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  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (328)
  • 1967  (328)
  • Chemical Engineering  (312)
  • Spontaneous Diabetes  (16)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • pharmacokinetics
Material
Years
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (328)
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Clinical diabetes ; Glucose metabolism ; Leucine metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié cliniquement le diabète héréditaire du hamster chinois, et, en particulier, nous avons pu suivre 79 animaux pendant des périodes prolongées. Le diabète chez ce hamster est variable quant à sa sévérité et quant à son évolution clinique. Par plusieurs aspects il ressemble au diabète humain, mais il s'en différencie par l'énorme volume urinaire, la fréquence du diabète léger même chez les animaux jeunes, une résistance relative à l'insuline, et une capacité extraordinaire de compensation pour les pertes de liquide et de glucose dans l'urine. Ces différences sont si marquées qu'elles suggèrent l'existence de différences fondamentales entre le métabolisme du hamster chinois et celui de l'homme. Bien que certaines différences aient pu être démontrées dans le métabolisme du glucose et de la leucine entre l'animal diabétique et l'animal normal, la signification statistique de ces différences reste à établir.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine klinische Untersuchung des hereditären Diabetes im chinesischen Hamster hat ergeben, daß große Schwankungen in bezug auf die Schwere und den Verlauf der Stoffwechselstörung bestehen. Verschiedene Merkmale der Krankheit in diesem Tier ähneln dem menschlichen Diabetes, während andere Aspekte, wie z.B. Urinmenge und Glykosurie, oder die beträchtliche Anzahl der Tiere mit leichtem jugendlichen Diabetes, der hohe Insulinbedarf und die Fähigkeit größere Urinund Glucoseverluste auszugleichen, darauf hinweisen, daß diese Widersprüche artbedingt sein könnten.In vivo undin vitro durchgeführte Stoffwechselstudien mit Glucose und Leuzin scheinen im normalen und diabetischen Tier leicht zu differieren, obgleich dies statistisch nicht zu beweisen war.
    Notes: Summary A clinical study of hereditary diabetes in the Chinese hamster has revealed a great variety in severity and course of the disease. Several aspects of the disease in this animal resemble human diabetes, whereas other parameters, such as gross urine volumes and glycosuria, a considerable number of mild juvenile-onset diabetics, high insulin requirement, and ability to compensate for urine losses of fluids and glucose would indicate that species differences in metabolism may be the cause of these discrepancies. — Metabolismin vivo andin vitro of glucose and leucine appears to be slightly different in the normal and diabetic animal, although statistically this has not been proven.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 140-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Insulin resistance ; Liver enzymes ; Liver metabolism in vitro ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez des rats des sables pesant environ 100, 140, et 220 gr, avec une glycémie normale, nous avons observé des taux élevés d'insuline circulante par rapport aux taux que l'on observe chez des rats albinos du même âge. Chez ces animaux, le tissu adipeux incubéin vitro n'est que peu sensible à l'insuline, par comparaison avec la sensibilité du tissu adipeux du rat albinos. La sensibilité à l'insuline diminue dans les deux espèces avec l'âge, mais cet effet est beaucoup plus marqué chez le rat des sables. Les dosages d'enzymes hépatiques et les études métaboliques sur tranches de foie ont donné des résultats semblables pour les deux espèces à l'exception d'une incorporation diminuée de glucose en glycogène hépatique pour le rat des sables.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Sandratten mit normalem Blutzucker und einem Körpergewicht von ungefähr 100, 140 und 220 Gramm wurden mit Albinoratten desselben Alters verglichen. Dabei wurde beobachtet, daß die Sandratten auch unter diesen Bedingungen erhöhte Seruminsulinspiegel aufwiesen. Ihr Fettgewebe zeigtein vitro eine verminderte Insulinempfindlichkeit, die mit zunehmendem Alter weiter fiel. Diese altersbedingte Abnahme war bei Sandratten ausgeprägter als bei Albinoratten. Untersuchungen von Leberstoffwechsel an Leberschnitten oder an Leberenzymmessungen deuteten nicht auf ein unterschiedliches Verhalten der Leber der Sandratte, mit der einzigen Ausnahme eines verminderten Glucose-Einbaues in Glykogen.
    Notes: Summary Normoglycemic sand rats of approximately 100, 140, and 220 grams body weight were found to have increased circulating insulin levels compared with albino rats of matched ages. Adipose tissuein vitro demonstrated decreased insulin sensitivity, which became further diminished with increasing age in both type of rats, but this effect was much more marked in the sand rats. Liver enzyme determinations and metabolic studies on liver slices showed identical results in both rats, except for decreased glucose incorporation into glycogen in the sand rat.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype: C3HfXI- Fl ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Obesity ; Strains of mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié la morphologie des îlots de Langerhans de souris hybrides de Wellesley (C3HfxI) et de souris albinos ordinaires soumises à deux régimes synthétiques de laboratoire. Nous avons observé une forte augmentation du volume des îlots de Langerhans des animaux diabétiques soumis aux deux types de régime, ces îlots étant composés presque exclusivement de cellules B actives. L'apparence des îlots de Langerhans d'animaux non-diabétiques était normale. Il existe chez ces animaux une excellente corrélation entre la présence de diabète, les taux d'insuline immunoréactive sérique, et l'apparence des îlots, ceci pour les deux régimes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An “Wellesley Hybrid” und normalen Laboratoriumsmäusen, denen zwei verschiedene Arten von synthetischem Futter gegeben worden war, wurden morphologische Studien durchgeführt. Die Langerhans'schen Inseln diabetischer Tiere beider Gruppen waren stark vergrößert und bestanden beinahe ausschließlich aus aktiv Insulin synthetisierendenβ-Zellen. Die Inseln der nicht-diabetischen Mäuse waren normal. Es bestand ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vorhandensein von Diabetes, dem immunreaktiven Insulin Spiegel im Serum und der Inselmorphologie, unabhängig von Mäusestamm und Diät.
    Notes: Summary Morphologic studies were performed in “Wellesley Hybrid” and commercial laboratory mice fed synthetic chow of two types. The pancreatic islets of diabetic animals of both groups were greatly enlarged, and were composed almost exclusively of beta cells actively synthesizing insulin. The islets of the non-diabetic mice were normal. There was excellent correlation between the presence of diabetes, the level of serum TRI and islet morphology regardless of mouse strain and dietary regimen.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Spiny mice ; Acomys cahirinus ; Obesity ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Insulin in pancreas ; Glycogen ; Islets of Langerhans ; Endo-exocrine cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'Acomys Cahirinus ou souris à piquants est un rongeur vivant dans les régions semi-désertiques de l'est de la Méditerranée. La découverte d'un diabète spontané chez certains de ces animaux a fait entreprendre l'élevage d'une colonie dans laquelle ce syndrome s'est maintenu jusqu'à maintenant. Il atteint environ 15% des animaux, qu'ils soient obèses ou non. Il apparaît sur un terrain insulaire très particulier puisque le pancréas endocrine montre une hyperplasie très importante jusqu'à constituer 15% du pancréas total. Cette hyperplasie existe chez tous les animaux, hyperglycémiques ou non. — L'étude au microscope électronique est encore trop incomplète pour une analyse corrélative détaillée entre les données métaboliques et morphologiques. Elle permet toutefois de décrire les différentes structures cellulaires de l'Acomys ainsi que leurs modifications dans les conditions pathologiques. Les changements du complexe de Golgi et des mitochondries et certains aspects plus pathologiques,comme l'accumulation de glycogène, sont décrits ainsi que des images plus particulières à l'Acomys, telles les confluences de vésicules et les cellules hypergranulées. — L'extrême hyperplasie du pancréas endocrine de la souris à piquants s'accompagne à son niveau d'un grand polymorphisme cellulaire. Les différentes cellules ainsi observées sont interprétées comme des aspects de différents moments physiologiques et non comme des types cellulaires particuliers. Ces données font conclure à la non-existence d'autres entités cellulaires que les cellules A, B et éventuellement D. Un aspect particulièrement intéressant de la souris à piquants est celui dela présence de cellules mixtes. Cette image est discutée dans le cadre très particulier du syndrome diabétique observé chez l'Acomys.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Acomys cahirinus, die Stachelmaus, ist ein kleines Nagetier, das in den an die Wüste grenzenden Gegenden des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes lebt. Da in dieser Tierart Spontandiabetes auftritt, zumindest in Laboratoriumszucht, halten wir dieses Tier am Institut de Biochimie Clinique seit etwas mehr als drei Jahren. Diabetes mellitus tritt bei ungefähr 15% der Tiere die ein Jahr alt werden ein; einige davon sind fettsüchtig, nicht aber alle. Diabetes erscheint trotz einer sehr stark entwickelten Hyperplasie der Langerhans'schen Inseln, die bis zu 15% des erwachsenen Organs ausmachen können! Diese Hyperplasie ist bei allen Tieren zu sehen, unabhängig davon ob eine diabetische Stoffwechselstörung vorliegt oder nicht. Mit dem Elektronenmikroskop haben wir die Langerhans'schen Inseln von 22 Stachelmäusen untersucht und berichten hier über die verschiedenen beobachteten Zelltypen, zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Entwicklung der diabetischen Stoffwechselstörungen. Befunde an den B-Zellen dieser Tierart betreffen die hochgradige Entwicklung des Golgi Apparates, die große Unterschiedlichkeit und manchmal extreme Glycogen-Ablagerung in diabetischen Tieren, die häufige Verschmelzung der Membranen der Granula, und das Auftreten von ganz übermäßig hypergranulierten Zellen. — Die Hyperplasie der Langerhans'schen Inseln in Stachelmäusen geht mit einem betrachtenswerten zellulären Polymorphismus einher. Die Autoren sind jedoch nicht der Meinung, daß diese Befunde auf das Vorhandensein von vielen verschiedenen Zelltypen in diesen Inseln deutet. Es scheint ihnen viel wahrscheinlicher, daß es sich um verschiedene funktionelle Zustände einer kleinen Anzahl von Zelltypen handelt, wobei nur A, B, und vielleicht D Zellen mit Sicherheit als identifiziert gelten können. Ein besonders frappanter Aspekt dieses zellulären Polymorphysmus istdie häufige Beobachtung von gemischten oder Intermediärzellen (exokrin-endokrin sowie auch endokrin A-B). Diese Beobachtung wirft die Frage auf ob die Stimulation, die zu der Hyperplasie des endokrinen Systems in dieser Tierart führt, vielleicht mit einer Verminderung der nuklearen Hemmung, die bei voll differenzierten Zellen die Regel ist, einhergehen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Acomys Cahirinus, the spiny mouse, is a small rodent living in the semi-desertic areas of the Eastern Mediterranean. The observation that diabetes may occur spontaneously in this species, at least under laboratory conditions, has led to its breeding at the Institut de Biochimie Clinique, where a colony has been maintained over the last 3 years. Diabetes occurs in approximately 15% of the animals reaching one year of age; some of these are obese, but not all. Diabetes occurs in the presence of, and despite a striking hyperplasia of the endocrine pancreas, which may make up as much as 15% of the total organ in adult mice. This hyperplasia is present in all animals, whether hyperglycemic or not. — The islets of Langerhans of 22 spiny mice have been examined with the electron microscope and form the basis for an analysis of the different cell types observed, at different times relative to the onset of diabetes. Findings in the B cells of this species have included the generally high degree of development of the Golgi complex, the great variability of glycogen accumulation in diabetic animals, the frequent fusion of the granular sacs, and the occurrence of grossly hyper-granulated cells. — The hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans in spiny mice is associated with a remarkable cellular polymorphism. However, the authors do not feel that this is the result of the presence in these islets of many distinct cell types. It would seem much more likely, that they represent different functional states of a small number of distinct types of cells, among which only A, B and perhaps D cells have been securely identified. Another feature of this cellular polymorphism is thefrequent presence of mixed or intermediate cells (exocrine-endocrine, or endocrine A-B), which suggests that the stimulation leading to hyperplasia of the endocrine cells in this species might result in the removal of some part of the nuclear inhibition usually associated with fully differentiated cells.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 238-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Genotype: C57BL/K5-db ; Diabetes in mice ; Mutation: diabetes ; Obesity ; Prediabetes ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pancreas ; Insulin resistance ; Glucose utilization ; Gluconeogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La mutation, diabète (db), a été observée dans la souche de souris C57BL/Ks. C'est un gène autosomal récessif avec pénétrance complète, et qui mène chez les homozygotes à un trouble métabolique ressemblant au diabète sucré chez l'homme. Une accumulation excessive de graisses se produit à l'âge de 3–4 semaines et est bientôt suivie par l'apparition d'hyperglycémie, de polyurie et de glucosurie. L'évolution clinique suit ensuite deux étapes. Durant la première, les taux d'insuline plasmatique sont élevés et la lipogénèse, la gluconéogénèse, ainsi que l'oxydation du glucose sont accélérées; il y a diminution de la granulation des cellulesβ et d'autres altérations suggérant l'existence d'une compensation d'un état nécessitant une utilisation insulinique accrue. La deuxième étape, par contre, est caractérisée par des taux normaux d'insuline plasmatique, avec diminution marquée de l'utilisation du glucose malgré la persistance d'une gluconéogénèse nettement exagérée. Ces observations nous semblent indiquer l'existence d'une utilisation défectueuse de l'insuline à la périphérie, plutôt qu'une anomalie primaire de la synthèse ou de la libération de l'hormone au niveau du pancréas.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Mutation Diabetes (db), die in dem Mäusestamm C57BL/Ks auftritt, ist ein autosomales rezessives Gen mit voller Penetranz und verursacht bei homzygoten Mäusen eine dem im Menschen auftretenden Diabetes mellitus ähnliche Stoffwechselstörung: übermäßige Ablagerung von Fett im Alter von 3–4 Wochen, mit anschließender Hyperglykämie, Polyurie und Glucosurie. Der klinische Verlauf erfolgt dann in zwei Phasen. In der ersten Phase ist ein wesentlicher Anstieg der Plasmainsulinwerte im Vordergrund, mit Beschleunigung von Lipogenese, Gluconeogenese und Glucoseoxydation. Das Abnehmen der Granula in denβ-Zellen der Langerhansschen Inseln und andere Veränderungen deuten auf eine Anpassung an einen steigenden Insulinbedarf. In der zweiten Phase, dagegen, sind die Insulinspiegel eher normal, und der Glucoseverbrauch nimmt ab, bei Weiterbestehen der beschleunigten Gluconeogenese. Diese Ergebnisse deuten eher auf eine mangelhafte periphere Insulinwirkung als auf eine ungenügende Synthese der Ausschüttung des Hormones durch das Pankreas.
