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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sodium compounds as catalysts for methanol dehydrogenation to water-free formaldehydePaper presented at the “DECHEMA-Fachausschuß-Sitzung Technische Reaktionen” February 27 to March 1, 1989. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 145-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Formaldehyde is produced industrially from methanol by partial oxidation of oxidative dehydrogenation. In these processes, water is formed as a by-product. Anhydrous formaldehyde is required for many syntheses and, therefore, its production is of potential interest. In the present study, catalysts based on alkali compounds were found to be active in the dehydrogenation of methanol if absence of oxygen. Sodium carbonate doped with indium shows a selective of up to 75% for methanol conversion not exceeding 60%.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130120
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Cu and K containing Fe/Mn oxide catalysts for fischer-tropsch synthesisDedicated to Professor Dr. Hansjörg Sinn on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 156-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Copper and potassium containing Fe/Mn oxide catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were investigated by X-ray microprobe technique, scanning electron microscopy, low-temperature argon sorption and carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide chemisorption at -80°C. The specific surface areas of the catalysts depend on the preparation method, e.g. addition of K or Cu by coprecipitation leads to an increase while impregnation results in a decrease in surface area. The resulting samples are inhomogeneous, as shown by all method. Mn and especially K accumulated on the surface of the catalysts. Addition of Cu and K considerably altered the selectivity and activity of the Fe/Mn oxide catalyst. High potassium contents produced high olefin to paraffin ratios but these catalysts became rapidly deactivated. Copper and a very small addition of potassium led to a very low olefin to paraffin ratio but showed a high and constant activity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130122
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of flooding gas velocity and liquid hold-up at flooding in packed columns for gas/liquid systemsPresented in part at the “GVC-Jahrenstreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Strasbourg (France), September 17 to 19, 1986. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 184-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new model of suspended bed of droplets for describing the vaour or gas the vapour or gas velocity at the flooding point in packed of columns for rectification and absorption under vacuum and normal pressure is presented metallic, ceramic and plastic packings with diameters of 8-90 mm as well on sheet metal and gauze packings, in a wide range of liquid and vapour loads. Approximately 650 literature measurements and own data were evaluated. The mean relative error in determining the gas velocity at flooding point is less than ±5%. On the basis of the double layer model, a new equation was derived for the hold-up at flooding point, which is needed for the calculation of the flooding gas velocity. An example of calculations for sample applications is also included.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130125
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Batch cooling crystallization at constant supersaturation: Technique and experimental results (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 229-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new laboratory plant for batch cooling crystallization is described, which allows to maintain the supersaturation at a constant level during an experimental run. A method for continuous supersaturation measurements has been developed, using a density meter and a hydrocyclone. Experimental results obtained from a seeded solution in constant supersaturation cooling mode and at constant cooling rate are compared. In the case of a constant cooling rate, the supersaturation passes through a sharp maximum, whereby effective nucleation is enhanced. As a consequence, a smaller median crystal size is obtained than for cooling at constant supersaturation. Equation for controlled cooling at a constant supersaturation require an accurate description of the effective rate of nucleation. Therefore, the mechanical stress, to which the crystals are subjected, must be included as the main source of new nuclei. This is shown by the influence of stirrer on batch time.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130131
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal decomposition of 2, 3-dimethyl butane: Experiments and mechanistic modelling (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 241-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pyrolysis of 2,3-dimethyl butane (DMB) was carried out in a quartz flow reactor in the temperature range from 740 to 1032 K at normal pressure. The input concentration of DMB was 3.3 × 10-3 mol/1 using argon as diluent. Reaction time ranged between 3.1 and 3.9 s. The following products were analyzed by two-column gas chromatography: hydrogen, methane, ethene, propane, propene, butenes, butadiene, 2-methyl-2-butene, isoprene, benzene and toluene. Compared to thermal decomposition of n-hexane under similar experimental conditions, the main difference concerned the formation of ethylene, ethane and branched alkanes. A reaction model, based on elementary reactions, was developed to predict the experimental results and to verify our data basis of elementary reactions under different conditions. The model gives a quantitative description of the complex chemistry of the process. In addition, an algorithm is presented for model reduction.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130133
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New and overlooked relationships for turbulent flow in channelsPaper base on a poster at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-In-genieure”, Berlin, September 27 to 29, 1989. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 264-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes general, asymptotic and speculative relationships which can be deduced directly from the time-averaged form of the basic, partial-differential model for the conservation of mass and momentum in fully developed turbulent flow of constant-property fluids through round and parallel-plate channels. Such relationship are shown to provide insight as well as useful forms for correlation. Several analogies for flow in round tubes and between parallel plates which have generally been overlooked are reexamined and extended. A generally overlooked anomaly which occurs for flow in concentric, circular annuli, for flow between plates of non-identical roughness, and for the combination of forced and wall-Ind.uced flow between parallel plates is also is noted. The data needed to test the above analogies and to quantify the deviations, if any identified, as well as those needed to generalize the anomalous behavior.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130136
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of standard thermodynamic parameters for the sorption of n-hexane and methanol in zeolites (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 298-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Adsorption isotherms for n-hexane and methanol in mordenite and ZSM5 in the temperature range from 323 K to 473 K were found to be of type 1. The adsorbate-adsorbent interaction (C1) and adsorbate-adsorbate interaction (C2) wee computed according to Bradley and Wilkins model, whereas the Rees and Williams model predicts the adsorption characteristics. Finally, the thermodynamic parameters such as ΔGo, ΔSo, ΔHo, K, K+ have been evaluated for the sorption of n-hexane in mordenite and ZSM5.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130140
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heavy metal recovery by extraction and permeation in incineration preocessesPaper presented by H.-J. Bart at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-In-genieure”, Berlin, September 27 to 29, 1989 (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Incineration processes are critical for the environment. SO2 and NOX removal with processes is nowadays commonplace. Up to now, heavy metal were recovered via precipitation. The alternative use of liquid ion exchange techniques offers an easy re-use of the heavy metals, which are obtained as concentrates. A separation process is described, starting from laboratory experiments and ending with pilot plant field tests. A cost comparison for extraction, permeation and precipitation gives the scope of the necessary expenses for such environmentally controlled processes.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130142
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption and catalytic reactions of NO and NH3 on activated carbonPaper presented by E. Richter at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-In-genieure”, Berlin September 27 to 29, 1989 (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 332-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In industrial processes, the reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia on activated carbons is carried out at temperatures between 90 and 190 °C. Adsorption of NO and NH3 on the catalyst was investigated separately. Reactions models for NO-reduction by carbon and ammonia were derived from experiments carried out in an integral reactor. In each case, the formation of an adsorbed (NO2)-complex is an important step. The kinetics of both reactions was described by modified Langmuir-Hinshelwood equations.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130146
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Computation of plate columns for NOx absorption by a new stage-to-stage method (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new stage-to-stage method has been developed for the calculation of NXx absorption columns. Each stage of the absorption column is simulated as a combination of a bubble column reactor (absorption) and an adiabatic plug for reactor (oxidation). The bubble column reactor is modelled as two single stirred tank reactors, one as a gas-phase and one as a liquid-phase reactor, both coupled by mass and heat transfer. In this hydrodynamic model, a dynamic approach is adopted, in which the gas-phase transport of N2O4 is the limiting step for the absorption. A gas-phasepseudo-enhancement for factor for N2O4 is therefore introduced. The balance equations for a single phase of the bubble column are solved with a Newton-Raphson algorithm. The entire column calculation is divided into a gas and a liquid side. On both sides, the stage-to-stage method is applied in such way that the overall calculation is performed as a loop process. The direction of the loop calculation follows that of the flow: gas-side upwards and liquid-side downwards.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130139
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A reaction model for the electrochemical synthesis of adipontrile (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 376-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental study of the electrohydrodimerization process to produce adiponitrile is used to determine an appropriate reaction model. From numerical simulations of five proposed reaction schemes and subsequent comparison with experimental data, the most favoured route is via an anion, intermediate of acrylonitrile. This route, a five step reaction involving electrochemical and chemical reaction in a diffusion/reaction layer, gives good predictions of product distributions over a wide range of current densities and acrylonitrile concentrations of product distributions over a wide range of current densities and acrylonitrile concentrations.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130151
