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  • 1980-1984
  • 1970-1974  (5,932)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 23 (1973), S. 133-140 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Metachromatic Leukodystrophy ; Neuronal Inclusions ; Laminated Bodies ; Mucopolysaecharides ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural findings of the metachromatic granules in the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord in a case of metachromatic leukodystrophy are presented. The typical neuronal inclusions are concentrically laminated bodies of approximately 1 μ. In addition various morphological variations of the abnormal inclusions are seen side by side in the same neuron and give the impression that the highly organized laminated bodies are formed as a result of progressive deposition of membranous material upon a nidas which is initially amorphous, which then becomes granular, fibrillar or horizontally striped and finally multilaminated. Material capable of binding colloidal iron particles is demonstrated in these inclusions, and suggests the presence of mucopolysaccharides.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) Virus ; Neurotrophic Viruses ; Viremia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary One hundred and eighty 12 week old Swiss mice were injected subcutaneously with 0.1 ml suspensions of the E and M variants of encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Ninety-seven surviving mice were sacrificed at intervals from 24 h to 21 days following injection. The M variant group showed only mild microglial proliferation in the brain, while the E variant group displayed various alterations in the astrocytes and neurons exhibiting loss of nuclear membranes and marked changes in the mitochondria and other organelles. In addition, the neuronal cytoplasm displayed aggregates of fine electron-dense granules on the third day which increased in size during the fifth to seventh day. After 7 days, the neurons contained occasional rhomboid structures composed of rows of parallel arranged granules which were similar to those observed in the viscera after EMC virus infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 62-67 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Dystrophia Myotonica ; Electron Microscopy ; „Fingerprint Inclusions” in Muscle Fibres
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary „Fingerprint inclusions” were observed in numerous muscle fibres of 3 cases of dystrophia myotonica studied by electron microscopy in two different laboratories. They consist of parallel or concentric palisades of short electron dense linear elements. Identical „fingerprint inclusions” were reported in two other clinical conditions and cannot therefore be regarded as specific for a particular muscle disease. Their origin and significance remain obscure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 45-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Extracellular Fibrils ; Neurologia ; Retina ; New Formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Extracellular formation of microfibrils was observed in the cavities of peripheral cystoid degeneration in senile human eyes. The ultrastructure of the fibrils is described and the source of production of the fibrillar material is discussed. It originates most probably from neurological cells, within or surrounding the cysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Electron Microscopy ; Myxopapillary Ependymoma ; Basement Membrane ; Filum Terminale ; Collagen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A fine structural study of a myxopapillary ependymoma of the filum terminale confirms and emphasizes the distinctive morphological features of this tumor. Electron basement membrane production were identified. It is suggested that they are related to the growth of ependymal tumor cells in juxtaposition to the collagen normally present in the conus medullaris and filum terminale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 207-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Aujeszky's Disease ; Inoculation ; Virus Particles ; Electron Microscopy ; Neuronal Degeneration ; Demyelination ; Axoplasmic Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sixteen calves were killed at intervals during the course of the disease from 48 h onwards after subcutaneous infection with Aujeszky's disease virus. Ultrastructural changes were evident in the spinal ganglia from 84 h post-inoculation and the intercostal nerves from 96 h post-inoculation. The cytopathic changes in the spinal ganglia consisted of neuronal degeneration, neuronophagia, Schwann cell degeneration and cellular infiltration. The neuronophagic nodule was invariably contained within an intact sheath of satellite cells. Changes in the intercostal nerves were less dramatic but cellular infiltration was frequently seen and occasional Schwann cells were degenerate. In the terminal stages of the disease demyelination was rarely observed. In the ganglion virus was invariably seen in degenerating neurons and occasionally in Schwann cells and monocytes. Satellite cells were rarely infected even when ensheathing an infected neuron. Extra-cellular virus was not observed in ganglia or nerves. Schwann cells and monocytes in the nerves were occasionally infected. Virus particles were seen in the axoplasm both in the ganglion and in the entire length of the nerve. The particles in the axoplasm varied in morphology; thus unenveloped and enveloped particles, and particles in the process of acquiring an envelope were recognised. It was concluded that the neural pathway of Aujeszky's disease virus is probablyvia the axoplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tissue Culture ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Sympathetic Ganglioneuroblastoma ; Medulloblastoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The results of combined tissue culture, ultrastructural and enzyme histochemical investigations carried out on a sympathetic ganglioneuroblastoma are reported.In vitro a vigorous sprouting of newly formed neuritic processes was observed a few days after explantation. The enzymatic reactions for acethylcholinesterase were positivein situ as well asin vitro. The tumor elements showed the ultrastructural characteristics of nerve cells with many microtubuli and filaments, plenty of ribosomes, well developed endoplasmic reticulum. Dense bodies, corresponding to neurosecretion granula (catecholamines) were also observed. Synaptic structures were missing. The results of these investigations confirm that this kind of tumor is different from so-called medulloblastoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 23 (1973), S. 23-31 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chronic Polymyositis ; Virus-Like Particles ; Electron Microscopy ; Paramyxovirus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination of a biopsy of skeletal muscle from a young girl with chronic polymyositis revealed the presence of sarcoplasmic and perinuclear inclusions. A large number of virus-like particles was demonstrated at the surface of muscle cells and in extracellular space. On the basis of the microscopic appearance it is suggested that the virus particles belong to one of the members of the paramyxovirus group.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 273-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Muscle ; Acromegaly ; Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Muscle biopsies from 9 acromegalics were examined by conventional histological and histochemical techniques. Six biopsies were also examined with the electron microscope. Isolated fibre necrosis or vacuolar degeneration was found in 3 biopsies and increased numbers of internal nuclei in 5 biopsies. A high glycogen content was demonstrated in many fibres in each biopsy by the PAS method and by electron microscopy. Routine enzyme histochemical techniques showed hypertrophy of type I and type II fibres in 2 subjects, hypertrophy of type I fibres only in 2 subjects, atrophy of both fibre types in 2 subjects and atrophy of type II fibres only in 4 subjects. Electron microscopy showed large amounts of lipfuscin pigment in many fibres while some fibres had large sarcolemmal nuclei with prominent nucleoli, and a prominent Golgi apparatus. Satellite cells were found in 3 biopsies. In one biopsy coiled membranous configurations thought to consist of phospholipids, and tubular aggregates thought to be derived from degenerating mitochondria were present at the periphery of a number of type II fibres. It is postulated that some of the ultrastructural changes found in muscle fibres are the result of the growth hormone-induced hypertrophic process and the increased turnover of cytoplasmic components associated with it while others reflect the atrophic process in some muscle fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 345-349 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cockayne's Syndrome ; Peripheral Nerve ; Electron Microscopy ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of sural nerve biopsies was studied in two sisters with Cockayne's syndrome. Both had severe physical and mental retardation and evidence of peripheral neuropathy. Striking alterations in the myelin sheath with relative preservation of the axis cylinder were noted in both. There were also electron dense bodies in the Schwann cells. These findings support the suggestion that Cockayne's syndrome may be a form of leukodystrophy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 259-264 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: 6-Aminonicotinamide ; Tissue Culture of Chick Spinal Cord ; Electron Microscopy ; Neurotoxic Effects ; Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Well myelinated cultures of chick embryo spinal cord were exposed to medium containing 6-aminonicotinamide in a concentration of 0.5 mmol for up to 48 h. By 24–48 h of exposure to the antivitamin, neurons showed a granulovacuolar degeneration which later led to the formation of large vacuoles in the neuronal perikarya. Myelin degeneration was also observed in this period in the form of swelling, beading and ballooning. Electron microscopy revealed moderately swollen mitochondria and dilated endoplasmic reticulum as the earliest neuronal change. Later, neurons became pyknotic and the cytoplasmic organelles disintegrated. Presynaptic endings and glial cells, however, was spared any degenerative change. Intermittent and irregular splitting of myelin lamellae were also observed along the intraperiod lines. Biochemical assay of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the experimental cultures showed that 45% of the enzyme activity was lost during the 30-h period. It is concluded that the formation of 6-aminonicotinamide analogues of NAD and NADP coenzymes leads to the impairment of the pentose phosphate pathway and the glucose turnover, and thus produces neurotoxic effects in the central nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Minimata Disease ; CNS Degenerative Disorder ; Mercury Poisoning ; Focal Demyelination ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of suspected mercury poisoning (Minamata disease) was studied. Microscopic and ultrastructural changes in the nervous system were compared with those of a confirmed case of mercury poisoning from Minamata Bay, Japan, and those from exprimental animals intoxicated with methyl mercury. Disintegration of the granular layer, disappearance of the Purkinje cells with Bergmann's fiber proliferation and demyelination of the fiber tracts were observed in the cerebellum. Ultrastructural examination also revelad extensive proliferation of astrocytic fibers and characteristic focal demyelination and loosening of the myelin sheaths in many nerve fibers. Such pathological changes were consistent with those observed in both human cases and experimental animals poisoned by methyl mercury.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Cerebral Ischaemia ; Recirculation ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Electron Microscopy ; Dendrite Swelling ; Pinocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Complete cerebral ischaemia of 30 and 90 min was produced in normothermic barbiturized cats by clamping the innominate and subclavian arteries and lowering the systemic blood pressure. When the brains were adequatly recirculated after 30 min of ischaemia, electron microscopical and histochemical changes observed at the end of the circulatory arrest, were almost fully reversible. Endothelial cells of capillaries showed increased number and size of pinocytotic vesicles and numerous intraluminal flaps. ATPase activity was increased in the capillary walls and glial cells. Opposite to this, severe and irreversible ultrastructural changes were observed after 90 min of ischaemia, and all the enzyme activities studied were sharply decreased.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Experimental Neurinoma ; Schwannoma ; Nitrosourea ; Tumor Trausplantation ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nervous system tumors were induced in the offspring of BD-IX (inbred) and CFE (non-inbred) rats by transplacental administration of ethylnitrosourea. Tumors of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) were obtained in approximately 80% of all animals, and tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) in 16%. Although several peripheral nerves were sites of tumor formation, the trigeminal nerve was the most frequent nerve affected. In male CFE rats, 70% of all PNS tumors affected the trigeminal nerve. The incidence of trigeminal nerve tumors in female BD-IX rats was only 33% of PNS tumors. Light and electron microscopy showed that the PNS tumors are made-up of Schwann cells, and behave like malignant tumors. The tumors began as a proliferation of recognizable Schwann cells, later they lost their basement lamina, destroyed the nerve tissue and invaded neighboring structures, but did not metastasize. Like their human counterparts, they showed “dense” and “loose” areas. In both of these, Schwann cells were recognized as the tumor cells. Trigeminal nerve tumors were transplanted fromin vitro cultured cells or directly from transplanted fresh tumor fragments to isologous rats (BD-IX). Subcutaneous. intraperitoneal and intracerebral transplants were done. The morphology and behavior of the transplanted tumors were similar to the original malignant neurinomas.