide or somatostatin. After changing therapy to highly purified pork insulin the binding capacity of sera for insulin and the other hormones was monitored for up to 35 months and a steady fall was found in nearly all cases. In eight of the patients conventional beef insulin treatment was resumed: in one month binding of insulin and of the other hormones increased back to the initial levels. In eighteen subjects who had only received highly purified pork insulin low levels of insulin binding were found with no binding of proinsulin or other hormones. The amounts of proinsulin and contaminating hormones in highly purified pork insulin are so low that they are not immunogenic; conventional beef insulin not only contains immunogenic amounts of proinsulin and the contaminating hormones pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon but also is more immunogenic than purified pork insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 19 (1980), S. 118-122 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; insulin antibody ; insulin receptor ; insulin resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The study was carried out to investigate whether insulin bound to antibody is able to bind the insulin receptor of target tissues. Three specific rabbit anti-insulin sera as well as sera from eight diabetic patients with insulin antibodies were incubated, free of insulin, with labelled insulin for 48 h at 4 °C; following incubation labelled insulin was employed in binding experiments on monocytes, erythrocytes and placenta membranes. Using rabbit sera, receptor binding was absent when insulin was totally combined with antibody, and appeared in increasing amounts as the percentage of free insulin increased to reach a maximum when no insulin was combined with antibody. The same experiment using sera from diabetic patients showed a close negative relationship (r = 0.95) between the amount of insulin bound to the antibody and the amount bound to receptors. The influence of the insulin-antibody complex on the insulin receptor interaction was evaluated by exposing the insulin-antibody complex to the receptor in pH, temperature and competition-inhibition curve experiments. The complex had no effect on receptor affinity or on the pH and temperature relationship influence with insulin-receptor interaction. The findings suggest that insulin resistance in the presence of insulin antibodies is due only to an alteration occurring before the interaction of insulin with its receptor, and demonstrate that the insulin-antibody complex does not influence the insulin receptor interaction.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 19 (1980), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; receptor ; liver ; diabetic ; glucagon ; plasma membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Injection IP of insulin at a dosage of 1 μg/g body weight into normal rats produced a rapid rise in serum insulin levels from 〈 1 to 298 ng/ml, and a rapid decrease in specific 125I-insulin binding to its receptors in purified liver plasma membranes. A fall in binding was seen as early as 10 minutes after injection and binding remained decreased for up to 60 min. At 10 min, 125I-insulin binding had fallen to 59% of controls; in contrast, 125I-glucagon binding remained unchanged. Extraction of these plasma membranes followed by radioimmunoassay for insulin did not reveal appreciable amounts of exogenous insulin. The 125I-insulin dissociation rate from plasma membranes of control and insulin treated rats was the same, also indicating a lack of exogenous insulin. Scatchard analyses indicated that the decreased binding seen after insulin injection was due primarily to a change in the number of insulin receptors and not their affinity. These studies suggest, therefore, that high doses of insulin in vivo can rapidly regulate the number of plasma membrane insulin receptors in liver.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 19 (1980), S. 427-432 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; C-peptide ; proinsulin ; diabetic ; mothers ; infants ; neonatal hypoglycaemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Serum concentrations of glucose, C-peptide, IRI (Immunoreactive insulin) and proinsulin were determined in 31 insulin-dependent diabetic mothers and their newborn infants and in 13 nondiabetic mothers and their babies at the time of delivery. Eleven mothers with long-term diabetes had insulin antibodies and low or undetectable C-peptide levels (mean ± SEM: 0.04±0.01 nmol/l). Diabetic mothers without insulin antibodies had a mean C peptide value of 1.18 nmol/1 (range 0.05–3.00) and the non-diabetics 0.95 nmol/l (0.28–2.4). Blood glucose values (2 to 4 hours after birth) of less than 1.7 mmol/l were observed in 7 of the 11 babies with antibodies and in 3 of the 20 babies without antibodies. C-peptide in the 31 babies of diabetic mothers correlated to maternal glucose (p 〈 0.05). In addition the mean glucose value (2–4 hours) was negatively correlated to IRI and proinsulin (p 〈 0.01) in the babies without antibodies, confirming that elevated maternal glucose leads to increased insulin secretion at the time of birth, which may lead to hypoglycaemia. In babies without antibodies birth weight correlated to their C-peptide (p 〈 0.01) and proinsulin (p 〈 0.01). The 31 babies of the diabetic mothers were born with higher C-peptide (1.01±0.16 nmol/ 1) than babies of non-diabetic mothers (0.39±0.04 nmol/1). The newborn infants secrete significantly more proinsulin than their mothers. Babies of mothers with insulin antibodies were born with the same concentrations of antibodies (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.98) as in their mothers, but total IRI was higher in these babies, due in part to human proinsulin being bound to the antibodies. There were significant correlations between insulin antibodies on the one hand, and IRI, proinsulin and C-peptide on the other, in the 11 babies, p 〈 0.001, p 〈 0.001 and p 〈 0.01, respectively, the last indicating increasing B-cell activity with higher antibody levels.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 32 (1980), S. 195-199 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Diabetes ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A simple instrument is described which measures the breaking strength of rat bones. The apparatus yields reproducible results and is suitable for use in measuring the strength of bones from both large and small animals. Diabetic rat femurs were more fragile and required less force to break in contrast to those from diabetic rats treated with insulin or normal rats. Daily insulin treatment significantly improved the bone cortical thickness and enhanced their capacity to withstand pressure, although these did not reach the level of the normal controls. The amount of force required to break the bone appears to be related to its cortical thickness and mass.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 40 (1980), S. 464-467 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Ventromedial hypothalamus ; Alloxan ; Insulin ; Ouabain ; Glucose oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin is apparently not required for VMH glucose oxidation in vitro. Ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na-K pump ATPase, does not prevent VMH glucose oxidation in vitro. These data suggest (a) the VMH does not exhibit a cotransport phenomenon of glucose with the Na-K pump mechanism, and (b) glucose oxidation in the VMH is not insulin dependent. Alloxan-diabetes was induced to increase tissue insulin sensitivity. A comparison of glucose oxidation rates in alloxan-diabetic VMH tissue and normal VMH tissue, supplemented only with saline, indicated a highly significant (p 〈 0.001) depression of glucose oxidation in the alloxan-treated tissue. Cell membranes in the VMH are perhaps altered by alloxan.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Intensive care medicine 7 (1980), S. 11-14 