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some strategies for the kinetic study of complex heterogeneous catalytic reactions (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 397-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method of transforming the non-liner regression problem in the kinetic study of complex heterogeneous catalytic reactions into a linear regression problem. Application of this method reduced the number of parameters to be estimated by n-1, where n is the number of independent reactions. In addition, a stepwise model discrimination strategy in introduced to reduce the number of equation sets ad equations in the set undergoing parameter estimation. These two new approaches are very advantageous in reducing the computation effort, especially when the number of independent reactions is large. The linear regression method and the stepwise model discrimination strategy are successfully applied in the kinetic study of the methanol synthesis system in which the formation rates of methanol, methane, ethanol and ethane are considered.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130154
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modern carbon fibres from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-polyheteroaromatics with preferred orientationDedicated to Professor Hansjörg Sinn on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution presents the mechanical data of high performance carbon fibres currently available on the market, based on experimental studies on stabilization and pyrolysis of PAN (SAF) from Courtaulds. The effects of stabilization and carbonization temperatures on the properties as well as on the ultra- and crystalline structures of the fibres are shown in more detail.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130107
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residence time distribution and hold-up in a cocurrent upflow packed bed reactor at elevated pressureDedicated to Professor Ewald Wicke on the occasion of his 75th birthday (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 27-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The residence time distribution in liquid phase was measured in a cocurrent upflow packed bed reactor for the system methanol-hydrogen at low Reynolds numbers and at elevated pressure. The plug flow with axial dispersion model was used to describe mixing in the system. The imperfect pulse method was used to measure the system response to a tracer pulse input. The parameters were calculated using the weighted moments method. The influence of the weighting factor was investigated. The experimental and theoretical outputs, as calculated by convolution, agreed very well. Different types of correlations were used for the Bodenstein number and liquid hold-up. From these correlations, the optimal one was selected for each parameter. A comparison was made between the ordinary moments and the weighted moments methods which led to the conclusion that the latter method is superior with respect to the accuracy of the estimated parameters and therefore strongly recommended.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130106
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelling of a fluidized bed bioreactor for immobilized enzymes (Part 1)Paper presented by T. Kiesser at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 20-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the first part of this paper, a mathematical model is presented for a liquid fluidized bed bioreactor using immobilized enzymes with reversible Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The model is based on the axial dispersion model for the bulk liquid phase. Inter- and intraparticle mass transfer as well as enzyme catalyzed reaction inside the porous beads are considered. The overall efficiency of the biocatalysts is calculated by a numerical routine. For the calculation of the concentration profile inside the reactor, a semi-analytical solution is derived which takes into account the height dependence of the effectiveness factor.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130105
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of feed solids concentration on the performance of hydrocyclonesPaper presented by Th. Braun at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 15-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Even though the influence of solids concentration in the feed on the separation efficiency of hydrocyclones has long been recognized, a systematic research on the change in pressure drop across the hydrocyclone and the latter's separation characteristics has thus far been lacking. If all other operating parameters are kept constant, an increase in feed concentration generally leads to a coarser cut size, reduced sharpness of separation and a rise in pressure drop. Apart from the particles hindering one another's radial motion, the limited capacity of the apex valve and the changes in the flow field within the hydrocyclone cause additional particles to be entrained by the overflow. The flow ratio thus becomes an additional parameter in determining the cyclone efficiency. A theoretical model, which takes these effects into account, has been developed and successfully tested against experimental data.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130104
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nuclei storage and growth rate dispersion on the transient behaviour of continuous crystallizers (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 63-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bench scale experiments and computer simulations of transient crystal size distributions obtained in a 1.4 m3 sucrose crystallizer, which prove the existence of nuclei stock, are presented. This stock represents a large number of non-growing nuclei, which can be activated at increased supersaturations. The nuclei stock attenuates the dynamic behaviour of crystallization process.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130109
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On supersaturation during mass crystallization from solutionPaper presented by M. Kind at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 50-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Supersaturation is the driving force for crystallization from solution. For design and operation of crystallization processes, it is necessary to apply a set of criteria for the determination of appropriate or even optimum supersaturation. In this paper we present and discuss the results of our experimental and theoretical investigations on supersaturation during crystallization from solution. While the determination of the metastable zone width of the solution is frequently applied as a fast check on solution behaviour, we demonstrate that the determination of the induction period of the supersaturated solution is a useful aid in ascertaining the maximum allowable supersaturation. Theoretical considerations and experiments confirm that the induction period dependssoley on growth kinetics if secondary nucleation is the predominant mechanism. In order to avoid uncontrollable spontaneous value of between 70 and 130 μm during crystallization. Since growth kinetics turns out to be the only important system property for the determination of maximum possible supersaturation, we conclude the paper with some arguments concerning a closed representation of growth kinetics.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130108
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological treatment of effluents from a coal tar refinery using immobilized biomassPaper presented by P. Hüppe at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 73-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An airlift-loop reactor with a fluidized bed was used for the microbiological removal of a complex mixture of aromatic substances originating from coal tar process waters. A specially adapted mixed microbial culture derived from several soil and sludge samples was immobilized on fluidized sand particles and retained in a reactor at high biomas concentrations of 3 to 16 g dry matter per liter, depending on the COD-load. In a two-stage pilot plant, those aromatic substances which passed through the first stage either unaltered or only partially oxidized were effectively eliminated by the immobilized biomass in the second stage. Whereas most of the waste water components such as phenols and quinoline were already degraded by a conventional activated sludge system in the first stage, the majority of nitrogen-containing aromatic bases could be sufficiently eliminated with specially adapted micro-organisms in the second stage. Although the COD-feed load was increased to 12 and 15 kg m-3 d-1 in the first and second stages, respectively, it was removed to the extent of 87% on the average with an overall residence time varying between 11.5 and 29 h.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130110
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foam breaking by high speed rotors (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 86-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The first part of this paper presents a relationship for the minimum velocity of rotating installations for foam breaking. The derivation is based on equilibrium of inertia and surface forces. Inertia forces occur during the acceleration of foam bubbles and act mainly at the plateau borders. High and definite acceleration can be obtained with a deformer composed of a rotor and a stator. The surface force is due to the dynamic surface tension because surface-active solutions react to a rapid change in surface area by altering their surface tension. The theoretical relationship is compared with experimental results of minimum velocities needed to break foams produced from aqueous solutions of detergents. The equation presented here explains why measured minimum velocities often range between 10 and 20 m/s. The second part of the paper deals with condensation of continuously generated foam in a closed system. In the process of condensation, foam is not completely separated into liquid and gas phase but turns into foam with small bubbles and high density. The collapse of this condensed foam must be considered for the control of persistent foams in a closed system. The collapse of foams made of aqueous solutions of different surface-active agents has been investigated. Different highly surface-active agents show small variations in times of coalescence. A relationship for the lifetime is given, which is based on laminar flow along plateau borders. Recommendations are made with respect to the geometry of the foam breaker, scale-up and operating variables such as rotational speed of the foam breaker and gas flow rate.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130112
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixing in continuous DTB and FC crystallizers (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 349-356 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Owing to imperfect mixing, the theoretical prediction of CSD for an MSMPR crystallizer deviates from the experimental results. In the present work, different modelling approaches were adopted to account for incomplete mixing in DTB and FC crystallizers. For DTB crystallizers, compartmental model, based on an earlier work of Nyvlt et al. has been proposed. For FC crystallizers, a mixed model comprising perfectly mixed and plug flow regimes has been put forward. This is based on the tracer response studies reported by de Jong. Predicted results were compared with experimental data of Bennett and van Buren for continuous urea crystallizers.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130148
