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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aesthetic plastic surgery 13 (1989), S. 105-110 
    ISSN: 1432-5241
    Keywords: Abdominoplasty ; Radical surgery ; Lipodystrophies ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Even in the age of liposuction there exist certain situations for which abdominoplasty in its radical form is indicated—for example, redundant skin after radical weight loss, the stigmata of postpregnancy syndrome, and localized accumulation of adipose tissue—the lipodystrophies and resistant generalized obesity. Redundant skin after radical weight loss is resected simultaneously around the abdomen, the lumbar regions, the perineum, and the thighs. The typical stigmata of postpregnancy syndrome may be excised through an extended abdominoplasty combined with simultaneous excision and pexy of the inner aspects of the thighs leaving a “bikini” scar behind. A mastopexy may be added. Genetically predisposed localized lipodystrophies in the abdominal lumbar, and upper thigh region may be resected through a circular abdominoplasty with or without simultaneous resection of the perineum and inner thighs. Abdominal aprons often contain umbilical or ventral, hernias that may need to be repaired simultaneously. Representative cases are presented and dangers and complications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 148 (1989), S. 614-617 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Obesity ; Children ; Exercise test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-three obese children, aged 9 to 14 years, ranging in percentage overweight from 26% to 83% (median 51.6%±16.3%), and 37 normal-weight children, matched for sex, age and height, performed a maximal exercise test on a treadmill. Cardiorespiratory performance was assessed by determination of the ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) expressed in ml O2/min per kg and as a percent of maximal oxygen uptake (% VO2max). VAT and VO2max related to body weight were significantly lower (P〈0.01) in the obese than in the normal-weight children. VAT % VO2max was similar in the two groups. A significant correlation was found between VAT and VO2max both in the obese (r=0.85) and in the control groups (r=0.79). The habitual level of physical activity was lower in the obese subjects compared to the control subjects (P〈0.001). In conclusion our study shows that physical fitness of overweight children is quantitatively lowered and that it can be assessed by VAT. VAT does not require a maximal test and is particularly useful in the ergometric study of subjects with exercise intolerance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-5604
    Keywords: Ectopic ossification ; Paravertebral ligamentous ossification ; Obesity ; Hyperinsulinism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Insulin has been shown to stimulate bone formation, and there is a high incidence of obesity and disturbance in the glucose metabolism of patients with paravertebral ligamentous ossification (PVLO). In an effort to clarify whether there is any alteration in insulin status in PVLO patients, and whether such changes play any role in the development of PVLO, glucose metabolism and serum insulin levels are examined in 11 PVLO patients and compared with 6 control patients of similar age and activities of daily living. More than half of the patients with PVLO exceed 110% of ideal body weight, and their fasting serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels are significantly higher than those of control patients. In addition, there is a significant correlation between fasting IRI and % ideal body weight in PVLO patients. These results indicate that hyperinsulinism is present in many patients with PVLO, and that obesity further aggravates the hyperinsulinism in this disorder. Thus, it is suggested that hyperinsulinism is involved in the development or aggravation of ectopic ossification in PVLO patients. The relationship between hyperinsulinism and the other factors such as genetic and physical factors as well as the changes in calcium metabolism in the development of PVLO remains to be clarified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of anthropology 4 (1989), S. 113-117 
    ISSN: 1824-3096
    Keywords: Obesity ; ageing ; morphology ; Canada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nearly half the adult males of our population are obese. The biological consequences of this obesity were measured as they developed through physiological testing. Individuals with adipose tissue greater than 25% of body weight are compared with those of less than 10% adipose tissue. Physiological differences between the two groups are the same whatever the age of the indiviudals, being roughly a 6 years difference between actual and physiological age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 148 (1988), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Insulin and C-peptide ; Metabolism ; Receptor ; Obesity ; Weight loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To study the relationship between childhood obesity, weight loss, hyperinsulinaemia and the erythrocyte insulin receptor, we measured the plasma concentrations of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and C-peptide and the binding of 125I-insulin to erythrocytes in 12 obese children with a mean age ±SD of 11.4±2.5 years and a mean relative weight score ±SD of 4.8±1.4 and 12 age-matched normal-weight children. Eight obese children were re-evaluated after 1 year's participation in a weight reduction programme. The obese children had higher fasting plasma concentrations of IRI (P〈0.01) and C-peptide (P〈0.05) and a lower C-peptide to IRI molar ratio (P〈0.01) than the normal-weight children. The obese children had in addition a reduced erythrocyte insulin binding (P〈0.05 or less) over the physiological range of circulating insulin concentration. There was a negative correlation (r=−0.60; P〈0.01) between the insulin tracer binding and the relative weight. The weight reduction programme resulted in a decrease of 1.0SD (P〈0.05) in the mean relative weight score. At the end of the therapy the obese children had lower fasting blood glucose levels (P〈0.05) and lower plasma IRI concentrations at 90 min (P〈0.05) after an oral glucose load than at the onset of therapy. There were no significant differences between the insulin binding characteristics at the commencement and at the end of the treatment. The low C-peptide to IRI molar ratio in obese children provides evidence of a decreased insulin clearance likely to contribute to their hyperinsulinaemia. The inverse relationship between insulin tracer binding and relative weight suggests a mechanism by which weight changes may be directly reflected in the peripheral insulin sensitivity. A moderate weight loss reduces hyperinsulinaemia in childhood obesity but does not normalize the impaired binding of insulin to its receptor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 216-222 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Fat distribution ; Hyperinsulinemia ; Obesity ; Glucose tolerance ; Non-insulin dependent diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Relationship between body fat distribution, serum insulin, and glucose tolerance in obese, non-diabetic women. Recent studies suggest that hyperinsulinemia and upper body obesity are predictive factors for the development of non-insulindependent diabetes mellitus. To further characterize the relationship between body fat distribution, serum insulin, and glucose tolerance an oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 48 obese, nondiabetic women. Fasting insulin levels were correlated to both total body fat calculated as body mass index (r=0.58,p〈0.001) and upper body fat distribution expressed as waist-to-hip ratio (WHR,r=0.47,p〈0.01). In the women with upper body fat localization (WHR〉0.90) significantly higher basal and glucose-stimulated insulin concentrations were established than in the women with a lower body type of obesity (WHR〈0.78) (basal insulin 27.4±11.5 vs. 15.4±8.8 mU/l,p〈0.05, insulin area 779±320 vs. 468±237 U,p〈0.05). They also had impaired glucose tolerance (glucose area 925±139 vs. 633±147 U,p〈0.01). Fasting triglyceride concentrations were correlated both with WHR (r=0.63,p〈0.001) and fasting insulin (r=0.33,p〈0.05) but not with BMI (r=−0.02, n.s.). A positive association was found between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and both WHR (r=0.43 andr=0.44 resp.,p〈0.01) and BMI (eachr=0.35,p〈0.05). Interestingly, basal insulin was also associated with blood pressure (r=0.30,p〈0.1, andr=0.40,p〈0.01 resp.). These results suggest a close relationship between upper body obesity, hyperinsulinemia, and impaired glucose tolerance. Women with an upper body tpye of obesity also show tendencies to hypertriglyceridemia and hypertension. Obese women with upper body obesity represent a subgroup of the obesity population with an increased risk to develop type-II diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 65 (1987), S. 803-811 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Adipose tissue ; Differentiation ; Obesity ; Preadipocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Obesity is regarded as a heterogeneous syndrome, which may appear in different forms. Various causes have been found to contribute to its pathogenesis. During recent years investigations of adipose tissue cellularity and its dynamic changes have gained growing interest. An important progress was the discovery of adipose tissue precursor cells. These cells have not yet been precisely identified by morphological and biochemical methods in intact tissue. However, due to methodological developments such precursor cells can be cultured both