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Blood glucose ; Insulin ; Critical illness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The traditional “Sliding Scale” is an inefficient and unreliable way of controlling blood glucose levels in ill patients receiving nutritional support in the Intensive Care Unit. In these patients, it is necessary to reassess insulin requirements frequently in the light of changing clinical circumstances. A significant improvement in control can be achieved by using a dynamic scale of instructions for changing the insulin dose rather than one of arbitrary dose levels. This scale adapts to any changes that occur without needing to be rewritten. It avoids confusion due to a proliferation of prescription charts, and has been readily accepted by nursing staff.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 134 (1980), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Prolactin (PRL) ; Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) ; Thyrold-stimulating hormone (TSH) ; Growth hormone (GH) ; Exercise ; Arginine ; Insulin ; Metoclopramide (MCP)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Metoclopramide (MCP), a derivative of procainamide was compared with exercise, arginine, insulin and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) as a prolactin (PRL) releaser in children. The peak response of plasma PRL after oral administration of MCP was greater than that after strenuous exercise and after i.v. administration of pharmacodynamic agents. Normal PRL and TSH responses were observed after TRH administration in all subjects. Variable PRL responses were seen after exercise and after i.v. administration of arginine and insulin, despite significant growth hormone (GH) release following the administration of these agents. MCP produced no increase in plasma TSH. Metoclopramide may be useful for dynamic testing of PRL release in children. It can be taken orally and is free of side-effects.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 135 (1980), S. 195-198 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Glucose ; Insulin ; Calcium ; Phosphorus ; Parathyroid hormone ; Calcitonin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Blood glucose, insulin, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin (CT) were evaluated in 8 normal children, aged 17–41 months, during an oral glucose load; in 7 normal children, aged 15–42 months, during i.v. glucose infusion; and in 6 normal children, aged 19–40 months, during glucagon administration. During the oral glucose tolerance tests the mean maximum decline of Ca (8.63%) and P (12.66%) was at 120 min, while PTH and CT significantly increased from basal values of 1.36 ng/ml ±0.21 and 97 pg/ml±14 to 2.20 ng/ml±0.22 and 140 pg/ml±13, respectively. During the i.v. glucose tolerance tests the mean maximum decline of Ca was 12.12% at 15 min, and that of P 15.2% at 30 min. PTH and CT levels rose significantly from basal values of 1.16 ng/ml±0.25 and 86 pg/ml±12 to 2.83 ng/ml ±0.51 and 133 pg/ml±13, respectively, at 45 min. During i.v. glucagon administration the mean maximum decline of Ca (9.64%) and P (12.28%) was at 30 min. PTH levels rose significantly from basal values of 1.2 ng/ml±0.22 to 2.1 ng/ml±0.32 at 45 min, while CT increased rapidly from basal levels of 90 pg/ml±14 to 127 pg/ml at 15 min. In conclusion, increases in glucose and insulin due to ingestion or infusion of glucose, or to glucagon injection, are therefore not only associated with a fall in serum Ca and P but also with rises in PTH and CT.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 537-539 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Insulin ; positive Inotropie ; Herzmuskel ; Insulin ; Positive inotropy ; Heart muscle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Beneficial effect of glucose and insulin on the myocardium are still a matter of discussion. The influence of insulin on isometric force of contraction of right ventricular papillary muscles of guinea pigs war studied. The papillary muscles were mounted vertically in a 95% O2, 5% CO2 modified Krebs-Hensuleit solution (31.5° C, 5.5 mM glucose) and stimulated 1/s. A positive inotropic effect of insulin was dedectable at a concentration of 5×10−4 IU/ml insulin, was half maximal (52% above controle force of contraction) at 8×10−3 IU/ml and maximal at 10−1 IU/ml. The maximal positive inotropic effect was observed 4.7±0.6 min after addition of insulin. After the maximum there was a decrease to a steady state level of 109.8±8.5% of control (p〈0.05) in 14.6±1.3 min. Higher glucose (16.5 mM) only shifted the half maximal positive inotropic effect to 5.5×10−3 IU/ml insulin (n.s.). Inhibition of glycolysis with hypoxia or jodoacetate (5×10−5 M) did not prevent the positive inotropic effect as known as 75% of control force was retained. When glucose transport was blocked with phlorizin (5×10−3 M) or phloritin (5×10−4 M) no positive inotropic action of insulin was observed. Therefore we conclude that the positive inotropic effect of insulin in isolated papillary muscles is mediated by inhanced glucose transport.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Therapeutische Wirkungen von Glukose und Insulin am Myokard sind umstritten. — Wir untersuchten den Einfluß von Insulin auf die maximale isometrische Kontraktionskraft rechtsventrikulärer Papillarmuskel von Meerschweinchen. Die Muskel waren vertikal in einer modifizierten Krebs- Henseleit-Lösung aufgehängt (31,5° C), äquilibriert mit 95% O2, 5% CO2, 5,5 mM Glukose) und wurden mit einer Frequenz von 1/s gereizt. Ein konzentrationsabhängiger positiv inotroper Effekt wurde bei 5×10−4 IE/ml Insulin (Schwelle der Wirkung), halb maximal (52% über der Ausgangskraft) gemessen bei 8×10−3 IE/ml und maximal bei 10−1 IE/ml. Das Maximum war nach 4,7±0,6 min erreicht. Danach ergab sich in 14,6±1,3 min ein Absinken auf ein steady state Niveau, das bei 109,8±8,5% der Ausgangskraft lag (p〈0,05). Eine Erhöhung der Glukosekonzentration auf 16,5 mM verschob den halb maximalen positiv inotropen Effekt zu einer Konzentration 5,5×10−3 IE/ml (n.s.). Wurde die Glykolyse unter dem Einfluß von Hypoxie oder Jodacetat (5×10−5 M) inhibiert, so war dennoch ein positiv inotroper Effekt von Insulin festzustellen, solange 75% der Ausgangskraft erhalten war. Eine Blockierung des Glukosetransports mit Phlorizin (5×10−3 M) oder Phloritin (5×10−4 M) verhinderten eine positiv inotrope Wirkung von Insulin völlig. Wir schließen daraus, daß die positiv inotrope Wirkung von Insulin am isolierten Papillarmuskel durch eine Steigerung des Glukosetransports bedingt ist.