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Chronic Progressive Ophthalmoplegia ; Cerebellar Ataxia ; Electron Microscopy ; Enzyme Histochemistry ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical studies were performed on the cerebellum and the ocular and deltoid muscles from a 38 year old woman who developed bilateral ptosis at the age of nine years. Histologically the cerebellum appeared normal. The biopsies of three ocular muscles showed varying sizes of muscle fibers which were rounded and contained increased numbers of subsarcolemmal nuclei. The deltoid muscle stained by hematoxylin and eosin appeared normal, but the trichrome stain showed increased numbers of red granules within the sarcolemma corresponding ultrastructurally to increased numbers of abnormal mitochondria. These abnormal mitochondria displayed increased reaction products with LDH, NADH and SDH preparations, while the muscle gave normal reaction in phosphorylase, PAS and myosin ATP preparations. Chemical studies on the cerebellum showed normal proteolipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. Ultrastructurally, the cerebellum, the myofibers of three ocular muscles and the deltoid muscle exhibited abnormal mitochondria which showed peculiarly arranged circular cristae. They frequently contained paracrystalline structures which consisted of individual tubules arranged in a helical pattern. Frequently, the abnormal mitochondria were replaced by dense rectangular inclusions and occasionally showed complete transition to crystalline structures.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 23 (1973), S. 9-22 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Earliest Ischaemic Neuronal Change ; Astrocytic Swelling ; Mitochondrial Swelling ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A combined light and electron microscope study was made of the alterations occurring in the neurones and astrocytes of the neocortex and hippocampus of rats killed immediately after intermittent exposures to nitrogen of 5 and 15 min. Blood flow in the right common carotid artery had previously been interrupted by application of an artery clasp which was removed after the exposure to nitrogen and the animals killed by perfusion-fixation with glutaraldehyde. Microvacuolation (MV), the earliest stage of anoxic-ischaemic neuronal damage, was observed in the ipsilateral neocortex and hippocampus of both groups and ischaemic cell change (ICC) bilaterally in the neocortex of animals exposed for 15 min. Ultrastructural examination showed the microvacuoles to be swollen mitochondria. Slightly dense, mildly distorted, non-vacuolated neurones were also seen in the neocortex and hippocampus. They did not exhibit the ultrastructural changes seen in MV and ICC. Swollen astrocytic processes were sometimes seen around the damaged neurones, more frequently after 15 min exposure. Slight swelling of perivascular astrocytic processes was occasionally observed while the extracullular spaces in the neuropil remained unaltered. This implies that the accumulation of fluid in oedematous grey matter is confined to the astrocytic compartment. The reversibility or otherwise of all the neuronal alterations is discussed.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Corpora amylacea ; Glycogen ; Brain ; Histochemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By histochemical as well as by chemical evidence it has been shown that CA from human brain contain a glycogen-like substance, to which phosphate-and sulphate groups are bound. In this study the CA have been studiedin situ and after isolation. The CA were obtained from formaldehyde fixed tissue, which by histological reactions was shown to be rich in these bodies. First the tissue was defatted with chloroform-methanol. Then the defatted tissue was repeatedly digested with papain and the CA were isolated after each proteolytic treatment by centrifugation in 2 M sucrose. The purified CA contained up to 80% of a glycogen-like substance, 1.1% phosphate and 0.72% sulphate. The histochemical reactions such as PAS, PAS-dimedone, Best's carmine, toluidin blue and uranyl nitrate, as well as the effect of treatment with α-amylase, DNase and hyaluronidase on these colour reactions are in agreement with the results of the chemical analysis. All reactions on lipids, nucleic acids and sialic acid were negative. Protein, which by chemical analysis was found to amount to about 5%, was hardly detectable by histological reactions.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 149-160 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Nutritional Encephalopathy ; Brain Edema ; Vitamin E Deficiency ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Focal lesions were induced in the cerebellum by feeding chickens a diet high in unsaturated fats and deficient in vitamin E. Ultrastructurally, the lesions consisted of central and peripheral zones. The central zone was characterized in the cortex and white matter by enlargement of the intercellular space, swelling of astrocytes, vacuolization of oligodendrocytes, ballooning of nerve fibers, degenerative changes in small blood vessels, and extravasation of plasma and blood cells. The peripheral zone was characterized by enlargement of the intercellular space in the white matter, swelling of astrocytes in the cortex, and the accumulation of dark bodies in the endothelium of small blood vessels. The results suggest that this nutritional encephalopathy is caused by alterations in the permeability of the vascular bed due to the dietary stress of unsaturated fatty acids in the absence of vitamin E.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 23 (1973), S. 326-333 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Hexachlorophene Intoxication ; Cerebral Edema ; Status Spongiosus ; Electron Microscopy ; Myelinopathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hexachlorophene intoxication produced cerebral edema in rats and mice characterized by the accumulation of fluid within myelin sheaths. Vessels remained impermeable to Trypan Blue. The amount of water in the brains of affected mice gradually returned to normal when the animals were put back on a normal diet. Correspondingly the status spongiosus decreased in severity in recovering animals. Some axonal degeneration occurred but there was no evidence of any breakdown of myelin lipids. The similarity of this encephalopathy to that seen following intoxication with triethyltin, isonicotinic acid hydrazide and cuprizone is emphasized. The potential toxicity of hexachlorophene to human infants is discussed.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Glycerol ; Phenoxybenzamine ; Cerebral Edema ; Prevention ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Twenty-four hours and one week, respectively, after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) had been experimentally induced in baboons, therapeutic dosages of glycerol and/or phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride were injected intravenously. Groups of three animals were studied at various time intervals after SAH: one animal served as a control, one animal per group received phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (PBZ), and thefinal animal received both PBZ and a 10% glycerol (in saline) injection. The animals were prepared for electron microscopy by whole body perfusion with a glutaraldehyde/phosphate fixative. Few ultrastructural abnormalities were noted in cerebral tissue in each of the animals receiving glycerol, whereas the brain tissue from the untreated animals and those which had been treated with PBZ alone showed morphological changes compatible with cerebral edema.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Wilson's Hepato-lenticular Degeneration ; Primary Degeneration of Peripheral Nerve ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The sural nerve from a patient with'Wilson's hepato-lenticular degeneration was examined by electron microscopy. The myelin sheaths showed remarkable changes and the axons secondary changes, while the unmyelinated nerve fibres were intact. These findings demonstrate that pathological changes of peripheral nerves occur in Wilson's disease. The changes are considered to be primary degeneration of the myelin sheaths.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 117-127 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Pinealoma ; Two-Cell Type Pattern ; Electron Microscopy ; Germinoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Four pinealomas of the two-cell type (atypical teratomas) were investigated by electron microscopy. They all showed the same unique histological ultrastructure. The lymphocyte-like cells did not differ ultrastructurally from lymphocytes. Many plasma cells with well-developed rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum were also seen. The small cells and the plasma cells were considered to be derived from blood cells. A variety of the large cells in the process of differentiation were observed. They had a large and ovoid nucleus with uniform granular chromatin and contained one or more prominent nucleoli. The large cells had many dilated cytoplasmic cisternae, numerous glycogen granules of about 250–300 Å in diameter and annulate lamellae. Ultrastructurally, the pinealoma of the two-cell type resembled the seminoma of testis which is of germ cell origin. This suggests that the pinealoma may be of germ cell origin.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 24 (1973), S. 128-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Transneuronal Degeneration ; Olfactory Bulb ; Rabbit ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After peripheral deafferentation of the olfactory bulb of the rabbit obtained either spontaneously by atrophic rhinitis (main bulb only) or surgically, a transneuronal degeneration is observed by light microscopy: narrowing of the outer plexiform layer (30 to 40%), decrease (40%) in mean area of the mitral cells, light texture of the periglomerular neuropil. The study by electron microscopy at survival-times of from 8 h to 6 months shows: 1. intraglomerular dendritic lesions; 2. rarefaction of thick dendrites in the outer plexiform layer; 3. reduction of Nissl bodies in mitral and tufted cells. 4. periglomerular lesions: their morphology and laminar aspect could evoke a vascular origin. The interpretation of these modifications and their relation to transneuronal atrophy are discussed. Dark mitral- or granule cells have been observed neither in the main nor in the accessory olfactory bulbs, even when complete denervation occured.
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  • 24
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    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Argyria ; Silver Deposition ; Choroid Plexus ; Silver Granules ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 72-year-old woman developed generalized argyria after prolonged intranasal application of a colloidal silver solution. The brain parenchyma, including several infarcts, was free of silver, but the choroid plexus showed silver deposited in the basal lamina, the stroma including calcified bodies, and occasionally within a mesenchymal cell of the choroid plexus stroma. The basal lamina beneath the choroidal epithelium was most affected. The silver granules appeared solid and free of any limiting membrane.
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  • 25
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    Electronic Resource
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    Acta neuropathologica 26 (1973), S. 317-327 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Peripheral Neuropathy ; Tangier Disease ; Schwann Cells ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Nerve biopsy findings are recorded for two previously reported patients with Tangier disease (hereditary high density lipoprotein deficiency). Both cases showed unusual clinical manifestations in comparison with other reported cases. The neurological disorder, symptoms from which began in the third decade, gave rise to a lower motor neuron deficit of unique distribution, which was accompanied by progressive sensory impairment limited for many years to loss of pain and temperature sensibility, ultimately involving all sensory modalities. Both biopsy specimens displayed similar features, with a gross loss of unmyelinated and myelinated axons, an extensive accumulation of lipid within Schwann cells, and excessive endoneurial collagenization. The axonal loss appeared to represent a primary axonal degeneration, there being no evidence of a demyelinating process. It is suggested that the accumulation of cholesterol within Schwann cells may be the result of a failure of cholesterol removal mechanisms or of intracellular lipid transport.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Neuronal Inclusions ; Cerebrum ; Cholesterol Inhibitor ; Rat ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intraperitoneal injections of a hypocholesterolemic drug, AY9944 produced neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions in the brain of Wistar strain of rats. The inclusions were numerous and larger in size in the younger age groups but gradually decreased in number and size after 30 days of age. Only a few small inclusions were seen in rats of 35 days of age or older, in spite of continuous injection of the drug. Inclusions gradually decreased in number after discontinuation of the drug in a relatively younger age group. Injection of the drug in adult rats produced only a few small neuronal inclusions. Ultrastructurally, concentrical lamellar structures were the predominant ones in younger age groups but other types of inclusions were seen in older animals and those receiving lesser amounts of the drug or those which were examined after discontinuation of the drug. This observation suggests that morphologically different inclusions can be formed by basically the same treatment if there is any difference in the metabolic activity of the target cell or the amounts of the drug. Biochemical analysis of the sterols revealed a consistently high level of 7-dehydrocholesterol up to 69 days of age, when AY9944 was administered continuously, despite the fact that there was a decrease in the number and size of the abnormal neuronal inclusions.
