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  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (4,639)
  • 1968  (4,639)
  • Chemistry  (4,629)
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  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984
  • 1965-1969  (4,639)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Resorption freier und konjugierter Gallensäuren im Dünndarm der Ratte in vitro und in vivo (1968)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 261 (1968), S. 314-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Rat ; Gut ; Absorption ; Free Bile Acids ; Conjugated Bile Acids ; Ratte ; Darm ; Resorption ; freie Gallensäure ; konjugierte Gallensäuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Zur Klärung der Frage, ob für die Anreicherung freier Gallensäuren in Coecum und Colon eine unterschiedliche Resorption freier und konjugierter Gallensäuren im Dünndarm mitverantwortlich ist, wurden in vitro an nicht durchbluteten, isoliert durchströmten Dünndarmsegmenten der Ratte ihr Durchtritt und ihre Bindung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit denjenigen verglichen, die in vivo an durchbluteten, abgebundenen Ileumschlingen bei Ratten in situ gewonnen wurden. Folgende Gallensäuren standen zur Verfügung: Cholsäure, deren Taurin- und Glycin-Konjugat; Desoxycholsäure sowie deren Taurin- und Glycin-Konjugat. 2. Die in vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß konjugierte Gallensäuren, gemessen an der Konzentration im Resorbat, in größerem Umfange als freie durch die Mucosa treten. Je polarer die Gallensäure, desto größer die Durchtrittsrate. Beim Durchtritt werden weder freie Gallensäuren mit Taurin bzw. Glycin konjugiert, noch werden Gallensäure-Konjugate in nennenswertem Umfange hydrolytisch gespalten. Der durch die Darmwand gebundene Anteil freier Gallensäuren ist größer als der konjugierter. 3. In vivo erfolgt die Resorption aus Ileumschlingen so schnell, daß innerhalb von 15 min von allen Gallensäuren gleichviel resorbiert wird. Das Ausmaß der Bindung der Gallensäuren in der Darmwand ist unterschiedlich. Von Desoxycholsäure wird auch in vivo doppelt soviel gebunden wie von Glykocholsäure. 4. Das Ergebnis der Versuche besagt, daß in vivo eine geringere Resorption für die Anreicherung freier Gallensäuren im Dickdarm keine Rolle spielt. Die Unterschiede im Durchtritt freier und konjugierter Gallensäuren in vitro sind methodisch bedingt.
    Notes: Summary 1. In order to elucidate the question whether the coecal and colonic accumulation of free bile acids is caused by different absorption of free and conjugated bile acids in the small intestine, their penetration and their binding were studied in vitro in isolated rat gut segments. The results were compared with those in vivo obtained with tied loops in situ. The following bile acids were available: cholanic acid, its taurine and glycine conjugates; deoxycholic acid and both its conjugates. 2. The experiments in vitro showed that relative to the concentration in the absorbed fluid, the penetration rate of conjugated bile acids is higher than that of free bile acids. The more polar a bile acid is the greater is the penetration rate. During penetration neither free bile acids are conjugated with taurine or glycine nor conjugated bile acids are hydrolysed. 3. In vivo absorption in ileal loops is so rapid that within 15 min the absorption rate is nearly the same for all bile acids. The amounts of bile acids bound by the tissue vary. In vivo, as in vitro, twice as much deoxycholic acid is bound as glycocholic acid. 4. The results show that in vivo a lesser absorption is of no significance for the accumulation of free bile acids in the colon. The difference in the absorption of free and conjugated bile acids in vitro is caused by the method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00537176
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aktiver Transport als Komponente der enteralen Phenolrotresorption (1968)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 259 (1968), S. 260-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Intestine ; Rat ; Phenol red ; Absorption ; Active transport ; Darm ; Ratte ; Phenolrot ; Resorption ; Aktiver Transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Phenolrot wird aus dem Jejunum der Ratte im wesentlichen passiv durch Diffusion resorbiert. Ein kleiner Anteil der resorbierten Menge folgt jedoch Charakteristica eines aktiven Prozesses. Die Resorption dieses Anteils wird durch p-Aminohippursäure (PAH) unterdrückt. In vitro baut Darmgewebe einen Teil von verabreichtem Phenolrot um, so daß es sich dem photometrischen Nachweis entzieht. Diese Reaktion wird durch PAH nicht beeinflußt. Aus dem Verhalten von PAH wird geschlossen, daß es sich bei der aktiven Elimination von Phenolrot aus dem Darm in vivo nicht um Stoffwechsel, sondern um aktiven Transport handelt, der Ähnlichkeit mit den Säuretransportmechanismen in anderen Organen zeigt. Die Phenolrotresorption ist unabhängig von der Art der Kationen in der zur Resorption angebotenen Phenolrotlösung, soweit es sich um Na-, K- oder Na-K-Ionengemische handelt. Auch wenn in der zur Resorption verabreichten Lösung alle Na- und K-Ionen durch Li-Ionen ersetzt werden, bleibt die Phenolrotresorption ohne signifikante Änderung.