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  • 16
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    Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 97 (1980), S. 275-283 
    ISSN: 1432-1335
    Keywords: Mammary carcinoma ; Diabetes ; Habituation ; Insulin ; Glucagon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hypoglycemia and hypoinsulinemia accompanied the i.m. growth of mammary aplastic carcinoma in CBA mice. In hosts rendered diabetic by means of alloxan, the tumor decreased blood glucose levels to almost the level seen in non-diabetic mice. Tumors maintained in diabetic mice grew faster after each subsequent transplantation into diabetic mice, and we noted increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA of these tumor cells. The observed proliferation enhancement of mammary aplastic carcinoma maintained in diabetic mice is caused by de novo insulin and glucagon synthesis, apparently by the tumor cells themselves.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; 3′,5′-AMP phosphodiesterase ; glycogen metabolism ; lipolysis ; insulin secretion ; antilipolytic action of insulin ; glycogen synthesis and insulin ; cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de l'insuline sur le métabolisme du glycogène hépatique et sur la lipolyse semble s'exercer par l'intermédiaire d'une diminution de la concentration de 3,′5′-AMP intracellulaire. Onamontré une diminution de la formation de 3′5′-AMP dans le tissu adipeux incubé avec de l'insuline. L'influence de l'insuline sur la dégradation du 3,′5′-AMP est étudiée. — L'activité de la 3,′5′-AMP-phos-phodiestérase (PDE) est diminuée dans le foie, le tissu adipeux et, de façon non-significative, dans le muscle strié des rats qui manquent d'insuline, c-à-d les rats rendus diabétiques par l'alloxane ou les rats privés de nourriture. L'injection intraveineuse d'une faible dose d'insuline (0.5 U/kg) ou la stimulation de la sécrétion d'insuline endogène par une injection de glucose provoquent une augmentation rapide de l'activité de la phosphodiestérase dans ces tissus. 15 min après l'injection d'insuline, l'activité de la phosphodiesterase du foie est augmentée. L'effet maximum est atteint après 30–45 min. L'activité de la phosphodiestérase rénale n'est pas diminuée dans le diabète alloxanique, l'injection d'insuline s'est avérée inefficace.In vitro, l'insuline cristalline a un effet activant sur la phosphodiestérase purifiée du coeur de boeuf. La concentration d'insuline requise pour doubler l'activité de l'enzyme est de l'ordre de 2 · 10−5 M. Le traitement avec actinomycin D empêche la stimulation par l'insuline de la PDE dans le foie. Ceci peut indiquer que l'action de l'insuline sur l'activité de la phosphodiestérase est essentiellement basée sur une synthèse accrue de l'enzyme. A cause de l'influence de la sécrétion d'insuline sur la concentration en 3,′5′-AMP du foie et du tissu adipeux, le métabolisme du glycogène et la lipolyse peuvent s'adapter rapidement à la prise de nourriture.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An der Steigerung der Glykogensynthese der Leber und der Verminderung der Lipolyse durch Insulin ist eine Abnahme der 3′,5′-AMP-Konzentration wesentlich beteiligt. Die 3′,5′-AMP-Bildung ist in Fettgewebe, das mit Insulin inkubiert wird, vermindert. Insulin beeinflußt jedoch auch den 3′,5′-AMP-Abbau. -Die 3′,5′-AMP-Phosphodiesterase (PDE)-Aktivität des Fettgewebes, der Leber und, in geringerem Grade, der Skeletmuskulatur ist im Insulinmangel vermindert, d.h. bei alloxandiabetischen oder hungernden Ratten. I.v. Injektion von 0,5 E/kg Insulin oder eine erhöhte Abgabe von Insulin aus dem Pankreas nach Glucoseinjektion führen in diesen Geweben zu einem raschen Anstieg der PDE-Aktivität. Dieser ist in der Leber schon 15 min nach Insulingabe nachweisbar und erreicht nach 30–45 min sein Maximum. In der Niere ist kein Einfluß von Insulin auf die PDE-Aktivität nachweisbar. — Aus Rinderherz isolierte PDE wirdin vitro durch Insulin aktiviert, jedoch werden2 · 10−5 M zur Verdopplung der Aktivität benötigt. Actinomycin D verhindert die Steigerung der Leber-PDE-Aktivität nach Insulininjektion. So kann die Wirkung des Hormons im wesentlichen auf eine gesteigerte PDE-Synthese zurückgeführt werden. — Durch diesen Einfluß der Insulininkretion auf die 3′,5′-AMP-Konzentration in Leber und Fettgewebe können Glykogenstoffwechsel und Lipolyse rasch an die Nahrungsaufnahme angepaßt werden.
    Notes: Summary Influence of insulin on liver glycogen metabolism and on lipolysis appears to be mediated by a decreased intracellular 3′,5′-AMP concentration. Reduced formation of 3′,5′-AMP had been shown in adipose tissue incubated with insulin. The influence of insulin on 3′,5′-AMP degradation has been investigated. — 3′,5′-AMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity was reduced in liver, adipose tissue and, insignificantly, in skeletal muscle of insulin deficient, i.e. alloxan diabetic or starved rats. I.V. injection of a low dose of insulin (0.5 U/kg) or stimulation of endogenous insulin secretion by injection of glucose led to a rapid increase of PDE activity in these tissues. 15 min after insulin injection liver PDE activity was increased. The maximal effect occurred after 30–45 min. Renal PDE activity was not decreased in alloxan diabetes, insulin injection has been found ineffective. —In vitro, there was an activating effect of crystalline insulin on PDE purified from beef heart. Insulin concentration required for duplication of enzyme activity was of the order of 2 · 10−5 M. Treatment with actinomycin D nearly prevented stimulation of liver PDE by insulin. This may indicate that the action of insulin on PDE activity is essentially based on an increased enzyme synthesis. — Owing to the influence of insulin secretion on liver and adipose tissue 3′,5′-AMP concentration, glycogen metabolism and lipolysis can be quickly adapted to food intake.