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  • 27
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    Acta neuropathologica 25 (1973), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Tuberous Sclerosis ; Electron Microscopy ; Cerebral Biopsy ; Astrocytes ; Cerebral Tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of a cortical biopsy from a child presenting a Tuberous Sclerosis shows the importance of the astrocytic gliosis, the existence of abnormal cells of which two types can be recognized, and the presence of giant cells. All these cells are remarkable by the abundance of the ergastoplasm, the development of the Golgi apparatus, and the presence of membrane bound dense bodies. These cells are undoubtedly of astrocytic origin and appear very similar to the cells observed in a tumour of the caudate nucleus of another child affected by the same disease. These morphological data lead to believe that the cerebral abnormalities of the Tuberous Sclerosis essentially concern the astrocytes. The main characteristic of this astrocytic lesion would be its blastomatous potentiality.
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  • 28
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 16-29 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Cartilage ; Culture ; Glycosaminoglycans ; Sephadex ; Collagen ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des cultures de monocouches cellulaires d'épiphyses fémorales distales d'embryons de veaux sont étudiées immédiatement après la première sub-culture, réalisée après culture primaire. L'examen au microscope optique classique montre des dépôts disséminés de matériel métachromatique: en microscopie électronique, de fines fibrilles, considérées comme des fibres de collagène, en voie de développement, ont été observées. La nature des sécrétions cellulaires a été étudiée à l'aide de précurseurs radioactifs, fractionnés sur Sephadex G200, ainsi qu'à l'aide de chromatographie par échange d'ions. La digestion enzymatique par hyaluronidase et chondroitinase AC et ABC, bactérienne et testiculaire, démontre que les cellules synthétisent 70% de glycosaminoglycanes sulfatés et 30% de glycosaminoglycanes non sulfatés. Parmi les glycosaminoglycanes, 70% sont constitués par du chondroitine-4-sulfate, 20% par du chondroitine-6-sulfate et le reste probablement par du keratane-sulfate. Les études avec des acides aminés marqués indiquent que les cellules synthétisent une protéine de poids moléculaire élevé, contenant de l'hydroxyleproline, ainsi qu'une protéine non-collagénique, mise en évidence par incorporation de tryptophane.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Einschichtige Zellkulturen von der distalen Femurepiphyse von Kalbsembryonen wurden nach der ersten Subkultur untersucht, welche nach der Verschmelzung der primären Kulturen angesetzt wurde. Die lichtmikroskopische Untersuchung zeigte verstreute Ablagerungen von metachromatisch gefärbtem Material; bei der Elektronenmikroskopie wurden feine Fibrillen festgestellt, welche als Collagenvorstufe angesehen wurden. Nach einer Kultur von mehreren Tagen zeigte sich eine lacunäre Anordnung der Zellen. Die Beschaffenheit der Zellsekretionen wurde mittels radioaktiv markierten Verbindungen untersucht, welche auf Sephadex G200 und durch Ionenaustausch-Chromatographie fraktioniert wurden. Die enzymatische Verdauung mit bakterieller und testikulärer Hyaluronidase und Chondroitinase-AC und-ABC zeigte, daß die Zellen 70% sulfatierte und 30% nichtsulfatierte Glycosaminoglycane synthetisierten. Die sulfatierten Glycosaminoglycane enthielten 70% Chondroitin-4-Sulfat, 20% Chondroitin-6-Sulfat, und der Rest war wahrscheinlich Keratansulfat. Untersuchungen mit markierten Aminosäuren-Vorläufern deuteten darauf hin, daß die Zellen ein Hydroxyprolinhaltiges, hochmolekuläres Protein synthetisierten und dazu etwas Eiweiß, bei dem es sich auf Grund des Tryptophaneinbaues nicht um Collagen handeln kann.
    Notes: Abstract Monolayer cell cultures from the distal femoral epiphyses of embryo calves were studied following the first subculture, which was carried out after confluence in primary culture. Light microscopic examination revealed scattered deposits of metachromatic-staining material; on electron microscopy fine fibrils considered to be developmental collagen were seen. After several days in culture lacuna-like patterns of cells were seen. The nature of the cell secretions were studied by radioactive precursors, which were fractionated on Sephadex G200 and by ion exchange chromatography. Enzyme digestion with bacterial and testicular hyaluronidase and chondroitinase-AC and-ABC revealed that the cells synthesized 70% sulphated, and 30% non-sulphated glycosaminoglycans. Of the sulphated glycosaminoglycans 70% was chondroitin-4-sulphate, 20% chondroitin-6-sulphate, and the remainder probably keratansulphate. Studies were labelled amino acid precursors suggested that the cells synthesized a high-molecular weight protein containing hydroxyproline, as well as some non-collagenous protein, shown by tryptophan incorporation
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 83-92 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Proteoglycan ; Collagen ; Cartilage ; Electron Microscopy ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'élimination de protéoglycans solubles de coupes de cartilage costal de boeuf, par extraction dans une solution de 4M d'hydrochlorure de guanidinium, permet de mettre en évidence des quantités abondantes de collagène dispersé et désagrégé dans la matrice. Les protéoglycanes, résistants à l'extraction, sont visibles sous forme de granules concentrés dans les régions périlacunaires. Les granulations plus importants des protéoglycanes semblent venir du chondrocyte. Dans la matrice, éloignée des chondrocytes, ces granules deviennent plus étroites. Un composant non granulaire “amorphe” masque les fibres de collagène, de telle sorte qu'elles sont difficilement visibles dans le cartilage intact.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die löslichen Proteoglycane wurden mittels Extraktion in 4 M Guanidinhydrochlorid aus Rippenknorpelschnitten des Rindes entfernt. Dies erlaubte die Sichtbarmachung von großen Mengen von verstreuten und auseinandergerissenen Collagen in der Matrix. Die Protoglycane, welche sich nicht extrahieren lassen, erscheinen als kleine, in den perilacunären Regionen konzentrierte Körnchen. Die großen Proteoglycan-Körner scheinen in den Chondrocyten zu entstehen. Sobald sie sich in die Matrix, außerhalb der Chondrocyten, verlagern, werden die Körner kleiner. Ein nicht-granulärer, „amorpher” Bestandteil verhüllt die Collagenfasern, so daß diese im intakten Knorpel nicht deutlich gesehen werden können.
    Notes: Abstract Removal of the soluble proteoglycans from slices of bovine costal cartilage by extraction in 4 M guanidinium hydrochloride permitted the visualization of abundant amounts of dispersed and disaggregated collagen in the matrix. Proteoglycans which are resistant to extraction are seen as small granules which are concentrated in the perilacunar regions. Large proteoglycan granules appear to originate in the chondrocyte. As they come to occupy positions in the matrix distant from the chondrocyte, the granules become smaller. A non-granular, “amorphous” component masks the collagen fibers so that they cannot be readily seen in the intact cartilage.
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    Calcified tissue international 12 (1973), S. 125-136 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineralization ; Molt ; Isopod ; Chemistry ; Light microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Au cours de la phase inhabituelle de mue d'un isopode d'eau courante,Lirceuts brachyrus, la moitié postérieure de l'exosquelette est éliminée 24 heures avant la moitié antérieure. A ce stade, une reminéralisation se développe dans la partie postérieure alors que la partie antérieure est dans un stade de pré-mue. Le pourcentage de différence en calcium dans les deux moitiés à mi-mue et mue complète est respectivement de 22% (p〈0.01) et 33% (p〈0.01), indiquant une complexation du calcium pendant la mue. La rapidité de la reminéralisation est illustrée par le fait que le contenu minéral total double dans la partie postérieure entre la mi-mue et la mue totale et dans la partie antérieure entre la fin de la mue et un jour après. Le carbonate de calcium, sous forme de calcite, a pu être identifié par diffraction électronique de coupes fines des téguments.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Während der ungewöhnlichen Häutungssequenz des Frischwasser-IsopodenLirceus brachyurus (Harger) wird die hintere Hälfte des äußeren Skeletts 24 Std vor der vorderen Hälfte abgestoßen. In der halbgehäuteten Phase erfolgt Remineralisation im hinteren Teil, während der vordere Teil in einem Vorhäutungszustand ist. Der prozentuale Unterschied des Calciums in den zwei Hälften bei Halb- und Vollhäutungszustand ist 22% (p〈0,01) bzw. 33% (p〈0,01), was andeutet, daß Calcium während der Häutung abgesondert wird. Die Geschwindigkeit der Remineralisation erhellt aus der Tatsache, daß sich der Gesamtmineralgehalt im hinteren Teil zwischen Halt- und Vollhäutung, in der vorderen Hälfte jedoch zwischen Endhäutung und einem Tag nach der Häutung verdoppelt. Calciumcarbonat in kristalliner Calcitform wurde mittels Elektronendiffraktion von dünnen Hautschnitten nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Abstract During the unusual molt sequence of the fresh-water isopod,Lirceus brachyrus (Harger), the posterior half of the exoskeleton is shed 24 hours before the anterior half. At the half-molt stage, occurs in the posterior part while the anterior portion is in a pre-molt condition. The percentage difference in calcium in the two halves at half-molt and full-molt is22 (p〈0.01) and33 (p〈0.01) respectively, an indication that calcium is sequestered during The rapidity of remineralization is illustrated by the fact that the total mineral content doubles in the posterior part between half and full molt and in the anterior half between the end of molt and one day after ecdysis. Calcium carbonate in the calcite cystalline form was demonstrated by electron diffraction of thin sections of the integument.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Apatite ; Electron Microscopy ; Crystallization ; Precipitation ; Calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) sèché peut se présenter sous forme discoide ou sphérique. Les particules discoides sont plus fréquents dans les specimens d'ACP sèché, isolés immédiatement après précipitation. Les formes sphériques dominent dans les specimens sèchés provenant de suspensions plus âgés. Les particules discoides résultent de la dessication de l'échantillon. Les sphères peuvent aussi se produire pendant la dessication, mais s'observent aussi dans la solution. Les disques et les sphères ont une origine commune sous la forme d'un agrégat d'ACP hautement hydraté de morphologie inconnue. La formation d'apatite cristallin en solution est intimement associée avec l'ACP. Les premiers cristaux apparaissent à la surface des sphères amorphes et en contact avec les disques amorphes. En cas de sphères, les cristaux initiaux augmentent de taille et forment de nouveaux cristaux par nucléation secondaire jusqu'à ce que les sphères soient enrobées par l'apatite. Cependant, lorsque la transformation est totale, l'apatite ne remplit pas l'espace occupé préalablement par les sphères amorphes dissoutes. Ces observations ne confirment pas le concept d'une conversion d'un état solidein situ dans ce cas mais suggèrent une transition hétérophasique d'un processus de translocation ionique par l'intermédiaire d'une solution. La production de cristaux dans les disques amorphes suggère que l'apatite peut aussi se former directement du précurseur dans la solution.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Getrocknetes amorphes Calciumphosphat (ACP) kann scheiben- und kugelförmig auftreten. Die scheibenförmigen Partikel herrschen in getrockneten ACP-Proben vor, welche direkt nach der Fällung isoliert wurden. Die kugeligen Formen herrschen in trockenen Proben aus älteren Suspensionen vor. Die Scheibenbildung ist ein Ergebnis des Trocknungsvorganges. Kugelige Formen können beim Trocknungsvorgang ebenfalls auftreten, sie sind aber in der nativen Suspension ebenfalls anwesend. Scheiben- und Kugelformen scheinen einen gemeinsamen Vorläufer in der Lösung zu haben, welcher ein hochhydratisiertes ACP-Aggregat unbekannter Morphologie zu sein scheint. Die Bildung von kristallinem Apatit in der Lösung steht in engem Zusammenhang mit ACP. Die ersten Kristalle erscheinen auf der Oberfläche der amorphen Kugeln und in Kontakt mit den amorphen Scheiben. Die ursprünglichen Kristalle auf den Kugeloberflächen nehmen an Größe zu und bilden durch sekundäre Nukleation weitere Kristalle, bis die Kugeln in Apatit eingehüllt werden. Wenn die Umwandlung abgeschlossen ist, füllt jedoch das Apatit den Platz nicht aus, der vorher von den aufgelösten amorphen Kugeln eingenommen wurde. Diese Beobachtungen bekräftigen die Auffassung einerin situ-Umwandlung in den festen Zustand bei dem beschriebenen Falle nicht, sondern deuten auf eine heterophasischen Übergang, welcher durch einen lösungsbedingten Ionenverschiebungs-Prozeß gefördert wird. Das Auftreten von Kristallen in den amorphen Scheiben deutet darauf hin, daß sich Apatit auch direkt aus dem Lösungsvorläufer bilden kann.