    Notes: Summary The mutation, diabetes (db), that occurred in the C57BL/Ks strain of mice is a unit autosomal recessive gene with full penetrance, and causes metabolic disturbances in homozygous mice resembling diabetes mellitus in man. Abnormal deposition of fat at 3 to 4 weeks of age is followed by hyperglycemia, polyuria and glycosuria. The diabetic condition appears to develop in two stages. In the early stage, there are marked increases in the levels of plasma insulin, the rates of lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose oxidation, and there is a reduction ofβ-cell granules in the islet of Langerhans with other changes suggestive of a compensating adaptation to increased insulin demand. On the other hand, the late stage is characterized by a near normal level of circulating insulin, a marked decrease in glucose utilization but with a continued high rate of gluconeogenesis. These findings suggest a defect in the peripheral utilization of insulin rather than in the synthesis and release of the hormone from the pancreas.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Genotype: C57BL/6J-ob ; Mutation: obese ; New Zealand obese (NZO) ; Goldthioglucose ; Obesity: pathogenesis ; Adipose tissue ; Muscle ; Resistance to insulin ; Insulin in serum ; Insulin in pancreas ; Non-suppresible ILA ; ILA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. L'activité insulinique (ILA) et l'insuline immunoréactive (IRI) ont été dosées dans des extraits pancréatiques et dans le sérum de souris maigres et obèses (obob) provenant du Jackson Memorial Laboratory à Bar Harbor, Maine; de souris obèses de Nouvelle Zélande; et de souris albinos rendues obèses par l'aurothioglucose. Chez ces trois types de souris, les quantités relatives d'activité insulinique “supprimable” et “non supprimable” ont également été mesurées dans le sérum. — 2. Le contenu insulinique en IRI du pancréas des souris obob était beaucoup plus élevé que celui de leur fratrie maigre à l'âge de cinq mois, mais était moindre à l'âge de cinq semaines. Par contre, l'IRI et l'ILA du sérum des souris obob excédaient de beaucoup ceux de leur fratrie maigre aux deux âges. Il est suggéré que la demande périphérique augmentée en insuline précède la synthèse et le stockage insuliniques augmentés dans ce type d'obésité. — 3. Chez ces trois souches de souris, qu'elles soient obèses ou maigres, le rapport des activités insuliniques biologiques et immunologiques des extraits pancréatiques était constant et approchait l'unité. Dans le sérum, ce rapport était également constant mais il était approximativement de cinq. Ces faits sont en désaccord avec la notion que des différences de structure de l'insuline pourraient être la cause des activités biologiques insuliniques différentes chez les animaux obèses et non obèses. Ils sont cependant en accord avec le concept d'une potentialisation de l'activité insulinique du sérum par une substance sérique présente chez toutes les souris. — 4. Approximativement 90% de l'ILA sérique chez les trois races de souris obèses étudiées étaient supprimées par la présence de sérum anti-insuline, bien que les taux absolus d'ILA non supprimable soient semblables à ceux trouvés dans d'autres espèces. Il est donc improbable que l'insuline “liée” participe pour une part importante à l'ILA sérique accrue d'un des trois types d'animaux obèses étudiés. — 5. Les résultats obtenus sont en accord avec le concept d'une résistance importante du tissu musculaire à l'action insulinique qui jouerait un rôle pathogénique important, voire primordial, chez la souris obob. Une résistance musculaire similaire, bien que moins marquée, peut être démontrée chez la souris obèse de Nouvelle Zélande. Par contre, cette résistance musculaire à l'action insulinique est totalement absente chez la souris albinos rendue obèse par l'aurothioglucose, après un jeûne de 24 heures.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Pankreas-Extrakte und Seren von normalen und fettsüchtigen (“obob”) Mäusen der Jackson Memorial Laboratories, Bar Harbor, von neuseeländischen fettsüchtigen Mäusen (“NZO”) und von weißen Mäusen, die nach Injektion von Goldthioglucose fettsüchtig geworden waren, wurden auf ihren Gehalt an insulinähnlicher Aktivität (“ILA”) und immunoreaktivem Insulin (“IRI”) untersucht. In den Seren aller drei Stämme wurde der Anteil der gesamt-ILA bestimmt, der mit Antikörpern gegen Insulin nicht unterdrückt werden kann. — 2. Pankreas erwachsener “obob” enthält mehr, dasjenige junger enthält weniger IRI als Pankreas normalgewichtiger Tiere aus dem gleichen Wurf, wogegen Serum der “obob” unabhängig vom Alter der Tiere mehr IRI und ILA enthält als das der normalgewichtigen. Es ist anzunehmen, daß bei dieser Form genetischer Fettsucht die Zunahme des peripheren Insulinbedarfsvor der Steigerung der Insulinsynthese und-Speicherung auftritt. — 3. Bei allen drei Mäusestämmen, ob fettsüchtig oder nicht, war das Verhältnis von ILA zu IRI der Pankreasextrakte konstant und betrug ca. 1. Im Serum war das Verhältnis ebenfalls konstant, betrug aber ca. 5. Damit erscheint es unwahrscheinlich, daß strukturelle Unterschiede der Insulinmoleküle einzelner Mäusestämme für Aktivitätsunterschiede des Hormons zwischen normalen und fettsüchtigen Mäusen verantwortlich zu machen sind. Dagegen ist das Resultat im Einklang mit der Möglichkeit einer Potenzierung der Aktivität des Insulins durch gewisse Serumproteine. — 4. In Gegenwart von Antikörpern gegen Insulin wurden ca. 90% der ILA des Serums aller drei untersuchten Mäusestämme unterdrückt. Die absolute Konzentration nicht unterdrückbarer ILA entsprach derjenigen, die bei anderen Species beschrieben wurde. Es ist deshalb nicht wahrscheinlich, daß ein “gebundenes” Insulin für die Erhöhung der Konzentration der ILA im Serum der untersuchten fettsüchtigen Mäuse verantwortlich ist. — 5. Die vorliegenden Resultate unterstützen die Annahme, daß eine gewebeeigene Insulinresistenz der Muskulatur in der Pathogenese des “obob” Syndroms eine bedeutende Rolle spielt. Eine ähnliche, nicht notwendigerweise gewebegebundene und schwächere Insulinresistenz der Muskulatur ließ sich auch bei “NZO” Mäusen nachweisen, während die Muskulatur der durch Goldthioglucose hyperphagisch und fettsüchtig gemachten weißen Mäuse normal insulinempfindlich blieb.