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  • 18
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    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 1-9 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Human growth hormone ; Growth hormone ; Insulin ; Diabetes mellitus ; Experimental diabetes ; Acromegaly ; Pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Il a été démontré récemment que l'hormone de croissance humaine (HGH) joue un rôle prééminent dans la régulation normale de la glycémie. De plus, il est bien connu que l'hormone de croissance peut créer un état semblable au diabète chez l'animal. Chez l'homme, l'injection de HGH ou l'hypersécrétion de l'hormone endogène dans l'acromégalie est suivie d'intolérance au glucose seulement dans 25% des cas. — Dans ce travail nous présentons des données qui mettent l'action dite diabétogène de HGH dans un contexte plus nuancé. Nous suggérons que HGH, bien que diminuant l'utilisation du glucose par les tissus périphériques, n'est pas une substance primairement diabétogène, car l'effet insulinotrope de l'hormone cause une hyperinsulinémie compensatrice, qui à son tour normalise la tolérance au glucose. HGH est diabétogène exclusivement chez les sujets prédiabétiques dont le pancréas est incapable de répondre à l'effet insulinotrope de l'hormone. Chez ces sujets, la diabétogénicité de HGH n'étant pas surmontée par une hyperinsulinémie compensatrice, la tolérance au glucose sera anormale. Ainsi, HGH peut être considérée comme unfacteur additif pour la pathogénèse du diabète sucré, la condition essentielle et primaire étant un état préexistant de prédiabète.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wie kürzlich gezeigt wurde, spielt das menschliche Wachstumshormon (HGH) eine wichtige Rolle bei der Kontrolle der Blutzucker-Homöostase. Ferner ist schon lange bekannt, daß die Verabreichung von Wachstumshormon an Tiere zu einem diabetesähnlichen Zustand führen kann. Beim Menschen löst die Gabe der Substanz oder die Überproduktion des endogenen Hormons bei der Akromegalie nur in etwa 25 % der Fälle eine Glucosetoleranzstörung aus. — In dieser Arbeit werden Resultate beschrieben, die ein detaillierteres Bild der sogenannten diabetogenen Wirkung des HGH vermitteln. Wir möchten annehmen, daß das HGH, obwohl es den peripheren Glucoseverbraueh herabsetzt, kein primär diabetogener Faktor ist, da es über eine Insulin-mehrausschüttung zu einem Hyperinsulinismus führt, der eine normale Glucosetoleranz bewirkt. HGH zeigt Scine diabetogene Wirkung nur bei Prädiabetikern, deren Pankreas den stimulierenden Effekt des Hormons auf die Insulinausschüttung nicht beantworten kann. Bei diesen Personen kann eine Störung der Glucosetoleranz dadurch entstehen, daß die diabetogene Wirkung des HGH nicht durch einen kompensatorischen Hyperinsulinismus ausgeglichen wird. HGH kann daher als ein Zusatzfaktor bei der Diabetesentstehung angesehen werden, deren Hauptvorbedingung jedoch eine schon vorher bestehende prädiabetische Stoffwechselsituation darstellt.
    Notes: Summary Human growth hormone (HGH) has recently been shown to play a prominent role in the control of blood glucose homeostasis. Furthermore, it has long been known that administration of growth hormone in animals can induce a diabetes-like state. In human subjects, exogenous administration of HGH or hypersecretion of the endogenous hormone in acromegaly is accompanied by glucose intolerance in only about 25 per cent of the cases. — In this paper, data are presented which give a more diversified picture of the so-called diabetogenic action of HGH. It is suggested that HGH, although decreasing the peripheral utilization of glucose, is not a primary diabetogenic factor, since its insulinogenic action causes a compensatory hyperinsulinism, with normal glucose tolerance as the result. HGH is diabetogenic only in prediabetic subjects whose pancreas is unable to respond to the insulinogenic effect of the hormone. In such subjects, the diabetogenic action of HGH not being counterbalanced by a compensatory hyperinsulinism, glucose intolerance may result. Thus, HGH may be regarded as anadditional factor for the development of diabetes, the major prerequisite being a preëxisting prediabetic state.
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  • 19
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    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; diabetes ; insulinase ; rat diaphragm ; glycogen synthesis ; RNA turnover ; cell culture ; anti-insulin serum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Peu de progrès conduisant à la compréhension du diabète en termes moléculaires ont été réalisés. La possibilité qu'il existe une modification dans la structure de l'insuline des diabétiques, aussi bien circulante que pancréatique, s'appuie sur trois arguments expérimentaux obtenus au laboratoire des auteurs. — La purification immunochimique de l'insuline circulante de diabétiques jeunes non traités par l'insuline a d'abord conduit à la constatation que cette insuline est relativement résistante à l'action réductrice et protéolytique d'une préparation d'insulinase musculaire. De plus, l'insuline pancréatique, isolée à partir de cinq pancréas diabétiques, s'est avérée d'activité biologique diminuée quant à son pouvoir d'augmenter la synthèse du glycogènein vivo et à sa capacité d'accélérer le “turnover” du R.N.A. en culture tissulaire. — La nature de cette „insuline anormale” et son rôle possible dans la physiopathologie du diabète sont examinés à la lumière de la nécessité de donner une définition spécifique de la modification moléculaire précise.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Unsere Kenntnisse über den Diabetes in molekularbiologischer Sicht haben kaum Fortschritte gemacht. Die Möglichkeit, daß das zirkulierende und das Pankreas-Insulin des Diabetikers strukturelle Unterschiede aufweisen, wird durch die Ergebnisse von drei verschiedenen Untersuchungsreihen gestützt, die im Laboratorium der Verfasser durchgeführt wurden. — Immunologisch gereinigtes zirkulierendes Insulin von Diabetikern, die noch kein Insulin erhalten hatten, erwies sich als recht widerstandsfähig gegenüber dem Abbau durch ein Insulinase-Rohextrakt aus Muskelgewebe. Aus den Bauchspeicheldrüsen von 5 Diabetikern gewonnenes Insulin zeigte sowohl in seiner Fähigkeit, die Glycogen-Synthesein vivo, als auch den Ribonucleinsäuren-Umsatz in der Gewebskultur zu stimulieren, eine herabgesetzte biologische Aktivität. — Bei der Diskussion der Natur dieses „abnormen” Insulins und seiner hypothetischen Rolle in der Physiopathologie des Diabetes ergibt sich besonders deutlich, wie dringend erforderlich eine genauere Klärung des in diesem Falle vorliegenden molekularen Umbaus ist.