as primary cultures and as established cell lines. These culture systems have proven to be valuable models for the study of the processes involved in the formation of new fat cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 65 (1987), S. 812-817 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Adipose tissue ; Differentiation ; Obesity ; Preadipocytes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell culture systems have proven to be valuable models for the study of the processes involved in the formation of new fat cells. Two separate steps may be distinguished in adipocyte development. First, the determination of a mesenchymal stem cell into a preadipocyte, second, its conversion into a mature fat cell. In cloned cell lines adipose conversion depends on at least one postconfluent mitosis possibly induced by insulin-like growth factors or by as yet unknown mitogens. In addition growth hormone, glucocorticoids, and insulin are needed for conversion to take place. The adipose conversion of preadipocytes originating from the stromal vascular fraction of adipose tissue does not depend on postconfluent mitoses and needs only insulin and glucocorticoid hormones in physiological concentrations. However, the ability to undergo adipose conversion is not stable in these cells, but gets lost after repeated subcultures or seeding at low densities. In addition to stimulating hormones an increasing number of factors inhibiting the conversion process have also been detected, the physiological function of which remains unclear at the moment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Growth hormone-releasing factor ; Obesity ; Growth hormone ; Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity ; Somatomedin-C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF) 1-44 on growth hormone and somatostatin release in plasma has been studied in 20 obese children. Twenty age and sex-matched children with normal weight served as controls. Mean peak growth hormone response in obese children after 1 μg/kg body wt. GRF 1-44 was significantly lower than in controls (23.7±3.6 ng/ml vs. 41.1±3.0 ng/ml;P〈0.01), as were mean integrated growth hormone response areas (1544±272 ng×ml-1×2 h vs. 2476±283 ng×ml-1×2 h;P〈0.01). Mean plasma levels of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity did not change after GRF in both goups. Mean somatomedin-C levels in obese children were significantly higher compared to controls (1.6±0.4 U/ml vs. 0.86±0.4 U/ml;P〈0.01). Somatomedin-C levels were not related to the integrated growth hormone responses. In conclusion there is no relation between somatomedin-C levels and the reduced growth hormone-releasing effect of GRF in obese children. GRF does not alter peripheral somatostatin-like immunoreactivity levels either in normal or obese children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of anesthesia 1 (1987), S. 148-154 
    ISSN: 1438-8359
    Keywords: Enflurane ; Flurometabolites ; Obesity ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Plasma fluoride concentrations and urinary fluoride excretions were measured following enflurane anesthesia (1.5%, 2 hours) in obese (8 cases) and non-obese (9 cases) patients. At the end of anesthesia, there was no significant difference in plasma fluoride concentrations between the two groups. In the several days following anesthesia, however, plasma fluoride concentrations in obese patients were higher than those in non-obese patients. Urinary fluoride excretions after anesthesia were greater in obese patients than those in non-obese patients, and the period of increased fluoride excretion was prolonged in obese patients. These results suggested that obese patients metabolized more enflurane than non-obese patients during the postanesthetic period. In obese patients, their excess fatty tissue may cause a greater and more prolonged elevation of blood enflurane concentrations after anesthesia. (Tohyama Y: Plasma fluoride concentration and urinary fluoride excretion in obese and non-obese patients following enflurane anesthesia. J Anesth 1: 148–154, 1987)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Obesity ; Very low calorie diets ; Zero diet ; Nitrogen balance ; Body composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The magnitude and composition of weight loss obtained in obese women on two forms of very low calorie protein-supplemented diets (Cambridge diet, Dresden drink) as well as by complete starvation has been investigated. With the VLCD, nitrogen equilibrium was reached on the 10th day of fasting, the cumulative nitrogen balance also being compensated. Nearly half of the body weight loss is due to loss of fat. In order to assess the benefit of fasting regimes, we propose to measure at least two parameters which are independent of each other, e.g., nitrogen balance and total body water. Both types of VLCD were equally effective, safe, and acceptable in achieving rapid body weight reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Hypertension ; Coronary heart disease ; Obesity ; Polynesians ; Urban-rural comparison ; Wallis Island ; New Caledonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A comparative study of hypertension, and indicators of and risk factors for coronary heart disease was undertaken in samples of rural Wallisians of Wallis Island, and first generation Wallisian migrants in the urban centre of Noumea, New Caledonia. Approximately 20% of the adult population of the two communities was included in the study. Higher mean blood pressure and hypertension prevalence in Wallisians in Noumea compared to those in Wallis was documented. There was no significant rise in blood pressure with age in rural Wallisian males. Wallisians in Noumea tended to be more obese than those in Wallis (particularly females). Although differences in the extent of obesity appeared to explain some of the differences in blood pressure between populations of Wallis and Noumea, other environmental factors (such as salt intake) are probably important. There was a trend for a higher prevalence of O wave changes on the ECG in urbanized Wallisians compared to their rural counterparts. There was no significant or consistent differences in plasma lipid concentrations between the two groups. The prevalence of diabetes was 7 and 4 times higher in Noumea compared to Wallis for males and females respectively. Differences in diabetes and hypertension prevalence are more likely to account for the variation in ischaemic heart disease than plasma lipid levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 56 (1987), S. 479-481 
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Obesity ; Thermoregulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Obese and control women were immersed in a bath of water kept at 37° C. Oral temperature was measured. The subjects left hand was placed outside the bath for the local application of thermal stimuli between 20° and 45° C, subjects reporting the most pleasant temperature. The lower oral temperatures and lower levels of skin temperature rated as pleasant by obese women as compared with women of normal body weight or less suggests that in obesity the setpoint of body temperature is lowered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Obesity ; Hypercapnic response ; Hypoxic response ; % body fat ; Judoist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory sensitivities were compared in twenty-one judoists and 24 control subjects with similar degrees of moderate obesity. Data from ten non-obese control subjects were also included as a reference. Mean body weight (BW) and % of ideal body weight in the judoists and the obese and non-obese controls were 100±14.8, 94.4±5.3 and 63.4±6.1 (mean±SD) kg, and 142.3±16.7, 142.2±12.9 and 98.4±10.7%, respectively. Mean body fat in the judoists was 16.2±13.9%, being 25.3±7.7% in the obese control group, the difference being significant (p〈0.01). Hypercapnic sensitivities in terms of the CO2 ventilatory response slope (S) and its normalized value for 70 kg BW (SN) of the obese controls were higher than the judoists. These findings were also verified by the CO2-occlusion pressure responses. S and SN in the obese controls were significantly correlated with BW and % body fat. However, no positive correlation was found between BW and S or SN in the judoists as well as between lean body mass and S or SN in the obese control. Hypoxic sensitivity in terms of the $${\text{P}}_{{\text{ETO}}_{\text{2}} } {\text{ - }}$$ ventilation hyperbola slope (A) and its normalized value (AN) in the obese control was significantly higher than the non-obese control, but the difference from the judoists was not significant. A and AN were found to increase with increasing % body fat in both judoists and obese controls. We conclude that respiratory compensation to mechanical limitation due to fat accumulation may be one of the possible factors to enhance hypercapnic as well as hypoxic ventilatory chemosensitivities in moderate obesity.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 5 (1987), S. 523-528 
