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  • 1920-1924
  • 1890-1899
  • 1967  (70)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (58)
  • Obesity  (12)
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  • 1975-1979
  • 1965-1969  (70)
  • 1920-1924
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 63-64 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Diabetes in animals ; Genes for diabetes ; Mutations for diabetes ; Obesity ; Genotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin resistance ; Acetohexamide ; Diet and diabetes ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Obesity ; Pancreas ; Infections ; Adipose tissue in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Certaines caractéristiques particulières du rat des sables en font un animal d'expérience de grande valeur. L'augmentation des taux plasmatiques d'insuline et de glucose est liée chez lui à une augmentation de la prise de nourriture. Tout comme c'est le cas pour le diabète humain de type adulte, il semble y avoir participation d'un élément de résistance à l'insuline qui peut être mis en évidencein vitro par la sensibilité diminuée du tissu adipeux du rat des sables à l'insuline de porc. Il semblerait qu'un traitement prophylactique par l'acétphexamide exerce un effet protecteur contre l'effet diabétogène d'un régime riche en calories. — Il semble raisonnable de penser que le syndrome diabétique du rat du sable, si facilement provoqué par la modification du régime, pourrait s'avérer être un instrument de grande valeur dans l'étude des mécanismes pathogénétiques possibles du syndrome diabétique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Sandratte verfügt über mehrere einmalige Eigenschaften, die aus ihr ein wertvolles Laboratoriumstier machen. Das häufige Auftreten von erhöhtem Plasma-Insulinspiegel und Hyperglykämie steht im Zusammenhang mit einer gesteigerten Nahrungsaufnahme. Wie im menschlichen Reife-Diabetes scheint auch hier eine Insulinresistenz aufzutreten, und diese istin vitro nachweisbar: das inkubierte Fettgewebe der Sandratte spricht auf eine Stimulierung mit steigenden Dosen von Schweineinsulin nur wenig an. Prophylaktische Behandlung mit Acetohexamid deutet auf eine Schutzwirkung gegen die diabetogenen Folgen einer kalorienreichen Diät. — Es ist zu erwarten, daß das diabetische Syndrom in der Sandratte, das so leicht durch Manipulationen der Diät erzeugt werden kann, ein nützliches Modell zur Untersuchung der möglichen Mechanismen der diabetischen Pathogenese darstellen wird.
    Notes: Summary The sand rat has some unique attributes, which make it a valuable experimental animal. The occurrence of increased plasma insulin levels and of hyperglycemia is linked to an increased food intake. As in the human maturity-onset type diabetes, there seems to be an element of insulin resistance, and this can be demonstratedin vitro by the relative unresponsiveness of sand rat adipose tissue to increasing doses of pork insulin. Prophylactic treatment with acetohexamide seems to have some protective effect against the diabetogenic results of a high calory diet. — It is expected that the diabetic syndrome in sand rats, which can be so easily induced by dietary manipulation, will be a valuable tool in helping to clarify some of the possible mechanisms in the syndrome of diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 143-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Alpha cells ; Protein synthesis ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Obesity ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié avec les microscopes optique et électronique les îlots de Langerhans du pancréas de rats des sables normaux et diabétiques. Lorsqu'ils sont maintenus à un régime normal de laboratoire, on observe chez ces animaux une dégranulation des cellulesβ et les signes d'une synthèse protéique augmentée. Dès qu'apparaît le diabète, on voit apparaître une infiltration glycogénique avec déplacement des organelles cellulaires et, plus tard, une dégénérescence cyptoplasmique avec liquéfaction. L'apparition de ces anomalies morphologiques a été mise en corrélation avec les altérations du glucose sanguin et de l'insuline immunoréactive sérique. Ce qui est remarquable chez le rat des sables, c'est qu'il ne semble pas être à même de s'adapter à l'apport calorique plus concentré de la nourriture de laboratoire. Il réagit par une surproduction insulinique, surproduction qui, en général, évite la cétose. Parfois, cette surproduction suffit à ramener le sucre sanguin à la normale. Dans des cas plus rares, la stimulation de la sécrétion insulinique se termine par une dégénérescence et une nécrose des cellulesβ avec céto-acidose mortelle.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wird über elektronen- und lichtmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Pankreas-Inseln normaler und diabetischer Sandratten berichtet. Nach Verabreichung einer synthetischen Keks-Diät wurden eine Degranulation derβ-Zellen und Zeichen einer vermehrten Proteinsynthese beobachtet. Gleichzeitig mit dem Auftreten von Diabetes erfolgte Glykogeninfiltration, begleitet von einer Verdrängung der Zellorganellen und gelegentlicher Degeneration und Verflüssigung des Cytoplasmas. Diese Veränderungen wurden mit Blutzucker-und immunreaktivem Serum-Insulinspiegel in Zusammenhang gebracht. — Sandratten sind einzigartig in der Hinsicht, daß sie nicht in der Lage sind, das vermehrte Kalorienangebot der synthetischen Diät auf normale Art zu bewältigen. Sie reagieren mit Mehrproduktion von Insulin. Die gesteigerte Insulmausschüttung hält das Tier gewöhnlich frei von Ketose, bringt den Blutzucker gelegentlich auf normale Werte zurück, endet aber in seltenen Fällen mit einer Degeneration und Nekrose derβ-Zellen mit anschließender fataler Ketoacidose.
    Notes: Summary Ultrastuctural and light microscopic studies of pancreatic islets in normal and diabetic sand rats are reported. Following the institution of a synthetic chow diet, beta cell degranulation and enhanced protein synthesis were observed. With the appearance of diabetes, glycogen infiltration occurred, with displacement of cellular organelles and eventual cytoplasmic degeneration and liquefaction. These alterations were correlated with blood glucose and serum immunoreactive insulin levels. — The sand rats are unique in that they are not able to cope with the increased caloric load of synthetic chow. They respond by marked insulin production; an increase that usually maintains the animal free of ketosis, occasionally returns them to a euglycemic state, and may rarely be terminated by beta cell degeneration and necrosis with fatal ketoacidosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype:C3Hf×I-Fl ; Strains of mice: C3Hf and I ; Mice: C3Hf and I ; Insulin response ; Insulin resistance ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Insulin and diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Obesity ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Diaphragm in vitro
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'hybride F1 produit par le croisement des souches de souris C3Hf et I (souris de Wellesley) est prédisposé au diabète. Dans cette étude nous avons observé que les animaux devenus diabétiques avaient des taux élevés d'insuline immunoréactive sérique et que leurs tissus périphériques étaient moins sensibles à l'action de l'insulinein vitro. Un régime hypocalorique a pu prévenir l'apparition du diabète et maintenir une sensibilité normale à l'insuline.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kreuzung von C3Hf und I Mäusestämmen ergibt ein F1 Hybrid (die “Wellesley” Maus) mit Veranlagung für Diabetes mellitus. Bei der Untersuchung dieser Tiere wurde festgestellt, daß solche, bei denen das diabetische Syndrom sich entwickelt hatte, erhöhte Spiegel von immunreaktivem Insulin im Serum aufwiesen, und daß ihre peripheren Gewebein vitro weniger empfindlich auf Insulin reagierten. Diät-beschränkung verhinderte das Auftreten von Diabetes und bewahrte die Insulinempfindlichkeit der peripheren Gewebe.