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    Selection and design of aerobic bioreactorsModified version of a paper presented by A. Mersmann at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Berlin, September 27 to 29, 1989.Dedicated to Professor Kurt Dialer on the occasion of his 70th birthday (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 357-370 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Compared to chemical reactors, there are additional requirements to be considered when selecting and designing a bioreactor. The cultivated organisms and most of the desired products are to a greater or lesser extent sensitive to temperature, pH and Shear stress. Furthermore, sterilization often plays an important role in maintaining a monoseptic process. Many design procedures for chemical reactors can be applied but requirements which are relevant to the biological system are sometimes decisive. Consequently, it is useful to first consider the essential features of the organisms with respect to the selection and design of bioreactors. Attention must be paid to the fermentation medium because its flow behaviour can range from slightly viscous and Newtonian to highly viscous, non-Newtonian. Many papers deal with low viscosity fermentation broths [1-5]. However, little is known about the design of bioreactors for highly viscous non-Newtonian liquids. Fundamentals for the design of bioreactors are presented. It has been attempted to apply theoretical equations suitable for both, low viscosity Newtonian and high viscosity non-Newtonian fermentation broths. Apart from the calculation procedure for the OTR-values, the difference between global and local values within bioreactor is demonstrated by means of velocity and shear stress profiles. Special requirements for bioreactors such as prevention of excessive foaming, shear sensitivity of micro-organisms and cell-lines and effective sterilization are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130149
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  • 23
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    Monte carlo simulation of transient CSD in a continuous crystallizer (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 392-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Monte Carlo simulation scheme is proposed for transient crystal size distribution in a continuous crystallizer. The suggested scheme can taken into account dispersion effects of growth rate, shape factor and birth size on crystal size distribution. This method is simple and more versatile than solution of the number balance equation or the finite-state Markov chain model. The proposed algorithm of the process has a very simple structure and can be easily implemented on a personal computer. The present contribution is extension of an earlier work of Sen Gupta and Dutta.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130153
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  • 24
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    Fluid dynamics of pulsed sieve plate extraction columnsPaper presented by M. Lorenz at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-In-genieure”, Berlin, September 27 to 29, 1989. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 411-422 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The presented contribution reports on comprehensive hydrodynamic investigations in two pulsed sieve-plate extraction columns (PSE) on a pilot scale. The experiments were conducted with three different sieve plate geometries employing test systems recommended by EFCE, under varying pulsation conditions and throughputs. The results of the investigation add to the existing knowledge of relationships between hydrodynamic parameters, drop size, hold-up, flooding throughput and mixing and operating parameters. They also provide useful information for scale up, selection of sieve-plate geometry, most favorable operating range, and constructive design of equipment. On the basis of measurements, analytical methods are recommended for prediction of PSE hydrodynamics.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130156
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  • 25
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    The implications of carboxylic acid propertiesDedicated to Professor, Dr. rer. nat. Wolfgang Hilger on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 304-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some properties of carboxylic acids are reviewed, with emphasis on recent experimental data, Qualified, consistent latent heat of vaporization data were developed for the series and a two-population viewpoint is suggested. The equation of state formulated by Grenzheuser [1] is also recommended as a practical tool, and its further development is urged.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130141
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  • 26
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    The linear relationship between stoichiometry and dimensional analysis (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 328-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The linear algebraic character of the formal representation of chemical species and their reactions is compared with the procedure of searching for dimensionless numbers in a set of physical quantities. A straightforward algorithm is presented to find a finite set of solutions to the relevant system of “balance equations”, the so-called minimal (or simple) solutions. At the third stage of the hierarchy thus established, “mechanisms” among reactions as well as “representations” among dimensionless group can also be defined.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130145
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  • 27
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    A fluid-dynamically based model of bubble column reactorsPaper presented by H.-E. Gasche at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Berlin, September 27 to 29, 1989. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 341-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A heterogeneous fluid dynamic model has been developed to describe the complex flow structure of two-phase in bubble columns. The equation of continuity and momentum balances form the basis of the model. Coupling of the two phases occurs via an interaction force, deduced by a force balance around a single rising bubble. Multiphase flow mixing processes are taken into consideration by introducing turbulent viscosities of the two phases involved. The Simulation program was extended to reactive system, taking into account the mass balances of a second order gas-liquid chemical reaction as well as the different absorption/reaction regimes. The gas phase concentration profiles show pronounced axial and radial dependences, while the liquid phase can be regarded as a CSTR with respect to the liquid component. With reference to the gaseous component, which is being absorbed in the liquid phase, the degree of back mixing does not show CSTR behaviour as the influence of different absorption conditions in different axial and radial reactor positions is superposed on that of turbulent motion of the liquid carrier of the dissolved gaseous component.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130147
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  • 28
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    Masthead (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130101
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  • 29
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    Study on dynamic behaviour of thermally coupled distillation processes (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A dynamic mathematical model has been developed which is suitable for thermally coupled distillation processes. An algorithm known as the equation-decoupled method was used for simulation. EPISODE software and LU decomposition method were adopted to solve the ordinary differential and algebraic equations of the model, respectively. The initial conditions, viz. a solution for the steady state of the process in dynamics simulation were obtained by means of modified Naphtali-Sandholm algorithm. Research on the dynamic behaviour of thermally coupled distillation processes was carried out on two examples. It was found, via the dynamic simulation, that a disturbance in the distribution of vapour coupled stream has a large effect on the composition of vapour side withdrawal and, similarly, for liquid coupled stream, on that of liquid side withdrawal when the fraction of side withdrawal is fixed, and a smaller effect when the quantity of side withdrawal is fixed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130116
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  • 30
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    Growth rate dispersion in a continuous sucrose crystallizer and its effect on CSD (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 196-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Random Crystal Growth (RCG)model is proposed to predict CSD in a continuous MSMPR crystallizer when the crystals exhibit growth rate dispersion. RCG model links two well-known models of growth rate dispersion, namely the Random Fluctuation (RF) and Constant Crystal Growth (CCG) Models. Monte Carlo simulation has been employed to solve the model equations. Predicted results are compared with experimental CSD data on sucrose reported by Bennett.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130126
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  • 31
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    Simple new formulae for efficiency and mean temperature difference in heat echangersPaper based on a poster presentation at the “Jahrestreffen der Ver-fahrens-Ingenieure”, Berlin, Sept. 26 to 29, 1989 (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 237-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The well-known formulae for efficiency and mean temperature difference of a heat exchanger as functions of its numbers of transfer units, or dimensionless lengths, can be written in a more compact form by introducing the auxiliary function ϕ(x) = x/(1 - e-x). The resulting new formulae show a number of advantages: They are shorter, easier to memorize, and in many cases the limiting values can be seen more directly. They may therefore contribute to easier and faster heat exchanger design, and to reduced probability of errors in the relevant calculations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130132
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  • 32
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    Deasphaltization and demetalling of heavy crude oils and distillation residues with CO2 (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 258-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deasphaltization of heavy crude oils and distillation residues may reduce the metal content of these oils to such an extend that the upgrading of deasphaltized oil in a catalytic process becomes economically feasible. Experimental results of deasphaltization of Boscan crude from Venezuela, using subcritical and supercritical carbon dioxide as deasphaltizing agent, are presented. Deasphaltization and demetalling with CO2 in the supercritical state is more effective. Under favorable conditions, the deasphaltized oil contains practically no asphaltenes and the metal content is reduced by 690 wt-%. The influence of n-heptane or n-pentane addition to the crude, which lowers viscosity and promotes flocculation, is also discussed. Furthermore, a multistage deasphaltization process is more efficient than a single stage process.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130135
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  • 33