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Magnetic resonance image ; Anteversion ; Obesity ; Remodeling ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The degree of femoral anteversion in a group of obese adolescent children and a group of adolescent children of normal weight was determined by either magnetic resonance imaging or computerized axial tomography. Compared with the children of normal weight, the obese children showed a significantly reduced angle of femoral anteversion. Increased biomechanical forces generated across the hip joint of obese children leads to increased remodeling of the femoral neck. This may account for the association of slipped capital femoral epiphysis, reduced femoral anteversion, and obesity in the adolescent population.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 29 (1986), S. 248-253 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Obesity ; protein synthesis ; soleus muscles ; work-induced hypertrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of work-induced hypertrophy on skeletal muscle protein metabolism was studied in lean mice and in mice rendered obese with goldthioglucose. After tenotomy of the gastrocnemius muscle, the adaptative growth of soleus muscle was less pronounced in obese than in lean mice. Protein turnover was studied in the isolated soleus muscle 4 days after the operation. Tyrosine incorporation in total proteins and tyrosine release in the incubation medium (indices of protein synthesis and degradation) were increased by 3- and 2-fold in overloaded (i. e. work-induced hypertrophied) muscles of lean and obese mice, respectively, compared to the control muscles isolated from the non-operated leg. The qualitative modifications in the pattern of proteins synthetized from 35S-methionine were identical in both groups of mice. This increase in protein turnover in overloaded muscles results from an increased rate of polypeptide chain initiation (3-fold in lean mice, 2.2-fold in obese mice) without any modification of peptide chain elongation rates. Work-induced hypertrophy was also able to reverse the defect in amino acid uptake which is present in soleus muscles of GTG-obese mice. These results suggest that the work-induced increase of skeletal muscle protein turnover is diminished in obese mice.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 64 (1986), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cold ; Thermogenesis ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary It is well known that cold and diet-induced thermogenesis, which is mediated in small rodents by the hypothalamic-noradrenergic fibersbrown adipose tissue axis, is impaired in genetically obese mice. To test whether these adaptive mechanisms are also impaired in obese humans, 12 young males who were otherwise healthy (6 lean and 6 obese) were examined. The obese subjects had an early-onset type of obesity with a strong family history of it as well. Deep body temperature was measured by using a deep body thermometer furnished with three thermocouples. They were respectively placed on the sternum, on the interscapular area immediately under the neck (HIS), and on the 4th intercostal space (LIS) in order to study core temperature as well as heat production where brown adipose tissue could also be present in adults. Both lean and obese subjects were kept in a thermoneutral environment (28° C) until they reached a steady-state body temperature and then rapidly transferred into a cold room (6–8° C) where they remained up to 60 min. Body temperature decreased in both groups, but the decrease was more marked in the obese individuals on the sternum (P〈0.01), on HIS (P〈0.05) and on LIS (P〈0.05) when compared to lean individuals. In conclusion, cold-induced thermogenesis is impaired in familial early-onset human obesity and in genetically obese mice.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Cushing's syndrome ; Obesity ; Cortisol ; Dexamethasone test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Urinary free cortisol (UFC) was measured in the basal state and on 2nd day of the low-dose dexamethasone (2 mg daily for 2 days) suppression test (LDDT) in 182 subjects. At first examination the results were in good agreement with the definite diagnosis in 21 of 27 patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) and in 145 out of 155 obese subjects. In two obese subjects the basal UFC was increased and the response to the test insufficient. At re-examination their laboratory findings became normal. In 14 subjects the basal UFC was increased but the response to the test was normal. With nine of them, repeated examinations were performed over a period of 1–7 years. Six subjects progressed into obvious CS, while in two hypercortisolism spontaneously regressed and in one it remained unchanged. The combination of elevated basal UFC with a normal suppressibility during the LDDT is considered a borderline adrenocortical impairment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 144 (1985), S. 27-31 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Food-induced thermogenesis ; Obesity ; Immunoreactive insulin ; Hyperinsulinaemia ; Growth hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 11 obese children aged 12.5 (±0.7) years with normal glucose tolerance and 7 lean, control children aged 11.9±0.7 years the preload resting energy expenditure and thermogenic response to a standardised meal was measured by indirect calorimetry. Preload energy expenditure was higher in obese children when expressed in absolute terms than in controls, but was not different when corrected for lean body weight. Four children with obesity of recent onset had lower food-induced thermogenesis and insulin response then seven overweight children with long-standing obesity. Food-induced thermogenesis and insulin response showed a significant positive correlation. It is concluded that food-induced thermogenesis is reduced in the early phase of childhood obesity but increased in the later phase when hyperinsulinaemia develops, pointing towards an important role of insulin in food-induced thermogenesis.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 143 (1985), S. 183-186 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: C-peptide ; Growth hormone deficiency ; Obesity ; Insulin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The daily excretion of C-peptide in the urine was measured in 105 healthy infants and children from birth to 14 years of age. For technical reasons no studies were performed from 1–3 years of age. The excretion of C-peptide showed a close positive correlation with age and weight. The relationship with weight was already apparent in the 1st days of life. The C-peptide/weight and the C-peptide/creatinine ratios were constant throughout most of childhood with the exception of the age range of 1 month-1 year when the C-peptide/creatinine was significantly higher. In obese children the C-peptide/weight and C-peptide/creatinine ratios were similar to those found in children with normal weight. In growth hormone deficiency these ratios were low and increased during the 1st week of growth hormone therapy. It is concluded that urinary C-peptide is a reliable indicator of integrated insulin production and gives new information about insulin secretion in various conditions.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 234 (1985), S. 357-362 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Stroke ; Alcohol ; Obesity ; Hypertension ; Diabetes ; Preventive neurology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An investigation of the staff of a car assembly plant (3,351 persons) revealed a similarity between the change in relative body weight and diastolic blood pressure with age. There is a good temporal correlation between the course of alcohol consumption during life and the change of the relative body weight. German women had significantly less blood pressure for the same relative body weight than German men, and foreign employees had lower blood pressure than Germans In both cases the main cause is the difference in alcohol consumption. Besides obesity and hereditary factors, alcohol is the main cause of “essential” hypertension today. Epidemiological and experimental data indicate that there are two ways from alcohol to high blood pressure, a more direct one and an indirect one via obesity. Alcohol causes obesity via a change in metabolism (hyperinsulinism) rather than by higher caloric intake. In both ways alcohol is an important cause of stroke. To reduce body weight and blood pressure, a reduction of alcohol consumption should be recommended in addition to reduced caloric intake and increased physical activity as means of preventive neurology.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aesthetic plastic surgery 9 (1985), S. 27-32 
    ISSN: 1432-5241
    Keywords: Obesity ; Abdominoplasty ; Gastric stapling ; Weight loss ; Panniculus ; Polio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An abdominoplasty technique is described that combines vertical and horizontal resection to restore abdominal contour to upper and lower abdomen and mons pubis. The results of this technique in 16 patients (13 women and 3 men) are reviewed. The procedure is suggested for patients with massive weight loss, obesity with a panniculus, and supra-umbilical dermatochalasis with or without multiple abdominal scars. A polio patient with an unexpected improvement in pulmonary function following this procedure is included in this series.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 187-200 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Diabetes with obesity ; Hyperinsulinism ; Insulin secretion ; Insulinaemia in obesity ; Obesity ; Tolbutamide test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Les AA. ont étudié le comportement de la réaction insulinémique après stimulation par le tolbutamide intraveineux chez un petit groupe de sujets normaux normosomiques, obèses non diabétiques et diabétiques obèses. Chez tous les sujets l'augmentationmaxima de l'insulinémie (déterminée avec une méthode radio-immunologique) apparaît à 5 mp et elle est plus forte chez les obèses par rapport aux sujets normaux et aux diabétiques. La chute en pourcent du pic insulinémique montre une évolution parallèle chez les sujets normaux et les obèses, tandis qu'elle est beaucoup plus lente chez les diabétiques obèses. On discute les causes de ce comportement et la nature de l'hyperinsulinisme présent dans l'obésité avec et sans augmentation de la tolérance aux hydrates de carbone.