    Notes: Summary A hybrid of C3Hf and I strains of mice (the “Wellesley” mouse) results in an animal with a predisposition to diabetes mellitus. In this study it was found that animals that developed the diabetic syndrome had elevated levels of immunoreactive insulin in their serum, and peripheral tissues thatin vitro were less responsive to insulin. Dietary restriction prevented the diabetes from occurring as well as maintaining insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 175-178 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype: C3Hf XI-Fl ; Strains of mice: C3Hf and I ; Mice: C3Hf and I ; Swiss-Hauschka mice ; Hauschka Swriss mice ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Beta cell hyperplasia ; Insulin in Serum ; Obesity ; Caloric Intake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des souris hybrides produites par le croisement des souches C3Hf et I ont été soumises à une alimentation standard de laboratoire, à deux niveaux de concentration calorique. De plus, des souris d'une souche ordinaire ont reçu leur nourriture sous forme de poudre ou de conglomérés. Dans tous ces cas, nous avons observé une corrélation entre l'hyperglycémie, l'accroissement de poids et les taux sériques élevés d'insuline immunoréactive résultant de l'apport augmenté de calories. Ces observations soulignent l'importance extrême du régime dans l'étude du diabète expérimental.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Mäuse, die aus der Kreuzung C3HfXI hervorgingen, und die zu einer milden Form von Diabetes und Hyperplasie der Bauchspeicheldrüse neigen, erhielten zwei Sorten Laboratoriumskeks von unterschiedlichem Kaloriengehalt. Einem Stamm gewöhnlicher Labormäuse wurde außerdem das Futter als Pulver oder in Keks-Form verabreicht. Hyperglykämie, vermehrte Gewichtszunahme und erhöhte Spiegel an immunreaktivem Insulin verhielten sich untereinander parallel und waren das Resultat vermehrter Kalorienaufnahme. Diese Untersuchungen heben die kritische Rolle der Diät bei Studien des experimentellen Diabetes hervor.
    Notes: Summary Hybrid mice that develop mild diabetes and pancreatic hyperplasia were fed chow rations at two caloric concentrations. In addition, a strain of commercial laboratory mice were fed these diets in both powdered and pellet form. In all animals, hyperglycemia, increased weight gain, and elevated levels of immunoreactive insulin in serum were correlated with each other and resulted from increased caloric intake. These studies emphasize the critical role of diet in the study of experimental diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 212-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; KK mice ; Japanese mice ; Obesity ; Growth hormone ; Pituitary ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Insulin in pancreas ; Sex and diabetes ; Adrenal cortex ; Zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Un état diabétique est démontré chez des souris d'une souche japonaise, la souche KK, mis en évidence par une élévation du sucre sanguin et par une diminution de la tolérance au glucose. 2. Le poids corporel des souris KK dépasse la normale; il s'agit d'une obésité modérée. 3. L'activité insulinique du pancréas et le contenu en hormone de croissance de l'hypophyse de souris KK dépassent ceux observés chez des souris C57BL. 4. Histologiquement, on trouve chez les souris KK une hypertrophie et une hyperplasie des îlots de Langerhans, une hypertrophie et une dégranulation des cellules B, une abondance de ribosomes et de réticulum endoplasmique des cellules B, un développement marqué de la région de Golgi des mêmes cellules, et une diminution du contenu en zinc des cellules insulaires. D'autres anomalies ont également été observées dans d'autres organes des souris KK, plus particulièrement pour l'hypophyse, le foie, les surrénales et la parathyroïde.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei Mäusen des KK-Stammes (japanische Zucht) ist mit Bestimmung von Glucosetoleranz und Blutzuckerwerten ein diabetischer Zustand nachweisbar. 2. Das Körpergewicht von KK-Mäusen liegt über der Norm, und es besteht eine leichte Fettsucht. 3. Die Insulinaktivität des Pankreas und der Gehalt der Hypophyse an Wachstumshormon sind bei KK-Mäusen höher als bei C57BL-Mäusen. 4. Das Pankreas der KK-Mäuse zeigt auffallende Veränderungen, wie Hypertrophie und Degranulierung derβ-Zellen, reichlich Ribosomen und endoplasmatisches Reticulum in denβ-Zellen, sowie starke Ausbildung des Golgiapparates und Verminderung des Zinkgehaltes der Inselzellen. 5. Auch andere Organe (z.B. Adenohypophyse, Leber, Nebenniere und Nebenschilddrüse) der KK-Mäuse weisen Veränderungen auf.
    Notes: Summary This review demonstrates the following points:1. By glucose tolerance test and the determination of non-fasting blood sugar values, mice of KK strain (a Japanese strain) have been shown to be in a diabetic state. 2. KK mice have greater than normal body weights, and moderate obesity. 3. Pancreatic insulin activity and adenohypophyseal growth hormone content of KK mice are greater than those of C75BL mice. 4. The pancreas of KK mice presents many striking changes, such as the hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the islets, the hypertrophy and degranulation of B cells, the abundance of B cell ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, the enlargement of the Golgi areas of B cells, and the diminution of the zinc content of insular cells. 5. In other organs (eg. adenohypophysis, liver, adrenal and parathyroid) of KK mice, many changes are also observed. The above features of KK mice are discussed in relation to the presumed metabolic disorder in the mice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 222-229 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Obese mice ; Genotype: obob ; Obese-hyperglycemic syndrome ; Screening ; for diabetes ; Testis ; Obesity ; β-glucuronidase ; Isocitrate metabolism ; Muscle ; Liver ; Adipose tissue
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons passé en revue quelques aspects du métabolisme des souris obèses-hyperglycémiques observés dans la colonie suédoise de ces animaux. Nous avons développé une méthode de dépistage qui permet de reconnaître très tôt les animaux qui, plus tard, deviendront obèses et hyperglycémiques. L'injection intrapéritonéale de glucose mène plus fréquemment à une glucosurie chez les souris homozygotes (obob) même avant le sevrage, suggérant donc que l'anomalie du métabolisme du glucose est une lésion primaire chez ces animaux. Le syndrome est en outre associé à une activité endocrine réduite du testicule. Une comparaison quantitative des structures testiculaires d'animaux obèses-hyperglycémiques soumis à un régime strict, et d'animaux obèses à la suite d'hyperphagie provoquée par l'injection d'aurothioglucose, permet d'affirmer que cette diminution de la fonction endocrine testiculaire est le résultat de facteurs autres que l'hyperphagie ou l'obésité. Une augmentation de laβ-glucuronidase sérique et artérielle ayant été décrite chez des malades atteints de diabète ou d'artériosclérose sévères, cette activité enzymatique a été mesurée chez les souris obèses-hyperglycémiques. Une activité enzymatique accrue n'a été observée que pour les surrénales. La déshydrogénation de l'isocitrate procède plus activement par la voie requérant le cofacteur NADP+ dans les tissus musculaires et hépatiques de souris obèses-hyperglycémiques, que ce n'est le cas pour les tissus de souris nonobèses. Pourtant, cette utilisation préférentielle de l'enzyme NADP+-dépendant n'est pas nécessairement liée à la lipogénèse accrue observée chez ces animaux, puisque cette même préférence ne se retrouve pas lorsqu'on compare le tissu adipeux d'animaux obèses et non-obèses de mêmes nichées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund von kürzlich durchgeführten Untersuchungen an der schwedischen Kolonie von fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen werden hier einige Gesichtspunkte über den Stoffwechsel dieser Tiere dargestellt. Eine neue Arbeitsweise hat es uns ermöglicht schon früh Mäuse, die später zu Fettsucht und Hyperglykämie neigen, zu entdecken. Intraperitoneale Glucoseinjektionen führten häufiger zur Glucosurie in denjenigen noch nicht entwöhnten Tieren, die für das fettsüchtig-hyperglykämische Gen homozygot sind. Diese Tatsache weist auch darauf hin, daß die Störung des Glucosestoff-wechsels wahrscheinlich eine primäre Anomalie darstellt. Das fettsüchtig-hyperglykämische Syndrom geht parallel mit einer verminderten endokrinen Aktivität der Hoden. Quantitative mikroskopische Untersuchung der Hoden von sowohl fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen bei Beschränkung der Nahrungsaufnahme, als auch von Mäusen mit Goldthioglucose-bedingter Hyperphagie und Fettsucht deuten darauf, daß andere Faktoren als Überfressen oder Fettsucht für das Abnehmen der Hodenfunktion verantwortlich sind. Im Serum oder in den Arterien von Patienten mit Diabetes oder Arteriosklerose ist eine Vermehrung derβ-Glucuronidase-Aktivität nachgewiesen worden. Beifettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen war aber nur in den Nebennieren eine höhereβ-Glucuronidase-Aktivität als bei nicht-fettsüchtigen Tieren nachzuweisen. Untersuchung der enzymatischen Dehydrogenierung von Isocitrat zeigte, daß Isocitrat im Skelettmuskel und in der Leber dieser fettsüchtig hyperglykämischen Mäuse vorwiegend über das NADP+-abhängige Enzym dehydrogeniert wird. Diese Beobachtung ist nicht unbedingt mit der Hyperlipogenese verbunden, da das Fettgewebe von fettsüchtig-hyperglykämischen Mäusen im Vergleich zu dem der mageren nicht dieselbe Bevorzugung des NADP+- abhängigen Enzyms aufweist.