    Notes: Summary Phenol red is absorbed from the jejunum of the rat mainly by diffusion. A small proportion of the amount administered, however, disappears from the gut in a way that suggests an active process. The disappearance of this part is inhibited by p-aminohippurate (PAH). In vitro, phenol red is partly metabolized by jejunal tissue. PAH has no effect on this metabolism. From the interaction of PAH it is concluded that the active elimination of phenol red from the jejunum in vivo is due to absorption by active transport and not to metabolism. This process is similar to the active transport of organic acids known in other organs in that it is inhibited by PAH. Absorption of phenol red is not influenced by the kind of cations present in the solution, as far as sodium, potassium or mixtures of both ions are concerned. Substitution of lithium for sodium and potassium does not result in significant changes in the absorption of phenol red.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00536771
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur hormonellen Beeinflussung des Hexobarbitalschlafes der Ratte (1968)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 259 (1968), S. 413-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Cyproterone Acetate ; Hexobarbital Narcosis ; Rat ; Testosterone ; Enzyme Induction ; Cyproteronacetat ; Hexobarbitalnarkose ; Ratte ; Testosteron ; Fermentinduktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An geschlechtsreifen Ratten wurde der Einfluß des Antiandrogens Cyproteronacetat auf die Hexobarbitalnarkose bei Ratten in Abhängigkeit vom Hormonstatus geprüft. Cyproteronacetat entfaltet in diesem Versuchsmodell nicht seine sonst bekannte spezifische Hemmwirkung gegenüber endogenem und injiziertem Testosteron. Die Vorbehandlung mit Cyproteronacetat führt zu einer Steigerung der mikrosomalen Fermentaktivität in der Leber und damit wahrscheinlich zu einem schnelleren Abbau von Hexobarbital. Die Folge ist eine erhebliche Narkosedauerverkürzung durch diese Verbindung.
    Notes: Summary The influence of the antiandrogen Cyproterone acetate on Hexobarbital narcosis in relation to the hormonal state was investigated in adult rats. In this test model Cyproterone acetate failed to exert its wellknown specific inhibitory action on endogeneous and injected testosterone. Pretreatment with Cyproterone acetate led to enhanced microsomal enzyme activity in the liver and thus probably to a more rapid metabolism of Hexobarbital. The result of this is a significant shortening of the duration of narcosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00538555
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Der Einfluß von Liganden auf die Retention von Eisen nach oraler Verabfolgung an normale und anämische Ratten (1968)
    Springer
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology 261 (1968), S. 225-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Keywords: Iron Deficiency ; Iron Absorption ; Iron Complexes ; Rat ; Eisenmangel ; Eisen-Resorption ; Eisenkomplexe ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Retention von freiem und komplexgebundenem 59Fe-Eisen wurde 6 Tage nach Verabreichung mit der Schlundsonde bei normalen und anämischen Ratten in einer Ganztiermeßanlage bestimmt. 2. Anämische Ratten nahmen fünfmal mehr Eisen auf als normale Tiere, wenn ionisiertes Eisen angeboten wurde. Alle geprüften Komplexbildner vermindern die gesteigerte Eisen-Retention anämischer Ratten. Bezogen auf die Werte der anämischen Gruppe (=100%) wurde die Retention durch EDTA um 87%, durch Citronensäure um 40%, durch Ascorbinsäure um 32% und durch Nicotinhydroxamsäure um 31% herabgesetzt. 3. In Gegenwart von Komplexbildnern ist die Eisen-Retention anämischer Tiere bei Citronensäure 8,7, von EDTA 6,3, von Nicotinhydroxamsäure 3,7 und von Ascorbinsäure 2,7 mal höher als bei normalen.