    Notes: Abstract Dried amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) can exist in discoidal and spheroidal forms. The disk-shaped particles are most prominent in dried ACP specimens isolated immediately following precipitation. The spherical forms become dominant in dried specimens taken from older suspensions. The disk-like morphology is a result of sample drying. Spherules can also arise during the drying step but are present in the native suspension as well. Both the disks and spherules appear to have a common solution progenitor in the form of a highly hydrated ACP aggregate of unknown morphology. The formation of crystalline apatite in solution is intimately connected with ACP. The first crystals appear on the surface of the amorphous spherules and in contact with the amorphous disks. In the case of the spherules, the initial crystals increase in size and generate additional crystals by secondary nucleation until the spherules become enveloped by apatite. However, when conversion is completed, the apatite does not fill appreciably the space previously occupied by the dissolved amorphous spherules. These observations do not support the concept of anin situ solid state conversion in this case, but indicate a heterophase transition supported by a solution-mediated ion translocation process. The occurrence of crystals in the amorphous disks suggest that apatite can also form directly from the solution progenitor.
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    Calcified tissue international 13 (1973), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Fluorapatite ; Exchange ; Chemistry ; Crystallography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un échantillon minéral provenant de Burgess, Canada s'est révélé être un speciment exceptionnellement pur de fluoroapatite après analyse chimique et cristallographique. La composition globale de cet échantillon est la suivante: $$(Ca^2 )9.98(Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )0.02(PO_4^{3 - } )5.98(HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )0.02(F^ - )2$$ . L'axe cristallographique C est de 6.865 A et l'axe a de 9.374 A. Des expériences d'échanges réalisés à l'aide de45Ca,32P et18F indiquent la présence de gros cristallites de surface spécifique de l'ordre de 1 m2/g. Il apparait que l'interprétation physique des processus d'échange ne nécessite pas l'existence de compartiments séparés, avec chacun son propre facteur cinétique, les échanges semblent être simplement liés à un changement exponentiel dans l'énergie libre de la réaction. Pour la réaction suivante: $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH solide + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F solide + (OH^ - )$$ , la constante thermodynamique de 101.26 a été calculée, suggérant que le fluorapatite se forme toujours aux dépens de l'hydroxyapatite dans des conditions physiologiques. Cette transformation se continue en abaissant le pH.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine Mineralprobe aus Burgess, Kanada, erwies sich nach chemischer und kristallographischer Analyse als außergewöhnlich reines Fluorapatit. Die Gesamtzusammensetzung entspricht: $$(Ca^{2 + } )_{9,98} (Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )_{0,02} (PO_4^{3 - } )_{5,98} (HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )_{0,02} (F^ - )_2 $$ . Die kristallographische c-Achse wurde bestimmt und ergab 6,865 Å, und die a-Achse ergab 9,374 Å. Austauschwerte, welche durch Anwendung von45Ca,32P und18F erhalten wurden, deuteten auf große Kristalliten mit einer spezifischen Oberfläche von ca. 1 m2/g. Die Befunde deuten darauf hin, daß für die physikalische Erklärung des Austauschvorganges keine separaten Kompartimente mit eigenen kinetischen Faktoren nötig sind, sondern daß der Austausch mit dem exponentiellen Wechsel in der freien Energie der Reaktion in einfacher Beziehung steht. Für die Reaktion $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH_{in fester Form} + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F_{in fester Form} + (OH^ - )$$ wurde als thermodynamische Konstante 101,26 errechnet, was darauf deutet, daß unter physiologischen Bedingungen immer Fluorapatit auf Kosten von Hydroxyapatit entsteht. Diese Umwandlung wird erhöht, wenn das pH erniedrigt wird.
    Notes: Abstract A mineral specimen from Burgess, Canada, proved upon chemical and crystallographic analyses to be an exceptionally pure sample of fluorapatite. The over-all composition corresponds to $$(Ca^{2 + } )_{9.98} (Sr^{2 + } ,Na^ + ,K^ + ,Mg^{2 + } )_{0.02} (PO_4^{3 - } )_{5.98} (HCO_3^ - ,CO_3^{2 - } )_{0.02} (F^ - )_2 $$ . The crystallographic c-axis was determined to be 6.865 Å, and the a-axis 9.374 A. Exchange data obtained by employing45Ca,32P, and18F indicate the presence of large crystallites with a specific surface of the order of 1 m2/g. It is indicated that the physical interpretation of the exchange process does not require the existence of separate departments, each with its own kinetic factor, but that the exchange may be simply related to the exponential change in the free energy of the reaction. For the reaction $$(Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 OH_{solid} + (F^ - ) \rightleftarrows (Ca)_5 (PO_4 )_3 F_{solid} + (OH^ - )$$ the thermodynamic constant has been calculated to be 101.26, implying that fluorapatite always will form at the expense of hydroxyapatite under physiologic conditions. This transformation will be furthered by lowering the pH.
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    Lung 150 (1973), S. 49-59 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Pigeon Breeder's Disease ; Electron Microscopy ; Pulmonary Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A case of the acute form of pigeon breeder's disease is presented. Electron-microscope studies show the histomorphological substrate of the foreign-body reaction and the immunological cell response caused by the inhaled pigeon material.
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    Lung 149 (1973), S. 181-192 
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Hyperoxia ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die elektronenmikroskopischen Ergebnisse bei Hyperoxie und hyperbarer Oxygenation bestätigen übereinstimmend in der Frühphase an der Lunge die exsudativen Veränderungen mit Endothelschwellung und latentem interstitiellen Ödem. Durch eine deutliche Verbreiterung des Blut-Luft-Weges besteht eine Reduktion in der Diffusionskapazität. Die Störungen in der Permeabilität der Zellmembranen betreffen zunächst mehr das Capillarendothel als das Alveolarepithel. Für das Auftreten der Zellschäden ist die Höhe des Saurerstoffpartialdruckes entscheidender als die hyperbare Oxygenation. Die Einatmung von reinem Sauerstoff im Überdruck führt zusätzlich über einen Anstieg des Kohlensäurepartialdruckes im Gewebe zu einer neurochemisch ausgelösten akuten Hypertension mit Lungenödem (Wood und Perkins, 1970). Das Lungenödem bei Hyperoxie und hyperbarer Oxygenation kommt sehr wahrscheinlich auf mehreren pathogenetischen Wegen zustande. Atelektasen bei Hyperoxie sind wahrscheinlich durch die Exsudation von fibrinmonomerhaltigem Blutplasma mit nachfolgender Inaktivierung vorhandener Surfactant-Aktivitäten sowie durch die Blockade der intracellulären Synthese des Surfactant ausgelöst. Zusätzlich sind direkte Enzymschäden der Zelle nach Sauerstoffvergiftung, besonders die Wirkungen der Peroxydationen auf die Mitochondrienmembranen zu berücksichtigen (Haugaard, 1968; Podlesch, 1972; Kleinschmidt, 1972). Der Schweregrad der Diffusionsstörung ist vom O2-Partial-druck und von der Expositionsdauer abhängig. Hibernation retardiert die Sauerstofftoxizität (Huizenga, Butcher und Simmonds, 1972). Die Lungen kleinerer Laboratoriumstiere reagieren schneller und empfindlicher auf O2-Schäden als die Lungen größerer Laboratoriumstiere und als die Lunge des Menschen. Kurzfristige Intervallbeatmung von 40%igem Sauerstoff im Inspirationsgemisch ist unschädlich und ruft keine Lungenveränderungen hervor. Trifft dagegen eine länger angewandte Hyperoxie auf eine vorgeschädigte Lunge, z. B. bei Schocksyndrom, Fettembolie oder Lungentrauma, müssen sich die Schäden aggravieren und können unter dem Bild eines progressiven Atemnotsyndroms zum Tode führen. Hyperoxische Lungenschäden benötigen aufgrund der elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde mehrere Monate bis zur anatomischen Ausheilung, wobei die Wiederherstellung der Lungenfunktion der anatomischen Ausheilung vorangeht.