    Notes: Summary Some aspects of the metabolism of obesehyperglycemic mice are presented in the light of recent observations on the Swedish colony of these animals. A screening procedure has been elaborated, which allows early detection of those growing mice that will later develop the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome. The observation that intraperitoneal glucose injections induce a higher frequency of glucosuria in those suckling mice which are homozygous for the obese-hyperglycemic gene furthermore suggests that the impairment of the glucose metabolism represents a primary lesion in these animals. The obese-hyperglycemic syndrome is associated with a reduced endocrine activity of the testis. Quantitative microscopic analyses of the testis, both from obese-hyperglycemic mice kept on a restricted food intake and from mice in which hyperphagia and obesity had been induced by injections of gold thioglucose, revealed that other factors than overeating and/or obesity are responsible for the depression of the testis function. An increased activity ofβ-glucuronidase has been reported in serum and arteries from inviduals with diabetes or severe arteriosclerosis. However, among the various tissues analysed in the obese-hyperglycemic mice only the adrenals displayed a significantly higherβ-glucuronidase activity than the lean litter mates. Studies of the enzymatic dehydrogenation of isocitrate revealed considerably higher ratios between the NADP+- and NAD+-specific enzyme activities in the skeletal muscle and liver from the obese-hyperglycemic mice. The observation that the liver dehydrogenation of isocitrate was more dependent on NADP+ in the latter animals must not necessarily be attributed to the presence of a hyperlipogenesis, since similar ratios were recorded for the NADP+- and NAD+-linked isocitric dehydrogenase activities when the adipose tissue from the obese-hyperglycemic mice was compared with that from the lean sibling controls.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 135-139 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Insulin in serum ; Insulin in pancreas ; Insulin resistance ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Obesity ; Diet and diabetes ; Fasting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons induit par modification du régime chez le rat des sables égyptien un syndrome diabétique plus modéré que celui décrit dans la précédente communication (Miki et al., 1966). Maintenus à un régime végétal pendant une longue période après leur capture, la teneur en insuline du pancréas de ces animaux augmente de façon significative. Par contre, lorsqu'ils sont soumis au régime standard de laboratoire (granuléscomprimés) une hyperglycémie de degré variable s'installe chez environ un tiers des jeunes rats. L'hyperinsulinémie s'est révélée être encore plus élevée chez ces animaux que chez ceux décrits antérieurement et elle persiste même après un retour à la normale de la glycémie au cours du jeûne. Chez les rats hyperglycémiques, le contenu du pancréas en insuline diminue. Le rôle possible de la résistance du tissu adipeux à l'action de l'insuline dans la pathogénèse de ce syndrome est discuté.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Eine mildere Form von diätinduziertem diabetischen Syndrom in der Ägyptischen Sandratte wird beschrieben. In Sandratten, die für längere Zeit nach der Gefangennahme mit Gemüse gefüttert worden waren, war der Pankreasinsulingehalt stark erhöht, der Blutzucker aber normal. Ein Drittel der jungen Tiere, hingegen, die mit Labor-Keks gefüttert wurden, entwickelte Hyperglykämie verschiedenen Grades. Hyperinsulinämie war sogar noch stärker ausgeprägt, als in der vorher beschriebenen Gruppe (Miki et al., 1966) und dauerte selbst dann an, wenn der Blutzucker durch Fasten auf normale Werte zurückgebracht wurde. Der Pankreasinsulingehalt hyperglykämischer Sandratten war gegenüber der Norm erniedrigt. Die Insulinempfindlichkeit des Fettgewebes wird im Zusammenhang mit der Pathogenese diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Compared with our previous report, a milder form of diabetic syndrome induced by diet in Egyptian sand rats is described. In sand rats fed vegetables for a prolonged period after capture, pancreatic insulin content was significantly increased. When fed chow, one-third of young animals developed hyperglycemia to a variable degree. Hyperinsulinemia was even more marked than in the previously reported group (Miki et al., 1966) and persisted even when the blood glucose returned to normal following fasting. Pancreatic insulin content was decreased in hyperglycemic sand rats. Insulin refractoriness of adipose tissue was discussed in relation to the pathogenesis.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 140-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Sand rat ; Psammomys obesus ; Prediabetes ; Preclinical diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Adipose tissue in vitro ; Insulin resistance ; Liver enzymes ; Liver metabolism in vitro ; Obesity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Chez des rats des sables pesant environ 100, 140, et 220 gr, avec une glycémie normale, nous avons observé des taux élevés d'insuline circulante par rapport aux taux que l'on observe chez des rats albinos du même âge. Chez ces animaux, le tissu adipeux incubéin vitro n'est que peu sensible à l'insuline, par comparaison avec la sensibilité du tissu adipeux du rat albinos. La sensibilité à l'insuline diminue dans les deux espèces avec l'âge, mais cet effet est beaucoup plus marqué chez le rat des sables. Les dosages d'enzymes hépatiques et les études métaboliques sur tranches de foie ont donné des résultats semblables pour les deux espèces à l'exception d'une incorporation diminuée de glucose en glycogène hépatique pour le rat des sables.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Sandratten mit normalem Blutzucker und einem Körpergewicht von ungefähr 100, 140 und 220 Gramm wurden mit Albinoratten desselben Alters verglichen. Dabei wurde beobachtet, daß die Sandratten auch unter diesen Bedingungen erhöhte Seruminsulinspiegel aufwiesen. Ihr Fettgewebe zeigtein vitro eine verminderte Insulinempfindlichkeit, die mit zunehmendem Alter weiter fiel. Diese altersbedingte Abnahme war bei Sandratten ausgeprägter als bei Albinoratten. Untersuchungen von Leberstoffwechsel an Leberschnitten oder an Leberenzymmessungen deuteten nicht auf ein unterschiedliches Verhalten der Leber der Sandratte, mit der einzigen Ausnahme eines verminderten Glucose-Einbaues in Glykogen.
    Notes: Summary Normoglycemic sand rats of approximately 100, 140, and 220 grams body weight were found to have increased circulating insulin levels compared with albino rats of matched ages. Adipose tissuein vitro demonstrated decreased insulin sensitivity, which became further diminished with increasing age in both type of rats, but this effect was much more marked in the sand rats. Liver enzyme determinations and metabolic studies on liver slices showed identical results in both rats, except for decreased glucose incorporation into glycogen in the sand rat.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 179-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Wellesley hybrid mouse ; Hybrid mouse diabetes ; Genotype: C3HfXI- Fl ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Nutrition and diabetes ; Diet and diabetes ; Insulin in serum ; Obesity ; Strains of mice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons étudié la morphologie des îlots de Langerhans de souris hybrides de Wellesley (C3HfxI) et de souris albinos ordinaires soumises à deux régimes synthétiques de laboratoire. Nous avons observé une forte augmentation du volume des îlots de Langerhans des animaux diabétiques soumis aux deux types de régime, ces îlots étant composés presque exclusivement de cellules B actives. L'apparence des îlots de Langerhans d'animaux non-diabétiques était normale. Il existe chez ces animaux une excellente corrélation entre la présence de diabète, les taux d'insuline immunoréactive sérique, et l'apparence des îlots, ceci pour les deux régimes.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An “Wellesley Hybrid” und normalen Laboratoriumsmäusen, denen zwei verschiedene Arten von synthetischem Futter gegeben worden war, wurden morphologische Studien durchgeführt. Die Langerhans'schen Inseln diabetischer Tiere beider Gruppen waren stark vergrößert und bestanden beinahe ausschließlich aus aktiv Insulin synthetisierendenβ-Zellen. Die Inseln der nicht-diabetischen Mäuse waren normal. Es bestand ein deutlicher Zusammenhang zwischen dem Vorhandensein von Diabetes, dem immunreaktiven Insulin Spiegel im Serum und der Inselmorphologie, unabhängig von Mäusestamm und Diät.