    Abstract: Resumen Los AA. han estudiado el comportamiento de la respuesta insulinémica luego de estimulación con tolbutamida intravenosa en un pequeño grupo de sujetos normales normotipos, obesos no diabéticos y diabéticos obesos. En todos los sujetos, el aumento máximo de la insulinemia (determinada con método radio-inmunológico) aparece a 5 mp y es mayor en los obesos que en los normales y los diabéticos. La caída en porcentaje del pico insulinémico demuestra un comportamiento paralelo en los normales y en los obesos, mientras es mucho más lenta en los diabéticos obesos. Se discuten las causas de este comportamiento y la causa del hiperinsulinismo presente en la obesidad, con o sin disminución de la tolerancia hacia los hidratos de carbono.
    Notes: Riassunto Gli AA. hanno studiato il comportamento della risposta insulinemica dopo stimolazione con tolbutamide endovenosa in un piccolo gruppo di soggetti normali normosomici, obesi non diabetici e diabetici obesi. In tutti i soggetti il massimo aumento dell'insulinemia (determinata con metodo radio-immunologico) compare a 5 mp ed è maggiore negli obesi rispetto ai normali e ai diabetici. La caduta percentuale del picco insulinemico dimostra un andamento parallelo nei normali e negli obesi, mentre è molto più lenta nei diabetici obesi. Vengono discusse le cause di questo comportamento e la natura dell'iperinsulinismo presente nell'obesità con e senza diminuita tolleranza agli idrati di carbonio.
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    Acta diabetologica 5 (1968), S. 566-579 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Obesity ; Diabetes with obesity ; Insulin secretion ; Immunoreactive insulin ; Glucagon ; Proteins of the food ; Tolbutamide treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Resume Une élévation de la concentration plasmatique de l'insuline a été observée chez des diabétiques obèses à l'âge adulte, traités diététiquement, après une application de bouillon ou de glucagone, mais aussi bien après administration orale de protéine. Il était possible de démontrer des modifications de l'insuline immunoréactive chez ces malades, ainsi que chez les diabétiques traités par tolbutamide et ce en fonction de la nourriture. La possibilité d'un défaut du métabolisme des hydrates de carbone indépendant du pancréas comme cause de diabète à l'âge adulte est discutée.
    Abstract: Resumen Mujeres diabéticas obesas, con diábetes al inicio de la madurez, presentan aumento de las concentraciones plasmáticas de insulina si son tratadas con dieta, luego de administración de caldo y glucagón, y también después de ingestión proteica. Las variaciones de la insulinemia, tanto en este grupo como en el de pacientes tratados con tolbutamida, has resultado ser en dependencia de la ingestión de alimentos. Se discute la posibilidad de un trastorno del metabolismo glucídico independiente del pancreas, como causa de diábetes en mujeres obesas.
    Notes: Riassunto Donne diabetiche obese, con diabete ad inizio nella maturità, presentano un aumento delle concentrazioni plasmatiche dell'insulina, quando sono trattate con la dieta, in seguito alla somministrazione di brodo e glucagone ed anche dopo ingestione proteica. Le variazioni dell'insulinemia tanto in questo gruppo quanto in pazienti trattati con tolbutamide sono risultate dipendenti dalla assunzione di cibo. Viene discussa la possibilità di un disturbo del metabolismo glucidico indipendente dal pancreas quale causa di diabete nei soggetti obesi.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 63-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Diabetes in animals ; Genes for diabetes ; Mutations for diabetes ; Obesity ; Genotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin resistance ; Acetohexamide ; Diet and diabetes ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Obesity ; Pancreas ; Infections ; Adipose tissue in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Certaines caractéristiques particulières du rat des sables en font un animal d'expérience de grande valeur. L'augmentation des taux plasmatiques d'insuline et de glucose est liée chez lui à une augmentation de la prise de nourriture. Tout comme c'est le cas pour le diabète humain de type adulte, il semble y avoir participation d'un élément de résistance à l'insuline qui peut être mis en évidencein vitro par la sensibilité diminuée du tissu adipeux du rat des sables à l'insuline de porc. Il semblerait qu'un traitement prophylactique par l'acétphexamide exerce un effet protecteur contre l'effet diabétogène d'un régime riche en calories. — Il semble raisonnable de penser que le syndrome diabétique du rat du sable, si facilement provoqué par la modification du régime, pourrait s'avérer être un instrument de grande valeur dans l'étude des mécanismes pathogénétiques possibles du syndrome diabétique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Sandratte verfügt über mehrere einmalige Eigenschaften, die aus ihr ein wertvolles Laboratoriumstier machen. Das häufige Auftreten von erhöhtem Plasma-Insulinspiegel und Hyperglykämie steht im Zusammenhang mit einer gesteigerten Nahrungsaufnahme. Wie im menschlichen Reife-Diabetes scheint auch hier eine Insulinresistenz aufzutreten, und diese istin vitro nachweisbar: das inkubierte Fettgewebe der Sandratte spricht auf eine Stimulierung mit steigenden Dosen von Schweineinsulin nur wenig an. Prophylaktische Behandlung mit Acetohexamid deutet auf eine Schutzwirkung gegen die diabetogenen Folgen einer kalorienreichen Diät. — Es ist zu erwarten, daß das diabetische Syndrom in der Sandratte, das so leicht durch Manipulationen der Diät erzeugt werden kann, ein nützliches Modell zur Untersuchung der möglichen Mechanismen der diabetischen Pathogenese darstellen wird.