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    Sensitivity analysis of catalytic conversion of n-C6 (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 277-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The present paper is a case study of an application of sensitivity analysis in chemical kinetics. Emphasis is laid upon chemical interpretation of sensitivity information and on identification of the most important model important model parameters. The kinetic model for reforming of C6 hydrocarbons proposed by Mobil [14] is extended to the analysis of the behavior of n-hexane conversion in an adiabatic reactor. The importance of six initial conditions (feed composition and initial temperature) is analyzed by the computation of normalized first order sensitivity gradients (y1o/y) (δyi/δy1o). The relative importance of 21 model parameters αj is estimated by the computation of normalized sensitivity gradients of the type (αj/yi) (δyi/δαj). The influence of the decisive model parameters ΔH6o and ΔH3o (activation enthalpies of benzene hydrogenation and methyl cyclopentane isomerization, respectively) as well as operating parameters is presented. The problem of uncertainly in the value of ΔH6o and its influence on the model solution is also sown. Finally, some advantages of the application of normalized gradients of the explanation of process behavior are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130138
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  • 34
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    Modeling and simulation of reactions involving bifunctional catalysts (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 319-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model based on experimental results is set up for a typical model reaction of hydrocarbon reforming, namely the dehydroisomerization of methyl cyclopentane. Computer simulations shows that the existing theory about the reaction path of hydrocracking reactions involving bifunctional catalysts may be only partly valid.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130143
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  • 35
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    Inertial deposition on front and rear sides of ribbons at intermediate and high reynolds numbers (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 322-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deposition of particles from gas flows on ribbons in normally expected on the front side. Collision efficiencies of ribbons are presented for this case, obtained by means of single particle trajectory computation, which is based on numerically determined flow fields in the Reynolds number range between 2 and 50 and on the potential flow model. Further, it is shown, that deposition of particles on the rear side can be caused by eddylike motion of the fluid in the wake of the ribbon. For this to occur, two conditions must be fulfilled: the free shear layer between the wake and the outer flow must be turbulent to cause lateral transfer of particles into the wake and the Stokes number may not exceed 0.5.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130144
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  • 36
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    Anodic dehalogenation of 1,2-dichloroethane in aqueous electrolytesDedicated to Professor Dr. Karl-Hans Simmrock on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 371-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution of 0.1 M 1,2-dichloroethane in 1 M H2SO4 was anodically converted to CO2, Cl2 and HCIO4 as the main products at smooth platinum. The current efficiency for CO2 exceeds 60% at low current densities, while HClO4 is obtained with about 20% current efficiency. Chlorinated products such as 1,2′,2-trichloroethane are formed in negligible amounts. Platinum plays a distinctive role as anode material and shows a reaction limited anodic prewave. Our experimental findings lead to a mechanism, whereby DCE is initially hydroxylated to form chloroacetaldehyde chlorohydrin which releases HCl and becomes rapidly further oxidized to monochloroacetic acid. The cleavage of the C—C bond proceeds via its anodic decarboxylation. Possible practical applications in the field of anodic water purification and in the direct electrosynthesis of vinyl chloride are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130150
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    Collection of fine adhesive and cohesive dusts with pluse-jet fabric filersPaper presented by E. Schmidt at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Berlin, September 27 to 29, 1989. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 402-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The collection of reactive and therefore extremely adhesive and cohesive fine particles (〈 1 μm) by means of bag filters with pulse-jet cleaning may present problems. The electron-beam dry scrubbing (EBDS) process, used to remove SO2 and Nox in a power plant of the Badenwerk AG, Karlsruhe, serves as an example. To solve the occurring problems and achieve a satisfactory filter performance, extensive know-how of process engineering is necessary. This contribution deal with the following aspects: construction of the cleaning system, selection of filter medium, precoating, and dosage of an auxiliary dust during filtration.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130155
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    Measurement of transient deformations by double-pulsed holographyPaper presented by M. Hajduk at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Holographic interferometry is used for the determination of surface deformation of items of equipment. The material failure which caused the surface deformation can then be identified. Because a double-pulsed laser is used to plot the hologram, non-vibration stabilized holographic equipment is necessary. Thus, non-destructive testing of equipment components is also possible during plant operation. In this report, we present the experimental results of non-destructive testing of composite materials. We examined centrifugally cast pipes and filament wound pipes, which were made from glass fibre reinforced plastic and carbon fibre reinforced graphite. As a rule, the severity of failure is characterized by the apparent perturbation of its holographically stored fringe pattern. In this report, we present the experimental results which yield the relationship between the perturbation of interference fringes and the extent of the specific types of failure. Measurement results were compared with displacements calculated by the finite element method. By using the interferogram, and with the knowledge of tension stress beneath the surface, the size of the crack can be estimated. The size of the smallest detectable flaw was clearly smaller than the critical flaw size. Thus, holographic interferometry is suitable for detecting damage to cylindrical containers.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130102
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    Breakthrough behaviour of a binary gas mixture with azeotropic adsorption equilibriumPaper presented by C. Persichini at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 8-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This contribution reports on the breakthrough behaviour of binary gas mixtures with ideal and non-ideal multicomponent adsorption equilibria. Investigations were carried out on mixtures CO2/C2H4 and C2H4/C2H6, both adsorbed on molecular sieve 5A (ms5A). The adsorption equilibrium of the system CO2/C2H4/ms5A may exhibit azeotropic behaviour, which subsides with decreasing active pressure (= sum of partial pressures of adsorbable components) or on raising the temperature. In contrast, the system C2H4/C2H6/ms5A maintains its ideal behaviour also at higher active pressures or lower temperatures. Attempts to calculate the non-ideal adsorption equilibrium from measured single component isotherms have failed when known models were applied. The investigation of the effect of azeotropic equilibrium on the fixed bed adsorption led to intersecting breakthrough curves of the two components. This behaviour is due to a displacement of equilibrium caused by the change in the active pressure and partial pressures, and a superposed temperature effect. This can be shown by calculating the breakthrough curves with the equilibrium model.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130103
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    Modelling of a fluidized bed bioreactor for immobilized enzymes (Part 2)Paper presented by T. Kiesser at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 80-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the first part of this contribution, a mathematical model was presented for a liquid fluidized bed using immobilized enzymes, with reversible Michaelis-Menten kinetics. This part is focused on the experimental results. The reaction kinetics of native and immobilized enzymes was determined in continuous stirred tank reactors under comparable conditions. The influence of external mass transfer was investigated in a fixed bed reactor column. The extend of pore diffusional resistance was examined in a continuous stirred tank reactor and with a numerical simulation. Hydrodynamics was measured in different reactor columns (diameter dt = 0.052 - 0.225 m; length L: 1.0-2.0m) and with a static mixer. Further, the concentration profile was determined in a fluidized bed reactor with side stream analysis for different biocatalyst samples, fluid velocities and bed heights. The simulation of experimental results indicates that they are well described by the developed model. Furthermore, the model is well suited to predicting the influence of specific parameters on the effective kinetics of the biocatalyst and the expansion of the fluidized bed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130111
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  • 41
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    Absorption of NO2/N2O4 in nitric acid (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Laboratory-scale measurements were performed on the absorption of NO2 gas into diluted nitric acid. The concentration of NO2 gas, which represents an NO2/N2O4 equilibrium, varied from 1000 to 20000 ppm, the carrier gas being nitrogen. The concentration of nitric acid ranged from 15 to 60 mass-%. The absorption experiments were carried out in a double stirred cell, with a defined gas/liquid interface as the mass transfer area. The liquid phase was conducted periodically and the gas phase continuously. Mass flow rates were determined. The well-known film model of absorption was used for analyzing the experimental results. Only the N2O4 species was considered to pass the gas/liquid interface. The measured data yielded values of HN2O4(k D1)1/2 as well as their variation with temperature and nitric acid concentration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130113
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  • 42
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    Modelling of thermal desorption of active coke loaded with sulphuric acid and ammonium sulphatePaper presented at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-Ingenieure”, Hannover, September 21 to 23, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The BF-Uhde-Mitsui Process uses active coke for SO2- and NOx-removal from flue gases in the temperature range between 100 and 190 °C, Experimental methods of thermal regeneration were applied to the evaluation of the state of the adsorbent after use in flue gas cleaning and of the parameters for disrober design. A reaction model was derived from experiments carried out in differential and back-mix reactors. The parameters were evaluated by adaptation of the model to the adsorption spectra. The model was successfully applied to the regeneration of active coke in a fluidized bed reactor.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130114
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  • 43
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    Mass transfer in countercurrent and cocurrent bubble columns (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 113-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics in countercurrent, cocurrent and liquid batch operations with various Newtonian liquids were studied experimentally using the same bubble column. Taking the effect of gas sparger geometries, operating variables and liquid properties into account, empirical correlations were obtained for the gas hold-up and the volumetric liquid-phase mass transfer coefficient.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130115