    Notes: Summary 1. In normal and anemic rats, the retention of free and complex-bound 59Fe-iron was measured with a whole body counter 6 days after its oral administration. 2. If the iron is administered in the ionic form to iron-deficient rats they show a retention of iron 5 times greater than that of normal animals. The increased iron retention of anemic rats is diminished by all complexing agents tested. EDTA reduced it by 87%, citric acid by 40%, ascorbic acid by 32% and nicotine hydroxamic acid by 31%. 3. When the iron is combined with citric acid its retention by iron-deficient rats was 8.7 times increased in comparison to normal rats, with EDTA 6.3 times, with nicotine hydroxamic acid 3.7 and with ascorbic acid 2.7 times.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00536987
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Correlation between noradrenaline content of the brain and the number of granular vesicles in rat hypothalamus during nialamid administration (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 79-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Synapse ; Granular vesicles ; Noradrenaline ; Nialamid ; Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus was studied in the rat with the electron microscope under circumstances of elevated brain monoamine level following treatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor Nialamid. The number of granular vesicles (size in diameter 450–1100 Å) in synaptic terminals increased after Nialamid treatment significantly, while their size did not change; the number of agranular vesicles remained unchanged. The time courses of the increase of granular vesicles and elevation of brain noradrenaline content were approximately parallel. It is inferred that the granular vesicles of size 450 to 1100 Å may possibly be the storage sites of noradrenaline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238698
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of selective hippocampal lesions in the rat on acquisition, performance, and extinction of bar pressing on a fixed ratio schedule (1968)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 5 (1968), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Hippocampal Lesions ; Rat ; Fixed Ratio ; Acquisition ; Extinction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rats with bilateral anterior and posterior hippocampal lesions (APH), anterior hippocampal lesions (AH), and controls were trained on CRF for water, and then switched to FR-20. Both hippocampal groups adapted more readily than controls to the FR-20 schedule and maintained significantly higher rates for 45 days. There were no significant differences on FR-20 between the lesion groups. Following FR-20, the rates of all groups were equalized by training on FR-30. During subsequent extinction, the APH group made significantly more responses than both the AH and control groups, while AH and control groups were indistinguishable. The acquisition results were interpreted as indicating increased emotional reactivity to delay of anticipated reward in both hippocampally lesioned groups. The extinction results suggested that APH, but not AH, lesions also result in increased perseveration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235901
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of methylphenidate, pentobarbital, and reserpine on behavior controlled by a schedule of interresponse time reinforcement (1968)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 13 (1968), S. 49-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Operant Behavior ; Methylphenidate ; Pentobarbital ; Reserpine ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three rats, deprived of water, were given separate injections of methylphenidate and pentobarbital after each had received extensive training on a DRL schedule of reinforcement, modified by the inclusion of a limited-hold. Methylphenidate (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/kg) increased response rates at each of these dosages; pentobarbital increased response rates at dosages of 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg but had little effect on overall response rate at 10 mg/kg though, at this dose, performance was characterized by periods of rapid responding alternating with periods of inactivity. The rate-increasing effects of the two drugs were found to be qualitatively different. Several mixtures of the two drugs induced rate increases greater than those found when each drug was given separately. However, pentobarbital (10 mg/kg) reduced the rate-increasing effects of methylphenidate obtained when the latter was given alone at a dosage of 10 mg/kg. Chronic pretreatment with reserpine (0.3 mg/kg for 12 days), given to two animals, progressively reduced rate of responding. Methylphenidate antagonized the effects of reserpine as an increasing function of dosage but the resulting pattern of behavior more closely resembled the effects of methylphenidate given alone than performance recorded in the absence of any drug treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00401618