    Notes: Abstract The results of electron microscope examinations during hyperoxia and hyperbaric oxygenation unanimously confirm the exudative changes in the lungs in the early stages, with endothelial swelling and latent interstitial oedema. Because of marked spreading of the blood-air paths, a reduction occurs in the diffusion capacity. Disturbances in the permeability of the cell membrane involve the capillary endothelium at first more than the alveolar epithelium. The level of the oxygen partial pressure is more decisive than hyperbaric oxygenation for the appearance of cell damage. Inspiration of pure oxygen at excess pressure also causes neurochemically induced acute hypertension with pulmonary oedema due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in tissues. Probably several pathogenic pathways are involved in the formation of pulmonary oedema in hyperoxia and hyperbaric oxygenation. In hyperoxia, atelectases are probably produced by the exudation of blood plasma containing fibrin monomer with subsequent inactivation of the surface activity present and by the blockade of the intracellular synthesis of surfactant. In addition, direct damage to cell enzymes after poisoning with oxygen, especially the effect of peroxidation on the mitochondrial membranes must be taken into account. The degree of severity of diffusion disturbance depends on the O2 partial pressure and on the duration of exposure. Hibernation delays the toxicity of oxygen. The lungs of smaller laboratory animals react more quickly and more sensitively to the harmful effects of O2 than the lungs of larger laboratory animals and man. Short periods of artificial respiration at intervals, with 40% oxygen in the inspiration mixture, are harmless and cause no changes in the lungs. However, if hyperoxia is used for a longer period, on a previously damaged lung, for example in shock, fat embolism or lung trauma, the damage becomes worse and may end in death resulting from progressive dyspnoea. The electron microscope findings show that in hyperoxic lung damage, several months are required for anatomical cure, the restoration of lung function preceding the anatomical cure.
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    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 218 (1973), S. 79-91 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Storage Disease ; Juvenile Amaurotic Idiocy ; Curvilinear Bodies ; Electron Microscopy ; Rectal Biopsy ; Speicherkrankheit ; Juvenile amaurotische Idiotie ; Curvilineäre Körper ; Elektronenmikroskopie ; Rectum Biopsie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einem Fall von juveniler amaurotischer Idiotie mit protrahiertem Verlauf (Beginn der Erkrankung mit 14 Jahren, Alter des Patienten 52 Jahre) wird über die Ultrastruktur des Speichermaterials in einer Rectumbiopsie berichtet. Das in Makrophagen der Mucosa gespeicherte Material entspricht den für die juvenile Form charakteristischen curvilineären Strukturen. Gegenüber der Kufsschen Form läßt sich der Fall ultrastrukturell durch das Fehlen der bei der Spätform beschriebenen Lipofuscin-Granula abgrenzen. Das klinische Bild spricht auch für die juvenile Form. Auffallend waren neben dem protrahierten Verlauf der verzögerte Beginn der Erkrankung sowie das späte Einsetzen der geistigen Retardierung.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of storage material in a rectal biopsy taken from a patient with juvenile amaurotic idiocy with protracted course (onset of illness: 14 years; age of patient: 52 years) is described. The material stored in macrophages of the mucosa was like the curvilinear structures characteristic of the juvenile type. It was possible to exclude Kufs' type in this case by absence of the lipofuscin granula seen in the fine structures in the adult type. The clinical picture was also consistent with the juvenile form. Apart from the protracted course, other striking features were the delayed onset of the disease and the late beginning of mental retardation.
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    Pflügers Archiv 340 (1973), S. 361-366 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: M. rectus abdominis ; Slow Fibres ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Out of 253 muscle fibres taken from various parts of frog rectus abdominis muscles 52 were identified electron microscopically as slow. 48 slow fibres were localized at the ventral surface and at the linea alba. No evidence was found for the existence of a fibre type with structural features different from typical twitch or slow fibres.
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    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 19-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic innervation ; Uterus ; Oviduct ; Adrenergic, Cholinergic ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the preterminal nerve fibers of the rabbit myometrial smooth muscle was studied using potassium permanganate fixation or glutaraldehyde fixation with postosmification. The preterminal fibers were mostly formed by 2–10 axons enveloped by Schwann cells. Two kinds of axons and axon terminals were found. (1) Adrenergic axons, which contained many small, granular vesicles (diameter 300–600 Å) and large granular vesicles (diameter 700–1200 Å) which represented ca. 2% of the total count of the vesicles. (2) Nonadrenergic axons, which contained small agranular vesicles (diameter 300–600 Å) and large granular vesicles (diameter 700–1200 Å). Both types of axons formed preterminal varicosities along their course. The real terminal varicosities, representing the anatomical end of the axons, were usually larger than the preterminal ones and showed close contact to the plasma membranes of the smooth muscle cells. Both adrenergic and nonadrenergic terminals were found close to the smooth muscle cells, but a gap of at least 2000 Å was always present between the two cell membranes. The axons and preterminal varicosities of both types of nerves were in intimate contact with each other within the preterminal nerve fiber. Axo-axonal interactions between the two types of axons are possible in the rabbit myometrium. The relative proportion of the nonadrenergic axons from the total was about one fourth.
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  • 38
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 136 (1973), S. 569-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myoepithelium ; Bryozoaire (Alcyonidium polyoum) ; Vacuole ; Striated muscle, muscular insertion ; Electron Microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'épithélium pharyngien d'Alcyonidium polyoum possède des cellules pourvues d'une très grande vacuole. L'incompressibilité du liquide vacuolaire permet un élargissement brusque de l'organe lors de la contraction du manchon musculaire strié qui enserre cette vacuole. Les fibres musculaires sont insérées sur le plasmalemme apical par des filaments unitifs. Le point d'attache est relié à la lame amorphe du cell-coat qui entoure les microvillosités par des fibrilles, réalisant probablement une liaison mécamique plus efficace. Le reticulum sarcoplasmique porte des ribosomes. Le cytoplasme apical renferme des vésicules de diverses catégories.
    Notes: Summary Pharyngeal cells of Alcyonidium polyoum (Bryozoa) are provided with very large vacuoles. Each vacuole is enveloped by a thin layer of striated muscle, whose contraction enlarges the organ. Filaments join the muscular elements to the apical plasmalemma. This point of muscular insertion is connected by fibrils with the amorphic lamina of cell-coat which surrounds the microvilli. Ribosomes are often found on dyads. Various vesicles are located in the apical cytoplasm.
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  • 39
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 121-125 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Despite its being weaker base poly(2-vinylpyridine) polymerized DL-β-phenylalanine NCA at a much faster rate than pyridine and α-picoline. Poly(2-vinylpyridine) adsorbs NCA by hydrogen bonding with the cooperation of a few pyridine groups. This results in a high local concentration of NCA. The syndiotactic configuration of pyridine group seemed to be least suitable for the cooperative hydrogen bonding. Adsorbed NCA is activated to form an “activated” NCA which in turn reacts with an NCA adsorbed on the same polymer chain. Since the polymer chain is flexible, this intramolecular reaction takes place frequently, resulting in the acceleration of polymerization. The intramolecular reaction along the polymer chain is dependent on the degree of polymerization of polymer catalyst. A suitable model was proposed for the intramolecular reaction to explain the effect of degree of polymerization.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 5-Bromouracil-substituted DNA was isolated form B. Subtilis and phage PBSH. The three DNA fractions of Different densities (TT, TB, and BB) were irradiated with u.v. (313nm). The number of single-strand and double-strand breaks was determined. The breakage rates are given. It was found that in hybrid DNA (TB) double-strand breaks occur depending linearly on dose. In BB-DNA the observed double-Strand bresks can be divided into two fractions with a linear and quadratic dose dependence respectively. The results can be explained by assuming intramolecular energy transfer from the BU-containing strand to its complementary strand.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 42
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Differential enthalpic analysis of a series of 3′,5′-cyclic nucleotides indicates that homolytic cleavage of the six-membered phosphate ring occurs either immediately prior to or concurrent with decomposition of the crystal lattice. Homolysis is followed by a rapid polymerization to yield oligonucleotides. The enthalpies of these reactions have, with the exception of guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic phosphate, almost identical values of 25 kcal/mole. The anomalous case is attributed to a more stabilized phosphate ring as a result of hydrogen bonding through the two position of the purine ring. The pair of overlapping exothermic peaks observed in each of the thermograms for cAMP and cIMP is related to the presence of two conformational arrangements within the unit cell of each compound.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The total energy and the electronic properties of some syn purine nucleosides have been determined as a function of the rotation angle around the C-N glycosidic linkage. Invariably, the crystallographic coordinates provide a state lying at or very near the minimum on the potential energy curve according to the extended Hückel parametrization here employed. The ribose moiety always carries a net positive charge whereas the base is always negatively charged. Changes in dipole moment magnitudes for the overall structure as well as in net atomic charges are noted upon rotation around the glycosidic linkage indicating that potential functions for polynucleotides may be in error if such changes are ignored.
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  • 44
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 341-352 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measuring the equivalent noise resistance of Na-DNA solutions in NaCl provides in formation about the free ino atmosphere. In an Arrhenius type diagram, the helix → coil transition is clearly brought Out. A Calculation of the number of free ions in the solution as function of temperature, reveals once more the process of ejection of compensating Na+ ions form the macromolecules during the thermal transconformation.
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  • 45
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 423-433 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical properties in different solvents of gramicidin-bis (salicylaldimine) Cu(II) and (5-I-salicyladimine) Cu(II) chelates are intercepted in terms of their molecular structure. A molecular model for the inversion of Contton effects in two different classes of solvents is proposed. This explanation is supported by the study of optical properties of model compounds.
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  • 46
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses are described for two N-benzyloxycarbonylpeptide tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazides which correspond to positions 24-34 and 35-44, respectively, of the primary structure of baker's yeast iso-1-cytochrome c. The two peptide derivatives were coupled via the azide procedure to form the N-benzyloxycarbonylheneicosapeptide tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazide (sequence 24-44).
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  • 48
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 647-654 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The primary amine initiated homopolymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA in dioxane at 25°C, 35°C, 50°C, and 65°C has been investigated. The reactions were virtually independent of temperature indicating an activation energy of less than 1 kcal/mole. The entropy of activation was estimated to be -65 entropy units at 300°K. The reaction proceeded in two stages. The first stage was zero-order with respect to monomer, whereas the second was first-order with respect to monomer. Both stages were first-order with respect to initiator. These results were interpreted by assuming that the rate constant for propagation was not independent of the degree of polymerization up to the point where a conformational transition to α-helix occurred.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis is described of the N-benzyloxycarbonyldecapeptide tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazide, which corresponds to the sequence 57-66 of baker's yeast iso-1-cytochrome c. The peptide derivative was synthesized coupling two smaller subunits via the Rudinger modified azide procedure.