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  • 44
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    Critical temperatures and pressures and high temperature vapour pressures of seven alcohols (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Critical temperatures and pressures have been determined experimentally for the four lowest n-alcohols, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol, and are given in the penultimate line of Table 3. The last line of Table 3 lists the weighted mean critical pressures, with the corresponding critical temperatures obtained from he vapour pressure equation. Comparison with the corresponding data from standard reference books reveals deviations from the experimental data in some [2, 4] and incorrect critical pressure for ethanol in all five reference books quoted in Table 3. In addition, vapour pressure data were obtained for the same alcohols in the temperature range approaching the critical point. The measurements are reproduced by the simplified Clausius-Clapeyron equation with the constants and standard deviation given in Table 2.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130117
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  • 45
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    Influence of geometric and thermophysical properties of reaction layer on sulphur dioxide oxidation in transient conditions (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 131-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide oxidation process in a fixed bed catalytic reactor is simulated in the case of cyclic change in the direction of the reaction mixture feed. It is shown that, for transient condition, the amount of catalyst in the reactor may be substantially reduced by its partial substitution with inert material of suitable form, dimensions and thermophysical properties, at the end of the layer. This makes the direct regenerative heat transfer process in these zones controllable, producing the same conversion and overall height of the layer. The results are significant for sulphuric acid production from gases poor in sulphur dioxide.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130118
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of gas flow on heat transfer in film condensation (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 136-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the dimensioning of condensers in film condensation, the heat transfer coefficient between film surface and cooled tube wall must be known. Generally, Nusselt equations are used which have been verified by experiments. When there is no significant gas flow, a large number of equations correlate the experimental. data very well. The description of heat transfer enhancement by a significant gas flow is not sufficiently covered by the available literature. For film wise condensation in a vertical tube, a calculation method is presented which reproduces this phenomenon characterized by the interfacial shear stress at the film surface. This method is based on the assumption that, in the proximity of gas flow, the condensation process also affects the interfacial shear stress. A comparison with known experimental local Nusselt numbers showed a good agreement with water as the fluid. For test fluid MWA, which was used by Blangetti, the measured values show only a moderate agreement with theoretical calculations. Possibly, this is related to entertainment which occurred during measurements at film Reynolds numbers of over 80.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130119
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  • 47
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    Formation of Di-isobutene, main by-product of methyl tertiary butyl ethyl ether synthesis catalyzed by ion exchange resin (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 150-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental set-up is presented for the measurement of steady-state reaction rates in the liquid phase methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) synthesis from isobutene and methanol using ion exchange resin as catalyst. This apparatus was used for a separate investigation of the main side reaction, i.e., the formation of isobutene dimers (DIB), in the temperature range between 60 and 90°C. The reaction catalyzed by Amberlyst 15 (A15) showed no steady-state behaviour, but the catalytic activity declined at a rate dependent on the reaction conditions. Time constants for activity loss were determined in the range from 3.5 to 30 h. The deactivated A15 catalyst could be regenerated through MTBE synthesis experiment. Deactivation is assumed to be caused by blocking of the microparticle gel phase by higher isobutene oligomers. The DIB formation, using 1-butene as solvent, was of 2nd order with respect to isobutene and showed an apparent activation energy of about 40 kJ/mol.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130121
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  • 48
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    Evaluation of plug flow assumption in packed beds (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 161-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Knowledge of modelling and computer simulation is an essential prerequisite for type design and operation of packed bed systems. Unfortunately, the existing models are based on a number of weak assumptions of which plug flow can be considered as a common deficiency. Such a simplification would inevitably have a noticeable bearing on the accuracy of the final design and consequently calls for the development of a coherent mathematical description of the packed bed systems so that reliable design information can be explored. A two-dimensional heterogeneous transient model has been developed which allows for the radial variations of velocity and void age. The model equations have been solved using numerical approximation. The simulated results reveal significant differences between the present refined data and those established from existing plug flow models.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130123
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  • 49
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    Measurements with multi-point microprobes: Effect of suspended solids on the hydrodynamics of bubble columns for application in chemical and biotechnological processesPaper presented by Chr. Wolff at the “GVC Working Party on Multiphase Flow”, Schliersee, Fed. Rep. Germany, April 13 to 15, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 172-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many experimental studies reveal that suspended solids considerably alter the coalescence behaviour and hydrodynamic functions of wo-phase flow. But no systematic efforts have yet been undertaken to separate the effects of different particle properties on local gas hold-up, bubble size and interfacial area gas/liquid. The aim of this paper is to present the local values of these parameters in three-phase fluidized beds of different solids, using miniaturized optical fiber and conductivity needle probes. It is shown that particle concentration, size and, in particular, density are decisive for the change in coalescence behaviour. Ranges of normal (ϱS 〉 ϱL) and inverse fluidization (ϱS 〈 ϱL) must be distinguished and the flow regime also exerts a strong influence on the interactions between the dispersed phases, the transition point itself being a function of particle properties can be observed, This effect is evaluated for different column diameters, between 0.1 and 0.3 m.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130124
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    Agitation of aerated emulsionsPaper presented by T. Schneider at the internal meeting of the GVC-working party “Mixing” at Breisach, West-Germany, 3 May, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 209-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aerated emulsions are gaining significance in fermentation as well as in inorganic and organic chemistry. In these processes, liquid-liquid mass transfer can be the limiting step. Therefore, the effect of gassing rate on droplet size was investigated as a function of dispersed liquid phase concentration and power input in different vessels. At high power inputs, the droplet size decreased. With increasing dispersed phase concentration and gassing rate, the droplet size increased and its dependence on power input subsided.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130128
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  • 51
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    Motionless mixers for the design of multitubular polymerization reactors (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 214-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental investigations of thermal bulk polymerization of styrene in pilot plants of different sizes have been performed. Each pilot plant is composed of a tubular recycle reactor, connected in series with a tubular reactor, both completely filled with Sulzer motionless mixers. Kinetic, reactor and viscosity models have been verified in a wide range of styrene conversions (up to 96%) temperatures (up to 210 °C) and polystyrene molar masses (up to 360 000). Scale-up studies were carried out which confirmed that multitubular reactors of special design can be applied for industrial polymerization process.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130129
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    Large-scale anaerobic/aerobic treatment of complex industrial wastewater using immobilized biomass in fluidized bed and air-lift suspension reactorsPaper presented by J. J. Heijnen at the GVC-VDI Congress “Verfahrenstechnik Abwasserreinigung”, Baden-Baden. October 17 to 19, 1988. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 202-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Warm concentrated industrial wastewaters are preferably treated in an anaerobic reactor for reasons of energy generation and low surplus sludge production. Problems to be solved in the practical application concern a low growth rate of the micro-organisms, their low settling rate, process instability and the need for after treatment of the noxious anaerobic effluent which often contains NH4+ and HS-. The use of biomass immobilized on small suspended carriers (〈 0.5 mm) has proven to be a suitable means to overcome most of these problems. Results are presented on pilot and full-scale pretreatment of industrial wastewater in an anaerobic 2-state fluidized bed reactor for CH4-production and laboratory and pilot scale post-treatment of the anaerobic effluent, which contains NH4+ and HS- in an aerobic air-lift suspension reactor for the production of NO3- and SO42-.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130127
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    Contribution to solving the problem of dioxins generated during waste incinerationPaper presented by H. Vogg at the “Jahrestreffen der Verfahrens-In-genieure”, Berlin, Seotember 27 to 29, 1989. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 221-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of dioxins/furans during waste incineration, and particularly the development of measures for minimizing the amount of generated pollutants, continue to command a considerable scientific as well public interest. Experiments are reported which were performed at the TAMARA municipal solid waste pilot incineration, erected on the premises of the karlsruhe Nuclear Research Centre. These experiments show that the solid waste mass flow rate and moisture content influence the dioxin/furan formation, Good removal efficiencies of dioxins/furans have been In wet cleaning. Hydrogen peroxide added to the crude gas is an interesting “killer” reagent for dioxins/furans.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130130