    Notes: Summary 1. Insulin-like activity (ILA) and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) of pancreatic extracts and of serum have been measured in lean and obese (obob) mice from the Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine; in New Zealand obese mice; and in goldthioglucose-obese Swiss mice, and their lean controls. In all three types of mice the relative amounts of “suppressible” and “nonsuppressible” insulin activities of serum have also been established. — 2. Pancreatic content of IRI in (obob) mice is much greater than in their lean sibblings at five months of age, but smaller at 5 weeks, whereas serum IRI and ILA of (obob) mice are greatly in excess of the same activities of serum from their lean littermates at both ages. It is suggested that increased peripheral demand for insulin preceeds increased insulin synthesis and storage in this type of obesity. — 3. In all three strains of mice, obese or lean, the ratio of biologic to immunologic activity of pancreatic extracts was constant and close to unity. In serum, this ratio was also constant but approximately five times greater than unity. These findings do not support the notion that differences in insulin structure might account for differences in the biological activity of insulin in obese and non-obese animals; they are in keeping with the concept of a potentiation of serum insulin activity by some component of serum in all mice. — 4. Approximately 90% of serum ILA in all three types of obese mice studied was suppressed in the presence of anti-insulin serum, although the absolute levels of non-suppressible ILA were similar to those reported for other species. It is unlikely, therefore, that “bound” insulin accounts for a significant part of the increased ILA of serum of any of the three types of obese animals studied. — 5. Present data support the concept of a marked tissue-bound muscular resistance to insulin action as an important, possibly primary pathogenetic feature in (obob) mice. A similar, but much less marked muscular resistance can be demonstrated in NZO mice, whereas muscular resistance to insulin action is totally absent in goldthioglucose obese Swiss mice after a 24 hour fast.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 249-265 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Dog ; Cat ; Diabetes in dogs and cats ; Pancreas ; Islets of Langerhans ; B cells ; Insulitis ; Hyalin ; Capillaries ; Kidney ; Retina ; Microaneurysms ; Pituitary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les auteurs présentent une étude histopathologique de 30 chiens et de 5 chats spontanément diabétiques. — Les îlots de Langerhans et les cellules B étaient fortement diminués en nombre chez la grande majorité des chiens. Les cellules B étaient souvent dégranulées et hydropiques. Chez les chiens dont le diabète avait évolué pendant longtemps, les îlots étaient très rares et les cellules B absentes. — Chez les 5 chats spontanément diabétiques par contre, les îlots et les cellules B étaient nombreuses. Les cellules B étaient dégranulées et hydropiques chez 4 chats. Chez 1 des chats, les cellules B paraissaient normales. De nombreux îlots présentaient des dépôts de substance hyaline dans le stroma. Chez un chat, il existait une infiltration lymphocytaire très dense dans un îlot. — Ni chez les chiens, ni chez les chats, il n'a été vu de lésions glomérulaires identiques à celles de glomérulosclérose diabétique humaine. Les lésions les plus fréquentes consistaient en un épaississement des axes membraneux des touffes glomérulaires et une hypertrophie de la paroi des artérioles afférentes.— Dans les rétines des chiens diabétiques il existait une acellularité focale ou généralisée de la paroi des capillaires. Un petit nombre de microanévrysmes ont été trouvés chez 3 chiens diabétiques. L'incidence plus faible des lésions de rétinopathie vasculaire, comparativement aux diabétiques humains, s'explique probablement par la durée de vie plus courte du chien et du chat. Il est possible aussi que les capillaires rétiniens de ces animaux soient moins susceptibles de développer des lésions dégénératives. — Un degré marqué de stéatose hépatique a été observé chez beaucoup de chiens et de chats. Les surrénales étaient souvent hypertrophiées et contenaient des adénomes, mais ces lésions ne paraissent pas différentes de celles que l'on peut trouver chez des chiens et des chats non diabétiques de même âge. L'hypophyse a été prélevée chez 7 chiens. Dans 2 cas, elle contenait un adénome. Une étude cytologique plus complète des hypophyses sera publiée ultérieurement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Autoren berichten über die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an 30 spontan-diabetischen Hunden und 5 spontan-diabetischen Katzen. Bei der großen Mehrzahl der diabetischen Hunde war die Zahl der Langerhansschen Inseln und der B-Zellen stark herabgesetzt. Die B-Zellen waren oft degranuliert und hydropisch. Bei Hunden mit schon lang anhaltender Krankheit waren die Inseln nur noch vereinzelt und B-Zellen überhaupt nicht mehr nachweisbar. — Im Gegensatz zu diesen Ergebnissen fanden sich bei allen 5 Katzen zahlreiche Inseln und B-Zellen. Bei 4 dieser Katzen jedoch waren die B-Zellen, wie bei den Hunden, degranuliert und hydropisch entartet. Bei einer Katze war das Aussehen der B-Zellen normal. Im Stroma der Inseln von 2 Katzen konnten starke Hyalinablagerungen nachgewiesen werden. In einem Falle zeigten die Inseln eine starke lymphocytäre Infiltration. — Weder bei den Hunden noch bei den Katzen waren typische Läsionen der Glomeruli, wie sie bei der Glomerulosklerose des menschlichen Diabetes auftreten, nachweisbar. Die häufigsten Veränderungen bestanden aus einer mehr oder weniger ausgeprägten Verdickung des mesangialen Teils der Kapillaren der Glomeruli und aus einer Hypertrophie der Wand der zuführenden Arteriolen. Bei einigen Hunden und Katzen bestanden auf chronische Pyelonephritis zurückführende Narben. — In der Retina der diabetischen Hunde waren zellenlose und funktionslose Kapillaren vorhanden, und degenerierte Pericyten (“ghostcells”) waren häufiger als bei normalen Hunden. In drei Hunden wurden einige Mikroaneurismen beobachtet. Daß diese für die Retinopathie des Diabetes typischen Läsionen beim Hund verhältnismäßig selten auftreten könnte mit der kürzeren Lebensdauer der Krankheit bei diesen Tieren zusammenhängen. Es ist jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen, daß die Retina von Hunden und Katzen weniger zu degenerativen Veränderungen neigt. — In der Leber vieler Hunde und Katzen wurde eine schwere Steatose beobachtet. In vier Hunden zeigte sich beginnende Lebercirrhose. In diabetischen Hunden und Katzen waren die Nebennieren oft hypertrophisch und enthielten Adenome, die allerdings auch bei nichtdiabetischen alternden Hunden beobachtet wurden. In 2 von 7 Hypophysen diabetischer Hunde fanden sich Adenome, über deren cytologische Untersuchung in einer späteren Veröffentlichung berichtet wird.
    Notes: Summary A histological study of 30 spontaneously diabetic dogs and 5 spontaneously diabetic cats is presented. — The islets of Langerhans and the B cells were strongly reduced in number in a large majority of the diabetic dogs. The B cells were often degranulated and hydropic. In cases of longer duration, the islets were scarce and B cells could no longer be found. — In contrast to the findings in diabetic dogs, all five cats showed numerous islets and B cells. However in 4 cats, the B cells showed complete degranulation and hydropic changes, as in the dogs. In one cat, the B cells had a normal appearance. Extensive hyalin deposits were found in the stroma of the islets in 2 cats. In one cat, an islet showed a dense lymphocytic infiltration. — No lesions identical to human diabetic glomerulosclerosis were found in any of the dogs or cats. The changes most frequently observed were a variable degree of thickening of the mesangial stalk of the glomerular capillaries, and an hypertrophy of the wall of the afferent arteriole. Scars resulting from chronic pyelonephritis, were found in a few dogs and cats. — Acellular, non-functional capillaries, with degeneration of pericytes (“ghost-cells”) were found in larger numbers in the retinas of the diabetic dogs than in non-diabetic control dogs. A very few microaneurysms could be found in 3 dogs. The lower incidence of the most typical lesions of diabetic retinopathy in dogs, as compared with the human diabetic, is probably related to the shorter duration of the disease in these animals. However, a lower susceptibility of the retina of dogs and cats to develop degenerative changes cannot be excluded. — A severe steatosis was observed in the liver of many dogs and cats. In 4 dogs, the liver showed early cirrhosis. In diabetic dogs and cats, the adrenal cortex often showed hypertrophy and contained adenomas; however, these changes have also been reported in non-diabetic aging dogs. An adenoma was found in 2 of the 7 pituitaries obtained from diabetic dogs; the cytological aspect of these adenomas and of the pituitaries will be reported in a later publication.
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  • 8
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 63-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Diabetes in animals ; Genes for diabetes ; Mutations for diabetes ; Obesity ; Genotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Islet volume ; Beta cell volume ; Pancreas ; Beta cells ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié 3 groupes de hamsters chinois de la colonie des laboratoires Upjohn, soit (1) des animaux diabétiques ayant présenté des symptômes pendant 18 mois; (2) des animaux non-diabétiques des mêmes nichées; et (3) des animaux non-diabétiques et non-apparentés mais concordant par l'âge et le sexe. Le diabète spontané de ces animaux est caractérisé par une hyperglycémie, une glucosurie, une diminution du volume des îlots de Langerhans, une diminution du volume total des cellulesβ, une dégranulation des cellulesβ et l'infiltration en glycogène des îlots de Langerhans. Des anomalies de même type, mais moins marquées ont été observées chez les frères et soeurs des animaux diabétiques. A notre connaissance, c'est là la première description de la diminution de la masse des cellulesβ et de leur dégranulation avant l'apparition clinique d'un diabète spontané chez l'homme ou l'animal. Il en ressortirait que cette altération des cellulesβ pourrait bien être un mécanisme étiologique primaire de la pathogénèse du diabète spontané du hamster chinois.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Drei Gruppen von chinesischen Hamstern aus der Upjohn-Zucht wurden untersucht. Dazu gehörten: diabetische Tiere, die seit 18 Monaten Symptome aufwiesen, nichtdiabetische Tiere aus gleichem Wurf und nichtverwandte nichtdiabetische Tiere, die in Alter und Geschlecht den anderen entsprachen. Der Spontandiabetes zeichnet sich aus durch Hyperglykämie, Glykosurie, Abnahme des Inselvolumens, Verminderung derβ-Zellmasse, Degranulierung derβ-Zellen und Glykogeninfiltration der Inseln. In den nichtdiabetischen Geschwistertieren wurden ähnliche aber weniger markante Veränderungen festgestellt. Unseres Wissens ist dies der erste Bericht einer Verringerung derβ-Zellmasse mit Degranulierung noch ehe sich ein Spontandiabetes bei Mensch oder Tier manifestiert. Dies deutet darauf daß diese Veränderungen derβ-Zellen einen primären etiologischen Faktor bei der Entstehung des Spontandiabetes beim chinesischen Hamster darstellen könnten.
    Notes: Summary Three groups of Chinese hamsters bred at the Upjohn Laboratory were studied: these included diabetic animals in which symptoms were present for 18 months, non-diabetic siblings and non-related, non-diabetic animals of the corresponding age and sex. The spontaneous diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, glycosuria, decreased islet volume, decreased beta cell mass, beta cell degranulation and glycogen infiltration in the islets. In the non-diabetic siblings, similar but less marked changes were noted. To our knowledge this is the first reported observation of decreased beta cell mass and beta cell degranulation occurring prior to clinical onset of spontaneous diabetes in man or animal. It suggests that the observed alteration of beta cells is a primary etiologic mechanism in the production of spontaneous diabetes in the Chinese hamster.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Prediabetes ; Potential diabetes ; Preclinical diabetes ; Starvation diabetes ; Phenformin ; Growth hormone ; Cortisone ; Glucagon ; Insulin response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'observation principale que nous rapportons est celle d'une diminution de la tolérance au glucose chez le rat des sables potentiellement diabétique, même soumis à un régime consistant exclusivement en légumes. Cette intolérance est induite ou aggravée par des périodes même brèves de jeûne. Ce «diabète de la faim» pourrait bien s'avérer être un diabète expérimental idéal pour l'étude de la pathogénèse du diabète qu'on observe chez l'animal soumis à un régime normal, plus riche en calories.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Hauptergebnis unserer Untersuchung ist die Beobachtung einer verminderten Toleranz für Glucose in der potentiell diabetischen Sandratte, selbst bei rein pflanzlicher Ernährung. Verursacht oder verschlimmert wurde dieser Zustand durch kurze Perioden von Nahrungsentzug. Dieser „Hungerdiabetes“ könnte ein ideales Versuchsmodell darstellen, und die Aufklärung des diabetogenen Mechanismus bei normaler Laboratoriumskost erleichtern.
    Notes: Summary The key finding in our study is a diminished tolerance for glucose in the potentially diabetic vegetable-fed sand rat, induced or aggravated by brief periods of food deprivation. This “starvation diabetes” may represent an ideal experimental model for study of the mechanism involved in the development of diabetes in the chow-fed animal.