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  • 50
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 791-798 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of interaction between proflavine and poly I.poly C at 25°C, neutral pH, and moderate ionic strength have been studied by relaxation methods. The qualitative features of this system resemble those previously reported by Crothers and co-workers for proflavine-DNA and proflavine-poly A·poly U interactions-two relaxations are observed coresponding to a fast bimolecular step followed by a slower isomerization. These results can best be accommodated by a two-step mechanism leading from the free dye through an “outside-bound” complex to the intercalated complex. Quantitative comparison of the various rate constants for proflavine binding to different double-helical polynucleotides shows that the rates are slower for both ribohomopolymer pairs than for DNA. The rates for poly I·poly C are approximately three times faster than these for poly A·poly U.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Infrared and Raman spectra of aqueous poly(rA-rU)·poly(rA-rU), the double-helical complex containing strands of alternating riboadenylate and ribouridylate residues, display significant differences from one another and from corresponding spectra of poly(rA)·poly(rU), the double-helical complex of riboadenylate and ribouridylate homopolymers. Parallel studies on the copolymer and homopolymer complexes by cesium sulfate density gradient centrifugation, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, hydrogenion titration, 1-N oxidation of adenine residues by monoperphthalic acid and X-ray diffraction reveal, however, that the geometry of base pairing between adenine and uracil is closely similar in each complex and apparently of the Watson-Crick type. Therefore the differences observed between vibrational spectra of poly (rA-rU)·poly (rA-rU) and poly(rA)·poly(rU) are not due to different base-pairing schemes but may be attributed to differences in vibrational coupling between vertically stacked bases. Vibrational coupling may also account for the differences between infrared and Raman spectra of the same complex. Thus, the present results indicate that infrared and Raman frequencies of RNA in the region 1750-1550 cm-1 should be dependent on the base sequence.
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  • 52
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 857-867 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple model is introduced to investigate the stability of a sedimenting entanglement. The sedimenting entanglement is represented by a sedimenting sieve. Solvent can pass through it, but single-chain molecules that flow into it become entangled and their flow decreases or, if permanent entanglements form, ceases entirely. With this model we are able to find the conditions under which the mass of a sedimenting entanglement remains constant, grows or decays to a stable value, grows beyond limit, or decays to the mass of a single chain. The theory is applied to the sedimentation of small concentrations of large chain molecules in solutions of small chain molecules in solutions of small chain molecules for the case in which the entanglements are long-lived. Equations are derived which, (1) give the stable entanglement mass as a function of rotor speed and concentration and, (2) for a given concentration predict the rotor speed at which the entanglement mass grows without limit. Numerical results for small concentrations of T2 DNA sedimenting in solutions of T7 DNA are presented.
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  • 53
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 931-936 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 55
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 993-1010 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The solution bebavior of poly-L-proline Form II has been studied in water and aqueous salt solutions by both elastic and quasi-elastic light -scattering techniques. The results of this study suggest that polyproline Form II can exist in water at 24 °C as an associated polymer complex and that certain salts which do not appear to affect the helix integrity, e.g., guanidinium-HCl, resutl in dissociation of the aggregate. Other neutral salts, of the variety effective in mediating unfolding of the Form II helix (e.g., 4M NaClO4) also induce aggregate dissociation, but 4M CaCl2 results in enhanced aggregation of polyproline. Kinetic experiments indicate that a time of 20 hours is necessary for the completion of the “large” to “small” transformation (at 22°C) which is induced by the addition of 4M NaClO4. Thus it appears that neutral salts additives in aqueous solutions of polyproline influence both the state of aggregation and the conformation of this polymer.
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  • 56
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1047-1052 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dielectric relaxation of namtive DNA and DNA-proflavine complexes at different DNA phosphate (P) to dye (D) ratios, were investigated in the frequency range 100 c/sec to 100 Kc/sec. The proflavine molecules were found to have a profound effect on the static dielectric constant and the relaxation time of the polymers. The static dielectric constant was oberserved to decrese with increasing level of added proflavine. At P/D = 1, the variation of dielectric constant with frequency was small. Relaxation time (τ) was greater for the DNA-proflavine complexes compared to that for free DNA, Maximum value of the relaxation time was obtained at P/D = 10. The increase in the relaxation time and decrease in the static dielectric constant were attributed to the increase in length and meutralization of surface charges of the DNA molecules, respectively, as aresult of proflavine binding.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fluorescence depolarization experiments performed on labaled poly-L-proline Forme II suggest the occurrence of aggrgation in water while 6M guanidinium-HCl induces dissociation. The solvent 4M CaCl2 results in a reduction of polymer structural orgganization. These findings corroborate suggestion of polyproline aggregation and solution behavior in aqueous neutral salt solytion (see preceding article).
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  • 58
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1053-1062 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A detailed study on the deuterium NMR of hydrated collagen in the presence of alkali and alkaline earth salt is reported. The effect of different salts in reducing the deuteron quadrupole splitting are similer at low molar content of salt. At higher salt contents, larger ions are more effective. The ressults are explained by the blocking of water binding sites to collagen by hydrated ions. When the temperature is reduced, only part of the adsorbed water iss frozen, and the amount of “unfreezable water” decreases with the increase in ionic sizes(LiCl 〈 MgCl2 〈 KCL 〈 KCNS). The freezing temperature is also lowered in the presence of salts. A description of the structure of hydrated collagen based upon the observed facts is given.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly-γ-L-glutamic acid has been synthesized by the activated pentachlorophenyl ester polymerization method and the molecule weight of the polymer was found to be 16,000. Comparative conformational studies on the synthetic and on the native polyglutamic acid mbtained from B. anthracis and B. subtilis were carried out using optical rotatory dispersion, circular dichroism, peptide absorption spectrum, and titration data. These results show that poly-γ-glutamic acid does not exhibit any conformational order under the conditions of investigation. At low degrees of ionization, restriction of conformational freedom via random “hypercoiling” of the chain appears likely.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence excitation and emission, and fluorescence anisotropy demonstrate that the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbone 3,4-benzpyrene, Pyrene, anthracene, and 9-methylanthracene bind to histone IV after the sow conformational change in the presence of divalent phosphate anion. These hydrocarbons do not bind, within our limits of detection, to histone IV in the diosorderde form at low pH or to the form produced by the fast conformational change when the slow change is prevented. High anisotropy values for the bound hydrocarbon indicate a high degree of aggregation for the histone IV.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The aggregation of native acid-soluble collagen (N-ASC) and of pronase-treated acid soluble collagen (P-ASC) was examined in solution under conditions which varied from those of minimum collagen-collagen interaction to those leading to incipient fiber formation. Molecular weights and weight distributions were determined in the analytical ultracentrifuge using the Yphantis high speed sedimentation equilibrium and Aarchiblad approach-to-equilibrim techniques. The aggregation was pH and ionic strength dependent in each case. Under conditions of minimum aggregation (low pH, low ionic strength), N-ASC showed the presence of permant aggregates. At higher pH and ionic strength, a higher fraction of aggregate was formed but these were of the same charcter and molecular weight as the permanent aggregates. The aggregates were of a single molecular size, with a weight of 1.5 × 106 daltons, compared with a monomer collagen weight of 3.1 × 105 daltons. The P-ASC formed aggregates also but to a much lower extent and the maximum aggregate size corresponded to dimers in molecular weight. These data show the major importance of molecular end-regions in collagen aggregation to form native type fibers and, by virtue of the discrete size of the N-ASC aggregates, support the microfibrillar hypothesis for the assembly of collagen fibrills.
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  • 62
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1387-1419 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sedimentation coefficient and intrinsic viscosity of nicked and closed circular PM2 bacteriophage DNA have been measured as a function of pH in the alkaline region. A gradual increase in the sidimentation coefficient, and a corresponding decrease in the intrinsic viscosity, are observed for the superhelical (closed) circle in the pH region from 10.5 to about 10.9. This has been tentatively interpreted in terms of the known dependence of sedimentation coefficient upon the number of superhelical turns. At slightly higher pH values, the curve passes through the minimum (sedimentation coefficient) and maximum (intrinsic viscosity) expected when the superhelical turns present at neutral pH are unwound by partial alkaline denaturation. Sedimentation studies of the relaxed (nicked) circular species have revealed the existence of DNA forms in the pH region from 11.27 to 11.37 which sediment considerably faster than the closed circle in the same pH region. These have been identified as partially denatured nicked circles, in which varying fractions of the duplex structure have undergone alkaline denaturation, but strand separation has not yet occurred. Varying fractions of a slower species, either undenatured or completely denatured nicked circles, are also observed in some of these experiments. A corresponding result is observed in the intrinsic viscosity vs. pH curve.When nicked circular PM2 DNA is exposed to various alkaline pH's, rapidly neutralized, and sedimented at neutral pH, the expected sharp transition from native to denatured (strand-separated) molecules is seen. However, a very narrow pH range is noted in which native and denatured forms coexist in a single experiment. The above experiments carried out upon the closed form also reveal a narrow pH range in which the bulk of the transition from native closed circles to the collapsed cyclic coil takes place, in acccord with an earlier study on a different DNA. This transition is shown never to be completely effected, however, as there is a fraction (7-8%)of the closed circles which renature to the native form, regardless of the alkaline pH employed. This same phenomenon was not observed in the case of artificially closed λb2b5c DNA circles. Possible explanations for some of the above results are discussed.
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  • 63
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1505-1513 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polymerizations of DL-phenylalanine NCA by block copolymers of sarcosine and DL-phenylalanine, designated by (Phe)m(Sar)n and capable of reaction at the phenylalanyl terminal, were investigated in nitrobenzene solution at 25°C. With increasing n for constant m (m = 0, 1, 2, and 5), the polymerization rate greatly increased. Previously the acceleration of the initiation reaction in the polymerization of DL-phenylalanine NCA by polysarcosine (m = 0) was reported. The present results showing the acceleration by the copolymers of sarcosine and DL-phenylalanine indicate the presence of the polymer effect in the propagation reaction as well. However, the polymer effect was most marked with polysarcosine (m = 0), and decreased with increasing m.The same polymerizations by sequential copolymers composed of ten sarcosine units and two DL-phenylalanine units were also investigated. Again with these copolymer catalysts the polymerization rate was larger than that by monomeric amines. But the polymer effect decreased sharply when the phenylalanine units take positions near the terminal amine group of the copolymer catalyst.These two deteriorating effects of the phenylalanine unit have been interpreted in terms of the decrease of the flexibility of polymer chain, caused possibly by an intramolecular hydrogen bond of the phenylalanine unit.