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  • 54
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    Study on regeneration of diesel particulate filter using a laboratory reactor (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 251-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Regeneration of diesel particulate filters can be accomplished by complete combustion of a collected particulate. A reactor has been developed for study of the regeneration in the presence of catalysts, additives and ignition aids. This reactor allows an accurate measurement of soot ignition temperatures and a kinetic study of soot oxidation with an undisturbed soot layer and under a defined gas composition. Results of various investigations carried out with this reactor are presented.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130134
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    Transport effects in catalytic fluidized-bed reactorsPaper presented at the Third National Meeting of Chemists, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, March 12-14, 1989. (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 273-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The majority of the fluidized-bed reactor models are models are rooted in the tacit assumption that transport between the bubble, cloud, and emulsion phases occurs in series with chemical reaction. A more realistic model that anticipates simultaneous transport and reaction is presented in terms of a fluid-bed effectiveness factor which embraces the limits between chemical and mass transport control. Analysis of the predictive capacity of this model vis-a-vis the Kunii-Levenspiel model reveals signal differences in chemical conversion.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130137
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  • 56
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    Search for optimal geometry of a conical turbine agitator for heat transfer in stirred vessels (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 384-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simultaneous measurements of power consumption P and heat transfer coefficient α for a jacketed, baffled, agitated vessel of diameter D = 0.45 m, equipped with a conical turbine, were carried out. The following geometric parameters of the agitator were tested: diameter d, blade width b and number Z, and distance from the bottom of the vessel to the lower edge of the blade h. The results of these investigations were generalized mathematically. On the basis of optimization, the best geometric parameters with respect to heat transfer are proposed for the conical turbine agitator.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130152
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  • 57
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    The Markov process approach to modelling of residence of time distributions in flow systems (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 422-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The Markov process approach, as used in the modelling of particle residence time distribution in a flow system of interlinked compartments, has been compared with the deterministic model of a complex reaction system of the first order. In the latter model, interfacial reactions take place between flowing phases, corresponding to the compartments in the stochastic model. It has been demonstrated that the two approaches are equivalent. A direct method of calculating the higher moments of the residence time distribution has been verified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130157
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  • 58
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    Effect of dispersions of CSD in continuous MSMPR crystallizers (1990)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 426-431 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general model is proposed to predict the crystal size distribution from multistage MSMPR Crystallizers taking into account shape factor, birth size and growth rate dispersions. Two cases, namely nucleation in the first crystallizer and the same process in all crystallizers have been considered. The developed equations can be solved easily by the Monte Carlo technique. The model represents an extension of the earlier work of Sen Gupta and Dutta.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270130158
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  • 59
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    Masthead (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390101
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  • 60
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    Einfluß von Wassertröpfchen auf den Zerfall von Acetylen und von acetylen-haltigem Ofengas (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 848-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Um die Explosionsneigung des im Lichtbogenprozeß erzeugten acetylen-haltigen Ofengases zu verringern, wird in der Praxis Wasser in die Rohrleitungen eingedüst und nebelförmig über das strömende Gas verteilt. Durch Laboratoriumsversuche konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß der Zerfallsdruck von Acetylen beim Besprühen des Gases mit Wasser erheblich ansteigt und die Zerfallskonzentration von Acetylen im Ofengas sich zu beträchtlich höheren Werten verschiebt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391404
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  • 61
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    Untersuchungen zur Pulvermischung (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 851-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Der Vorgang einer Pulvermischung wurde in einer früheren Veröffentlichung(1) als Markoff-Prozeß dargestellt. Im Sonderfall gleichen Bewegungsverhaltens der Mischgutteilchen folgen deren Ortsveränderungen dem Diffusionsmodell. Hier wird nun über weitere Untersuchungen zum Diffusionsmodell berichtet. Es wurden die Formen der rotierenden Mischelemente und die Drehzahl der Mischtrommel variiert. Die Mischgeschwindigkeit nimmt zu mit steigender Drehzahl und mit Vergrößerung der Elementfläche. Die massenbezogene spezifische Mischarbeit wächst mit der Trommellänge, dem Trommeldurchmesser und dem Füllungsgrad. Bei Mischgut mit Kornmassenunterschieden treten Entmischungen auf; nach hinreichend langer Mischzeit stellen sich stationäre Konzentrationsverteilungen ein.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391405
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  • 62
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    Über das Verhalten von Bauxit und seinen Einzelphasen nach mechanischer Aktivierung. Aufschluß von mechanisch aktiviertem BauxitVierte Mitteilung der Reihe „Über das Verhalten von Bauxit und seinen Einzelphasen nach mechanischer Aktivierung“; die Mitteilungen I bis III siehe (1). (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 843-848 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ungarischer Bauxit aus der Lagerstätte von Halimba wurde nach drei verschiedenen Methoden mechanisch behandelt und sein Löseverhalten in Natronlauge bei Raumtemperatur ermittelt. Außerdem wurde der Autoklavenaufschluß von mechanisch aktiviertem Bauxit unter Variation von Aktivierungsdauer, Temperatur und Konzentration der Aufschlußlauge untersucht. Die Bestimmung der Sekundärteilchengröße, Dichtemessungen sowie röntgenographische und differentialthermoanalytische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß nach einer mechanischen Behandlung grundlegende Veränderungen am Festkörper entstehen, die eine größere Reaktionsfähigkeit des Bauxits zur Folge haben. Die mechanische Bauxit-Aktivierung bringt für die heute üblichen Aufschlußverfahren wesentliche Vorteile.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391403
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  • 63
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    Zur Beeinflussung des Verbrennungswirkungsgrades in Hochleistungsbrennkammern durch den Einspritzvorgang (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 859-865 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die heutigen Anforderungen an Hochleistungskraftmaschinen setzen einen optimalen Verbrennungswirkungsgrad voraus. Wesentlich beeinflußt wird dieser durch die Art der Zerstäubung und die Wirksamkeit der Durchmischung von Brennstoff und Oxidator. Im vorliegenden Bericht wird über die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Einspritzvorgang, der Zündverzugs- und Gesamtbrennzeit und dem Verbrennungswirkungsgrad berichtet sowie über den Einfluß des Impulsverhältnisses der Brennstoff- und Oxidatorstrahlen auf den Prozeß der Durchmischung und damit auf den Verbrennungswirkungsgrad. Hochleistungsbrennkammern, an die besonders hohe Anforderungen gestellt werden, befinden sich in Raketenmotoren. Zur Stützung der theoretischen Überlegungen werden deshalb experimentelle Ergebnisse aus dem Versuchsbetrieb eines in Entwicklung befindlichen Raketentriebwerkes herangezogen.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391406
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  • 64
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    Masthead (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391601
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  • 65
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    Nichtdispersive Ultrarot-Gasanalyse mit dem UNOR (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 937-945 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei dem Verfahren der nichtdispersiven Ultrarot-Gasanalyse unterscheidet man zwischen Ein- und Zweistrahl-Geräten. Meßprinzip und technische Ausführung eines neuartigen Einstrahl-Gerätes werden beschrieben. An Hand der physikalischen Grundlagen werden Meßempfindlichkeit und Störeinflüsse diskutiert. Abschließend wird über technische Anwendungen bei der Gasanalyse von Rauch- und Abgasen sowie Brenn- und Synthese-Gasen berichtet.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391602
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  • 66
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    Electronic Resource
    Gemeinsame Spurenanalyse von H2S und COS in SO2-haltigen Abgasen (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 945-948 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In Gegenwart eines großen SO2-Überschusses ist die quantitative polarographische COS-Spurenbestimmung in Diäthylamin/Äthanol als Grundlösung möglich, wenn das SO2 ganz oder teilweise durch Braunstein oder Silicagel gebunden wird. COS und H2S lassen sich gemeinsam bestimmen, wenn die SO2-Menge in 25 ml Grundlösung etwa 5 mg SO2 nicht übersteigt. Die quantitative polarographische Analyse von H2S-Spuren in Gegenwart eines großen SO2-Überschusses gelingt in Hydrazinhydrat/Äthanol als Grundlösung.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391603
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  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Röntgenographische Untersuchungen rauchgasseitiger Verschlackungs- und Korrosionsprodukte in Dampferzeuger-Anlagen (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 955-963 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die röntgenographische Phasenanalyse erlaubt im Gegensatz zur chemischen Analyse die Identifizierung der einzelnen Verbindungen einer Probe. Diese Untersuchungsmethode bringt in der Korrosionsforschung klärende Aufschlüsse über die Korrosions-mechanismen in rauchgasseitigen Rohrbelägen von Dampferzengern mit Steinkohle-, Braunkohle- und Ölfeuerungen sowie in Rohrbelägen von Müllverbrennungsanlagen. Die verschiedenen Typen der Sulfat-, Phosphat- und Vanadat-Korrosionen werden diskutiert und die bisher ermittelten Verschlackungs- und Korrosionsprodukte tabellarisch zusammengestellt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391605