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  • 11
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 143-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Alpha cells ; Protein synthesis ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Obesity ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié avec les microscopes optique et électronique les îlots de Langerhans du pancréas de rats des sables normaux et diabétiques. Lorsqu'ils sont maintenus à un régime normal de laboratoire, on observe chez ces animaux une dégranulation des cellulesβ et les signes d'une synthèse protéique augmentée. Dès qu'apparaît le diabète, on voit apparaître une infiltration glycogénique avec déplacement des organelles cellulaires et, plus tard, une dégénérescence cyptoplasmique avec liquéfaction. L'apparition de ces anomalies morphologiques a été mise en corrélation avec les altérations du glucose sanguin et de l'insuline immunoréactive sérique. Ce qui est remarquable chez le rat des sables, c'est qu'il ne semble pas être à même de s'adapter à l'apport calorique plus concentré de la nourriture de laboratoire. Il réagit par une surproduction insulinique, surproduction qui, en général, évite la cétose. Parfois, cette surproduction suffit à ramener le sucre sanguin à la normale. Dans des cas plus rares, la stimulation de la sécrétion insulinique se termine par une dégénérescence et une nécrose des cellulesβ avec céto-acidose mortelle.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird über elektronen- und lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Pankreas-Inseln normaler und diabetischer Sandratten berichtet. Nach Verabreichung einer synthetischen Keks-Diät wurden eine Degranulation derβ-Zellen und Zeichen einer vermehrten Proteinsynthese beobachtet. Gleichzeitig mit dem Auftreten von Diabetes erfolgte Glykogeninfiltration, begleitet von einer Verdrängung der Zellorganellen und gelegentlicher Degeneration und Verflüssigung des Cytoplasmas. Diese Veränderungen wurden mit Blutzucker-und immunreaktivem Serum-Insulinspiegel in Zusammenhang gebracht. — Sandratten sind einzigartig in der Hinsicht, daß sie nicht in der Lage sind, das vermehrte Kalorienangebot der synthetischen Diät auf normale Art zu bewältigen. Sie reagieren mit Mehrproduktion von Insulin. Die gesteigerte Insulmausschüttung hält das Tier gewöhnlich frei von Ketose, bringt den Blutzucker gelegentlich auf normale Werte zurück, endet aber in seltenen Fällen mit einer Degeneration und Nekrose derβ-Zellen mit anschließender fataler Ketoacidose.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastuctural and light microscopic studies of pancreatic islets in normal and diabetic sand rats are reported. Following the institution of a synthetic chow diet, beta cell degranulation and enhanced protein synthesis were observed. With the appearance of diabetes, glycogen infiltration occurred, with displacement of cellular organelles and eventual cytoplasmic degeneration and liquefaction. These alterations were correlated with blood glucose and serum immunoreactive insulin levels. — The sand rats are unique in that they are not able to cope with the increased caloric load of synthetic chow. They respond by marked insulin production; an increase that usually maintains the animal free of ketosis, occasionally returns them to a euglycemic state, and may rarely be terminated by beta cell degeneration and necrosis with fatal ketoacidosis.
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  • 12
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype:C3Hf×I-Fl ; Strains of mice: C3Hf and I ; Mice: C3Hf and I ; Insulin response ; Insulin resistance ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Insulin and diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Obesity ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Diaphragm in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hybride F1 produit par le croisement des souches de souris C3Hf et I (souris de Wellesley) est prédisposé au diabète. Dans cette étude nous avons observé que les animaux devenus diabétiques avaient des taux élevés d'insuline immunoréactive sérique et que leurs tissus périphériques étaient moins sensibles à l'action de l'insulinein vitro. Un régime hypocalorique a pu prévenir l'apparition du diabète et maintenir une sensibilité normale à l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kreuzung von C3Hf und I Mäusestämmen ergibt ein F1 Hybrid (die “Wellesley” Maus) mit Veranlagung für Diabetes mellitus. Bei der Untersuchung dieser Tiere wurde festgestellt, daß solche, bei denen das diabetische Syndrom sich entwickelt hatte, erhöhte Spiegel von immunreaktivem Insulin im Serum aufwiesen, und daß ihre peripheren Gewebein vitro weniger empfindlich auf Insulin reagierten. Diät-beschränkung verhinderte das Auftreten von Diabetes und bewahrte die Insulinempfindlichkeit der peripheren Gewebe.
    Notes: Summary A hybrid of C3Hf and I strains of mice (the “Wellesley” mouse) results in an animal with a predisposition to diabetes mellitus. In this study it was found that animals that developed the diabetic syndrome had elevated levels of immunoreactive insulin in their serum, and peripheral tissues thatin vitro were less responsive to insulin. Dietary restriction prevented the diabetes from occurring as well as maintaining insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue.
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  • 13
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 175-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype: C3Hf XI-Fl ; Strains of mice: C3Hf and I ; Mice: C3Hf and I ; Swiss-Hauschka mice ; Hauschka Swriss mice ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Beta cell hyperplasia ; Insulin in Serum ; Obesity ; Caloric Intake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des souris hybrides produites par le croisement des souches C3Hf et I ont été soumises à une alimentation standard de laboratoire, à deux niveaux de concentration calorique. De plus, des souris d'une souche ordinaire ont reçu leur nourriture sous forme de poudre ou de conglomérés. Dans tous ces cas, nous avons observé une corrélation entre l'hyperglycémie, l'accroissement de poids et les taux sériques élevés d'insuline immunoréactive résultant de l'apport augmenté de calories. Ces observations soulignent l'importance extrême du régime dans l'étude du diabète expérimental.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse, die aus der Kreuzung C3HfXI hervorgingen, und die zu einer milden Form von Diabetes und Hyperplasie der Bauchspeicheldrüse neigen, erhielten zwei Sorten Laboratoriumskeks von unterschiedlichem Kaloriengehalt. Einem Stamm gewöhnlicher Labormäuse wurde außerdem das Futter als Pulver oder in Keks-Form verabreicht. Hyperglykämie, vermehrte Gewichtszunahme und erhöhte Spiegel an immunreaktivem Insulin verhielten sich untereinander parallel und waren das Resultat vermehrter Kalorienaufnahme. Diese Untersuchungen heben die kritische Rolle der Diät bei Studien des experimentellen Diabetes hervor.
    Notes: Summary Hybrid mice that develop mild diabetes and pancreatic hyperplasia were fed chow rations at two caloric concentrations. In addition, a strain of commercial laboratory mice were fed these diets in both powdered and pellet form. In all animals, hyperglycemia, increased weight gain, and elevated levels of immunoreactive insulin in serum were correlated with each other and resulted from increased caloric intake. These studies emphasize the critical role of diet in the study of experimental diabetes.
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  • 14
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 212-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; KK mice ; Japanese mice ; Obesity ; Growth hormone ; Pituitary ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Insulin in pancreas ; Sex and diabetes ; Adrenal cortex ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Un état diabétique est démontré chez des souris d'une souche japonaise, la souche KK, mis en évidence par une élévation du sucre sanguin et par une diminution de la tolérance au glucose. 2. Le poids corporel des souris KK dépasse la normale; il s'agit d'une obésité modérée. 3. L'activité insulinique du pancréas et le contenu en hormone de croissance de l'hypophyse de souris KK dépassent ceux observés chez des souris C57BL. 4. Histologiquement, on trouve chez les souris KK une hypertrophie et une hyperplasie des îlots de Langerhans, une hypertrophie et une dégranulation des cellules B, une abondance de ribosomes et de réticulum endoplasmique des cellules B, un développement marqué de la région de Golgi des mêmes cellules, et une diminution du contenu en zinc des cellules insulaires. D'autres anomalies ont également été observées dans d'autres organes des souris KK, plus particulièrement pour l'hypophyse, le foie, les surrénales et la parathyroïde.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei Mäusen des KK-Stammes (japanische Zucht) ist mit Bestimmung von Glucosetoleranz und Blutzuckerwerten ein diabetischer Zustand nachweisbar. 2. Das Körpergewicht von KK-Mäusen liegt über der Norm, und es besteht eine leichte Fettsucht. 3. Die Insulinaktivität des Pankreas und der Gehalt der Hypophyse an Wachstumshormon sind bei KK-Mäusen höher als bei C57BL-Mäusen. 4. Das Pankreas der KK-Mäuse zeigt auffallende Veränderungen, wie Hypertrophie und Degranulierung derβ-Zellen, reichlich Ribosomen und endoplasmatisches Reticulum in denβ-Zellen, sowie starke Ausbildung des Golgiapparates und Verminderung des Zinkgehaltes der Inselzellen. 5. Auch andere Organe (z.B. Adenohypophyse, Leber, Nebenniere und Nebenschilddrüse) der KK-Mäuse weisen Veränderungen auf.
    Notes: Summary This review demonstrates the following points:1. By glucose tolerance test and the determination of non-fasting blood sugar values, mice of KK strain (a Japanese strain) have been shown to be in a diabetic state. 2. KK mice have greater than normal body weights, and moderate obesity. 3. Pancreatic insulin activity and adenohypophyseal growth hormone content of KK mice are greater than those of C75BL mice. 4. The pancreas of KK mice presents many striking changes, such as the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the islets, the hypertrophy and degranulation of B cells, the abundance of B cell ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, the enlargement of the Golgi areas of B cells, and the diminution of the zinc content of insular cells. 5. In other organs (eg. adenohypophysis, liver, adrenal and parathyroid) of KK mice, many changes are also observed. The above features of KK mice are discussed in relation to the presumed metabolic disorder in the mice.
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  • 15
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    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 222-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Obese mice ; Genotype: obob ; Obese-hyperglycemic syndrome ; Screening ; for diabetes ; Testis ; Obesity ; β-glucuronidase ; Isocitrate metabolism ; Muscle ; Liver ; Adipose tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons passé en revue quelques aspects du métabolisme des souris obèses-hyperglycémiques observés dans la colonie suédoise de ces animaux. Nous avons développé une méthode de dépistage qui permet de reconnaître très tôt les animaux qui, plus tard, deviendront obèses et hyperglycémiques. L'injection intrapéritonéale de glucose mène plus fréquemment à une glucosurie chez les souris homozygotes (obob) même avant le sevrage, suggérant donc que l'anomalie du métabolisme du glucose est une lésion primaire chez ces animaux. Le syndrome est en outre associé à une activité endocrine réduite du testicule. Une comparaison quantitative des structures testiculaires d'animaux obèses-hyperglycémiques soumis à un régime strict, et d'animaux obèses à la suite d'hyperphagie provoquée par l'injection d'aurothioglucose, permet d'affirmer que cette diminution de la fonction endocrine testiculaire est le résultat de facteurs autres que l'hyperphagie ou l'obésité. Une augmentation de laβ-glucuronidase sérique et artérielle ayant été décrite chez des malades atteints de diabète ou d'artériosclérose sévères, cette activité enzymatique a été mesurée chez les souris obèses-hyperglycémiques. Une activité enzymatique accrue n'a été observée que pour les surrénales. La déshydrogénation de l'isocitrate procède plus activement par la voie requérant le cofacteur NADP+ dans les tissus musculaires et hépatiques de souris obèses-hyperglycémiques, que ce n'est le cas pour les tissus de souris nonobèses. Pourtant, cette utilisation préférentielle de l'enzyme NADP+-dépendant n'est pas nécessairement liée à la lipogénèse accrue observée chez ces animaux, puisque cette même préférence ne se retrouve pas lorsqu'on compare le tissu adipeux d'animaux obèses et non-obèses de mêmes nichées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von kürzlich durchgeführten Untersuchungen an der schwedischen Kolonie von fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen werden hier einige Gesichtspunkte über den Stoffwechsel dieser Tiere dargestellt. Eine neue Arbeitsweise hat es uns ermöglicht schon früh Mäuse, die später zu Fettsucht und Hyperglykämie neigen, zu entdecken. Intraperitoneale Glucoseinjektionen führten häufiger zur Glucosurie in denjenigen noch nicht entwöhnten Tieren, die für das fettsüchtig-hyperglykämische Gen homozygot sind. Diese Tatsache weist auch darauf hin, daß die Störung des Glucosestoff-wechsels wahrscheinlich eine primäre Anomalie darstellt. Das fettsüchtig-hyperglykämische Syndrom geht parallel mit einer verminderten endokrinen Aktivität der Hoden. Quantitative mikroskopische Untersuchung der Hoden von sowohl fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen bei Beschränkung der Nahrungsaufnahme, als auch von Mäusen mit Goldthioglucose-bedingter Hyperphagie und Fettsucht deuten darauf, daß andere Faktoren als Überfressen oder Fettsucht für das Abnehmen der Hodenfunktion verantwortlich sind. Im Serum oder in den Arterien von Patienten mit Diabetes oder Arteriosklerose ist eine Vermehrung derβ-Glucuronidase-Aktivität nachgewiesen worden. Beifettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen war aber nur in den Nebennieren eine höhereβ-Glucuronidase-Aktivität als bei nicht-fettsüchtigen Tieren nachzuweisen. Untersuchung der enzymatischen Dehydrogenierung von Isocitrat zeigte, daß Isocitrat im Skelettmuskel und in der Leber dieser fettsüchtig hyperglykämischen Mäuse vorwiegend über das NADP+-abhängige Enzym dehydrogeniert wird. Diese Beobachtung ist nicht unbedingt mit der Hyperlipogenese verbunden, da das Fettgewebe von fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen im Vergleich zu dem der mageren nicht dieselbe Bevorzugung des NADP+- abhängigen Enzyms aufweist.