    Notes: Summary Understanding of diabetes in molecular terms has advanced very little. The possibility that a structural difference exists in the circulating and pancreatic insulin moiety of diabetics is supported by three lines of evidence obtained in the authors' laboratory. — Immunologically purified circulating insulin from diabetic subjects untreated with insulin was noted to be relatively resistant to degradation by a crude muscle insulinase preparation. The pancreatic insulin of five diabetic pancreases was found to have a decreased biological activity in its ability to enhance glycogen synthesisin vivo and in its capacity to stimulate RNA turnover in tissue culture. — The nature of this “abnormal insulin” and its hypothetical role in the physiopathology of diabetes are discussed in the light of the need for a specific definition of the precise molecular change.
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  • 20
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    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 68-70 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; proinsulin ; biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après incubation de tranches de pancréas d'embryon de veau, la leucine-H3 est incorporée dans une fraction protéique qui semble avoir les propriétés d'une “proinsuline”. Cette fraction protéique est de taille supérieure à l'insuline, possède l'immunoréactivité propre à l'insuline, et après traitement limité par la trypsine elle est transformée en un peptide semblable à l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Inkubierung von Dünnschnitten des fötalen Rinder-Pankreas in Gegenwart vom H3- Leucin ergab einen Einbau dieser Amminosäure in eine Eiweißfraktion, die die Eigenschaften eines, Pro-Insulins' aufwies. Das Molekulargewicht dieser Eiweißfraktion war größer als dasjenige des Insulins; sie besaß die Immunreaktivität des Insulins und konnte durch teilweisen Abbau mit Trypsin in ein insulinähnliches Peptid umgewandelt werden.
    Notes: Summary Incubation of fœtal bovine pancreas slices resulted in the incorporation of3H-leucine into a protein fraction which appeared to have the properties of a ‘proinsulin’. This protein fraction was larger in size than insulin, possessed the immunoreactivity of insulin and was converted by limited trypsin treatment to a peptide similar to insulin.
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  • 21
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    Diabetologia 4 (1968), S. 281-285 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; radioimmunoassay ; bile ; bile acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'effet des acides biliaires sur le dosage radioimmunologique de l'insuline a été examiné et les résultats ont montré que les acides biliaires en concentrations physiologiques nuisent à la liaison de l'insuline avec le sérum anti-insulinique. La courbe de dilution de l'insuline immunoréaetive dans la bile de la vésicule biliaire porcine n'était pas parallèle à celle de l'insuline porcine standard. Après extraction de la bile porcine par du sérum antiinsulinique et après dosage de l'extrait, des taux d'insuline plus bas ont été trouvés. Les résultats suggèrent qu'une partie seulement de «l'insuline immunoreactive» de la bile de la vésicule biliaire représente de l'insuline véritable.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Wirkung von Gallensäuren auf die radio-immunologische Insulinbestimmung wurde untersucht. Aus den Resultaten geht hervor, daß Gallensäuren in physiologischen Konzentrationen zu einer Störung der Insulinbindung an Anti-Insulinserum führen. Die Verdünnungskurve von immunoreaktivem Insulin im Gallensaft aus Schweinegallenblasen verlief nicht parallel zur Standard-Eichkurve von Schweineinsulin. Nach Extraktion der Schweinegalle mit Anti-Insulinserum fanden sich im Extrakt niedrigere Insulinkonzentrationen. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß nur ein Teil des „immunoreaktiven Insulins” in der Blasengalle echtes Insulin ist.
    Notes: Summary The effect of bile acids on the radioimmunoassay of insulin has been investigated, and the results show that bile acids in physiological concentrations interfere with the binding of insulin by anti-insulin serum. The dilution curve of immunoreactive insulin in pig gall-bladder bile was not parallel to that of standard pig insulin. After extraction of pig bile with anti-insulin serum and assay of the extract, lower insulin levels were found. The results suggest that only a part of the “immunoreactive insulin” in gall-bladder bile is genuine insulin.
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  • 22
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    Pflügers Archiv 301 (1968), S. 254-258 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Insulin ; Potassium Deficiency ; Membrane Potential ; Rat Diaphragm ; Insulin ; Kaliummangel ; Membranpotential ; Rattenzwerchfell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 102 Zellen des Zwerchfells von insgesamt 7 Ratten mit alimentärem Kaliummangel fanden wir unter dem Einfluß von Insulin (0,1 I.E./ml) eine Depolarisation um 11,2 mV, nämlich von −94,6 (s=±6,4) mV bei insgesamt 100 Zellen auf −83,4 (s=±6,8)mV (p 〈 0,001). Die Kaliumkonzentration in der Inkubationslösung betrug 4,7 (s=±0,29) mval/l. — Ferner steigt die bei kaliumverarmten Tieren erniedrigte intracelluläre Kaliumkonzentration unter Insulineinfluß von 107 (s=±12) mval/lH2O IZR auf 130 (s=±19,8) mval/lH2O IZR an (p〈0,05). Die Befunde sprechen dafür, daß Insulin bei kaliumverarmten Tieren einen Netto-Kaliumeinstrom bewirkt, der eine Abnahme des Membranpotentials zur Folge hat.
    Notes: Summary In 102 single muscle cells of 7 rats with alimentary potassium depletion we found under influence of insulin (0.1 I.U./ml) a depolarisation of 11.2 mV, i.e. from −94.6 (s=±6.4)mV (100 cells) to −83.4 (s=±6.8)mV (p〈0.001). The potassium concentration in the incubation medium was 4.7 (s=±0.29) mequ/l. — In addition we measured under influence of insulin (0.1 I.U./ml) an intracellular potassium concentration of 130 mval/lH2O IZR, which is probably higher than in potassium deficient animals without insulin (p〈0.05). These findings suggest that insulin produces a netto potassium influx in potassium deficient animals, which could explain the depolarisation.