    Notes: Summary Morphologic studies were performed in “Wellesley Hybrid” and commercial laboratory mice fed synthetic chow of two types. The pancreatic islets of diabetic animals of both groups were greatly enlarged, and were composed almost exclusively of beta cells actively synthesizing insulin. The islets of the non-diabetic mice were normal. There was excellent correlation between the presence of diabetes, the level of serum TRI and islet morphology regardless of mouse strain and dietary regimen.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Spiny mice ; Acomys cahirinus ; Obesity ; Pancreas ; Ultrastructure ; Beta cells ; Insulin in pancreas ; Glycogen ; Islets of Langerhans ; Endo-exocrine cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'Acomys Cahirinus ou souris à piquants est un rongeur vivant dans les régions semi-désertiques de l'est de la Méditerranée. La découverte d'un diabète spontané chez certains de ces animaux a fait entreprendre l'élevage d'une colonie dans laquelle ce syndrome s'est maintenu jusqu'à maintenant. Il atteint environ 15% des animaux, qu'ils soient obèses ou non. Il apparaît sur un terrain insulaire très particulier puisque le pancréas endocrine montre une hyperplasie très importante jusqu'à constituer 15% du pancréas total. Cette hyperplasie existe chez tous les animaux, hyperglycémiques ou non. — L'étude au microscope électronique est encore trop incomplète pour une analyse corrélative détaillée entre les données métaboliques et morphologiques. Elle permet toutefois de décrire les différentes structures cellulaires de l'Acomys ainsi que leurs modifications dans les conditions pathologiques. Les changements du complexe de Golgi et des mitochondries et certains aspects plus pathologiques,comme l'accumulation de glycogène, sont décrits ainsi que des images plus particulières à l'Acomys, telles les confluences de vésicules et les cellules hypergranulées. — L'extrême hyperplasie du pancréas endocrine de la souris à piquants s'accompagne à son niveau d'un grand polymorphisme cellulaire. Les différentes cellules ainsi observées sont interprétées comme des aspects de différents moments physiologiques et non comme des types cellulaires particuliers. Ces données font conclure à la non-existence d'autres entités cellulaires que les cellules A, B et éventuellement D. Un aspect particulièrement intéressant de la souris à piquants est celui dela présence de cellules mixtes. Cette image est discutée dans le cadre très particulier du syndrome diabétique observé chez l'Acomys.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Acomys cahirinus, die Stachelmaus, ist ein kleines Nagetier, das in den an die Wüste grenzenden Gegenden des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes lebt. Da in dieser Tierart Spontandiabetes auftritt, zumindest in Laboratoriumszucht, halten wir dieses Tier am Institut de Biochimie Clinique seit etwas mehr als drei Jahren. Diabetes mellitus tritt bei ungefähr 15% der Tiere die ein Jahr alt werden ein; einige davon sind fettsüchtig, nicht aber alle. Diabetes erscheint trotz einer sehr stark entwickelten Hyperplasie der Langerhans'schen Inseln, die bis zu 15% des erwachsenen Organs ausmachen können! Diese Hyperplasie ist bei allen Tieren zu sehen, unabhängig davon ob eine diabetische Stoffwechselstörung vorliegt oder nicht. Mit dem Elektronenmikroskop haben wir die Langerhans'schen Inseln von 22 Stachelmäusen untersucht und berichten hier über die verschiedenen beobachteten Zelltypen, zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten der Entwicklung der diabetischen Stoffwechselstörungen. Befunde an den B-Zellen dieser Tierart betreffen die hochgradige Entwicklung des Golgi Apparates, die große Unterschiedlichkeit und manchmal extreme Glycogen-Ablagerung in diabetischen Tieren, die häufige Verschmelzung der Membranen der Granula, und das Auftreten von ganz übermäßig hypergranulierten Zellen. — Die Hyperplasie der Langerhans'schen Inseln in Stachelmäusen geht mit einem betrachtenswerten zellulären Polymorphismus einher. Die Autoren sind jedoch nicht der Meinung, daß diese Befunde auf das Vorhandensein von vielen verschiedenen Zelltypen in diesen Inseln deutet. Es scheint ihnen viel wahrscheinlicher, daß es sich um verschiedene funktionelle Zustände einer kleinen Anzahl von Zelltypen handelt, wobei nur A, B, und vielleicht D Zellen mit Sicherheit als identifiziert gelten können. Ein besonders frappanter Aspekt dieses zellulären Polymorphysmus istdie häufige Beobachtung von gemischten oder Intermediärzellen (exokrin-endokrin sowie auch endokrin A-B). Diese Beobachtung wirft die Frage auf ob die Stimulation, die zu der Hyperplasie des endokrinen Systems in dieser Tierart führt, vielleicht mit einer Verminderung der nuklearen Hemmung, die bei voll differenzierten Zellen die Regel ist, einhergehen könnte.
    Notes: Summary Acomys Cahirinus, the spiny mouse, is a small rodent living in the semi-desertic areas of the Eastern Mediterranean. The observation that diabetes may occur spontaneously in this species, at least under laboratory conditions, has led to its breeding at the Institut de Biochimie Clinique, where a colony has been maintained over the last 3 years. Diabetes occurs in approximately 15% of the animals reaching one year of age; some of these are obese, but not all. Diabetes occurs in the presence of, and despite a striking hyperplasia of the endocrine pancreas, which may make up as much as 15% of the total organ in adult mice. This hyperplasia is present in all animals, whether hyperglycemic or not. — The islets of Langerhans of 22 spiny mice have been examined with the electron microscope and form the basis for an analysis of the different cell types observed, at different times relative to the onset of diabetes. Findings in the B cells of this species have included the generally high degree of development of the Golgi complex, the great variability of glycogen accumulation in diabetic animals, the frequent fusion of the granular sacs, and the occurrence of grossly hyper-granulated cells. — The hyperplasia of the islets of Langerhans in spiny mice is associated with a remarkable cellular polymorphism. However, the authors do not feel that this is the result of the presence in these islets of many distinct cell types. It would seem much more likely, that they represent different functional states of a small number of distinct types of cells, among which only A, B and perhaps D cells have been securely identified. Another feature of this cellular polymorphism is thefrequent presence of mixed or intermediate cells (exocrine-endocrine, or endocrine A-B), which suggests that the stimulation leading to hyperplasia of the endocrine cells in this species might result in the removal of some part of the nuclear inhibition usually associated with fully differentiated cells.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 3 (1967), S. 238-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Spontaneous Diabetes ; Genotype: C57BL/K5-db ; Diabetes in mice ; Mutation: diabetes ; Obesity ; Prediabetes ; Insulin in plasma ; Insulin in pancreas ; Islets of Langerhans ; Pancreas ; Insulin resistance ; Glucose utilization ; Gluconeogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La mutation, diabète (db), a été observée dans la souche de souris C57BL/Ks. C'est un gène autosomal récessif avec pénétrance complète, et qui mène chez les homozygotes à un trouble métabolique ressemblant au diabète sucré chez l'homme. Une accumulation excessive de graisses se produit à l'âge de 3–4 semaines et est bientôt suivie par l'apparition d'hyperglycémie, de polyurie et de glucosurie. L'évolution clinique suit ensuite deux étapes. Durant la première, les taux d'insuline plasmatique sont élevés et la lipogénèse, la gluconéogénèse, ainsi que l'oxydation du glucose sont accélérées; il y a diminution de la granulation des cellulesβ et d'autres altérations suggérant l'existence d'une compensation d'un état nécessitant une utilisation insulinique accrue. La deuxième étape, par contre, est caractérisée par des taux normaux d'insuline plasmatique, avec diminution marquée de l'utilisation du glucose malgré la persistance d'une gluconéogénèse nettement exagérée. Ces observations nous semblent indiquer l'existence d'une utilisation défectueuse de l'insuline à la périphérie, plutôt qu'une anomalie primaire de la synthèse ou de la libération de l'hormone au niveau du pancréas.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Mutation Diabetes (db), die in dem Mäusestamm C57BL/Ks auftritt, ist ein autosomales rezessives Gen mit voller Penetranz und verursacht bei homzygoten Mäusen eine dem im Menschen auftretenden Diabetes mellitus ähnliche Stoffwechselstörung: übermäßige Ablagerung von Fett im Alter von 3–4 Wochen, mit anschließender Hyperglykämie, Polyurie und Glucosurie. Der klinische Verlauf erfolgt dann in zwei Phasen. In der ersten Phase ist ein wesentlicher Anstieg der Plasmainsulinwerte im Vordergrund, mit Beschleunigung von Lipogenese, Gluconeogenese und Glucoseoxydation. Das Abnehmen der Granula in denβ-Zellen der Langerhansschen Inseln und andere Veränderungen deuten auf eine Anpassung an einen steigenden Insulinbedarf. In der zweiten Phase, dagegen, sind die Insulinspiegel eher normal, und der Glucoseverbrauch nimmt ab, bei Weiterbestehen der beschleunigten Gluconeogenese. Diese Ergebnisse deuten eher auf eine mangelhafte periphere Insulinwirkung als auf eine ungenügende Synthese der Ausschüttung des Hormones durch das Pankreas.