    Notes: Summary Some aspects of the metabolism of obesehyperglycemic mice are presented in the light of recent observations on the Swedish colony of these animals. A screening procedure has been elaborated, which allows early detection of those growing mice that will later develop the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome. The observation that intraperitoneal glucose injections induce a higher frequency of glucosuria in those suckling mice which are homozygous for the obese-hyperglycemic gene furthermore suggests that the impairment of the glucose metabolism represents a primary lesion in these animals. The obese-hyperglycemic syndrome is associated with a reduced endocrine activity of the testis. Quantitative microscopic analyses of the testis, both from obese-hyperglycemic mice kept on a restricted food intake and from mice in which hyperphagia and obesity had been induced by injections of gold thioglucose, revealed that other factors than overeating and/or obesity are responsible for the depression of the testis function. An increased activity ofβ-glucuronidase has been reported in serum and arteries from inviduals with diabetes or severe arteriosclerosis. However, among the various tissues analysed in the obese-hyperglycemic mice only the adrenals displayed a significantly higherβ-glucuronidase activity than the lean litter mates. Studies of the enzymatic dehydrogenation of isocitrate revealed considerably higher ratios between the NADP+- and NAD+-specific enzyme activities in the skeletal muscle and liver from the obese-hyperglycemic mice. The observation that the liver dehydrogenation of isocitrate was more dependent on NADP+ in the latter animals must not necessarily be attributed to the presence of a hyperlipogenesis, since similar ratios were recorded for the NADP+- and NAD+-linked isocitric dehydrogenase activities when the adipose tissue from the obese-hyperglycemic mice was compared with that from the lean sibling controls.
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  • 16
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    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 266-286 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Chinese hamster ; Cricetulus griseus ; Kidney ; Renal glomerulopathy ; Capillaries ; Basement membrane ; Ultrastructure ; Mesangium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié aux microscopes optique et électronique les glomérules rénaux de 11 hamsters chinois non-diabétiques, de 4 hamsters non-diabétiques mais provenant de nichées comportant des animaux diabétiques, et de 6 animaux ayant souffert d'un diabète de durée et de sévérité variables. Le vieillissement en soi est associé à une augmentation du mésangium et à une dilatation des capillaires avec léger épaississement de la membrane basale. Chez les diabétiques sévères de type juvénile, nous avons observé des altérations profondes des cellules mésangiales, avec la formation de vésicules, de corps multivésiculaires, de vacuoles et une apparence lavée du cytoplasme avec désorganisation mitochondriale. Ce n'est qu'aux stades les plus avancés qu'on observe une augmentation de la matrice mésangiale. Aux premiers stades, les membranes basales sont minces, particulièrement pour les capillaires dilatés. A des stades plus avancés, on trouve des régions épaisses et des régions minces de la membrane basale; certainement pas d'épaississement généralisé. Bien que des altérations semblables eussent été observées avec le vieillissement simple, les altérations des cellules mésangiales, la coalescence, la dilatation cystique et la fusion des anses capillaires des glomérules sont caractéristiques d'une glomérulopathie diabétique chez les animaux jeunes. Les altérations sont beaucoup plus marquées à des stades plus avancés de l'état diabétique. La diminution du nombre des anses capillaires est probablement le résultat de la coalescence des capillaires. Les cellules épithéliales sont bien préservées dans tous les glomérules et il n'y a pas de lésions nodulaires. Nous n'avons pas observé de lésions glomérulaires semblables chez les frères et soeurs des animaux diabétiques ne souffrant pas eux-mêmes d'un diabète patent. Il semblerait y avoir une analogie entre la dilatation et la coalescence des capillaires du glomérule en présence d'altérations des cellules mésangiales et la dilatation des capillaires rétiniens associée à la dégénérescence des cellules murales, ou péricytes, chez l'homme.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Wir haben im Licht- und im Elektronen-Mikroskop die renalen Glomeruli von 11 Kontrolltieren, von 4 nicht-diabetischen Tieren aus gleichem Wurf wie diabetische Hamster, und von 6 Tieren mit Spontan-Diabetes verschiedenen Alters, sowie mit unterschiedlicher Dauer und Schwere des Krankheitsbildes, untersucht. Zunehmendes Alter führte zur Zunahme der mesangialen Matrix mit einiger Erweiterung der Kapillaren und Verdickung der Basalmembran. Bei früh einsetzendem schweren Diabetes wurden schwere Veränderungen der Mesangialzellen beobachtet, bestehend aus Vermehrung der vesikulären Bläschen, Entstehung von multi-vesikulären Strukturen, Vacuolen, und einem verwaschenen Aussehen des Zytoplasmas, sowie mitochondrialer Desorganisation. Bei vorgerücktem Krankheitsbild bestand eine deutliche Zunahme der mesangialen Matrix. Anfänglich war die Basalmembran dünn, besonders in den erweiterten Kapillaren. Später, wies die Basalmembran sowohl verdickte wie verdünnte Stellen auf. Obwohl ähnliche Veränderungen auch mit zunehmendem Alter zu sehen waren, ließ die Beobachtung von Veränderungen der mesangialen Zellen, von zystischer Erweiterung und Verschmelzen von Kapillarschlingen beijungen Hamstern sicher auf diabetische Glomerulopathie schließen. Diese Veränderungen waren denn auch verhältnismäßig noch deutlicher und besonders charakteristisch in späteren Stadien der Krankheit. Die Fusion von Kapillaren erklärt vielleicht die Abnahme der Zahl der Kapillarschlingen. Die Ausläufer der Epithelialzellen blieben in allen Glomeruli wohl erhalten und es waren keine noduläre Läsionen zu sehen. In den von uns beobachteten Tieren waren solche Veränderungen der Glomeruli bei nicht-diabetischen Tieren nicht zu sehen. Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß zwischen der Erweiterung und der Fusion von Kapillarschlingen, im Zusammenhang mit Veränderung der mesangialen Zellen, und der Erweiterung von Kapillaren der Netzhaut, im Zusammenhang mit Degeneration deren Perizyten beim Menschen, eine Analogie besteht.
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic studies were made of the renal glomeruli of 11 control Chinese hamsters, 4 siblings of diabetic hamsters, and 6 with spontaneous diabetes of varying age of onset, duration, and severity. Aging alone was associated with an increase in mesangial matrix and some degree of capillary dilatation and thickening of the basement membrane. In severe diabetes of early-onset, there was a marked change in mesangial cells, consisting of an increase in vesicles, multivesicular bodies, vacuoles, ghost-like appearance of the cytoplasm, and mitochondrial disorganization. Only in the more advanced stages was there an increase in the mesangial matrix. Initially, the basement membrane was thin, particularly in dilated capillaries. Measurements of the basement membrane in the later stages indicated that there were both thick and thin areas; increased thickness alone was not characteristic. Although similar findings developed progressively with age, mesangial cell alterations, coalescence and cystic dilatation and fusion of capillary loops in the glomeruli of young hamsters were characteristic findings of diabetic glomerulopathy. These findings were characteristic and disproportionately marked in any later stage of the disease. Coalescence of capillaries may have explained the decrease in the number of loops. The foot processes of the epithelial cells were well-preserved in all glomeruli and nodular lesions were not seen. There was no evidence in this series that litter-mates of diabetic animals developed such glomerular lesions in the absence of overt diabetes. An analogy was suggested between the dilatation and coalescence of glomerular capillaries associated with mesangial cell changes and the dilatation of retinal capillaries associated with degeneration of the supporting mural cells in man.
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  • 17
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1196-1202 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two-phase, gas-liquid concurrent flow in packed beds was investigated with the use of an air-water system and 2-, 4-, and 6-in. diameter columns packed with tabular alumina particles of 0.025 and 0.027 ft. diameters. Total pressure drop, column operating pressure, and liquid saturation were measured as functions of gas flow rate, fluid temperatures, and flow direction at several constant liquid flow rates for each column.Correlation of the frictional pressure loss was achieved in terms of a defined two-phase friction factor and a second correlating parameter which is a function of the liquid and gas Reynolds numbers. A viscosity correction factor was required to extend the friction factor correlation to include liquid viscosities widely divergent from that of water.The liquid saturation data for both upward and downward flow were correlated in terms of the ratio of mass flow rates of the respective phases.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 18
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 311-315 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A previous paper introduced the pair-type-probability (PTP) function for use in molecular corresponding states theory. The present paper develops the predictive equations of Scatchard and Hildebrand and the correlation equations of Wohl from particular pair and triplet weighting functions for clusters of two and three molecules in a liquid mixture. The cluster-weighting idea therefore unifies the major prediction and correlation schemes now in engineering use.