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die Abhängigkeit der Oberflächenkräfte isolierter Rattenlungen von Atmung, Temperatur und Stoffwechsel (1968)
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 304 (1968), S. 315-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Lung ; Alveolar Surface Tension ; Aerobic Metabolism ; Breathing Mechanics ; Rat ; Lunge ; Alveoläre Oberflächenspannung ; Oxydativer Stoffwechsel ; Atemmechanik ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Beatmet man isolierte Rattenlungen mit Drucken von 0–25 cm H2O (Überbeatmung), so zeigen sich im statischen Druck-Volumen-Diagramm Veränderungen, die auf eine Zunahme der Oberflächenspannung in den Lungenalveolen hinweisen. Läßt man die Lungen im Anschluß an die Beatmung 30 min im geblähten Zustand, so wiest das Verhalten despV-Diagramms auf ein Wiederabsinken der alveolären Oberflächenspannung hin, wenn die Versuche bei 37°C vorgenommen wurden, während eine derartige Änderung bei 20–24°C nur angedeutet nachzuweisen ist. 2. Wird der oxydative stoffwechsel durch Beatmung der Lunge mit N2 oder Vergiftung mit KCN ausgeschaltet, so zeigen sich prinzipiell sowohl während der Beatmung als auch in der Restitutionsphase die gleichen Verhältnisse, nur daß unter anoxischen Bedingungen die alveoläre Oberflächenspannung während der Beatmung noch etwas stärker ansteigt. Danach spielt der oxydative Stoffwechsel für die beobachteten Erscheinungen eine untergeordnete Rolle. 3. Wahrscheinlich wird durch die Überbeatmung der Oberflächenfilm in den Lungenalveolen mechanisch geschädigt, wobei ein Teil des oberflächenaktiven Materials inaktiviert wird. Eine Restitution könnte durch Wiederspreitung des inaktivierten Materials oder durch Übertreten von LAS aus den Alveolarzellen an die Alveolaroberfläche erfolgen.
    Notes: Summary The effect of ventilation on the lung alveolar lining layer has been demonstrated by analysis of pressure-volume diagrams. Ventilation of isolated rat lungs at intrapulmonary pressures of 0–25 cm H2O caused an increase of surface forces in the lungs. After ventilation was stopped the lungs were kept inflated at intrapulmonary pressures of 25 cm H2O up to 60 min. Subsequent analysis of the pressure-volume diagrams indicated a decrease of surface forces at 37°C while at 20–24°C only little recovery occurred. The influence of ventilation with N2 or poisoning with KCN on aerobic cell metabolism was investigated. The increase of surface forces was only slightly more pronounced by anoxia during lung-ventilation than in the above experiments. Aerobic cell metabolism, therefore, did not play an important role in our experiments. It is very likely that the decrease of surface activity following ventilation was caused by mechanical changes of the alveolar lining layer. We believe that, to some extent, the lung alveolar surfactant was inactivated. Recovery can be explained by new spreading of inactivated materials or by passage of lung alveolar surfactant from the alveolar cells to the alveolar surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587707
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methoden der Nierenpunktion bei der Ratte (1968)
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 145 (1968), S. 260-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Renal puncture ; Renal needle biopsy ; Rat ; Nierenpunktion ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 90 Ratten wurden insgesamt 266 Nierenpunktionen durchgeführt. Selbst Serienbiopsien (bis zu acht Eingriffen pro Tier bzw. bis fünf Punktionen pro Niere) mit Intervallen von wenigen Tagen wurden gut vertragen. Drei Methoden wurden versucht: percutane Blindbiopsie, Punktion unter Sicht von dorsal (extraperitoneal) bzw. von ventral (transperitoneal). Bei Berücksichtigung der wichtigsten Momente (Ergiebigkeit des Punktates, Schwierigkeit des Eingriffes — auch bei nachfolgenden Punktionen —, lokale Folgen an der Niere und Umgebung) hat sich dastransperitoneale Vorgehen als dieMethode der Wahl erwiesen und ausgezeichnete Ergebnisse geliefert. Die Nierenpunktion der Ratte kann besonders zum Studium des Verlaufes experimenteller Nierenkrankheiten mit morphologischen Methoden empfohlen werden.