    Notes: Summary The mutation, diabetes (db), that occurred in the C57BL/Ks strain of mice is a unit autosomal recessive gene with full penetrance, and causes metabolic disturbances in homozygous mice resembling diabetes mellitus in man. Abnormal deposition of fat at 3 to 4 weeks of age is followed by hyperglycemia, polyuria and glycosuria. The diabetic condition appears to develop in two stages. In the early stage, there are marked increases in the levels of plasma insulin, the rates of lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glucose oxidation, and there is a reduction ofβ-cell granules in the islet of Langerhans with other changes suggestive of a compensating adaptation to increased insulin demand. On the other hand, the late stage is characterized by a near normal level of circulating insulin, a marked decrease in glucose utilization but with a continued high rate of gluconeogenesis. These findings suggest a defect in the peripheral utilization of insulin rather than in the synthesis and release of the hormone from the pancreas.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 33-44 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bacterial degradation of catechol, 3-methylcatechol, 2,3-dihydroxy-β-phenylpropionic acid, and protocatechuic acid has been studied in detail. From the results obtained a general sequence has been proposed for the microbial oxidation of dihydroxy aromatic compounds.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 14
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 91-105 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 15
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 585-602 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A continuous culture apparatus of 5-liter capacity is described which is capable of control of dissolved oxygen. Combined turbidostat and constant feed operation permit control of cell population density and one or more nutrients. A system for the measurement of oxygen uptake and CO2 output is described. Sufficient detail is supplied to enable construction and operation of the apparatus.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 16
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 617-622 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The yeast S. cerevisiae was grown on dilute, chemically defined media in continuous culture with either glucose or ammonium sulfate as the growth-limiting ingredient. Changes in dilution rate or glucose concentration induced decaying oscillations in the numbers of yeast growing on ammonium sulfate-limited media. Spot checks indicated that Cell dry weight and Kjeldahl nitrogen followed the cell numbers during these oscillations. With glucose-limited media, there was no response to step changes in ammonium sulfate concentration, and dilution rate step changes gave non-oscillatory transient responses.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 17
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 545-558 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Interfacial phenomena are directly involved in the adhesion of a strain of Chlorella, a unicellular alga, to glass surfaces in simple ionic solutions. The principal mechanisms governing the adhesion appear to be electrostatic interaction between electrical double layers and various specific surface interactions resulting from surface heterogeneity and ion adsorption. Under most conditions the algal cells and glass surfaces have negative zeta potentials, and adhesion to glass will not occur; but if, for example, FeCl3 is added to an algal-glass system immersed in 0.05M NaCl, the algal and glass surfaces will possess very different zeta potentials, and adhesion will be strongest under those conditions which produce the greatest, difference in zeta poentials. Prior pretreatment and usage of glass apparatus greatly affect the glass zeta potentials and the adhesion of algal cells to glass. An apparatus for measuring a relative set of numbers representing the force of adhesion of algal cells is described.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 18
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 623-625 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 635-639 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Steam-sterilizable membrane probes that are virtually maintenance-free and capable of operation for over 1 year are described. The probes can withstand repeated steam sterilizations. They have a silver cathode, a lead anode, an acetate buffer, and a Teflon membrane. The probes have a linear response from below 0.00002 to over 0.2 atm. of oxygen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 20
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 515-531 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for the control of dissolved oxygen tension in growing microbial cultures is described. The apparatus consists of a motor-driven air sparge pipe which may be lowered or raised to give a variable point of entry of the air stream into the culture liquid and hence a variable gas dispersion and gas-liquid contact time. Control of the sparge pipe position is by means of a feedback control loop consisting of a dissolved oxygen probe, an on/off controller, and a reversing electric motor which drives the sparge pipe. The difficulty presented by the relatively slow response of the oxygen probe has been overcome by incorporating an adjustable rate of control action.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 21
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 559-574 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An electronic apparatus is described that permits rapid determination of the concentration and size distribution of bacteria in electrolyte suspensions by a resistance method. The resulting size-concentration distribution may be displayed on an oscilloscope and recorded with an X-Y plotter and an electric typewriter-tape punch unit. The paper tape is analyzed with a computer program. Comparisons are made between electronic measurements of bacterial cell concentration and size distribution and values obtained by other methods. Effects of heat-killing and disruption of the cell membrane on the electrical counting characteristics of the organisms are discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conditions for the preparation of an aminoacylase column using DEAE-Sephadex as a carrier were investigated. The aminoacylase column having the highest activity was obtained when 7500 μmoles/hr. of partially purified aminoacylase was charged into a column packed with 9 ml. of DEAE-Sephadex A-25 (bead type, hydroxy form). By employing a DEAE-Sephadex-aminoacylase column, conditions for continuous optical resolution of acyl-DL-amino acids were investigated. When a solution of 0.2M acetyl-DL-methionine (pH 7.0, containing 5 × 10-4M Co2+) or 0.2M acetyl-DL-phenylalanine (pH 6.0, containing 5 × 10-4M Co2+) was passed through the aminoacylase column at the flow rate of SV = 2.5 or 2.0, respectively, at 50°C., the highest rate of hydrolysis of both substrates was attained. From the column effluents, enzymatically hydrolyzed L-methionine and L-phenylalanine were isolated in a good yield.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 630-634 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A device is described for aseptically metering liquids at rates as low as 10 ml./hr. The metering rate is constant, but can be readily changed. The device delivers a measured increment of liquid every 10 sec. The volume added is controlled by electrical contants in an electrolyte tube. The medium does not enter this tube.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 24
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 429-437 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An aflatoxin-producing isolate of Aspergillus flavus was found to be a consistent producer of aflatoxin on all substrates which supported the growth of the mold. In competition with six other selected molds, this isolate was dominant except with one species of Penicillium. Aflatoxin production was parallel to the extent of A. flavus growth whether effected by substrate or competition.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
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  • 25
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 187-194 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental investigation is presented of the foam separation of six species of bacteria: Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus subtilis var niger. A cationic surfactant, ethylhexadeeyldimethylammonium bromide is used and results are evaluated in terms of total cell count, using a membrane filtration technique. From similar neutral distilled water suspensions of the pure cultures (approximately 107 cells/ml.) and using the same operating conditions, ratios of cell concentrations in the residual suspensions to those in the initial suspensions range from 0.0013 for Bacillus subtilis var niger to 0.25 for Serratia marcescens. The presence of bacteria, compared to pure surfactant solutions, produces lower collapsed foam volumes; the foam volumes have a strong influence on the separations achieved with the various species, with enrichment ratios ranging from 27 to 3088 and residual ratios ranging from 0.001 to 0.247.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies are made of the behavior of liquid contents in a closed cylindrical vessel vibrated vertically along its axis. The situation is one which had been investigated by Rodgers and Hughes (1960) because of applications in microbiology and biochemistry. By use of motion pictures it was found that surface waves develop, sonic fog is produced, and air bubbles are formed at the onset of the motion. Bubbles then move downward until, under conditions of practical interest, air is divided equally between top and bottom of the vessel. Steady-state vertical oscillation of the central liquid body then ensues, superposed on turbulent action of air-water mixtures at the top and bottom of the vessel. Reference is made to available theory for surface wave excitation, and bubble migration. A nonlinear differential equation is considered for the steady-state oscillation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 273-273 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 343-356 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Some of the problems involved in the scale-up of enzyme isolation procedures have been examined. In particular the isolation of prolyl-tRNA synthetase has been investigated. Using a modified procedure (500 × laboratory scale) the enzyme has been separated from 25 kg. of Phaseolus aureus (mung bean) and Partially purified by acid precipitation followed by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The yield of enzyme was 42 g. (10.5% recovery).