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  • 19
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 303-311 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: There are four points of flexibility in present molecular formulations of the corresponding states idea. At these points the procedure followed or the numerical values can be tailored to achieve better agreement between predicted and experimental properties without violation of physical principles. These flexibilities are the exponent values used in the pair-potential function, the averaging procedure used to obtain an effective mixture pair-potential function, the combination rule for unlike-pair parameters, and the selection of a reference substance. The first two flexibilities are used in this paper to show that the conformal-parameter equations can correlate excess free energy and activity coefficient data of highly nonideal liquid mixtures. A pair-type-probability function is introduced in the averaging procedure used to obtain a mixture pair-potential function. Any macroscopic or molecular property may be used in this weighting function to improve mixture-property prediction.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 316-318 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The observation that large bubbles entrained in accelerating viscoelastic fluids may suddenly stop and remain stationary for long periods of time, although imbedded in a region of high fluid velocities, is noted and described. An analysis of this phenomenon, termed the Uebler effect, shows that it may be expected to occur with all particulate matter provided that the continuum field fluid is accelerating sufficiently rapidly to generate high stresses as a result of fluid stretching, and provided these stresses change sufficiently rapidly in the direction of the velocity vector in the flow field.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 21
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For a number of polymerization models, we have developed equations that enable one to follow in time the moments of the polymer size distribution and the conversion. The exact and approximate solutions for the leading moments of the size distribution are presented for polymerization with initiation, propagation, and termination by combination. Approximate solutions for polymerizations with the additions of termination by disproportionation, chain transfer to monomer, and chain transfer to solvent show how these reactions decrease the average polymer size. From a simple model that exhibits autoacceleration a concomitant increase in the average polymer size also occurs.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 22
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 395-396 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 23
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 438-442 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In a high-pressure process, feed streams are continually pressurized and product streams are continually depressurized. A flow work exchanger offers an efficient and economical scheme for simultaneously pressurizing a fluid stream and depressurizing a substantially equivalent volume of another fluid stream. Its applicability is however limited to fluids under condensed state. A flow work exchanger uses a displacement vessel to form a closed loop with a processing system. The displacement vessel is alternately filled by a low-pressure feed and a high-pressure product, both pressurized and depressurized, respectively, by substantially nonflow processes. The pressurized feed is pushed into the processing system by the high-pressure product stream and the depressurized product stream is pushed out of the displacement vessel by the low-pressure feed stream. The application of a flow work exchanger is illustrated by means of several high-pressure processes and the direct and indirect advantages obtainable are described.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 24
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 443-449 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Local and average holdup and drop size distribution as function of flow rates were measured for kerosene drops and water in a countercurrent, 15-cm. I.D., 160-cm. long, spray column. The range of flow rates was 5 to 40 liters/min. of kerosene and 0 to 50 liters/min. of water. At the same pairs of flow rates of the dispersed and the continuous phases in spray columns, three modes of drop packings can be obtained. These are termed, in order of increasing average holdup and increasing regularity of flow patterns, dispersed, restrained, and dense packings. For dispersed packing, at low flow rates of the two phases, the holdup and the drop size are constant along the column. At high flow rates the drop size increases from bottom to top of the column and the holdup increases from top to bottom of the column. The range of flow rates for the operation of a spray column is extended by the use of a conical entry section (Elgin design) at the bottom of the column, by the formation of an equilibrium region in the conical section.The average holdup increases with increased flow rates of both phases for dispersed and restrained packings, and with decreased flow rates of both phases for dense packing.The best definitions of flooding in a spray column are either the point of maximum average specific area of the drops, which corresponds to the onset of coalescence in the column, or the start of rejection of drops from the column proper.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 449-452 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytic solution of the Nernst-Planck equations is derived which applies to a selective resin when film diffusion controls. The selectivity has a marked effect on the rate of exchange for a wide range of diffusivities. The unit-selectivity solution of Schlögl and Helfferich is included as a special case of the more general solution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 26
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 453-456 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental results are presented which indicate that the application of a fixed intensity of ultrasonic waves to a water-tetrachloride solution containing dissolved air provides yields of chlorine varying from zero to maximum simply as a function of the liquid height in the capillary above the transducer. The difference in heights of the liquid between zero and maximum yields is found to be equal to one-quarter the wavelength of the ultrasonic wave in the liquid. A mathematical model to explain this phenomenon is presented.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 27
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 457-465 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Removal of methane from a helium stream by adsorption on Columbia SXC activated carbon was studied experimentally and theoretically. A mathematical model for the process was developed and the governing differential equations were solved numerically. The model incorporates heat and mass transfer resistances within and around the adsorption particle. Wall effects and moderate heat loss to the surroundings are also included. The required heat and mass transfer correlations were obtained from the literature. Simple expressions were developed to determine the relative resistances for heat and mass transfer within and around the adsorption particles.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 28
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 465-475 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Frequency response methods were used to compare dynamic models for gas mixing and first-order reaction in a fluidized-bed reactor and for the experimental determination of interphase transfer characteristics. Theoretical predictions of frequency response characteristics were derived for two models based on the two-phase theory of fluidization. Experimental frequency response for a 1-ft. high bed were correlated better by a model based on perfect mixing in the dense phase than by a model based on plug flow in the dense phase. Excellent correlation was also obtained by a simple empirical model.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 29
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 540-545 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods are presented for the determination of the transient values of the vaporization efficiencies from the knowledge of various combinations of the transient values of operating variables. For the case where the temperature and the composition of the liquid phase for each plate are known, a direct solution for the vaporization efficiencies is presented. Also, a method is presented for the determination of the mixing parameters of a generalized plate model on the basis of known transient values of certain operating variables.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 545-550 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Irreversible, first-order, simultaneous heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions in an isothermal tubular reactor under laminar flow conditions are studied. Accurate values of the eigenvalues, eigenfunctions, and radial concentration profiles are found for the dilute system. Criteria are given as to when the homogeneous reaction may be neglected with respect to the heterogeneous reaction and vice versa. It is found that for a certain range of the rate parameters well-known limiting solutions apply. Outside this range, the new solutions must be used.
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  • 31
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 593-599 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Liquid and gas phase compositions for the system helium-methane have been measured at 15° intervals from 95° to 185°K. up to 200 atm. pressure. Data for these seven isotherms were taken in a gas phase recirculation apparatus with chromatographic analysis. In most regions the phase compositions obtained are thought to be within ± 3% of the mole fraction of the minor component. The maximum deviation from the enhancement factor curve at the lowest concentration levels was 16%. These data are in excellent agreement with most of the very recent data but are in poor agreement with the older data for this system.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 607-607 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 614-615 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 626-626 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 626-831 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 627-627 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 826-827 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 828-829 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 40
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 829-830 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 41
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 628-636 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical investigation has been made of the effect of a moving interface upon gas-liquid mass transfer, where the control of the mass transfer is entirely within the gas phase and where the control is distributed between the two phases. An analytical model is proposed for laminar interphase mass transfer in infinite media. Computer solutions have been obtained for gas-liquid mass transfer in confined phases. A cocurrent moving interface increases mass transfer confficients over what they would be for the same flow rate without interfacial motion.
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  • 42
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 644-649 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Accompanied by a bried theoretical consideration, the results of an experimental study of the streaming potential fluctuations in turbulent pipe flows of distilled water are presented. The dependence of the streaming potential fluctuations on turbulent velocity fluctuations and other parameters as indicated by the theory is determined from the experimental data. Information on the characteristics of turbulent velocity fluctuations in the viscous sublayer near a pipe wall have been inferred from the data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 43
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 637-644 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A horizontal, rectangular channel of high aspect ratio has been built for the study of interphase mass transfer in stratified, laminar gas-liquid flow. Cases were examined where the resistance to mass transfer is confined to the gas phase and where the control is distributed between phases. Measurements of the rate of evaporation of ethanol into oxygen and carbon dioxide confirmed that cocurrent interface motion enhances gas phase-controlled mass transfer coefficients substantially. On the other hand countercurrent motion of the interface decreases the coefficient. Agreement with basic convective diffusion theory was found for the evaporation of ethyl ether into helium and carbon dioxide from dilute solutions in ethanol, cases where the mass transfer control is distributed between the phases. Experiments with aqueous solutions were hampered by the accumulation of surfactants at the interface. A diaphragm cell technique was used to measure diffusivities of 0.87 × 10-5 sq.cm./sec. for ethyl ether at high dilution in ethanol and 0.96 × 10-5 sq.cm./sec. for ethyl ether at high dilution in water at 25°C.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 44
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 689-696 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experiments on mass transfer for fully developed flow in a pipe show that the eddy diffusivity for mass close to the wall is described by the functionality \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{\varepsilon} {\nu} = g({y^+}) $$\end{document}The best interpretation of presently available data in a pipe and in an annulus is given by the following, more explicit relation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{\varepsilon} {\nu} = 0.00032y^{+ 4} $$\end{document}The evidence for this latter relation is not as conclusive as one would like. Accurate measurements of concentration profiles close to a wall are needed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 45
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 697-702 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Single bubbles of carbon dioxide were formed in a fixed position surrounded by a thin conical film of water flowing at average film Reynolds numbers in the range of 40 to 300. Measurements of interphase mass transfer at 32°C. and various bubble pressures agreed with predicted values only for the smallest bubbles. For larger bubbles, mixing perpendicular to the bubble interface was enhanced by waves, believed to be generated by the unstable interface. A comparison of interphase transfer coefficients between this investigation and previous work indicated that the bubbles at the lowest flow rates qualitatively fell in line with other measurements, but that the highest water flow rates gave distinctly higher coefficients.
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  • 46
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 709-717 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A horizontal thermal diffusion column is described in which the inefficiencies caused by the forgotten effect and parasitic remixing are avoided. Experimental results obtained on the separation of water-ethyl alcohol mixtures are presented along with a phenomenological theory for the performance of the column.
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  • 47
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 702-708 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements of laminar dispersion in a capillary have been used to determine the molecular diffusion coefficients of hydrogen and helium dissolved in water over the temperature range of 10° to 55°C. Literature correlations did not predict realistic values of the diffusivities for the hydrogen - water and helium - water binaries. A statistical analysis of the experimental diffusion coefficients indicated that they could be related to the absolute temperature by a semiempirical correlation, which may be considered an extension of the well-known Wilke-Chang correlation. This relation was based on the absolute reaction rate model of liquids.
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  • 48
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The P-V-T-x phase relations of helium - n-butane system were measured in the region of low helium content (up to 10.4 mole % helium). The system exhibits the gas-gas equilibrium originally predicted by Kamerlingh-Onnes and Keesom. The term gas-gas equilibrium is applied because the critical temperatures of the mixtures are higher than the critical temperature of either component. This behavior is quite unlike that observed in most binary systems, in which the critical temperature of the mixtures lie between those of the pure compounds. As a consequence of the shape of the critical locus curve, the system exhibits isothermal retrograde condensation of the second kind.
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  • 49
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 745-750 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The speed range of the low-speed theory for cylinder withdrawal is extended by a correction for gravity and a modified use of the thin meniscus assumption. Experimental evidence indicates that this gravity corrected theory holds over a 3,000-fold range of speed, in terms of capillary number. This gravity corrected theory reduces, as special cases, to several other previously published theories as well as to the low-speed theory.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 50
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 759-763 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper a conjecture of Aris is proved to be correct, that of all catalyst particles of fixed volume for isothermal first-order chemical reactions the spherical particle has the lowest effectiveness factor. The method of proof uses a process of symmetrization. Some conjectures are also made about other chemical reactions. The method of proof is also valid for two-dimensional domain (infinite cylinder).
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  • 51
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 764-768 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Single seed crystals of potassium chloride were grown from aqueous solutions under conditions of constant temperature, supersturation, and impurity concentration. With emission spectrography as the method of analysis, the distribution of various metal ion impurities between the grown potassium chloride crystal and the solution was studied. The distribution coefficients of Pb++, defined as the ratio of the impurity concentration in the crystal to the concentration in solution, were found to be greater than unity at very low concentrations. The lead distribution coefficients varied between 2,700 for solutions containing 10-8 moles of lead/mole of potassium chloride to 28 (for solutions of 10-5 moles of lead/mole of potassium chloride).The results suggest a mechanism of nonequilibrium capture of the impurity. The magnitude of the distribution coefficient is shown to depend on the equilibrium distribution coefficient between the solution and surface of the crystal, the rate of growth of the crystal, and the rate of diffusion of the impurity through the crystal lattice. These results are believed to be of significance in the purification of materials by fractional crystallization. For instance, they indicate that in order to produce crystals of lead-free potassium chloride, the conventional techniques or recrystallization should be modified to include rejection of the first crystals grown.
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  • 52
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 779-783 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Bubble frequencies and departure volumes in nucleate pool boiling have been obtained for a variety of liquids at pressures ranging from 50 to 760 mm. Hg. The bubble dynamic data conclusively show the volumetric vapor flow rate to be a strong function of the Jakob number in qualitative agreement with the heat transfer measurements of Nickelson and Preckshot. The data also indicate the volumetric vapor flow rate per cross section to be independent of the Jakob number, in agreement with existing equations.