    Notes: Summary The sand rat has some unique attributes, which make it a valuable experimental animal. The occurrence of increased plasma insulin levels and of hyperglycemia is linked to an increased food intake. As in the human maturity-onset type diabetes, there seems to be an element of insulin resistance, and this can be demonstratedin vitro by the relative unresponsiveness of sand rat adipose tissue to increasing doses of pork insulin. Prophylactic treatment with acetohexamide seems to have some protective effect against the diabetogenic results of a high calory diet. — It is expected that the diabetic syndrome in sand rats, which can be so easily induced by dietary manipulation, will be a valuable tool in helping to clarify some of the possible mechanisms in the syndrome of diabetes mellitus.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 143-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Alpha cells ; Protein synthesis ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Obesity ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié avec les microscopes optique et électronique les îlots de Langerhans du pancréas de rats des sables normaux et diabétiques. Lorsqu'ils sont maintenus à un régime normal de laboratoire, on observe chez ces animaux une dégranulation des cellulesβ et les signes d'une synthèse protéique augmentée. Dès qu'apparaît le diabète, on voit apparaître une infiltration glycogénique avec déplacement des organelles cellulaires et, plus tard, une dégénérescence cyptoplasmique avec liquéfaction. L'apparition de ces anomalies morphologiques a été mise en corrélation avec les altérations du glucose sanguin et de l'insuline immunoréactive sérique. Ce qui est remarquable chez le rat des sables, c'est qu'il ne semble pas être à même de s'adapter à l'apport calorique plus concentré de la nourriture de laboratoire. Il réagit par une surproduction insulinique, surproduction qui, en général, évite la cétose. Parfois, cette surproduction suffit à ramener le sucre sanguin à la normale. Dans des cas plus rares, la stimulation de la sécrétion insulinique se termine par une dégénérescence et une nécrose des cellulesβ avec céto-acidose mortelle.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird über elektronen- und lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Pankreas-Inseln normaler und diabetischer Sandratten berichtet. Nach Verabreichung einer synthetischen Keks-Diät wurden eine Degranulation derβ-Zellen und Zeichen einer vermehrten Proteinsynthese beobachtet. Gleichzeitig mit dem Auftreten von Diabetes erfolgte Glykogeninfiltration, begleitet von einer Verdrängung der Zellorganellen und gelegentlicher Degeneration und Verflüssigung des Cytoplasmas. Diese Veränderungen wurden mit Blutzucker-und immunreaktivem Serum-Insulinspiegel in Zusammenhang gebracht. — Sandratten sind einzigartig in der Hinsicht, daß sie nicht in der Lage sind, das vermehrte Kalorienangebot der synthetischen Diät auf normale Art zu bewältigen. Sie reagieren mit Mehrproduktion von Insulin. Die gesteigerte Insulmausschüttung hält das Tier gewöhnlich frei von Ketose, bringt den Blutzucker gelegentlich auf normale Werte zurück, endet aber in seltenen Fällen mit einer Degeneration und Nekrose derβ-Zellen mit anschließender fataler Ketoacidose.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastuctural and light microscopic studies of pancreatic islets in normal and diabetic sand rats are reported. Following the institution of a synthetic chow diet, beta cell degranulation and enhanced protein synthesis were observed. With the appearance of diabetes, glycogen infiltration occurred, with displacement of cellular organelles and eventual cytoplasmic degeneration and liquefaction. These alterations were correlated with blood glucose and serum immunoreactive insulin levels. — The sand rats are unique in that they are not able to cope with the increased caloric load of synthetic chow. They respond by marked insulin production; an increase that usually maintains the animal free of ketosis, occasionally returns them to a euglycemic state, and may rarely be terminated by beta cell degeneration and necrosis with fatal ketoacidosis.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype:C3Hf×I-Fl ; Strains of mice: C3Hf and I ; Mice: C3Hf and I ; Insulin response ; Insulin resistance ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Insulin and diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Obesity ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Diaphragm in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hybride F1 produit par le croisement des souches de souris C3Hf et I (souris de Wellesley) est prédisposé au diabète. Dans cette étude nous avons observé que les animaux devenus diabétiques avaient des taux élevés d'insuline immunoréactive sérique et que leurs tissus périphériques étaient moins sensibles à l'action de l'insulinein vitro. Un régime hypocalorique a pu prévenir l'apparition du diabète et maintenir une sensibilité normale à l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kreuzung von C3Hf und I Mäusestämmen ergibt ein F1 Hybrid (die “Wellesley” Maus) mit Veranlagung für Diabetes mellitus. Bei der Untersuchung dieser Tiere wurde festgestellt, daß solche, bei denen das diabetische Syndrom sich entwickelt hatte, erhöhte Spiegel von immunreaktivem Insulin im Serum aufwiesen, und daß ihre peripheren Gewebein vitro weniger empfindlich auf Insulin reagierten. Diät-beschränkung verhinderte das Auftreten von Diabetes und bewahrte die Insulinempfindlichkeit der peripheren Gewebe.
    Notes: Summary A hybrid of C3Hf and I strains of mice (the “Wellesley” mouse) results in an animal with a predisposition to diabetes mellitus. In this study it was found that animals that developed the diabetic syndrome had elevated levels of immunoreactive insulin in their serum, and peripheral tissues thatin vitro were less responsive to insulin. Dietary restriction prevented the diabetes from occurring as well as maintaining insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 175-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype: C3Hf XI-Fl ; Strains of mice: C3Hf and I ; Mice: C3Hf and I ; Swiss-Hauschka mice ; Hauschka Swriss mice ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Beta cell hyperplasia ; Insulin in Serum ; Obesity ; Caloric Intake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des souris hybrides produites par le croisement des souches C3Hf et I ont été soumises à une alimentation standard de laboratoire, à deux niveaux de concentration calorique. De plus, des souris d'une souche ordinaire ont reçu leur nourriture sous forme de poudre ou de conglomérés. Dans tous ces cas, nous avons observé une corrélation entre l'hyperglycémie, l'accroissement de poids et les taux sériques élevés d'insuline immunoréactive résultant de l'apport augmenté de calories. Ces observations soulignent l'importance extrême du régime dans l'étude du diabète expérimental.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse, die aus der Kreuzung C3HfXI hervorgingen, und die zu einer milden Form von Diabetes und Hyperplasie der Bauchspeicheldrüse neigen, erhielten zwei Sorten Laboratoriumskeks von unterschiedlichem Kaloriengehalt. Einem Stamm gewöhnlicher Labormäuse wurde außerdem das Futter als Pulver oder in Keks-Form verabreicht. Hyperglykämie, vermehrte Gewichtszunahme und erhöhte Spiegel an immunreaktivem Insulin verhielten sich untereinander parallel und waren das Resultat vermehrter Kalorienaufnahme. Diese Untersuchungen heben die kritische Rolle der Diät bei Studien des experimentellen Diabetes hervor.
    Notes: Summary Hybrid mice that develop mild diabetes and pancreatic hyperplasia were fed chow rations at two caloric concentrations. In addition, a strain of commercial laboratory mice were fed these diets in both powdered and pellet form. In all animals, hyperglycemia, increased weight gain, and elevated levels of immunoreactive insulin in serum were correlated with each other and resulted from increased caloric intake. These studies emphasize the critical role of diet in the study of experimental diabetes.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 212-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; KK mice ; Japanese mice ; Obesity ; Growth hormone ; Pituitary ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Insulin in pancreas ; Sex and diabetes ; Adrenal cortex ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Un état diabétique est démontré chez des souris d'une souche japonaise, la souche KK, mis en évidence par une élévation du sucre sanguin et par une diminution de la tolérance au glucose. 2. Le poids corporel des souris KK dépasse la normale; il s'agit d'une obésité modérée. 3. L'activité insulinique du pancréas et le contenu en hormone de croissance de l'hypophyse de souris KK dépassent ceux observés chez des souris C57BL. 4. Histologiquement, on trouve chez les souris KK une hypertrophie et une hyperplasie des îlots de Langerhans, une hypertrophie et une dégranulation des cellules B, une abondance de ribosomes et de réticulum endoplasmique des cellules B, un développement marqué de la région de Golgi des mêmes cellules, et une diminution du contenu en zinc des cellules insulaires. D'autres anomalies ont également été observées dans d'autres organes des souris KK, plus particulièrement pour l'hypophyse, le foie, les surrénales et la parathyroïde.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei Mäusen des KK-Stammes (japanische Zucht) ist mit Bestimmung von Glucosetoleranz und Blutzuckerwerten ein diabetischer Zustand nachweisbar. 2. Das Körpergewicht von KK-Mäusen liegt über der Norm, und es besteht eine leichte Fettsucht. 3. Die Insulinaktivität des Pankreas und der Gehalt der Hypophyse an Wachstumshormon sind bei KK-Mäusen höher als bei C57BL-Mäusen. 4. Das Pankreas der KK-Mäuse zeigt auffallende Veränderungen, wie Hypertrophie und Degranulierung derβ-Zellen, reichlich Ribosomen und endoplasmatisches Reticulum in denβ-Zellen, sowie starke Ausbildung des Golgiapparates und Verminderung des Zinkgehaltes der Inselzellen. 5. Auch andere Organe (z.B. Adenohypophyse, Leber, Nebenniere und Nebenschilddrüse) der KK-Mäuse weisen Veränderungen auf.