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  • 23
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    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 260 (1968), S. 254-268 
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Bilirubin ; Glucuronates ; Insulin ; Liver ; Tolbutamide ; Bilirubin ; Glucuronidsynthese ; Insulin ; Leber ; Tolbutamid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Lebergewebe von Ratten, die mit Tolbutamid, mit anderen blutzuckerwirksamen Sulfonylharnstoffderivaten oder mit Insulin behandelt worden waren, bildet bei Inkubation in vitro mehr Bilirubinglucuronid als das Gewebe unbehandelter Kontrolltiere. Dieser Effekt wurde 2 Std nach der intraperitonealen Injektion der blutzuckersenkenden Stoffe nachgewiesen, er tritt dosisabhängig auf und ist mit der blutzuckersenkenden Wirkung gut korreliert. Ein dem Tolbutamid chemisch verwandtes, jedoch blutzuckerunwirksames Methylsulfonylharnstoffderivat hatte diese Wirkung nicht. Die Steigerung der Glucuronidsynthese ist dadurch bedingt, daß in der Leberzelle während einer Insulin- oder Sulfonylharnstoffhypoglykämie vermehrt aktivierte Glucuronsäure (UDPGA) für die Konjugation bereitgestellt wird. Die Aktivität des für die Konjugationsreaktion verantwortlichen Enzyms, der UDP-Glucuronyltransferase, war unter unseren Versuchsbedingungen nicht verändert. Es fanden sich keine Anhaltspunkte dafür, daß in der Insulin- oder Sulfonylharnstoffhypoglykämie die Bildung von UDPGA aus UDPG beschleunigt erfolgt. Die Aktivität der UDPG-Dehydrogenase war nicht verändert, auch Faktoren, die eine Bildung von UDPGA begünstigen könnten, wie ein erhöhter NAD+/NADH-Quotient und eine gesteigerte ATP-Konzentration im Gewebe, waren nach Tolbutamid nicht nachzuweisen.
    Notes: Summary Liver tissue of rats pretreated with tolbutamide, with other hypoglycaemic sulfonylurea compounds, or with insulin formed more bilirubinglucuronide when incubated in vitro than the tissue of untreated controls. The effect was present two hours after the blood sugar lowering agents had been injected intraperitoneally. It was dose-dependent and well correlated to the hypoglycaemic response. A methylated sulfonylurea compound, which is chemically closely related to tolbutamide but devoid of blood sugar lowering activity failed to show this effect. Glucuronide formation in hypoglycaemia induced by insulin or tolbutamide is increased as more activated glucuronic acid (UDPGA) is made available to the conjugation reaction. There was no change in the activity of the enzyme responsible for glucuronide synthesis, the UDP-glucuronyl-transferase, in our experiments. There was no indication that the formation of UDPGA from UDPG was accelerated by insulin or sulfonylureas. There was no change in the activity of the hepatic UDPG-dehydrogenase. Factors which could favour the formation of UDPGA such as an increased NAD+/NADH ratio or an elevated ATP concentration in the tissue were not present following tolbutamide.
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  • 24
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    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 279-298 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Choline ; Clinical situation (diabetes) ; Glucagon ; Growth hormone ; Heparin ; Histamine ; Insulin ; Insulinemia ; Night vision ; Pro-insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Alors que mon intérêt pour l'insuline a été pratiquement continu depuis déjà sa découverte, il y a eu des périodes pendant lesquelles mon attention s'est concentrée sur la coline, l'histamine et l'héparine. Pendant les années de guerre, les sujets de recherche ont été naturellement très différents. Les points importants dans le développement de l'insuline, du point de vue chimique, ont été sa purification, cristallisation, détermination de la structure et synthèse. Les physiologistes ont été fascinés par les études regardant le point et le mécanisme d'action de l'insuline. On a appris beaucoup quant à l'action sur grand nombre de tissus différents et l'insuline se montra être la principale hormone anabolique. Les développements cliniques ne sont mentionnés que brièvement car mes intérêts personnels de recherche ont été exclusivement expérimentaux.
    Abstract: Resumen Mientras mi interés para insulina fue prácticamente continuo desde su descubrimiento, hubo períodos en que mi atención se concentró sobre colina, histamina y heparina. Durante los años de la guerra, los temas de investigación fueron naturalmente muy diferentes. Los puntos fundamentales en el desarrollo de la insulina desde el punto de vista químico, fueron su purificación, cristalización, determinación de la estructura y síntesis. Los fisiólogos fueron cautivados por los estudios sobre el punto y el mecanismo de acción de la insulina. Mucho se aprendió acerca de la acción sobre muchos tejidos diferentes y la insulina demostró ser la hormona anabólica principal. Los desarrollos clínicos se mencionan sólo brevemente pues mis intereses personales de investigación han sido exclusivamente experimentales.
    Notes: Riassunto Mentre il mio interesse per l'insulina è stato praticamente continuo sin dalla sua scoperta, ci sono stati periodi nei quali la mia attenzione si concentrò sulla colina, istamina ed eparina. Durante gli anni della guerra, i temi di ricerca furono naturalmente molto diversi. I momenti culminanti nello sviluppo dell'insulina, dal punto di vista chimico, furono la sua purificazione, cristallizzazione, determinazione della struttura e sintesi. I fisiologi sono stati affascinati dagli studi circa il punto ed il meccanismo di azione dell'insulina. Molto è stato appreso intorno all'azione su molti tessuti differenti e l'insulina dimostrò di essere l'ormone anabolico principale. Gli sviluppi clinici sono menzionati solo brevemente poichè i miei personali interessi di ricerca sono stati esclusivamente sperimentali.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 347-363 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; Gel-filtration ; Insulin ; 125J-insulin-plasma complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. ont étudié la capacité des protéines plasmatiques de lier l'insuline125J avec la méthode de filtration surgel. Le fractionnement parSephadex G-100 a démontré que seulement le 10 % de l'insuline marquée était lié par le protéines plasmatiques des sujets sains, des femmes gravides et des diabétiques non traités. Un pourcentage d'insuline beaucoup plus élevé était liée par les protéines plasmatiques dans des sujets que étaient traités precédemment avec de l'insuline bovine, tandis que le degrée de la liason était tres élevé dans les diabétiques insulino-résistants. De recherches avecSephadex G-200 ont demontré que, après une courte période d'insulinothérapie, le complexe insuline-protéine migrait avec les globulines 19 S. Après une insulinothérapie prolongée et dans les cas insulino-résistants la plus grande partie de l'insuline marquée liée aux protéines était élui avec les globulines 7 S. Le phénomène est attribué à l'action des anticorps anti-insuline bovine.