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 357-364 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The design and operational characteristics of a sell-priming aerator are described. The aerator works without a compressor. H sucks the desired air quantity into the tank and distributes it, uniformly and in very fine bubbles over a certain cross-section. The design and operational characteristics of a mechanical defoamer are described. The defoamer is mounted to the top of the fermentation tank and separates foam by centrifugal force into air and liquid. It is capable of handling foams of different composition and quality without, the addition of anti foam agents. Using submerged vinegar fermentation, production of baker's yeast., and industrial waste, water treatment as examples, the performance of aerators and defoamers of different, sizes is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 413-427 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The alcoholic fermentation of grape juice by a wine yeast was studied batchwise at pH 3.6 and 4.05 to develop kinetic equations relating cell concentration, N, to product concentration, P. In the exponential growth phase \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ dP/dt + BP = A{\rm ln}N/\mu - C $$\end{document} where A, B, and C are constants, and μ is the specific growth rate. In the stationary phase, where the cell population is constant, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ dP/dt = B(P_m - P) $$\end{document} was found to apply. This equation, which incorporates a stoichiometric constant, Pm, predicted correctly the operation of a continuous fermentor at pH 3.6 and at 4.05. To study more fully the effect of alcohol concentration on yeast growth, a continuous fermentor was used in which the grape juice feed was supplemented with pure alcohol. At pH 3.6 the specific growth rate varied as, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ ({\rm 1}/N)(dN/dt) = \mu _{{\rm max}} [{\rm 1} - 0.235(P - 2.6)] $$\end{document} There was no growth inhibition below an alcohol concentration of 2.6 g./100 cc., but inhibition was complete above 6.85 g./100 cc. This is a modified form of the relation suggested by Hinshelwood.1 The data suggest that growth in batch culture was limited not only by alcohol but also by some other factor, probably a nutritional deficiency.
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 443-447 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A description is given of a large glass vessel suitable for growing algae and other microorganisms in shaken culture. The main feature of the flask is the coneshaped base around which water circultes when the flask is shaken on a reciprocal mechanism.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 471-485 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In bacterial extraction of copper from low-grade copper sulfide ores, at least three contributions are made by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. They are: (1) enzymatic oxidation and consequent solubilization of insoluble sulfides; (2) regeneration of ferric lixiviant for chemical oxidation and solubilization of insoluble sulfides; and (3) partial fixation of externally introduced iron in the ore. Although it is not possible at the present time to measure each of these contributions separately, it is possible to measure the combined contributions. Such measurements reveal a strong dependence of extraction efficiency on various physical, chemical, and biological factors. The following physical factors may affect the rate of bacterial copper extraction: particle-size of ore, oxygen and carbondioxide supply, oxidation-reduction potential, pH, temperature, adsorption and ion exchange capacity of ore, and surface tension effects. The following chemical factors may influence the rate of copper extraction: the mineralogy of the ore, the nature of the gangue, the distribution of the sulfide minerals in the host rock, the external supply of ferrous or ferric iron, and the availability of inorganic and organic nutrients. Finally, the following biological agents in addition to T. ferrooxidans may influence the rate of copper extraction: fungi, protozoa, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, and heterotrophic bacteria. Proper control of these various factors is essential for efficient bacterial extraction of copper from low-grade ore. It is recognized that the foregoing environmental factors also influence chemical copper extraction.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 321-327 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Geosmin, an earthy smelling substance, has been obtained from several actinomycetes in addition to those previously reported. On the basis of the NMR and mass spectra of geosmin and its acid transformation product, argosmin, tentative partial structures have been proposed for both.
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 533-544 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rapid and internally consistent technique has been developed to measure the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, kLa, in fermentation systems. The method consists of tracing the dissolved O2 concentration of the fermentation broth during a short interruption of the aeration. The O2 concentration trace thus obtained can be analyzed to determine the values of kLa. Additional experiments on prolonged O2 starvation, carried out to find the limitation of the technique, suggest that O2 uptake rate will vary if a prolonged (2-10 min.) O2 starvation occurs.
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 45-54 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of L-glutamic acid from hydrocarbons by a newly isolated bacterium, which was identified as Corynebacterium, was investigated. The outstanding characteristic of this bacterium was found to be an accessory requirement of thiamine for growth. The optimum concentration of thiamine for growth was 50 μg./liter, while that for L-glutamic acid production was 3-5 μg./liter. n-Paraffins ranging from dodecane to heptadecane were best for L-glutamic acid production, and about 5 g. of L-glutamic acid were obtained from 30 g. of these individual n-paraffins. On the other hand, a tracer experiment using oxygen-18 revealed that molecular oxygen was incorporated into L-glutamic acid produced from dodecane. Based on the incorporation value of molecular oxygen in L-glutamic acid, a hypothetical pathway for the biosynthesis of L-glutamic acid from dodecane was discussed.
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 77-89 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although air-lift fermentors have been employed industrially and in the laboratory, little information has been published on the effects of design on performance. With respect to both liquid circulation and mass transfer, not only the actual rates but the efficiency in relation to power consumption is strongly influenced by lift height and diameter, submergence ratio, and air-flow rate. Relatively wide tubes, operating at high submergence ratios and rather low air-flow rates favor high efficiency. Since these conditions lead to rather low absolute values of circulation and mass-transfer rates, the microbial population which can be supported will also be rather small. Mass transfer can be increased by the insertion of an orifice some distance; above the air-inlet point and by suitable arrangement of the discharge from the air lift into the headspace of the fermentor.