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  • 68
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    Bindungsmechanismus von Schwefeloxiden an Adsorptionskokse für eine „trockene“ AbgasreinigungAuszug aus der Dissertation von H. Dratwa, Aachen 1966. (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 949-955 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die physikalisch-chemischen Grundlagen einer „trockenen“ Abgasentschwefelung durch Bindung von SO2 an verschiedene Adsorptionskokse werden in einer halbtechnischen Anlage mit Festbettreaktoren und repräsentativen Öl- und Kohlefeuerungsabgasen untersucht. Das SO2 wird in zwei hintereinander ablaufenden Teilschritten, einer schnell verlaufenden Adsorption und einer langsam ablaufenden chemischen Umwandlung des adsorbierten SO2 zu H2SO4, gebunden. Die Geschwindigkeit der Oxidationsreaktion ist abhängig vom SO2-, O2- und H2O-Gehalt der Abgase, von der Beladungstemperatur, der Verweilzeit der Abgase in der Reaktorschüttung sowie von der Porengröße und der Porenverteilung der Adsorptionskokse. Die beladenen Adsorptionsmittel werden thermisch mit Inertgas regeneriert, wobei die gebildete Schwefelsäure zwischen 200 und 400°C zu SO2 und H2O unter Oxidation von festem Kohlenstoff zu CO2 zerfällt.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391604
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  • 69
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen an radioaktiven Aerosolen (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 966-971 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Radioaktive Aerosole, die in der Kerntechnik eine Gefahrenquelle darstellen können, werden hinsichtlich ihrer Größen- und Aktivitätsverteilung untersucht. Die mathematischen Zusammenhänge für die Anlagerung radioaktiver Atome und Ionen an atmosphärische Aerosole als Funktion der Teilchengröße werden abgeleitet.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391607
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  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kontinuierliche gravimetrische Staubmessung durch mechanische Resonanz (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 963-966 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimentell wird nachgewiesen, daß eine Staubmenge über die Änderung der Eigenfrequenz eines transversal schwingenden Bandes im Vakuum gut gemessen werden kann. Statt Entdämpfung durch Vakuum erscheint es praktischer, der Dämpfung durch elektrische Hilfsmittel entgegenzuwirken. Auf dieser Grundlage ist es wahrscheinlich möglich, ein empfindliches kontinuierliches Konzentrationsmeßverfahren für Schwebstoffe zu entwickeln, etwa mittels eines Bandes mit konstantem Vorschub und konstanter Vorspannung, dessen Eigenfrequenz laufend vor und nach einer Staubabscheidestelle gemessen und verglichen wird. Der Meßwert kann hierbei leicht registrert werden.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391606
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  • 71
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Versammlungsberichte (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 981-985 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391610
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  • 72
    Electronic Resource
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    Staubgehaltsbestimmung in strömenden Gasen mit Absaug-Sonden, „Einflu“ der nicht-geschwindigkeitsgleichen Teilstrom-Entnahme (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 972-977 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Der absolute Feststoffgehalt in strömenden Gasen wird fast ausschließlich durch Absaugen und Analysieren eines Teilgasstromes bestimmt. Voraussetzung einer einwandfreien Messung nach dem Teilstromverfahren ist die isokinetische Absaugung des Teilgasstromes an für den Feststoffgehalt im Gasstrom repräsentativen Stellen. Bei nicht-geschwindigkeitsgleicher Absaugung ergeben sich Meßfehler, die mit wachsender Abweichung der Absauggeschwindigkeit von der Kanalgeschwindigkeit und der Größe der Feststoffteilchen zunehmen. Die Berechnung des Strömungsfeldes in der Nähe der Sondenöffnung ermöglicht die Bestimmung der Bewegungsbahnen der Feststoffteilchen und damit eine Aussage über die Größe des Meßfehlers. Für die nachträgliche Korrektur des Meßergebnisses wird ein einfach zu handhabendes Diagramm aufgestellt.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391608
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  • 73
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    Electronic Resource
    Bestimmung der Anzahl und Größe von Aerosolteilchen (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 977-981 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es werden die verschiedenen bekannten Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Teilchengröße von Aerosolen kurz beschrieben. Bei einem neuen Verfahren werden die Teilchen beliebig lange in einem elektrischen Feld „aufgehängt“, d. h. in Schwebe gehalten. Veränderungen ihrer Ladung oder Masse lassen sich aus den Stabilitätsbedingungen ermitteln. Das Verfahren ermöglicht in Kombination mit Beugungsaufnahmen durch Laserlicht auch die Untersuchung kinetischer Vorgänge im Aerosol-Zustand.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391609
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  • 74
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    Verfahren zur gleichzeitigen Gasreinigung von staubund gasförmigen VerunreinigungenHerrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. S. Kießkalt zum 70. Geburtstag (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1101-1106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird ein Naßwaschverfahren beschrieben, mit dem große Abgasmengen gleichzeitig von kleinen staub- und gasförmigen Verunreinigungen gereinigt werden können. Für das hier behandelte Beispiel der Entstaubung der Abgase einer Düngemittelfabrik kamen erschwerend hinzu die teilweise Löslichkeit des Salzstaubes, seine hygroskopischen Eigenschaften und die Notwendigkeit, den abgeschiedenen Staub bzw. das absorbierte Ammoniak zurückzugewinnen. Es werden zwei Verfahrensstufen angewandt, das senkrechte Aufblasen eines Freistrahles auf eine Flüssigkeitsoberfläche und der anschließende Waschvorgang in einem Rieselfilmaustauscher. Beide Verfahrensstufen arbeiten mit guten Wirkungsgraden auch als Entstauber. Das Gas konnte daher mit nur geringem Kostenaufwand gereinigt werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391902
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  • 75
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    Mechanische Reinigung heterogener Gassysteme mit einem neuartigen TropfenabscheiderHerrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. S. Kießkalt zum 70. Geburtstag (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1107-1111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen über Strömungs- und Abscheidemechanismus bei der Tropfenabscheidung mit Hilfe von Trägheitskräften führten zur Konstruktion und Optimierung eines Tropfenabscheiders. Für ein Tropfenspektrum oberhalb 10 μm konnten in einer Versuchsanlage Abscheidegrade von über 99,9% bei geringem Energieaufwand erzielt werden. Die Ergebnisse bei einer Großausführung mit einem Durchsatz von 250 000 Nm3/h bestätigen die theoretischen und experimentellen Untersuchungen.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391903
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  • 76
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    Zusammenhang zwischen Zerkleinerungsgeschwindigkeit und Schallgeschwindigkeit bei spröden FeststoffenHerrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. S. Kießkalt zum 70. Geburtstag (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1112-1116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wird ein Überblick über die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Vorhabens gegeben, die Mahlbarkeit spröder Feststoffe allein durch Schallgeschwindigkeitsmessungen zu ermitteln. Für ein idealisiertes Modell läßt sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Stabwellengeschwindigkeit und der Mahlbarkeit unter Verwendung der Mieschen Beziehung für das Gitterpotential rechnerisch nachweisen. Zur Charakterisierung der Mahlbarkeit inhomogener Feststoffe muß neben der Stabwellengeschwindigkeit auch die Feststoffstruktur bekannt sein. Es besteht eine individuelle Abhängigkeit zwischen der Art des Aufbaus eines Festkörpers und den Geschwindigkeiten der drei Schallausbreitungsarten. Sie können damit zur Strukturbestimmung verwendet werden.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391904
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  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Koagulation und Flockenfestigkeit in ScherströmungenHerrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. S. Kießkalt zum 70. Geburtstag (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1116-1120 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Untersuchungen über die Koagulation wäßriger Ton-Suspensionen nach Zugabe von Metallsalzen als Flockungsmittel ergeben, daß man je nach dem pH-Wert zwei Mechanismen unterscheiden kann: physikalische Adsorption oder Flockung und ß-Potential-Effekt oder Koagulation. Bei der Flockung im Scherfeld nimmt die Flockenbildung mit steigendem Geschwindigkeitsgradienten zu und fällt nach Überschreiten eines Maximums wieder ab, da die Scherkräfte proportional mit dem Geschwindigkeitsgradienten ansteigen. Die Flockenbildung ist reversibel. Aus der Wechselwirkung der hydrodynamischen Kraft im Scherfeld und der van der Waalsschen Anziehungskraft läßt sich eine Beziehung für den kritischen Geschwindigkeitsgradienten herleiten. Die Festigkeit der Hydroxid-Flockung ist sehr gering.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391905
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  • 78
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    Das künstliche Herz. Planung und Bau als Problem der VerfahrenstechnikHerrn Prof. Dr.-Ing. S. Kießkalt zum 70. Geburtstag (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1121-1124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Verfahrenstechnik findet sich in den Fortschritten der Medizintechnik besonders bei der Entwicklung künstlicher Herzen auf dem Arbeitsgebiet des Entwurfs und der apparativen Gestaltung produkt-schonender Membranpumpen bestätigt. In enger Zusammenarbeit tragen Wissenschaftler aller Fakultäten zur Entwicklung eines mechanischen „Ersatzteils“ bei, das in wenigen Jahren in der Lage sein soll, die Funktion des menschlichen Herzens voll zu übernehmen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330391906
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    Einfluß von Verunreinigungen auf die Kinetik des LösungsvorgangesVortrag vor dem Fachausschuß Kristallisation der Verfahrenstechnischen Gesellschaft im VDI am 1. März 1967 in Bad Münster am Stein. (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1169-1175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Auflösung von Feststoffen kann durch bestimmte Verunreinigungen der flüssigen Phase behindert werden. Diese Verzögerung wurde von Mutaftschiev theoretisch begründet und für kleine Konzentrationen an Verunreinigungen experimentell bestätigt. Die Vorstellung der irreversiblen Blockierung der Grenzfläche vor allem bei größeren Konzentrationen führte zu einem Integral, dessen Lösung hier entwickelt werden konnte. Versuche zeigten aber, daß der Mechanismus der irreversiblen Adsorption der Verunreinigungen an Teilen der Grenzfläche mit Vorbehalt angesehen werden muß.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392004
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  • 80
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    Grundlagen des fördertechnischen Verhaltens einspindeliger Schnecken bei Newtonschen Flüssigkeiten (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1180-1187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eine mathematisch strenge Diskussion der Strömungsvorgänge in Schnecken mit und ohne Einfluß der Massenträgheit bildet eine Grundlage für eine systematische experimentelle Erforschung des fördertechnischen Verhaltens der Schnecken und deren optimale Auslegung. Die unter Heranziehung von dimensions-theoretischen Methoden gewonnenen Schlußfolgerungen werden durch einige experimentelle Ergebnisse belegt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392006