    Abstract: Resumen La capacidad que poseen las proteínas para ligar la insulina marcada con125J se estudió mediante el método de filtración engel. El fraccionamiento medianteSephadex G-100 demostró que solamente el 10 % de la insulina marcada estaba ligada por las proteínas plasmáticas de sujetos sanos, de mujeres embarazadas y de pacientes diabéticos no tratados. Un porcentaje de insulina notablemente superior estaba ligado por las proteínas plasmáticas en pacientes que anteriormente habían sido tratados con insulina bovina, mientras el grado de enlace se volvía muy elevado en los diabéticos resistentes a la insulina. Experimentos realizados conSephadex G-200 demostraron que después de un breve tratamiento insulínico, el complejo insulina-proteína migraba con las globulinas 19 S. Después de un prolongado tratamiento insulínico y en los casos resistentes a la insulina, la mayor parte de la insulina marcada con las proteínas resultaba eluida con las globulinas 7 S. El fenómeno, discutido detalladamente, se atribuye a la acción de los anticuerpos anti-insulina bovina.
    Notes: Riassunto La capacità delle proteine plasmatiche di legare l'insulina marcata con125J è stata studiata mediante il metodo di filtrazione sugel. Il frazionamento medianteSephadex G-100 ha dimostrato che soltanto il 10% dell'insulina marcata era legato dalle proteine plasmatiche di soggetti sani, di donne gravide e di pazienti diabetici non trattati. Una percentuale di insulina notevolmente superiore era legata dalle proteine plasmatiche in pazienti che erano stati precedentemente trattati con insulina bovina, mentre il grado di legame diveniva molto elevato nei diabetici insulino-resistenti. Esperimenti eseguiti conSephadex G-200 hanno dimostrato che, dopo una breve terapia insulinica, il complesso insulina-proteina migrava con le globuline 19 S. Dopo prolungata terapia insulinica e nei casi insulino-resistenti la maggior parte dell'insulina marcata legata alle proteine era eluita con le globuline 7 S. Il fenomeno, discusso nei particolari, è attribuito all'azione degli anticorpi anti-insulina bovina.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Bovine insulin ; Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin resistance ; Pork insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. présentent les résultats obtenus avec une méthode très simple pour la recherche des anticorps anti-insuline, basée sur l'emploi d'insuline I125 ou I131 et sur la précipitation avec alcool absolu du complexe antigène-anticorp. Les anticorps anti-insuline ont été fréquemment observés seulement dans des sujets diabétiques déjà soumis à traitement avec insuline. Un taux élevé d'anticorps anti-insuline s'accompagne à une diminution de la sensibilité à l'insuline (0,1 U/kg i.v.).
    Abstract: Resumen Se expresan los resultados obtenidos con el empleo de un método que puede ser ejecutado en forma my simple, para la investigación de anticuerpos anti-insulina; el método se basa sobre el empleo de insulina I125 o I131; y sobre la precipitación sucesiva con alcohol absoluto del complejo antígeno-anticuerpo. Los anticuerpos anti-insulina han sido hallados con mucha frecuencia solamente en pacientes diabéticos, que recibían tratamiento insulínico. Un título elevado de anticuerpos antiinsulina se asocia a una disminución sensible de la sensibilidad a la insulina (0,1 U/kg i.v.).
    Notes: Riassunto Vengono presentati i risultati ottenuti con l'impiego di una metodica di semplice esecuzione per la ricerca di anticorpi anti-insulina, basata sull'impiego di insulina I125 o I131 e sulla successiva precipitazione con alcool assoluto del complesso antigene-anticorpo. Gli anticorpi anti-insulina sono stati riscontrati con grande frequenza solo in pazienti diabetici già sottoposti a trattamento insulinico. Un elevato titolo di anticorpi anti-insulina si associa ad una diminuzione marcata della sensibilità all'insulina (0,1 U/kg i.v.).
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin binding properties of serum ; Insulin therapy ; Serum proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. ont observé que le sérum d'un sujet normal et celui d'un diabétique, jamais traité avec insuline, ont la possibilité de lier l'insuline dans la même mesure. Dans certains sérums, soit du sujet normal soit du diabétique, est présente une activité de liaison de l'insuline supérieure aux taux normaux plus élevés; cette activité diminue après administration de µU 500 d'insuline bovine. Les AA. présentent leurs considérations à propos de ce phénomène.
    Abstract: Resumen Los AA. observan que los sueros del individuo normal y del diabético nunca tratado con insulina poseen propiedades insulino-ligantes de entidad análoga. En algunos sueros — ya del sujeto normal, ya del diabético — está presente una actividad insulino-ligante superior a los valores máximos normales, que disminuye luego de haber agregado µU 500 de insulina bovina. Los AA. hacen algunas consideraciones interpretativas de tal fenómeno.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. rilevano che i sieri dell'individuo normale e del diabetico mai trattato con insulina sono provvisti di proprietà insulino-legante di entità analoga. In alcuni sieri, sia del soggetto normale che del diabetico, è presente un'attività insulino-legante superiore ai valori massimi normali, che diminuisce dopo aggiunta di µU 500 di insulina bovina. Gli AA. fanno alcune considerazioni interpretative su tale fenomeno.
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 499-512 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Entero-insular axis ; Gastrin ; Glucagon ; Gut hormones ; Insulin ; Pancreozymin ; Secretin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Des préparations hautement purifiées de gastrine, sécrétine et pancréozymine ont été injectées par voie endoportale chez des chiens anesthésiés, en vue d'examiner les influences possibles des hormones gastro-intestinales sur la sécrétion des îlots de Langerhans. On a vu que les trois hormones provoquent une augmentation immédiate de la concentration d'insuline dans la veine pancréatico-duodénale. L'effet de la gastrine sur la libération d'insuline était insignificant quantitativement, tandis que celui de la sécrétine était plus important et de plus grande durée; cependant la pancréozymine semblait être le stimulant le plus puissant et déterminer en outre une augmentation parallèle de la sécrétion pancréatique de glucagon. On a démontré de plus que la pancréozymine augmentait la réponse tant de l'insuline que du glucagon à l'hyperaminoacidémie. On a observé que l'administration intraduodénale d'acides aminés, qui représente notoirement la stimulation la plus puissante de la pancréozymine endogène, est en mesure de déterminer une libération plus grande et plus rapide d'insuline et de glucagon par rapport à l'administration intraveineuse d'acides aminés, ce qui fait supposer que la pancréozymine endogène joue un rôle physiologique lorsque la réponse de l'hormone des cellules insulaires aux acides aminés ingérés est augmentée. Le facteur physiologique qui augmente la réponse insulaire au glucose ingéré reste toutefois inconnu.