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 171-186 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Submerged acetification experiments were performed to determine conditions necessary for the production of a satisfactory vinegar from waste pineapple juice using a pure culture inoculum. Vinegars containing up to 7%, by weight of acetic acid could be produced in less than 24 hr. with a conversion efficiency greater than 90% in both laboratory and pilot plant equipment. None of the bacterial nutrients added to the juice improved either the rate of production or the yield of acetic acid. Oxygen transfer during the process is discussed.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 223-233 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: (1) Samples of yeast which varied over an arbitrary 0-100% scale with respect, to cytochrome concentration were prepared. (2) The reflectance spectrum of each sample was scanned. (3) These reflectance spectra were analyzed numerically on a digital computer to determine the bandwidths and intensities as a function of cytochrome concentration. Band shapes using the profiles of Cauchy, Gauss, and Giovanlelli were used. The correlations may be used to estimate cytochrome concentrations with a standard deviation of about 3%.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 271-272 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 289-304 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 329-342 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A process for manufacturing disodium 5′-guanylate was devised. 5′-Amino 4-imidazole carboxamide riboside (AICA-R) was accumulated with an amount over 100 times those reported in the literature by fermentation of D-glucose with a non-exacting purineless mutant derived from Bacillus megaterium JAM 1245) by x-ray irradiation. The influence of RNA, amino acids, and salts on AICA-R accumulation was clarified. Appropriate aeration and agitation was found necessary. The (60-hr, cultivation of the medium containing 8% of D-glucose gave AICA-R in the concentration above, 11 g/l. AICA-R thus accumulated was separated from the fermentation broth by ion-exchange technique and subjected to synthetic processes to yield disodium 5′-guanylatc with the yield over 40%, based on AICA-R.
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Microorganisms have been found which concomitantly convert hydrocarbons, selected naphthenic acids, and atmospheric nitrogen into cellular substance. Bacteria are included in the genera Pseudomonas, Mycobacterium, and Azotobacter. Carbon sources utilized include the hydrocarbons methane, n-butane, n-tetradecane, toluene, and a naphthenic acid, cyclohexane-carboxylate. Uptake of isotopic nitrogen was employed as a criterion of nitrogen fixation. The results indicate a rather wide prevalence in nature of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Their occurrence helps explain the high concentration of organic nitrogen commonly found in soils exposed to gas leakage from pipelines or natural-gas seeps, and suggests further consideration of the possibility of applying selected petroleum residua to soils in order to increase the agricultural potential by nitrogen-fixing processes.
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  • 45
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 57-76 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: From soil and from the plant Elodea, we have isolated an organism which has not, yet been identified; it is a comparatively large Bacillus, which thriven in a medium of mineral salts saturated with a gaseous mixture of 40%, methane (or natural gas), 40% oxygen, 15% nitrogen, and 5% carbon dioxide. The isolated cells have amino acid and vitamin contents comparable to, or, in some cases greater than, those found in such nutrients as yeast, fish meal, or milk solids.
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 109-109 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 129-170 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models for microbial growth in batch and continuous cultures are formulated. The models have been referred to as distributed models since the microbial population in a culture is looked upon as protoplasmic mass distributed uniformly throughout the culture. Growth is regarded as the increase in this mass by conversion of medium components into biological mass and metabolic products. Two sets of models have been presented. The first arise from introducing additional considerations into the model proposed by Monod to account for the stationary phase and the phase of decline in a batch culture. These have been referred to as unstructured, distributed models since they do not recognize any form of structure in the protoplasmic mass. The models in the second set are referred to as structured, distributed models. Structure is introduced by considering the protoplasmic mass to be composed of two groups of substances which interact with each other and with substances in the environment to produce growth. The structured models account for the dependence of growth on the past, history of the cells; thus they predict all growth phases observed in batch cultures, whereas the unstructured models do not predict a lag phase. The full implications of the models for continuous propagation, as determined by the method of stability analysis and transient calculations, are discussed. The models prediet a number of new results and should be confronted with experiments.
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 205-221 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Batch growth characteristics of various organisms were determined on a number of pairs of sugars to find a stable system showing clear-cut classical diauxie. The system selected for further study was a strain of Klebsiella (Acrobacter) aerogenes, NCIB 8021 growing on a mixture of glucose and maltose in minimal salts medium at 30°C. This showed a specific growth rate (μ) of 1.19 ± 0.03 hr.-1 on 0.01% (w/v) glucose, followed by a diauxie lag of 0.73 ± 0.04 hr and then further growth on 0.01% (w/v) maltose at μ = 0.60 ± 0.03 hr-1. This system was applied to a two-stage continuous, stirred, aerated fermentor system, with working volumes of 1.85 and 2.77 liters, respectively, and growth was followed (mainly by optical density, referred to dry weights and viable counts) and also the concentrations of the sugars were measured. Except at the very highest flow rates, glucose was immediately and virtually completely consumed, but the utilization of maltose showed interesting variations: (a) At low feed rates between 0.09 and 0.4 vol./hr. exactly the same response was found with mixed sugars as with double concentration glucose, showing that the organism was able to metabolize maltose as well and as quickly as glucose. (b) At medium feed rates of 0.46 to 1.03 vol./hr. two deviations were observed, both of which increased as the dilution rate increased: the system showed a time lag on maltose before the cell population began to rise and the volume of medium used before the steady state was established was greater than predicted, (c) At fast feed rates, approaching “washout” condition of 1.055 to 1.135 vol./hr. the first culture vessel showed no reaction to a step change which included maltose, although, of course, with doubled glucose it responded immediately. The second vessel, however, quickly metabolized the overflow maltose, and showed a steady increase of cell population to the theoretical steady state. These results may have significance for industrial systems using complex commercial substrates.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 257-265 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of Semliki Forest Virus in stirred culture vessels at volumes of 4 and 301. is described. Virus can be produced on a large scale in deep culture using industrial type vessels. Control of pH within close limits is important for maximum production of infective virus. With the parent, strain of SFV, virus yields were found to be influenced by an interference phenomenon which was apparently not due to interferon. Growth of a cloned strain of SFV obtained by serial selection of large plaques was not affected by this phenomenon. The cloned strain, when inoculated at a cell/virus input ratio of 1:1, gave maximum virus titers of 1010 p.f.u./ml., indicating an average yield of 10,000 p.f.u/BHK cell.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 487-497 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The results of our survey of several mining operations have shown in every instance typical T. ferrooxidans bacteria to be present in the leaching solutions. The numbers of bacteria found are in general what, one would expect considering the chemical reactions occurring in these processes. A major difficulty is encountered when one considers the complex and unknown series of events which occur, as the bacteria-bearing, acidic, ferric-ion solution penetrates the massive ore dumps. Laboratory studies show microbial activity to be the major cause of rapid solubilization of copper sulfide ores. Field studies suggest that microbial activity cannot explain all observations in a typical leaching operation.
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 3-24 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 375-386 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper deals with a theoretical study on the dynamic, character of the chemostat system. It. is primarily based on the Monod model for growth limitation, although certain more complex models are considered. Since the Monod model is described in terms of two variables, an analysis by use of a phase plane plot will show the various possible types of behavior theoretically expected for transient conditions of the system. In this paper it will be shown that the chemostat system might show an overshoot (or an underswing) with respect to changes in cell and substrate concentrations, depending on the extent to which the system might be disturbed from steady-slate conditions. Other types of transient behavior ran also be expected when one of the system parameters such as dilution rate or input substrate concentration is disturbed in a stepwise manner. The simple Monod chemostat model was found never to oscillate in either a damped or a sustained manner as has been experimentally reported. Discussion is included about the transient behavior of other chemostat models such as that involving a variable yield coefficient, i.e., including the effect of cell maintenance requirements.
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 387-411 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetic behavior of heterogeneous microbial populations was studied in a continuous flow completely mixed reactor operated at various dilution rates. Glucose was used as the growth-limiting nutrient. The physiological growth parameters for cells harvested from continuous flow reactors were determined using batch experiments. It, was found that the growth parameters, maximum growth rate (μm), saturation constant (ks), and cell yield (Y) vary for each dilution rate, and cannot be considered as precise constants in depicting the kinetic behavior of heterogeneous populations. In addition, it was found that the yield coefficients obtained from batch experiments were always lower than those obtained from continuous flow experiments. Levels of substrate and biological solids calculated for different dilution rates using growth constants from batch experiments did not agree with the experimental values observed in steady-state experiments. However, when the yield values from, the continuous flow experiments were used in conjunction with batch values for μm and ks the theoretical and experimental dilute-out curves agreed fairly closely (within the range needed for engineering prediction) until the culture began to wash out of the unit. In general, the data substantiated the use of the single phase relationship between growth rate and substrate concentration described by the Monod equation, μ = μmS/(ks + s).