    Notes: Summary This review demonstrates the following points:1. By glucose tolerance test and the determination of non-fasting blood sugar values, mice of KK strain (a Japanese strain) have been shown to be in a diabetic state. 2. KK mice have greater than normal body weights, and moderate obesity. 3. Pancreatic insulin activity and adenohypophyseal growth hormone content of KK mice are greater than those of C75BL mice. 4. The pancreas of KK mice presents many striking changes, such as the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the islets, the hypertrophy and degranulation of B cells, the abundance of B cell ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, the enlargement of the Golgi areas of B cells, and the diminution of the zinc content of insular cells. 5. In other organs (eg. adenohypophysis, liver, adrenal and parathyroid) of KK mice, many changes are also observed. The above features of KK mice are discussed in relation to the presumed metabolic disorder in the mice.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 222-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Obese mice ; Genotype: obob ; Obese-hyperglycemic syndrome ; Screening ; for diabetes ; Testis ; Obesity ; β-glucuronidase ; Isocitrate metabolism ; Muscle ; Liver ; Adipose tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons passé en revue quelques aspects du métabolisme des souris obèses-hyperglycémiques observés dans la colonie suédoise de ces animaux. Nous avons développé une méthode de dépistage qui permet de reconnaître très tôt les animaux qui, plus tard, deviendront obèses et hyperglycémiques. L'injection intrapéritonéale de glucose mène plus fréquemment à une glucosurie chez les souris homozygotes (obob) même avant le sevrage, suggérant donc que l'anomalie du métabolisme du glucose est une lésion primaire chez ces animaux. Le syndrome est en outre associé à une activité endocrine réduite du testicule. Une comparaison quantitative des structures testiculaires d'animaux obèses-hyperglycémiques soumis à un régime strict, et d'animaux obèses à la suite d'hyperphagie provoquée par l'injection d'aurothioglucose, permet d'affirmer que cette diminution de la fonction endocrine testiculaire est le résultat de facteurs autres que l'hyperphagie ou l'obésité. Une augmentation de laβ-glucuronidase sérique et artérielle ayant été décrite chez des malades atteints de diabète ou d'artériosclérose sévères, cette activité enzymatique a été mesurée chez les souris obèses-hyperglycémiques. Une activité enzymatique accrue n'a été observée que pour les surrénales. La déshydrogénation de l'isocitrate procède plus activement par la voie requérant le cofacteur NADP+ dans les tissus musculaires et hépatiques de souris obèses-hyperglycémiques, que ce n'est le cas pour les tissus de souris nonobèses. Pourtant, cette utilisation préférentielle de l'enzyme NADP+-dépendant n'est pas nécessairement liée à la lipogénèse accrue observée chez ces animaux, puisque cette même préférence ne se retrouve pas lorsqu'on compare le tissu adipeux d'animaux obèses et non-obèses de mêmes nichées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von kürzlich durchgeführten Untersuchungen an der schwedischen Kolonie von fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen werden hier einige Gesichtspunkte über den Stoffwechsel dieser Tiere dargestellt. Eine neue Arbeitsweise hat es uns ermöglicht schon früh Mäuse, die später zu Fettsucht und Hyperglykämie neigen, zu entdecken. Intraperitoneale Glucoseinjektionen führten häufiger zur Glucosurie in denjenigen noch nicht entwöhnten Tieren, die für das fettsüchtig-hyperglykämische Gen homozygot sind. Diese Tatsache weist auch darauf hin, daß die Störung des Glucosestoff-wechsels wahrscheinlich eine primäre Anomalie darstellt. Das fettsüchtig-hyperglykämische Syndrom geht parallel mit einer verminderten endokrinen Aktivität der Hoden. Quantitative mikroskopische Untersuchung der Hoden von sowohl fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen bei Beschränkung der Nahrungsaufnahme, als auch von Mäusen mit Goldthioglucose-bedingter Hyperphagie und Fettsucht deuten darauf, daß andere Faktoren als Überfressen oder Fettsucht für das Abnehmen der Hodenfunktion verantwortlich sind. Im Serum oder in den Arterien von Patienten mit Diabetes oder Arteriosklerose ist eine Vermehrung derβ-Glucuronidase-Aktivität nachgewiesen worden. Beifettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen war aber nur in den Nebennieren eine höhereβ-Glucuronidase-Aktivität als bei nicht-fettsüchtigen Tieren nachzuweisen. Untersuchung der enzymatischen Dehydrogenierung von Isocitrat zeigte, daß Isocitrat im Skelettmuskel und in der Leber dieser fettsüchtig hyperglykämischen Mäuse vorwiegend über das NADP+-abhängige Enzym dehydrogeniert wird. Diese Beobachtung ist nicht unbedingt mit der Hyperlipogenese verbunden, da das Fettgewebe von fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen im Vergleich zu dem der mageren nicht dieselbe Bevorzugung des NADP+- abhängigen Enzyms aufweist.
    Notes: Summary Some aspects of the metabolism of obesehyperglycemic mice are presented in the light of recent observations on the Swedish colony of these animals. A screening procedure has been elaborated, which allows early detection of those growing mice that will later develop the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome. The observation that intraperitoneal glucose injections induce a higher frequency of glucosuria in those suckling mice which are homozygous for the obese-hyperglycemic gene furthermore suggests that the impairment of the glucose metabolism represents a primary lesion in these animals. The obese-hyperglycemic syndrome is associated with a reduced endocrine activity of the testis. Quantitative microscopic analyses of the testis, both from obese-hyperglycemic mice kept on a restricted food intake and from mice in which hyperphagia and obesity had been induced by injections of gold thioglucose, revealed that other factors than overeating and/or obesity are responsible for the depression of the testis function. An increased activity ofβ-glucuronidase has been reported in serum and arteries from inviduals with diabetes or severe arteriosclerosis. However, among the various tissues analysed in the obese-hyperglycemic mice only the adrenals displayed a significantly higherβ-glucuronidase activity than the lean litter mates. Studies of the enzymatic dehydrogenation of isocitrate revealed considerably higher ratios between the NADP+- and NAD+-specific enzyme activities in the skeletal muscle and liver from the obese-hyperglycemic mice. The observation that the liver dehydrogenation of isocitrate was more dependent on NADP+ in the latter animals must not necessarily be attributed to the presence of a hyperlipogenesis, since similar ratios were recorded for the NADP+- and NAD+-linked isocitric dehydrogenase activities when the adipose tissue from the obese-hyperglycemic mice was compared with that from the lean sibling controls.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Insulin in serum ; Insulin in pancreas ; Insulin resistance ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Obesity ; Diet and diabetes ; Fasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons induit par modification du régime chez le rat des sables égyptien un syndrome diabétique plus modéré que celui décrit dans la précédente communication (Miki et al., 1966). Maintenus à un régime végétal pendant une longue période après leur capture, la teneur en insuline du pancréas de ces animaux augmente de façon significative. Par contre, lorsqu'ils sont soumis au régime standard de laboratoire (granuléscomprimés) une hyperglycémie de degré variable s'installe chez environ un tiers des jeunes rats. L'hyperinsulinémie s'est révélée être encore plus élevée chez ces animaux que chez ceux décrits antérieurement et elle persiste même après un retour à la normale de la glycémie au cours du jeûne. Chez les rats hyperglycémiques, le contenu du pancréas en insuline diminue. Le rôle possible de la résistance du tissu adipeux à l'action de l'insuline dans la pathogénèse de ce syndrome est discuté.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mildere Form von diätinduziertem diabetischen Syndrom in der Ägyptischen Sandratte wird beschrieben. In Sandratten, die für längere Zeit nach der Gefangennahme mit Gemüse gefüttert worden waren, war der Pankreasinsulingehalt stark erhöht, der Blutzucker aber normal. Ein Drittel der jungen Tiere, hingegen, die mit Labor-Keks gefüttert wurden, entwickelte Hyperglykämie verschiedenen Grades. Hyperinsulinämie war sogar noch stärker ausgeprägt, als in der vorher beschriebenen Gruppe (Miki et al., 1966) und dauerte selbst dann an, wenn der Blutzucker durch Fasten auf normale Werte zurückgebracht wurde. Der Pankreasinsulingehalt hyperglykämischer Sandratten war gegenüber der Norm erniedrigt. Die Insulinempfindlichkeit des Fettgewebes wird im Zusammenhang mit der Pathogenese diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Compared with our previous report, a milder form of diabetic syndrome induced by diet in Egyptian sand rats is described. In sand rats fed vegetables for a prolonged period after capture, pancreatic insulin content was significantly increased. When fed chow, one-third of young animals developed hyperglycemia to a variable degree. Hyperinsulinemia was even more marked than in the previously reported group (Miki et al., 1966) and persisted even when the blood glucose returned to normal following fasting. Pancreatic insulin content was decreased in hyperglycemic sand rats. Insulin refractoriness of adipose tissue was discussed in relation to the pathogenesis.