    Abstract: Resumen Medicamentos altamente purificados de gastrina, secretina y pancreozimina han sido inyectados por via intraportal a perros anestesiados, con el fin de examinar las posibles influencias de las hormonas gastro-intestinales sobre la secreción de las hormonas de las islas de Langerhans. Se ha notado que las tres hormonas producen aumento inmediato de la concentración de insulina en la vena pancreática-duodenal. El efecto de la gastrina sobre la liberación de insulina era insignificante cuantitativamente, mientras el de la secretina era apreciable y de mayor duración; sin embargo, parecía que la pancreozimina fuese el estimulante más potente y que además determinava aumento paralelo de la secreción pancreática de glucagón. Además se ha demostrado que la pancreozimina aumentava la respuesta, ya de la insulina, ya del glucagón, a la hiperaminoacidemia. La administración intraduodenal de aminoácidos, que representa notoriamente el más potente estímulo de la pancreozimina endógena, está en grado de provocar una liberación mayor y más rápida de insulina y glucagón, que la administración intravenosa de aminoácidos; cosa que hace pensar que la pancreozimina endógena ejerce un papel fisiológico cuando aumenta la respuesta de la hormona de las células de las islas a los aminoácidos ingeridos. Sin embargo, el factor fisiológico que aumenta la respuesta insular a la glucosa ingerida, queda desconocido.
    Notes: Riassunto Preparati altamente purificati di gastrina, secretina e pancreozimina sono stati iniettati per via endoportale in cani anestetizzati, allo scopo di esaminare le possibili influenze degli ormoni gastro-intestinali sulla secrezione degli ormoni delle isole di Langerhans. Si è riscontrato che tutti e tre gli ormoni provocano un immediato aumento della concentrazione di insulina nella vena pancreatico-duodenale. L'effetto della gastrina sulla liberazione di insulina era quantitativamente insignificante, mentre quello della secretina era più rilevante e di maggiore durata; tuttavia sembrava che la pancreozimina fosse il più potente stimolatore e che inoltre determinasse un aumento parallelo della secrezione pancreatica di glucagone. Per di più si è dimostrato che la pancreozimina aumentava la risposta sia dell'insulina che del glucagone alla iperaminoacidemia. La somministrazione intraduodenale di aminoacidi, che rappresenta notoriamente la più potente stimolazione della pancreozimina endogena, è stata riscontrata in grado di determinare una liberazione maggiore e più rapida di insulina e di glucagone rispetto alla somministrazione endovenosa di aminoacidi, il che fa pensare che la pancreozimina endogena svolga un ruolo fisiologico nell'aumentare la risposta dell'ormone delle cellule insulari agli aminoacidi ingeriti. Tuttavia il fattore fisiologico che aumenta la risposta insulare al glucosio ingerito rimane sconosciuto.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 148 (1968), S. 22-27 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Insulin ; Hypoglycemia ; Xylitol ; Insulin ; Hypoglykämie ; Xylit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Kaninchen, Meerschweinchen, Mäusen und Ratten wurde der Einfluß von Xylit auf die Insulinhypoglykämie untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß Xylit die durch große intravenöse Insulindosen hervorgerufenen neurogenen Störungen (Lähmungserscheinungen, Krämpfe) zu beseitigen bzw. zu verhüten vermag. Gleichzeitig kommt es zu einem Wiederanstieg der Glucosekonzentration im Blut. Die möglichen Mechanismen dieser Wirkung werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The influence of xylitol on insulin-induced hypoglycemia was studied in rabbits, guinea pigs, mice, and rats. Relief of hypoglycemia and the concomitant disturbances of the nervous system was observed following the injection of xylitol. The possible mechanisms of this action are discussed.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Insulin ; Monosaccharide ; Hormones ; Mammals ; Amphibians ; Insulinsekretion ; Monosaccharide ; Hormone ; Säugetiere ; Amphibien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Stimulierung der Insulinsekretion durch Monosaccharide und Hormone wurde mit der Technik der Inkubation von isolierten Pankreasstückchen untersucht. Der Insulingehalt der Inkubationsmedien und der Pankreasgewebe wurde mit der biologischen (Oxydation von14C-Glucose durch das epidydemale Fettgewebe der Ratte) und der radioimmunologischen Bestimmungsmethode mit Trennung des freien und gebundenen Insulins durch Amberlite ermittelt. Das Kaninchenpankreas reagierte auf Glucose, Fructose, Ribose, Xylose, STH und Sekretin mit gleichbleibender Insulinausschüttung, nicht dagegen auf Galaktose, D- und L-Arabinose und ACTH. Die Gewebe anderer Säugetiere (Hund und Kalb, nicht aber Ratten) und einer Amphibienart (Grasfrosch) zeigten eine übereinstimmende Insulinfreisetzung nach Gabe von Glucose, wobei die Säugetiere etwa 1%, das Amphibium etwa 10% des Insulingehalts abgaben. Das Froschpankreas wies in seiner Reaktion eine jahreszeitliche Abhängigkeit auf, indem es im Winter nicht, im Sommer am stärksten auf die Stimulationsreize ansprach.
    Notes: Summary The stimulation of insulin-secretion by monosaccharides and hormones was studied with the technique of incubation of isolated pieces of pancreas. The insulin content of the incubation medium and of the pancreatic tissue was measured using both biological (oxidation of 14-C-glucose by epidydimal fat tissue of rats) and radio-immunological methods (separation of free and bound insulin with amberlite). The rabbit pancreas was stimulated by glucose, fructose, ribose, xylose (with constant insulin release), STH, and secretin, but not by galactose,d- andl-arabinose, and ACTH. The pancreatic tissue of other mammals (dog and calf, not rats) and one amphibian species (gras frog) showed the same insulin release after glucose which was 1% by mammals and 10% by amphibian of the insulin content of the tissue. The reaction of the frog pancreas depended upon the time of the year. In summer it reacted strongly to stimulants but in the winter it did not.
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