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  • 64
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2057-2073 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Accurate equilibrium binding data for the oxygenation of hemoglobin are used (a) to show that various models for cooperativity are inconsistent with the best available experimental data, (b) to determine the equilibrium constants for binding of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate to hemoglobin molecules in intermediate stages of oxygenation, and (c) to deduce a mechanism for allosteric effects in hemoglobin which is consistent with the best available experimental data. The total free energy of cooperativity is defined and discussed.
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  • 65
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2151-2159 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A conductivity dispersion has been measured at very low frequencies (VLF) on several concentrated DNA solutions. By measuring simultaneously their electric birefringence decay, it is shown that the dielectric relaxation (which is related to the conductivity dispersion) is due to the molecular orientation. Different polarization mechanisms are discussed. It is concluded that the DNA polarizability measured in the VLF range can only be explained by the orientation of a permanent ionic dipole. It is suggested that such permanent dipoles could be caused by small differences in the ionic composition between the two molecular “ends;” the difference could either be stable (asymmetrical localization of protein impurities for instance) or transient (fluctuating dipoles explained by the Kirkwood-Schumaker theory).
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  • 66
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 67
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2199-2209 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the present work, the synthesis of the three primary oligomers of α-L-glutamic acid is described; the general formula is the following: [I] The choice of protective groups at the both ends of the chain allows for the good solubility in the water and the liberation of free carboxyl groups on the side chain. Thus, models are obtained for the study of thermodynamic properties of solutions and especially of the interactions between polyanions and cations. The prepared products are characterized by different techniques such as mass spectrometry potentiometry, tonometry, and thin-layer chromatography. The results are in agreement and lead to the conclusions that the molecules have the general formula of [I] and are stereoregular.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In continuation of our studies on the effect of the base and the phosphate groups on the glycosyl and the sugar-phosphate backbone conformation, we have carried out semi-empirical potential energy calculations on the common 5′- and 3′5′-ribopyrimidine mono- and diphosphates by considering simultaneous rotations about the glycosyl (χ) and the C(4′)-C(5′) (ψ) bonds. This calculation provides an assessment of the nature and orientation of the base on the sugar-phosphate backbone conformation of nucleotides and polynucleotides. It is found that the attractive inetractions between the 5′-phosphate group and the base mutually stabilize the antiand the gauche-gauche (gg) conformations about χ and ψ, respectively, in 5′-ribopyrimidine nucleotides. The introduction of the 3′-phosphate group as in 3′,5′-ribopyrimidine diphosphates, still leaves the anti-gg as the most favored conformation with the important difference that the probability of occurrence of the anti, gauche-trans (gt) is how substantially increased. This is dependent to a large extent on the sugar conformation and to a lesser extent on the base. Uracil and thymine show a greater probability for the anti-gt than cytosine. The syn conformation is considerably less likely and its occurrence is also dependent on the base type, cytosine showing a lesser tendency than uracil and thymine. For the syn base, the most favourec conformation for ψ is gt, since gg is sterically disallowed and tg is destabilized by electrostatic repulsive interactions between the 3′ and 5′-phosphate groups. Thus, there is a striking correlation between the glycoysl and the backbone C(4′)-C(5′) bond conformations. The rest of the bonds of the backbone are considerable less dependent on the glycosyl conformation. These studies reveal that in poly-ribopyrimidine nucletides the majority of the nucleotide residues are expected to occur in the anti-gg conformation.
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  • 69
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2335-2349 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of poly dispersity on the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of samples of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamateein the helix-random coil transition is studied. In the transitionregion the α-CH proton resonance shows two peaks whose behavior does not change appreciably upon fractionation by gel permeation chromatography. Theoretical spectra were computed with both a polydispersity model of the transition and a model for slow nucleationof helix from completely random coil molecules. The results suggest that the double peak behavior in the nmr spectra results from a slow rate of helix nucleation rather than polydispersity.
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  • 70
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2691-2712 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A conformational analysis has been carried out for the cyclic peptide antibiotic alamethicin. Unlikely structures were first eliminated by constructing van der Waals' energy maps for near-neighbor contacts and using these maps to generate forty complete alamethicin structures free of steric overlaps. The energies of the forty conformations were minimized; optimizing all dihedral angles first in sets and then simultaneously, to give a family of five low-energy structures. In the conformation of lowest energy three of the seven α-amino isobutyric acid residues occur in a six-residue α-helix and three at the two chain reversals. Judged by the change in conformational energy as a function of the change in dihedral angle, the flexibility of the chain is determined by both the type of peptide unit and its position in the molecule.The model has features consistent with reported circular dichorism and surface balance measurements and has two polar centers separated by a lipophilic region. It does not contain the large central pore required by some theories for the action of alamethicin on cell membrances. It therefore probably acts by altering membrance structres rather than by shuttling ions through a pore in the membrance.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformation and packing scheme for guanosine-3′, 5′-cytidine monophosphate, GpC, were computed by minimizing the classical potential energy. The lowest energy conformation of the isolated molecule had dihedral angles in the range of helical RNA's and the sugar pucker was C3′ endo. This was used as the starting conformation in a packing search over orientation space, the dihedral angles being flexible in this step also. The packing search was restricted by constraints from our x-ray data, namely, (1) the dimensions of the monoclinic unit cell and its pseudo-C2 symmetry (the real space group is P21), (2) the location of the phosphorous atom, and (3) the orientation of the bases. In addition, a geometric function was devised to impose Watson-Crick base pairing. Thus, a trial structure could be sought without explicit inclusion of intermolecular potentials. An interactive computer graphics system was used for visualizing the calculated structures.The packing searches yielded two lowest energy schemes in which the molecules had the same conformation (similar to double-helical RNA) but different orientations within the unit cell. One of these was refined by standard x-ray methods to a discrepancy index of 14.4% in the C2 pseudocell. This served as the starting structure for the subsequent refinement in the real P21 cell.5
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  • 72
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2789-2802 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A model for the hydration behavior of human stratum corneum has been developed from measurements on in vitro samples isolated in a manner which minimized tissue treatment and trauma. Water sorption/desorption rate measurements as a function of water activity, temperature, and tissue integrity are reported. These data, together with thermodynamic data (infrared and nmr results reported earlier) are consistent with a model in which rapidly sorbed/desorbed water (ca. 0.5 mg water/mg stratum corneum) is associated with (“bound” by) the tissue, while slowly sorbed/desorbed “free” water (up to 12 mg water/mg stratum corneum) is kinetically restricted and probably intracellular in location. Both equilibrium water binding and desorption kinetic data suggest structural changes of this cellular water barrier upon hydration. Evidence for hysteresis in water sorption isotherms (reported by others) could not be reproduced.
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  • 73
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 2831-2852 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(ortho-, meta-, and para-γ-nitrobenzyl-L-glutamates) were studied by circular dichroism (CD) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) in two helicogenic solvents, hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and dichloroethane (EDC), and two non-helicogenic solvents, dichloracetic acid (DCA) and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The corresponding glutamates were also studied in DCA and TFA. The symmetric nitrobenzylic chromophore is optically active when the polymers are in solution in DCA and TFA. The corresponding glutamates are also optically active under the same conditions. Thus, it was not possible to explain the origin of the optical activity of the side-chain chromophore when the polymer is in solution in a helicogenic solvent. Nevertheless, from a side-chain dichroic band, a helix-coil transition curve was determined and the stability of each poly(γ-nitrobenzyl-L-glutamate) given; this stability depends on the position of the nitro substituent on the aromatic ring.
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  • 74
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 7 (1973), S. 33-41 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 75
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 7 (1973), S. 82-89 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Chemie in unserer Zeit 7 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0009-2851
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 77
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 53-64 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sedimentation constant and intrinsic viscosity were measured on purified tropocollagens extracted from earthworm-cuticle and lathyritic ratskin. A cartesian diver viscometer was used to make viscosity measurements at small shear stress and to avoid the effects of surface forces. By comparing the experimental data with the hydrodynamic theories of wormlike-coil of Ullman a value of 1300 Å has been assigned for the persistence length of these tropocollagens. Other factors which may affect the estimate are discussed.
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  • 78
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The CD spectra of DNA from various sources (T2; T4; Cd; Escherichia coli; calf thymus; Streptomyces chrysomalis) were investigated. A new band Δε210 in the CD spectra of glucosylated DNA of the T even phages was found. The temperature dependence of the CD spectra of DNA was obtained over a wide range of temperatures, including those of the helix-coil transition.The band Δε275 for all DNAs does not appreciably change in the range of the helix-coil transition. The monotonic increase of this band before melting, and its decrease after melting is observed with an increase in temperature.The amplitude of the CD band Δε245 for all the DNAs studied and Δε210 (glucosylated DNA) parallels the change of E260 absorbance.
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  • 79
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 575-587 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By analyzing the effect of urea and guanidine hydrochloride on the circular dichroism of many polypeptides and proteins, it is concluded that under conditions of high concentration of the perturbant and at low temperatures the resultant state approached is that of a local extended helix structure instead of a completely random coil. Intensification by urea and guanidine hydrochloride of the circular dichroism bands of poly-L-proline II leads to the proof that the mechanism of interaction of urea and guanidine hydrochloride with proteins is through hydrogen bonding to the backbone carbonyl group.
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  • 80
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 541-558 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interactions between chondroitin-6-sulfate (chondroitin sulfate C) and poly-L-lysine have been studied as models for investigation of possible complex formation between fibrous proteins and mucopolysaccharides. Results obtained using circular dichroism spectroscopy show that poly-L-lysine adopts the α-helical conformation in dilute aqueous salt solution at pH 7 when mixed with chondroitin-6-sulfate, rather than the “charged-coil” observed in the absence of this mucopolysaccharide. This conformation-directing interaction is at a maximum when the ratio of lysine to disaccharide residues is 1 : 1. Changes in the CD spectrum of a 1 : 1 mixture following increase in the salt concentration, or addition of non-polar solvents, indicate that the interaction is ionic in nature. No such effects are observed for non-sulfated mucopolysaccharides mixed with poly-L-lysine, suggesting that, for chondroitin-6-sulfate, it is the sulfate groups rather than the carboxyls which interact with the amine groups of the polypeptide.Elevation of the temperature leads to disruption of the interactions between the polypeptide and polysaccharide species. A sharp melting transition occurs at 47.0 ± 1.0°C, when the poly-L-lysine reverts to the “charged-coil” conformation. The sharp transition suggests that regular ionic bonds are formed between the polypeptide and polysaccharide. These results suggest that a conformation-directing interaction may occur between sulfated mucopolysaccharides and the polar regions of collagen and other fibrous proteins.