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  • 81
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    Hydrostatische Rührwerkantriebe. Ein Systemüberblick (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1187-1190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An Hand von hydraulischen Schaltplänen für Einzel- und Gruppenantriebe werden Auswahlkriterien für hydrostatische Rührwerkantriebe aufgestellt, die dem Entwurf, der Erweiterung oder dem Umbau von Rührwerken zugrunde gelegt werden können. Entsprechend den betrieblichen Gegebenheiten werden hier nur geschlossene Ölkreisläufe sowie eine Drehzahlsteuerung durch Fördermengenänderung an der Ölpumpe oder durch Bypass-Ölstrom erörtert.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392007
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  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apparate für die Vakuumtechnik (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1351-1355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392313
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  • 83
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    Wärmeaustauscher und Verdampfer (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1355-1358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392314
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  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apparate für die Hochtemperaturtechnik (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1358-1360 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392315
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  • 85
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    Kessel und Apparate für die Beheizung (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1361-1362 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392316
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  • 86
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    Apparate für die Kältetechnik (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1362-1363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392317
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  • 87
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    Electronic Resource
    Zerkleinerungsmaschinen (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1364-1369 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392318
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  • 88
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    Achema 1967. 15. Ausstellungstagung für Chemisches Apparatewesen. Zweites Berichtsheft (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1401-1401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392402
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kunststoffe (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 1408-1410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330392404
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ansatz zur theoretischen Berechnung des Leistungsbedarfs und des Wärmeübergangs beim Rühren (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 209-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Für das Rühren in einem zylindrischen Rührgefäß mit einem konzentrisch angeordneten Zylinderrührer werden die Geschwindigkeitsverteilung, der Schubspannungsverlauf, die Trombenform und die Leistung bei laminarer Strömung berechnet. Die Leistung bei turbulenter Strömung läßt sich abschätzen. Der Vergleich mit gemessenen Leistungsdaten eines Gitterrührers zeigt gute Übereinstimmung.  -  Die Berechnung des Wärmeüberganges in Rührgefäßen ist mit dem Modell des Zylinderrührers qualitativ möglich. Eine quantitative Klärung erfordert zunächst noch Untersuchungen über die Turbulenz in Rührgefäßen, die auch von der Art des jeweiligen Rührers abhängt.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390502
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rühren in zähen Flüssigkeiten (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 218-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bei Rührwerken zum Mischen zäher, ineinander löslicher Flüssigkeiten hängen Drehmoment und Rührleistung von der Rührwerksgeometrie, den rheologischen Eigenschaften des Rührguts und der Rührerdrehzahl ab. Ein Diagramm zeigt die Drehmoment- und Leistungsbeiwerte von neun Rührern in Abhängigkeit von der Reynolds-Zahl. Um die Mischwirkung der verschiedenen Bauarten miteinander zu vergleichen, kann man die zum Entfärben einer Testflüssigkeit nötige spezifische Mischarbeit als Vergleichsgröße benutzen. Photographische Aufnahmen geben die von der Rührerbauart abhängige Totzonenbildung wieder.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390503
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stoffübergang zwischen flüssigen Phasen in einer Rührzelle (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 224-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es wurde die Stoffübertragung zwischen zwei flüssigen Phasen in einer Rührzelle als Funktion der Drehzahl und der Diffusionszahl gemessen. Störende Marangoni-Instabilitäten wurden dabei durch Verwendung von teilweise löslichen Zweikomponentensystemen vermieden. Je nach der Rührerdrehzahl ergaben sich drei verschiedene Bereiche für den Stoffübergang. Im ersten Bereich bei niedriger Drehzahl ist die Gravitationsstabilität der Phasen von großer Bedeutung. Bei höheren Drehzahlen sind die Hauptmengen der Phasen homogen, wobei die Grenzschicht im zweiten Bereich verdünnt und im dritten Bereich erneuert wird. Für die Stoffübergangszahl im zweiten und dritten Bereich werden Gleichungen aufgestellt, die mit den physikalischen Vorstellungen übereinstimmen.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390504
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Lösevorgang im Fließbett und im Rührgefäß (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 231-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ausgehend von der Annahme analoger Bedingungen für den Stofftransport zwischen Feststoff und Flüssigkeit werden vergleichende Untersuchungen über das Lösen von Salzen im Fließbett und im Rührgefäß durchgeführt. In beiden Einrichtungen lassen sich ausgezeichnete Grenzzustände mit  -  auf den Leistungsbedarf bezogen  -  optimalen Stoffübergangszahlen definieren. Als Bestätigung der genannten Hypothese kann angesehen werden, daß es gelingt, diese verschiedenartigen Prozesse gemeinsam mit einer einzigen dimensionslosen Auswertung darzustellen und die optimalen Stoffübergangszahlen mit einer einzigen Bestimmungsgleichung vorauszuberechen.  -  Ein Wirtschaftlichkeitsvergleich für verschiedene, schnellaufende Rührerarten und auch für veränderte Rühreranordnung im Behälter zeigt beträchtliche Unterschiede.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390505
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modelluntersuchungen an Rührwerken mit nicht-Newtonschen Flüssigkeiten (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aus der Fließkurve nicht-Newtonscher Flüssigkeiten, gemessen in Kapillar- oder Rotationsviskosimetern, lassen sich Stoffwerte gewinnen, die zur Ähnlichkeitsdarstellung der Modelluntersuchungen von Rührwerken herangezogen werden können. Messungen des Drehmoments an Rührern in verschiedenen Flüssigkeiten zeigen jedoch, daß vor allem auch deren elastische Eigenschaften, die in der Fließkurve nicht erfaßt werden, die Rührercharakteristiken beeinflussen.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390506
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytische Planungsrechnungen in der Verfahrenstechnik (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 265-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Größe der verfahrenstechnischen Anlagen, der Zwang, deren Planung in begrenzter Zeit durchzuführen und der Wunsch, wichtige Betriebsergebnisse der Anlage schon vor ihrer Errichtung zu kennen, zwingen dazu, automatisierte Planungsmethoden mit analytischen Rechnungen anzuwenden, wobei Rechenautomaten benutzt werden müssen.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390511
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fraktionierte Kristallisation fester Lösungen in einer Druckkolonne (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 269-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Versuche mit dem Gemisch Äthylenchlorid/Äthylenbromid in einer hydraulisch betriebenen Druckkolonne lassen die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der einstufigen Druckkolonne zur fraktionierten Kristallisation fester Lösungen erkennen. Zusammen mit einer vorgeschalteten Kristallisier-Rinne werden 1,34 theoretische Böden erzielt. Der notwendige Preßdruck ist vom Durchsatz abhängig. Eine pulsierte Kolbenbewegung verbessert nur den Wärmeübergang.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390512
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wärmeaustausch zwischen einer Rohrwand und einem turbulent strömenden Gas/Feststoff-Gemisch (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 282-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390514
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berechnungsverfahren für die Zerlegung schwer trennbarer Zweistoffgemische durch selektive Absorption bzw. extraktive Destillation (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Zerlegung eines gasförmigen oder flüssigen Zweistoffgemisches durch selektive Absorption bzw. extraktive Destillation mit Hilfe einer zusätzlichen, selektive wirkenden Komponente kann an Hand eines allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsdiagramms nach einem modifizierten McCabe-Thiele-Verfahren einfach berechnet werden. Das Diagramm gilt für ein vorgegebenes Stoffsystem unabhängig von den verschiedenen Betriebsparametern, wie Gesamtdruck, spezifischer Lösungsmittelverbrauch, Inertgasgehalt, Kolonnendruckverlust, Zwischenkühlung und  -  mit Einschränkung  -  Temperaturbereich. Bei der Vorausberechnung des Phasengleichgewichtes im nicht-idealen Vielstoffgemisch greift man zweckmäßigerweise auf ein Verfahren zurück, bei dem nur Meßdaten der Zweistoffgemische benötigt werden.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390513
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Druckverlust beim Durchströmen der Flüssigkeitsschicht auf einem Siebboden (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 284-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In einer Kolonne von 180 mm Dmr. wurde der Druckverlust an verschiedenen Siebböden am System Luft/Wasser untersucht. Aus Versuchen an Einlochböden, die mit mehreren Flüssigkeiten betrieben wurden, konnte geschlossen werden, daß ein Ansatz, nach welchem der Gesamtdruckverlust aus der Summe von Teildruckverlusten berechnet wird, sinnvoll sei. Es gelang, dimensionslose Korrelationen zu finden, mit deren Hilfe diese Teildruckverluste darstellbar sind. Die Flüssigkeitshöhe auf den Siebböden war vom jeweiligen Betriebszustand abhängig. Sie wurde durch einen Satz dimensionsloser Kenngrößen erfaßt. Es ist möglich, mittels der gewonnenen und den bereits früher mitgeteilten Ergebnissen, den Gesamtdruckverlust zu berechnen.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390515
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Untersuchungen an Fliehkraftabscheidern (1967)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 39 (1967), S. 306-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Modellversuche und Betriebserfahrungen zeigen, daß man an Stelle der meist üblichen Zyklone in geeigneten Fällen einfach gebaute Abscheider mit kleinem Platzbedarf verwenden kann, bei denen die Abscheidung durch eine scharfe Strömungsumlenkung erreicht wird.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330390519
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