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  • 53
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 768-778 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Discrete control algorithms, suitable for programming in a direct digital control computer, are presented. For processes whose dynamics can be adequately modeled as first order with delay, digital compensation algorithms are derived to yield theoretically a response with finite settling time, when the system is step forced in either set point or load. The utility of the proposed designs is experimentally verified by application to a higher order physical process whose dynamics are not fully described by the model. The results demonstrate that sampling frequencies may be reduced considerably below presently accepted values while still maintaining transient response characteristics of the system comparable with those obtainable from conventional continuous control.
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  • 54
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 915-925 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chlorination of propane was studied in a tubular flow reactor, with outside illumination, at atmospheric pressure. At chlorine concentrations of less than 1.5 mole % (and inert nitrogen above 94%) a second-order (in chlorine) rate expression was indicated. At higher chlorine or propane concentrations propane affects the rate. Two rate equations, based upon different termination steps for the chain carriers, were found to fit the data. For the low concentration region the apparent activation energy for the overall reaction was 3.4 kcal./g.-mole. Most of the measurements were carried out with polychromatic light, but data taken with a narrow band of radiation, over the range 2,200 to 5,400Ā, showed an increase in rate with decreasing wave length. As a first step toward reactor design, differential reactor data were used to predict the conversion for laminar flow, integral reactor conditions. A reactor model which included the effects of residence time distribution and radial variation in light intensity gave good agreement with experimental data. A plug-flow model was less satisfactory.
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  • 55
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 931-935 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The general form of the equations describing a steady, two-dimensional flow of an incompressible liquid is reduced to a form containing only two parameters. The histories of stress and of deformation of a material element are written explicitly. A second-order, slow-flow approximation and a Maxwell type of constitutive equation are used to infer properties of the rheological behavior of viscoelastic liquids in such flows.
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  • 56
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 936-947 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new calculation method presented here for interpreting batch or tubular-flow reactor data (and also CSTR data) on three-component, three-reaction reversible systems is based upon the general analyses of Jost and of Wei and Prater. With advance knowledge of the pertinent equilibria, even a very few experimental points can be matched easily and rapidly to the given figures and equations. The simplification involved when one reaction disappears, with the divariant system thus becoming monovariant, is also described. Representative concentration-time curves are given for design purposes.
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  • 57
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 926-931 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In most control applications in the chemical process industries it is not realistic to attempt to define a unique mathematical statement of the control objective, for many criteria will satisfy the physical requirement of the rapid elimination of errors in the product stream as the result of an upset. The strong dependence of the structure of an optimal control system on the choice of objective then makes optimal control theory irrelevant in such situations, since the control engineer has no assurance that a complicated controller is a necessity of the process, rather than a consequence of an unfortunate choice of objective. In this paper an inverse problem is considered, in which an easily implementable feedback control system is first chosen and then is shown to be optimal for a physically meaningful objective in a large class of systems.
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  • 58
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 948-954 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The results of an analytical and experimental study of compressible, axially symmetric, turbulent free jets exhausting into quiescent air are presented. A finite-difference technique was used to obtain a general solution which has eliminated the need for the simplifying assumptions required in previous investigations. The jet Mach number and jet temperature ratio have been found to be the only two initial jet properties which are necessary to characterize the dimensionless velocity and temperature variations in this type of jet. Modifications of dynamic eddy transfer coefficients given in the literature are used in the solution An experimental program was carried out to obtain data on free jet velocity and temperature variation at high initial jet temperatures and high subsonic Mach numbers where there has been a lack of experimental data. The numerical solutions of the time-averaged conservation equations have been shown to agree well with the experimental data of the present study and of previous investigations.
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  • 59
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1018-1019 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 60
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1020-1024 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 61
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1025-1028 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 62
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1030-1031 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 63
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1072-1077 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Volumes translated in wakes of single drops of organic liquids rising through aqueous media have been measured. Organic drops studied comprised methyl isobutyl ketone, toluene, and toluene-carbon tetrachloride mixtures. Aqueous media comprised water and water-sugar solution. Distance of drop rise varied from 10 to 20 in. Drop size was varied such that Reynolds numbers of 40 to 800 were obtained. Volumes translated were nearly independent of distance for nonoscillating drops and decreased rapidly with distance for oscillating drops. Transition from nonoscillating to oscillating drops occurred at Reynolds number of 200. Measurements of drop velocities were also made.
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  • 64
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1141-1154 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Under some conditions, continuous crystallization exhibits cyclic changes of the particle size even with constant input conditions. A linearized stability analysis has been performed to determine under what conditions this behavior can be expected. Numerical solutions of the actual nonlinear system equations were carried out to follow the cyclic behavior and to compute the cycle time and the amplitude of the fluctuations. The effect of seeding on the stability limits and product distribution was also evaluated.
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  • 65
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1160-1166 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation of heat transfer rates in which were used three spray towers varying from 4 to 6 in. in diameter and 7 to 10 ft. in height, and distributor elements with hole sizes varying from 1/8 to 1/64 in. in diameter was carried out. The immiscible liquid system consisted of water and kerosene (normal boiling point range 395° to 490°F.). Volumetric heat transfer coefficients ranged from 100 to 3,600 B.t.u./(hr.)(cu. ft.)(°F.) and the overall film heat transfer coefficients ranged from 4 to 23 B.t.u./(hr.)(sq. ft.)(°F.). Height equivalent to a theoretical stage varied from 1 to 8 ft. Scale-up correlations relating these rate data to operating variables were developed.
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  • 66
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1155-1159 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The pressure drop of water was measured when water flowed through a bed of stainless steel ball bearings packed in an ordered rhombohedral geometry. Experiments were carried out with eleven different packed beds, encompassing the entire range of the square-base array, in the same 10.85 by 10.85 by 30-in. rectangular test column in a forced circulation loop at modified Reynolds numbers up to 17,000. The test variables included water velocity, bed voidage, spacing between adjacent balls, ball diameter, and bed height. Curves of friction factor vs. Reynolds number are presented. An increase in the relative horizontal spacing between balls was found to have a more important effect than an increase in voidage in decreasing the pressure drop. A general correlation relating the mutual effects of bed voidage and ball spacing on pressure drop that would bring all the data points together, especially in the transition flow region, could not be found. As a result, the system appears to consist of two distinct parts separated at the minimum packing density. A correlation was found only for the first, but from a practical point of view more important, region. Data may be corrected for bed voidage, but only for small variations in ball spacing, by the ratios of (1 - ε)/ε3 at the two voidages. No entrance and exit effects could be measured beyond the first seven ball layers.
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  • 67
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1171-1174 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A relationship for the diffusion coefficient of a dilute species in a mixture of two solvents is developed. The result, based on the linear additivity of the frictional activation energy which is valid for completely miscible, nonassociated systems, predicts the diffusion coefficient of the solute in terms of the limiting values of the diffusion coefficient of the solute in each of the solvents, the limiting values of the solvent pair diffusion coefficient, and two thermodynamic factors. The equation is confirmed for some recent experimental data.
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  • 68
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 1175-1180 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of viscous dissipation on fully developed laminar forced convection with heat sources in various regular polygonal ducts under the thermal boundary conditions of uniform wall heat transfer per unit duct length and circumferentially uniform wall temperature are approached by the method of point matching. The method uses the exact solutions to the governing partial differential equations and satisfies the boundary conditions exactly only at selected points. This method complements the method of complex variables for various noncircular geometrical configurations where the velocity and temperature fields are not deducible directly from the boundary equations. The relationship between the average velocity and the average of (grad u)2 over the cross section is pointed out. Other useful relationships between heat transfer quantities based on analogy or the observation of the results from literature and present investigation are also pointed out. The numerical results presented can be used to evaluate the effects of viscous dissipation on mean temperature, overall heat transfer rate at the boundary, heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number. Graphical results for the representative cases are also presented for the heat transfer rate and the Nusselt number.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 2-2 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 10-16 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of analysis is presented for determining closed-form solutions for two-component stratified laminar flow in horizontal ducts of arbitrary cross section. It is demonstrated that the method is remarkably easy to apply and produces results of high accuracy. As an application, solutions are obtained for stratified flow in a circular tube. The results are compared with various limiting cases and excellent agreement is found to exist. Among the limiting cases, an exact solution was derived by Green's functions for the problem in which the interface between the flow components is situated at the horizontal diametral plane.
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  • 73
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 17-20 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An optical technique for the quantitative determination of point velocities in rapidly developing laminar flows of transparent liquids is useful as an experimental tool in problems of complex geometries and fluids. The accuracy of the technique has been confirmed by comparison of experimental data with the numerical solution of the equation of motion for the entrance region problem. A distributor capable of generating a flat velocity profile has been developed for this purpose.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 74
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 5-10 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new empirical model has been proposed to described crystallization systems where the growth rate increases with increasing crystal size in violation of McCabe's ΔL law. Experimental data for Glauber's salt have been presented to illustrate the fit of the new model to an actual system. Equations for steady state crystal size distributions with the use of the proposed model have been derived. Wider use of population density plots for analysis of crystallization systems along with the coefficient of variation to describe a distribution numerically is recommended.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 75
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 28-36 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Severe discrepancies exist between theoretical considerations and the carbon dioxide-monoethanolamine absorption data available in the literature. By desorbing the inert tracer propylene simultaneously with the absorption of carbon dioxide into monoethanolamine in a short wetted-wall column, it is shown that the physical mass transfer coefficient is increased substantially by the carbon dioxide-monoethanolamine chemical absorption process. This is presumably due to interfacial turbulence driven by surface tension gradients. The use of the actual physical mass transfer coefficient prevailing during carbon dioxide absorption into monoethanolamine results in a considerable improvement in the agreement between the penetration theory solution and the experimental data on the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide into monoethanolamine.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 76
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 45-51 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Circulating hydrogen-oxygen mixtures were reacted at atmospheric pressure in a single long porous catalyst cylinder which contained a thermocouple-micromanometer probe. Rate and temperature rise data were obtained at 20°, 30°, 50°, and 60°C. in the concentration range 0 to 5% oxygen in hydrogen.The data were used in connection with the transport equations to obtain effectiveness factors, rate constant, activation energy, and reaction order for oxygen concentration.The necessity of considering thermal effects is exhibited clearly by this system. The maximum temperature rise observed inside the catalyst (33°C.) is associated with a 60% increase in utilization factor over the isothermal value.
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  • 77
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A radioptracer technique was utilized to measure axial dispersion in both phases in spray towers operated at and near flooding. A new method that exhibits certain advantages over methods employed in the past is presented for reducing such data. It is demonstrated that axial dispersion in flooded and near-flooded spray towers is sufficiently severe to control completely their performance as heat exchangers.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 78
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 37-41 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Inclination of a flat-plate thermal diffusion column from the vertical axis substantially increases the separation efficiency by reducing the remixing effect. Theoretical considerations show that when the column is at the best inclination, maximum separation, maximum production, or minimum column length may be obtained. A generalized graphical solution of the conditions for best performance is presented. Experimental results for the system benzene-n-heptane are in excellent agreement with the theory.