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  • 81
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 627-636 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A coupling constant-dihedral angle correlation for the H—Cα—Cβ—H system of amino acid residues in peptides has been derived from a set of model compounds covering the full range of dihedral angles. The expression obtained, J = 11.0 cos2 θ -1.4 cos θ + 1.6 sin2θ, is close to those already used in pmr studies of peptide conformation, and provides a firmer foundation for them. A factor limiting the precision of this and other “Karplus relations” is illustrated.
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  • 82
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 655-674 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The ultraviolet absorption, linear dichroism, circular dichroism, and oriented circular dichroism of collagen are reported and the spectra are resolved into a self-consistent set of bands in accord with exciton theory. The parallel band at 200 nm has 40% of the π → π* intensity; the perpendicular band is placed at 189 nm yielding a splitting of 2700 cm-1. The circular dichroism is resolved into two Gaussians at λ∥ and λτ (rotational strengths +14 × 10-40 and -32 × 10-40 esu2. cm2) plus a large non-Gaussian (“helix”) band with ampplitude -25,000° at 201 nm. These data appear to be in reasonably good accord with recent calculations.Measurements of the absorption, linear dichroism and circular dichroism of polyproline I and II are also reported and are resolved into their component bands. Polyproline I is in good accord with exciton theory, whereas polyproline II remains unsatisfactory.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis is described of the N-benzyloxycarbonylundecapeptide tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazide corresponding to the sequence 82-92 of baker's yeast iso-I-cytochrome c.
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  • 84
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis is described of the protected hexadecapeptide corresponding to the C-terminal sequence 93-108 of baker's yeast iso-I-cytochrome c. The cysteine residue in position 107 of the natural sequence has been substituted by a threonine residue. The rationale of this substitution as well as the synthetic route to the preparation of the hexadecapeptide derivative is discussed.
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  • 85
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 825-834 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The geometrical properties of collagen molecules place certain restrictions on possible three-dimensional packing models. With certain reasonable assumptions involving the macromolecular structure of collagen, a model for the surface topography of the monomeric unit is developed and two possible models for molecular packing, one hexagonal and the other non-hexagonal, are inferred. The non-hexagonal packing model is identical to the pentagonal unit fibril first postulated by J. W. Smith on different grounds, while the hexagonal model is one of three previously suggested by us on more general assumptions. The two models are compared to available data on collagen packing, and the bulk of the evidence would seem to favor the pentagonal model.
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  • 86
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 869-876 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Zones of T2 DNA were sedimented through uniform solutions of T7 DNA to determine if the smaller DNA molecules would become entangled in the larger. No entanglement could be demonstrated even at high DNA concentrations. It is suggested that molecular entanglement is not responsible for the sudden loss of DNA from solution which occurs in high centrifugal fields. This communication also includes observations on the effects of rotor speed on the sedimentation behavior of DNA in high centrifugal fields, distortion of zone shape at high concentrations, and hydrodynamic interactions between DNA and MS2 bacteriophage particles.
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  • 87
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1161-1169 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method is proposed for determining chemical rate contants in dimerization reactions of globular proteins. Light scattering from a solution of charged macromolecules in and applied electric field gives a series of bands whose widths can be used to deduce the reaction rate contants. This method should be applicable to other types of peactions. First order reactions are also considered.
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  • 88
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1197-1202 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1177-1195 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurements of light scatting, sedimentation equilibrium, sedimentation velocity, and viscosity were carried out on fractions of native amylose in dimethylsulfoxide at 25°C. The data for statistical radius as a function of weight-average molecular weight Mw suggested a stiff nature of this biopolymer in the solvent studied when interpreted in terms of Kirste's recent calculations with a stiff chain model. The data for sedimentation coefficient were consistent with this suggestion, and when analyzed in terms of the theory Hearst and Stockmayer for wormlike chain, a value of 233 Å2 was obtainedd for a/λ, where a is the length of a monomer unit projected on the chain axis and (2λ)-1is the persistence length of the wormlike chain. The intrinsic viscosity data gave a high a value as 0.91 for the exoponent in the Houwink-Mark-Sakuarada equation, in Substantial agreement with Cowie's prenious work.We attempted to interpret these data by use of the Eizner-Ptitsyn equation for wormlike chains, with omission of the free-drainage term and introduction of the a/λ value obtained from sedimentation data. It was found that, except in the region of Mw above one million, the observed values were fitted well by the E-P theory with a = 1.4 Å and (2λ)-1 = 87 Å. The disagreement in the high-molecular-weight region was tentatively attributed to excluded volume effect. The a value obtained suggests that the molecular conformation of amylose in dimethylsulfoxide is predominantly helical, in contrast to that of the same polymer in aqueous solutions of simple electrolyte. It was also found that a similar value of a was derived from our data for the second virial coefficient and partial specific volume if the molecule was assumed to be essentially rodlike.
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  • 90
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1247-1257 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Melting curves of tRNAfMet and two fragments derived from this molecule by limited ribonuclease T1 digestion (i.e., the anticodon arm and loop [K fragment] and the larger fragment representing three-fourths of the tRNA chain from the 3′ terminus including two potential limbs of the cloverleaf structure [L fragment]) are presented. The profiles observed are consistent with the presence of base paired structures in all those molecules. At low salt concentration (0.02M Na+) the stabilities of these molecules measured by the apparent midpoints of the denaturation profiles are in the order K 〉 L 〉 tRNA. The relative stabilities approach each other at 0.2M Na+ (the tRNA profile being biphasic), while at high salt (2M) the L fragment seems to be more stable than either K or t-RNA fMet. Estimation of the enthalpy of denaturing the K structure in 0.02M Na+ gives a value of 40 ± 3 kcal/mole corresponding to an enthalpy per effective G.C. base pair disrupted of 10 ± 1 kcal/mole.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The far ultraviolet absorptions of aliphatic amino acids such as glycine, alanine, aminobutyric acid, valine, and leucine were measured with their solid thin films down to 120 nm. Four absorption bands arising from the carboxyl group were observed in the 200-140 nm region. It was found that the band positions and intensities vary systematically according to the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic side chain. This result may be interpreted as a phenomenon similar to the hyper-and hypochromisms of aliphatic homopolypeptides in far ultraviolet region.
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  • 92
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1377-1385 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using Wilson's GF-matrix method as modified by Higgs for infinite helical polymers, dispersion curves and the frequency distribution function have been calculated for poly-L-proline II chain. Infrared spectrum is obtained and a Urey-Bradley force field, which provides best fit with the observed frequencies, is evaluated. The result are discussed from the viewpoint of the conformational characteristics of forms I and II.
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  • 93
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973) 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 94
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1493-1503 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of the d. c. conductive behavior of solid gels of DNA under high vacuum have shown that a reproducible energy gap of 2.4 eV and a photoelectric effect may be obtained following extensive evacuation procedures. Admission of air for short periods has a reversible effect on this photoelectirc effect and semiconductive behavior. After prolonged illumination in air the sample becomes permanently affected and will not reproduce the photoelectric effect or give rise to a semiconduction energy gap of 2.4 eV but give rise to a permanently lower energy gap of 1.6 eV. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on the thermal denaturation of DNA in the presence of six aromatic hydrocarbons has been examined in order to determine the extent to which the presence of the hydrocarbon protects the DNA against ultraviolet damage.
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  • 95
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1565-1574 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new method of computing the geometry of a cyclic polymer from internal coordinates is discussed, which is particularly useful if the molecule has a center of inversion symmetry. When applied to the structure of valinomycin, the calculation is reduced to solving one transcendental equation in one variable.
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  • 96
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The double-helical complex formed from m6m9A and poly U has been characterized by circular dichroism and u.v. spectrophotometry. The circular dichroism of the complex is similar to that of the double-helical poly A poly U complex both in shape and in magnitude and thus indicates a quite similar structure. The double Helix-coil transition has been studied at various nucleotide concentrations and at three different ionic strengths. As expected for the binding of a base to a polymer, the Helix-coil transition is shifted to higher temperatures by increasing nucleotide concentrations, but is not affected by changes of the ionic strength. The melting curves are analyzed according to a linear Ising model taking the stacking of the monomers into account. At 0°C the equilibrium constant for nucleation is found to be 2-5 M-1 and that for chain growth is 500 M-1. The enthalpy change associated with chain growth is -11.2 ± 1 kcal M-1.
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  • 97
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    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1479-1491 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A molecular field theory, taking into account long-range electrostatic forces is used to study helix-coil transitions of polynucleotides. The theory predicts the existence of hysteresis when the electrostatic interaction parameter is large compared to the thermal energy. The theory is applied to the acid-base titration of poly(A)·2 poly(U).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Helix-coil transition of polypeptides in solution involves two elementary processes: unfolding of an α-helical polypeptide chain and interaction of the unfolded chain with solvent molecules which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Optical rotation data for poly(β-benzyl L-aspartate) in mixtures of dichloroacetic acid and carbon tetrachloride are analyzed according to the procedure developed by Sayama et al., who explicitly took these processes into theoretical account; and the enthalpy changes, ΔH0 = -650 ± 200 cal/mole and ΔHa = -5.2 ± 1.6 kcal/mole. The latter value is favorably compared with heats of association (per hydrogen bond) of various amides and lactams in CCl4. There is excellent agreement with -5.15 kcal/mole for δ-valerolactam in CCl4. In analogy with amides in non-polar solvents, the difference between ΔH0 and ΔHa may be attributed to the fact that the former is associated with intramolecular hydrogen bonding, whereas the latter is associated with intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1451-1458 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The coil to helix conformational transitions undergone by poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate in solutions of haloacetic acids and various cosolvents were studied by means of proton magnetic resonance. The results indicate a very small solvent dependence of the α-CH Helix-coil chemical shift difference. The helical stabilities of PBLG in different solvent mixtures were interpreted in terms of modifications of the “solvent structure.”
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 12 (1973), S. 1781-1786 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By X-ray diffraction method, an originally almost dry oriented fiber of sodium poly-L-glutamate was shown to undergo transconformation from β-structure to α-helices when its water content was gradually increased by equilibrating with the helium gas of 64% relative humidity. The observation is correlated to the corresponding infrared spectroscopical study made by Blout et al.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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