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Differences in the concentration and retention of 137Cs by unicellular diatoms, filamentous green algae, and filamentous blue-green algae were demonstrated under both batch and continuous-flow culture conditions. 137Cs concentration factors were generally higher by a factor of 2 in batch tests than in continuous flow tests. In retention studies, 137Cs was desorbed more rapidly from algae under continuous-flow conditions. Studies with blue-green algae indicate that 137Cs concentrations in the various species were more closely related to the surface-to-volume ratios of algal cells than to the systematic relationships of the three species. Continuous-flow studies indicated no differences among three species of filamentous green algae in the concentration of 137Cs, 65Zn, and 85Sr. However, the average concentration factors of the radionuclides were considerably different: 3800 for 65Zn, 460 for 137Cs, and 230 for 85Sr. These radionuclides were rapidly desorbed following the transfer of algae to nonradioactive media. The desorption rate was inversely related to the concentration rate.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cultivation of aerobic, methane-utilizing, microbial cells by submerged culture techniques, in an entirely mineral salts medium, with a view to their use as an edible protein source is discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the potentially explosive nature of gaseous mixtures containing methane and oxygen. The experiments described investigate if fully safe operation at all times, by oxygen concentration control, is possible in agitated and sparged batch fermentors. Appreciable wastage of methane is prevented by gaseous-phase recirculation. It is concluded that fully safe operation is possible, cultures being able to grow exponentially without substrate limitation by the gaseous-phase nutrients.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For centuries, diverse plant and animal materials have been fermented by various bacteria, yeasts, and fungi to make excellent foods. The kinds of micro organisms used in traditional fermentation are restricted to a relatively few genera, including Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Mucor, Actinomucor, Monascus, Saccharomyces, Neurospora, Acetobacler, Bacillus, and Lactobacillus. The two principal advantages of food fermentations over other processes are to add flavor and to prevent spoilage. Fermented fish is a common food in the Orient and may have been the first product made by fermentation. Flavor is especially important in vegetable diets based on bland foods such as rice. Shoyu is the best, known oriental food fermentation, and it is very widely used as a flavoring agent. Be sides this fermentation, there are a large number of additional ones not so well known outside the Orient, whose products serve as seasoning or flavoring agents. Miso and natto are prepared from soybeans in Japan. Sufu is a cheese like product made from soybean milk in China. Tempeh and ontjom are Indonesian foods prepared from soybeans and peanuts, respectively. These food fermentations are discussed with emphasis on how they are produced and the flavor formed.
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  • 58
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 305-319 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various biochemical transformations involved in vinous fermentations are reviewed from the point of view of their formal ion of volatile aroma or flavor compounds in fermented beverages. In addition to the recently elucidated processes for the formation of aliphatic primary alcohols of molecular weight greater than that of ethanol, Nordström's mechanism for the formation of esters during fermentation is discussed. Experimental evidence supporting this mechanism in vinous fermentation is presented; the White Riesling grape is found to contain insignificant, quantities of esters while the wine prepared from these grapes, analyzed immediately after fermentation, shows relatively large amounts of several volatile esters. In addition, in an investigation of an older California sherry, ethyl acid malate is found to be nearly all the single isomer with the hydroxyl group on the carbon adjacent, to the free carboxyl group. This finding suggests an enzymatic (presumably vinous fermentative) production rather than simple chemical esterification in the wine after fermentation. An extension of Nordström's mechanism for ester production is proposed to explain the formation of certain secondary amides found in wines.
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 365-374 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mannitol has long been known as a product of glucose metabolism by some strains of Aspergillus. Apparently no concerted effort, has been made to develop a practical fermentation process to make mannitol. Work at the Northern Laboratory has shown that nearly all strains of white Aspergillus produce significant amounts of mannitol; many strains of black Aspergillus also have this characteristic. Aspergillus candidus NRRL 305 is an exceptionally good mannitol producer. Studies on a fermentation process were conducted in 20-1, stainless steel fermentors, without baffles. Czapek-Dox medium, modified by addition of corn meal, yeast extract, and enzymatically hydrolyzed casein was the most satisfactory medium tested. Suitable increments of glucose were fed daily to the fermentors. The duration of the fermentation was from 10 to 16 days. The effects of agitation, aeration, temperature, and pH of the medium were studied. Under optimal conditions yields of mannitol approached 50% of the glucose consumed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 60
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 439-442 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 61
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 457-470 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Eutrophication, or fertilization, has become a major water pollution problem associated with the discharge of mineral-rich sewage eflluent. A metabolic process to remove dissolved phosphate from sewage through the action of sewage microorganisms is under development. The process, unlike other proposed solutions to the problem, would not require tertiary treatment of the sewage. Laboratory studies have produced promising data. Early reports from municipal sewage treatment plants confirm the expectation that the process may be feasible for widespread use.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 1-2 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 63
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 55-55 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 64
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 107-107 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 65
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 113-127 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A consecutive, first-order, irreversible, biochemical reaction, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ A{\textstyle{{k(\theta)} \over {{\rm Enzyme }1}}} \to B{\textstyle{{k(\theta)} \over {{\rm Enzyme 2}}}} \to C $\end{document}, taking place in a series of N reactors with product recycle is considered. A discrete version of the maximum principle is used to derive general equations necessary for maximizing the production of (1) the final product, C, by choosing the temperature or the pH value in each reactor, and (2) the intermediate product, B, by choosing the reactor volume. A numerical computation for a series of three reactors with recycle is illustrated. The effects of varying the recycle rates on the optimal state and decision variables are also presented.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 66
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 195-204 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A strain of Klebsiella aerogenes was selected which gave marked diauxic growth in a batch system on a mixture of glucose and lactose in a simple salts medium; the diauxic lag was 15-20 hr. at 30°C. The growth of this organism on glucose and lactose was studied in a single-stream two-stage continuous-stirred fermentor system over a wide range of flow rates. Glucose was metabolized instantaneously to give very low reactor concentrations at all flow rates, but the time lag before lactose was attacked, when present for the first time, was never less than 40 hr. at low feed rates, rising to 60 hr. at higher rates. The adaptation to lactose of cells in the first vessel lagged behind that in the second vessel but eventually both sugars were completely utilized in the first vessel except at very high dilution rates. At these feed rates, lactose utilization was not only prevented completely in the first vessel but also could be delayed almost indefinitely in the second vessel at the highest dilution rates; thus the lactose passed unchanged through both vessels. Once the enzymes required for lactose utilization had been induced, this ability to use lactose was retained, even in the absence of lactose, for very long periods of time under continuous conditions. Thus on presenting lactose for the second and subsequent occasions it was immediately metabolized. The significance of these results is discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 267-269 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 68
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 69
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 575-583 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A device is described based on the principle of a simple analog computer which gives an exact determination of the moment at which the heat energy supply should be interrupted to attain a chosen sterilization effect. The temperature of the medium to be sterilized is measured and at temperatures above 100°C. the dependence of the thermal destruction coefficient of microbial spores on temperature is simulated. This variable is integrated with respect to time and the value of this integral at any given moment corresponds to the sterilization effect, at that moment. The device is also fitted with an extrapolator which evaluates, depending on the instantaneous temperature of the medium, the value of sterilization effect which will be produced during the cooling of the medium after the interruption of the heat, energy supply. The total sterilization effect, in the course of the cycle, is continuously and automatically evaluated as a sum of the integrated sterilization effect and of data supplied by the extrapolator. At the moment when this total sterilization effect attains the prescribed value, the device gives a signal for the interruption of the heat energy supply. The value of the sterilization effect is adjustable within broad limits and its evaluation is performed without substantial simplifying assumptions. By the use of this device an exact scale-up method for sterilizing media is achieved, yielding at the same time accurate reproducibility of media sterilization. An automatic control of the sterilization cycle is also possible by means of the device.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 70
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 9 (1967), S. 626-629 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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