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 140-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Insulin resistance ; Liver enzymes ; Liver metabolism in vitro ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez des rats des sables pesant environ 100, 140, et 220 gr, avec une glycémie normale, nous avons observé des taux élevés d'insuline circulante par rapport aux taux que l'on observe chez des rats albinos du même âge. Chez ces animaux, le tissu adipeux incubéin vitro n'est que peu sensible à l'insuline, par comparaison avec la sensibilité du tissu adipeux du rat albinos. La sensibilité à l'insuline diminue dans les deux espèces avec l'âge, mais cet effet est beaucoup plus marqué chez le rat des sables. Les dosages d'enzymes hépatiques et les études métaboliques sur tranches de foie ont donné des résultats semblables pour les deux espèces à l'exception d'une incorporation diminuée de glucose en glycogène hépatique pour le rat des sables.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Sandratten mit normalem Blutzucker und einem Körpergewicht von ungefähr 100, 140 und 220 Gramm wurden mit Albinoratten desselben Alters verglichen. Dabei wurde beobachtet, daß die Sandratten auch unter diesen Bedingungen erhöhte Seruminsulinspiegel aufwiesen. Ihr Fettgewebe zeigtein vitro eine verminderte Insulinempfindlichkeit, die mit zunehmendem Alter weiter fiel. Diese altersbedingte Abnahme war bei Sandratten ausgeprägter als bei Albinoratten. Untersuchungen von Leberstoffwechsel an Leberschnitten oder an Leberenzymmessungen deuteten nicht auf ein unterschiedliches Verhalten der Leber der Sandratte, mit der einzigen Ausnahme eines verminderten Glucose-Einbaues in Glykogen.
    Notes: Summary Normoglycemic sand rats of approximately 100, 140, and 220 grams body weight were found to have increased circulating insulin levels compared with albino rats of matched ages. Adipose tissuein vitro demonstrated decreased insulin sensitivity, which became further diminished with increasing age in both type of rats, but this effect was much more marked in the sand rats. Liver enzyme determinations and metabolic studies on liver slices showed identical results in both rats, except for decreased glucose incorporation into glycogen in the sand rat.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype: C3HfXI- Fl ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Obesity ; Strains of mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié la morphologie des îlots de Langerhans de souris hybrides de Wellesley (C3HfxI) et de souris albinos ordinaires soumises à deux régimes synthétiques de laboratoire. Nous avons observé une forte augmentation du volume des îlots de Langerhans des animaux diabétiques soumis aux deux types de régime, ces îlots étant composés presque exclusivement de cellules B actives. L'apparence des îlots de Langerhans d'animaux non-diabétiques était normale. Il existe chez ces animaux une excellente corrélation entre la présence de diabète, les taux d'insuline immunoréactive sérique, et l'apparence des îlots, ceci pour les deux régimes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An “Wellesley Hybrid” und normalen Laboratoriumsmäusen, denen zwei verschiedene Arten von synthetischem Futter gegeben worden war, wurden morphologische Studien durchgeführt. Die Langerhans'schen Inseln diabetischer Tiere beider Gruppen waren stark vergrößert und bestanden beinahe ausschließlich aus aktiv Insulin synthetisierendenβ-Zellen. Die Inseln der nicht-diabetischen Mäuse waren normal. Es bestand ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vorhandensein von Diabetes, dem immunreaktiven Insulin Spiegel im Serum und der Inselmorphologie, unabhängig von Mäusestamm und Diät.
    Notes: Summary Morphologic studies were performed in “Wellesley Hybrid” and commercial laboratory mice fed synthetic chow of two types. The pancreatic islets of diabetic animals of both groups were greatly enlarged, and were composed almost exclusively of beta cells actively synthesizing insulin. The islets of the non-diabetic mice were normal. There was excellent correlation between the presence of diabetes, the level of serum TRI and islet morphology regardless of mouse strain and dietary regimen.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Spiny mice ; Acomys cahirinus ; Obesity ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Insulin in pancreas ; Glycogen ; Islets of Langerhans ; Endo-exocrine cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'Acomys Cahirinus ou souris à piquants est un rongeur vivant dans les régions semi-désertiques de l'est de la Méditerranée. La découverte d'un diabète spontané chez certains de ces animaux a fait entreprendre l'élevage d'une colonie dans laquelle ce syndrome s'est maintenu jusqu'à maintenant. Il atteint environ 15% des animaux, qu'ils soient obèses ou non. Il apparaît sur un terrain insulaire très particulier puisque le pancréas endocrine montre une hyperplasie très importante jusqu'à constituer 15% du pancréas total. Cette hyperplasie existe chez tous les animaux, hyperglycémiques ou non. — L'étude au microscope électronique est encore trop incomplète pour une analyse corrélative détaillée entre les données métaboliques et morphologiques. Elle permet toutefois de décrire les différentes structures cellulaires de l'Acomys ainsi que leurs modifications dans les conditions pathologiques. Les changements du complexe de Golgi et des mitochondries et certains aspects plus pathologiques,comme l'accumulation de glycogène, sont décrits ainsi que des images plus particulières à l'Acomys, telles les confluences de vésicules et les cellules hypergranulées. — L'extrême hyperplasie du pancréas endocrine de la souris à piquants s'accompagne à son niveau d'un grand polymorphisme cellulaire. Les différentes cellules ainsi observées sont interprétées comme des aspects de différents moments physiologiques et non comme des types cellulaires particuliers. Ces données font conclure à la non-existence d'autres entités cellulaires que les cellules A, B et éventuellement D. Un aspect particulièrement intéressant de la souris à piquants est celui dela présence de cellules mixtes. Cette image est discutée dans le cadre très particulier du syndrome diabétique observé chez l'Acomys.