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  • 79
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 52-60 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A unified theory of one-dimensional, adiabatic, separated, two-phase flow is presented. To describe the flow adequately, four mixture specific volumes are defined. They are based on area, momentum, kinetic energy, and velocity averages. Increasing relative velocity between the phases initially lowers all mixture specific volumes except the velocity average. The momentum average specific volume minimizes when the slip ratio equals (Vg/Vf)1/2, while the kinetic energy average specific volume reaches its minimum value at a slip ratio of (Vg/Vf)1/3. Area average specific value does not minimize with slip ratio.Because a higher slip ratio would decrease the entropy of a closed system, (Vg/Vf)1/3 is the maximum slip ratio attainable in two-phase critical flow. Based on the maximum slip ratio and isentropic flow, a new critical flow model was developed and compared with the steam-water critical flow data of four recent investigations. While the predicted flow rates followed well the pressure behavior of the experimental data, they were too low at high qualities and too high at low qualities. The average percentage difference between experimental and predicted critical flow rates was -8.5% (three hundred and seventy-six data points).Differences in the approach to critical flow between a gas and a vapor-liquid stream appear to be caused by the latter's increased frictional and gravitational pressure drops and relative velocity effects.
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  • 80
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 41-44 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new freezing process for the desalination of seawater is being developed which utilizes a unique way of upgrading heat energy where there is no gas phase involved. This method takes advantage of the abnormal melting point curve of water. Water melts at a lower temperature under a higher applied pressure (that is, (dp/dT) melting 〈 0), while an ordinary substance melts at a higher temperature under a higher applied pressure (that is, (dP/dT) melting 〉 0). Due to this differnce a substance which melts at a temperature lower than the freezing point of an aqueous solution may melt at a temperature higher than the melting point of water at a sufficiently high pressure.Thus, a suitably selected working medium can be used to form a cyclic auxiliary system which can be incorporated with the main system to: remove the heat of crystallization of water in the partial freezing of an aqueous solution by melting the working medium at a low pressure, and to supply the heat for melting the ice by solidifying the working medium at a sufficiently high pressure.
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  • 81
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 70-77 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the first part of this paper a theory for isothermal homogeneous two-phase, liquid-gas flow in horizontal pipes is established by introducing the concept of Mach number and by considering the medium to be a pseudo gas. The theory takes account of wall friction, compressibility and flow choking. A set of working formulas is obtained. In the second part, results of experiments on homogeneous bubbly flows of water-air mixtures in a 1-in. Pipe are reported. Criteria for the occurrence of bubbly flow are established and the occurrence of flow choking confirmed. It is shown that the mathematical model is adequate insofar as it explains, phenomenologically, real flow conditions.
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  • 82
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 77-85 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Finite-difference methods were used to compute hydrodynamic instability due to natural convection in an enclosed horizontal rectangular region heated from below. Critical Rayleigh numbers were determined for a series of Prandtl numbers and length-to-height ratios. For Prandtl numbers greater than unity excellent agreement was obtained between these calculations and the values predicted by Kurzweg on the basis of a linearized theory. However, for Prandtl numbers less than unity the critical Rayleigh numbers exhibited a dependence on NPr, which was not predicted by the linearized theory. For Rayleigh numbers greater than the critical, complete temperature and velocity fields were determined.The calculations assumed that the fluid motion is two dimensional. Experiments have indicated that the flow may be two or three dimensional depending on minor perturbations in the boundary conditions.Although a number of metastable two-dimensional circulations are possible for symmetrical initial conditions, the calculation always converged to a single, unique solution for any asymmetric initial condition.
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  • 83
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 60-69 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the system hydrogen - benzene - cyclohexane - n-hexane over the pressure range of 500 to 2,000 lb./sq.in.abs. and the temperature range of 200° to 300°F. Experimental equipment was constructed that was capable of operating at pressures of 3,000 lb./sq.in.abs. and at temperatures of 400°F. A static equilibrium cell, which had a sample port for both the liquid and vapor phases, was employed. Separation of the hydrogen from the hydrocarbons by means of a liquid nitrogen cold trap was utilized before performing the hydrocarbon analyses on a mass spectrometer. Three hydrocarbon mixtures were charged to the equilibrium cell, and for each charge, isotherms of 200°, 250°, and 300°F. were run for equilibrium pressures of 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 lb./sq.in.abs. These thirty-six quaternary equilibrium runs resulted in a total of one hundred and forty-four equilibrium data points. In addition, four binary equilibrium runs were determined both for the hydrogen-benzene and hydrogen-cyclohexane systems. A modified version of the Chao-Seader correlation was used to predict the data. This correlation was able to predict all the quaternary equilibrium ratios with an average deviation of 4.86%.
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  • 84
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 97-101 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analytical solution based on a previously proposed entrance model is developed for the case of flow at low Reynolds numbers. Agreement between this solution and the published numerical solution at this Reynolds number limit supports the authenticity of the numerical solutions presented previously.
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  • 85
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 91-96 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the measurement of the absorption of carbon dioxide gas by a series of oil drops moving down a vertical wire the variables studied are drop frequency, oil viscosity, wire size, and column length. A model is proposed which assumes that the gas is absorbed by almost stagnant liquid film between and covering the drops, that the film is subsequently mixed with a drop as it moves past, and that the dissolved gas is carried from the column in circulating loops of liquid within the drops. The model leads to an equation which correlates the data and gives a good approximation to the slope of the line.
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  • 86
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 108-113 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that the first variation method can be used to provide an excellent starting condition for the second variation control of nonlinear systems. Numerical examples illustrate the basic features of the methods.
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  • 87
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 86-91 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The decomposition of nickel tetracarbonyl at pressures between 20 and 200 torrs was studied at temperatures from 100° to 225°C. In the cross-flow system, the rate in the absence of appreciable dilution was primarily limited by kinetic resistances at temperatures up to about 175°C. over an effective Reynolds number range of 5 to 100. Gas phase diffusional resistances were controlling at higher temperatures. Corrections for natural convection were employed in both the kinetic and diffusional regions of control.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 88
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A straightforward and simple algorithm is presented for obtaining the optimal control of nonlinear systems. This algorithm has many of the advantages of dynamic programming but not the disadvantage of excessive computer storage. A number of numerical examples are presented to show the versatility of the method.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 89
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 118-121 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The typical solubility boundaries of binary simple hydrocarbon-water systems are outlined for temperatures and pressures ranging into the neighborhood of the critical point for pure water. These systems are characterized by two unique states, a critical vaporization end point and a critical solution end point. The former defines the limit of mutual solubility of two liquid phases, and the latter defines a point of complete solubility at a minimum pressure. Experimental P-T-x data for cyclohexane-water and n-hexane-water mixtures are presented.
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  • 90
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 114-118 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An iterative technique is proposed that solves the two-point boundary value problem formed from the variational equations for the optimal control of nonlinear systems. The computational algorithm utilizes invariant imbedding to provide a set of the unknown boundary conditions and quasilinearization to calculate the optimal control policy. A numerical example indicates that the method exhibits considerable promise.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 91
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 122-125 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow of molten polymer through porous media has been investigated at constant temperatures and flow rates. Temperatures of 375°, 400°, and 425°F., flow rates from 12 to 60 g./min. and particle sizes from 0.054 in. to 6 mm. in diameter were studied. A modified Darcy's law was developed using the Metzner-Reed modification of the Mooney-Rabinowitsch relation. This form was then used to develop a modified friction factor plot which correlated the data with an average error of 5.02%. Calculated superficial velocities from the Darcy's law equation checked experimental values generally to within 10%. A technique for estimating shear rates when curved rheological flow curves occurred was also developed.
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  • 92
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 125-131 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model of dynamic distillation was verified experimentally for transients resulting from a sequence of upsets in operating conditions, that is, for upsets occurring in the unsteady state before the effects of previous upsets died out.The equations for feed-forward control of the top product composition by reflux ratio control action were derived and a computer program was written in FORTRAN for solution on a digital computer. This control model was employed in the feed-forward control of an experimental distillation column when subjected to an upset in feed composition.Experimental data were obtained from a twelve-plate, 10-in. diameter distillation column with a methanol-tertiary butyl alcohol system. The numerical technique employed is a completely general divided difference method which can be utilized in the solution of any system of first-order differential equations.
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  • 93
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 132-140 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steady state heat and mass transfer between a submerged evaporative interface in a porous medium and an external gas stream were analyzed theoretically. Local and average evaporation rates for laminar and turbulent flow over a flat plate as well as for fully developed laminar or turbulent flow near the thermal entry region of a duct were obtained as a function of the position of the evaporative interface. Calculated local evaporation rates are significantly lower than values computed by Luikov, who did not take into account the variation of evaporative surface temperature with recession, indicated both by the present analysis and by observations related to the drying of thick porous materials. Application to the analysis of the drying process is discussed.
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  • 94
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 140-147 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The variable-property, laminar, boundary-layer equations, which describe simultaneous momentum, heat, and binary mass transfer with thermodynamic coupling,Thermodynamic coupling refers to the Soret (or thermaldiffusion)effect, which is the flow of mass caused hy a temperaturegradient, and the Dufour (or diffusion thermo) effect, which is theflow of heat caused by a concentration gradient. are analyzed for air flows over a flat plate with the injection of foreign gases through the solid surface. A simplified general treatment of thermodynamic coupling is developed and applied to yield approximate but accurate expressions for evaluating heat transfer rates and adiabatic wall temperatures for injection of hydrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide. This method explains why the driving force based on (Tω - Tω) can be used to correlate heat transfer results for situations where diffusion thermo is important. Furthermore, and perhaps most significant, the method provides a simple error estimate for the correlation obtained by using the adiabatic wall temperature.It is shown that the injection of lightweight gases can significantly reduce viscous dissipation in flows over slender bodies and that diffusion thermo and dissipation effects can be otion in flows over slender bodies and that diffusion thermo and dissipation effects can be of the same order of magnitude even for reasonably high-velocity flows. These effects are discussed in terms of convenient quantities, called σ functions.
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  • 95
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 148-155 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method was devised to yield chemical reaction kinetic parameters from nonisothermal, nonisobaric flow experiments. The system studied was the pyrolysis of propane at high temperatures (800° to 1,000°C.). At these temperatures the rates of the various reactions are so high that a batch or even an isothermal flow experiment is impossible. To keep the conversions low so that the initial stages of decomposition could be studied, the feed gas was diluted with varying amounts of nitrogen. Residence times in the reactor were in the millisecond range. The reactor exit gas was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The method developed in this work is not limited to simple kinetic studies, but can be useful in complicated series and parallel reactions which often require nonisothermal conditions.
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  • 96
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 155-159 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An isobaric calorimeter has been built for measuring the integral heat of vaporization at high pressures and low temperatures simultaneously with vapor-liquid equilibria data. The methane-ethylene system was studied at 20 and 40 atm., with data obtained on three mixtures and the two pure components. The experimental results are compared with three different calculation methods.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 97
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 160-164 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: With the use of the heat balance integral method, a formula for the depth of solidification in a stratified medium is derived that applies to Newton's cooling at the surface, where the temperature of the cooling medium is variable. The presence of a surface layer with zero latent heat is given a special consideration. Comparison of the proposed formula with the direct field measurements and the calculations carried out by others shows a satisfactory coincidence. For the simplified boundary conditions, the formular reduces to a known analytical solution.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 98
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 165-169 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical method and graphs of generalized solutions are presented for a moving interface problem of freezing a saturated liquid inside a cylindrical or a spherical container with a constant heat transfer coefficient, as well as melting a saturated solid. The frozen solid phase has a constant heat capacity.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 169-173 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized differentiation method for analyzing rheological data of time-independent fluids is presented. The method is demonstrated to be valid and useful in analyzing rheological data and comparing such data obtained on the same time-independent fluid in rheometers of the capillary, annular, coaxial cylinder rotational, and falling cylinder types.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 13 (1967), S. 176-179 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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