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Acomys cahirinus, die Stachelmaus, ist ein kleines Nagetier, das in den an die Wüste grenzenden Gegenden des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes lebt. Da in dieser Tierart Spontandiabetes auftritt, zumindest in Laboratoriumszucht, halten wir dieses Tier am Institut de Biochimie Clinique seit etwas mehr als drei Jahren. Diabetes mellitus tritt bei ungefähr 15% der Tiere die ein Jahr alt werden ein; einige davon sind fettsüchtig, nicht aber alle. Diabetes erscheint trotz einer sehr stark entwickelten Hyperplasie der Langerhans'schen Inseln, die bis zu 15% des erwachsenen Organs ausmachen können! Diese Hyperplasie ist bei allen Tieren zu sehen, unabhängig davon ob eine diabetische Stoffwechselstörung vorliegt oder nicht. Mit dem Elektronenmikroskop haben wir die Langerhans'schen Inseln von 22 Stachelmäusen untersucht und berichten hier über die verschiedenen beobachteten Zelltypen, zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Entwicklung der diabetischen Stoffwechselstörungen. Befunde an den B-Zellen dieser Tierart betreffen die hochgradige Entwicklung des Golgi Apparates, die große Unterschiedlichkeit und manchmal extreme Glycogen-Ablagerung in diabetischen Tieren, die häufige Verschmelzung der Membranen der Granula, und das Auftreten von ganz übermäßig hypergranulierten Zellen. — Die Hyperplasie der Langerhans'schen Inseln in Stachelmäusen geht mit einem betrachtenswerten zellulären Polymorphismus einher. Die Autoren sind jedoch nicht der Meinung, daß diese Befunde auf das Vorhandensein von vielen verschiedenen Zelltypen in diesen Inseln deutet. Es scheint ihnen viel wahrscheinlicher, daß es sich um verschiedene funktionelle Zustände einer kleinen Anzahl von Zelltypen handelt, wobei nur A, B, und vielleicht D Zellen mit Sicherheit als identifiziert gelten können. Ein besonders frappanter Aspekt dieses zellulären Polymorphysmus istdie häufige Beobachtung von gemischten oder Intermediärzellen (exokrin-endokrin sowie auch endokrin A-B). Diese Beobachtung wirft die Frage auf ob die Stimulation, die zu der Hyperplasie des endokrinen Systems in dieser Tierart führt, vielleicht mit einer Verminderung der nuklearen Hemmung, die bei voll differenzierten Zellen die Regel ist, einhergehen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Acomys Cahirinus, the spiny mouse, is a small rodent living in the semi-desertic areas of the Eastern Mediterranean. The observation that diabetes may occur spontaneously in this species, at least under laboratory conditions, has led to its breeding at the Institut de Biochimie Clinique, where a colony has been maintained over the last 3 years. Diabetes occurs in approximately 15% of the animals reaching one year of age; some of these are obese, but not all. Diabetes occurs in the presence of, and despite a striking hyperplasia of the endocrine pancreas, which may make up as much as 15% of the total organ in adult mice. This hyperplasia is present in all animals, whether hyperglycemic or not. — The islets of Langerhans of 22 spiny mice have been examined with the electron microscope and form the basis for an analysis of the different cell types observed, at different times relative to the onset of diabetes. Findings in the B cells of this species have included the generally high degree of development of the Golgi complex, the great variability of glycogen accumulation in diabetic animals, the frequent fusion of the granular sacs, and the occurrence of grossly hyper-granulated cells. — The hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans in spiny mice is associated with a remarkable cellular polymorphism. However, the authors do not feel that this is the result of the presence in these islets of many distinct cell types. It would seem much more likely, that they represent different functional states of a small number of distinct types of cells, among which only A, B and perhaps D cells have been securely identified. Another feature of this cellular polymorphism is thefrequent presence of mixed or intermediate cells (exocrine-endocrine, or endocrine A-B), which suggests that the stimulation leading to hyperplasia of the endocrine cells in this species might result in the removal of some part of the nuclear inhibition usually associated with fully differentiated cells.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 238-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Genotype: C57BL/K5-db ; Diabetes in mice ; Mutation: diabetes ; Obesity ; Prediabetes ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pancreas ; Insulin resistance ; Glucose utilization ; Gluconeogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La mutation, diabète (db), a été observée dans la souche de souris C57BL/Ks. C'est un gène autosomal récessif avec pénétrance complète, et qui mène chez les homozygotes à un trouble métabolique ressemblant au diabète sucré chez l'homme. Une accumulation excessive de graisses se produit à l'âge de 3–4 semaines et est bientôt suivie par l'apparition d'hyperglycémie, de polyurie et de glucosurie. L'évolution clinique suit ensuite deux étapes. Durant la première, les taux d'insuline plasmatique sont élevés et la lipogénèse, la gluconéogénèse, ainsi que l'oxydation du glucose sont accélérées; il y a diminution de la granulation des cellulesβ et d'autres altérations suggérant l'existence d'une compensation d'un état nécessitant une utilisation insulinique accrue. La deuxième étape, par contre, est caractérisée par des taux normaux d'insuline plasmatique, avec diminution marquée de l'utilisation du glucose malgré la persistance d'une gluconéogénèse nettement exagérée. Ces observations nous semblent indiquer l'existence d'une utilisation défectueuse de l'insuline à la périphérie, plutôt qu'une anomalie primaire de la synthèse ou de la libération de l'hormone au niveau du pancréas.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Mutation Diabetes (db), die in dem Mäusestamm C57BL/Ks auftritt, ist ein autosomales rezessives Gen mit voller Penetranz und verursacht bei homzygoten Mäusen eine dem im Menschen auftretenden Diabetes mellitus ähnliche Stoffwechselstörung: übermäßige Ablagerung von Fett im Alter von 3–4 Wochen, mit anschließender Hyperglykämie, Polyurie und Glucosurie. Der klinische Verlauf erfolgt dann in zwei Phasen. In der ersten Phase ist ein wesentlicher Anstieg der Plasmainsulinwerte im Vordergrund, mit Beschleunigung von Lipogenese, Gluconeogenese und Glucoseoxydation. Das Abnehmen der Granula in denβ-Zellen der Langerhansschen Inseln und andere Veränderungen deuten auf eine Anpassung an einen steigenden Insulinbedarf. In der zweiten Phase, dagegen, sind die Insulinspiegel eher normal, und der Glucoseverbrauch nimmt ab, bei Weiterbestehen der beschleunigten Gluconeogenese. Diese Ergebnisse deuten eher auf eine mangelhafte periphere Insulinwirkung als auf eine ungenügende Synthese der Ausschüttung des Hormones durch das Pankreas.
    Notes: Summary The mutation, diabetes (db), that occurred in the C57BL/Ks strain of mice is a unit autosomal recessive gene with full penetrance, and causes metabolic disturbances in homozygous mice resembling diabetes mellitus in man. Abnormal deposition of fat at 3 to 4 weeks of age is followed by hyperglycemia, polyuria and glycosuria. The diabetic condition appears to develop in two stages. In the early stage, there are marked increases in the levels of plasma insulin, the rates of lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose oxidation, and there is a reduction ofβ-cell granules in the islet of Langerhans with other changes suggestive of a compensating adaptation to increased insulin demand. On the other hand, the late stage is characterized by a near normal level of circulating insulin, a marked decrease in glucose utilization but with a continued high rate of gluconeogenesis. These findings suggest a defect in the peripheral utilization of insulin rather than in the synthesis and release of the hormone from the pancreas.
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