    Notes: Summary In 90 rats 266 renal puncture biopsies were performed. Even serial biopsies (up to eight per animal or up to five punctures per kidney, respectively) were tolerated very well. Three methods were attempted: Percutaneous blind biopsy, puncture under direct vision by a dorsal (extraperitoneal) approach and by a ventral (transperitoneal) one. Considering the most important factors (e.g. amount of the puncture sample, difficulty of the procedure even in subsequent punctures, local damage to the kidney) the transperitoneal approach has proved to be the method of choice and excellent results were obtained. Renal puncture of rats are especially suitable for studying diseases of the kidney by morphological methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02044616
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Normale Verteilung51Cr-markierter Lymphocyten in der Ratte und ihre Änderung nach Antilymphocytenserum (1968)
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 146 (1968), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Anti-lymphocyte serum ; 51Cr-labelled lymphocytes ; Rat ; Antilymphocytenserum ; 51Cr-markierte Lymphocyten ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. 48 Ratten wurden in Äthernarkose 107 51Cr-markierte Lymphocyten suspendiert in Hankscher Lösung und Heparin in die V. femoralis injiziert. Ein Teil der Tiere bekam gleichzeitig Antilymphocytenserum. Dabei wurde festgestellt, daß der normale Abbau51Cr-markierter Lymphocyten in einer bestimmten zeitlichen Reihenfolge in Lunge, Leber, Milz und peripheren Lymphknoten vonstatten geht und51Cr durch die Niere ausgeschieden wird. Ein Wiederansteigen der Radioaktivität in den erwähnten Organen nach 18–22 Tagen wird mit einem Reutilisationseffekt erklärt. 2. Durch Kaninchen-Anti-Ratten-Lymphocytenserum (ALS) wird diese Verteilung beschleunigt und verändert. In der Lunge findet man eine sehr starke, in der Milz dagegen fast gar keine Anhäufung51Cr-markierter Lymphocyten, was auf eine Schädigung dieses Organs durch ALS hinweisen könnte.
    Notes: Summary 1. 107 51Chromium-labelled lymphocytes have been injected into the femoral vein of 48 rats in aetheranaesthesia. The lymphocytes were suspended in heparinized Hank's solution. 20 animals were treated with antilymphocyte serum at the same time. The normal distribution of51Cr-labelled lymphocytes was found to take place in lung, liver, spleen and peripheral lymphnode in a certain chronological order.51Chromium is eliminated by the kidney. After a period of 18–22 days an increase of radioactivity is found in organs mentioned above which is to be explained by reutilisation of radioactivity. 2. This normal distribution is changed by rabbit-anti-rat-lymphocyte serum. In the lung it is found more of51Cr-labelled lymphocytes in the spleen less than in control animals. These findings suggest a damaging effect induced by antilymphocyte serum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02043637
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of microstructural characteristics on the failure properties of a polybutadiene system (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 89-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress-strain characteristic of polymeric binders and solid propellants are dependent on the crosslink density, molecular weight between crosslinks, molecular weight distribution in the binder formulation, volume fraction of filler, and the interaction between the binder and filler particles. This investigation is directed toward elucidation of solid propellant microscopic response and failure mechanisms through characterization of the constitutive effects of crosslink density, molecular weight distribution and curing agent ratio in the binder formulation, and filler fraction. This was accomplished on the ERLA/PBAA propellant system through investigation of three binder formulations with the same curing agent ratio but different crosslink densities; five binder formulations with different curing agent ratios; and four formulations with up to 69.9% by volume of filler.Uniaxial stress-strain characteristics were determined on each formulation at displacement rates of 0.2 to 20.0 in/min at isothermal test conditions ranging from 75 to -90°F. The failure characteristics of a viscoelastic material represent a curve in the three-dimensional space of stress, strain, and time. The ultimate property data on each formulation are presented as projections of this failure curve on the stress-strain, stress-time, and strain-time planes, respectively. Relationships are developed for the dependence of the stress-time, strain-time, and stress-strain failure envelopes on the volume fraction of bound rubber, crosslink density, molecular weight distribution and curing agent ration in the binder component, and the volume fraction of filler.
    Additional Material: 29 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080204
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plasticizing ethylene copolymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 58-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080110
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deformation of free holes of arbitrary shape in a viscoelastic plate (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 82-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two independent methods for predicting the deformation of free openings of arbitrary shape in a viscoelastic plate are illustrated.The first method is experimental and is based on the interference of two systems of lines representing the initial and final positions of the material. To demonstrate the moire method, the creep compliance function for polymethylmethacrylate is determined as preliminary information. This function is used as input data in the ensuing theoretical analysis to insure realistic viscoelastic behavior.The second method involves techniques to approximate viscoelastic displacements from known elasticity solutions and known material properties.The methods are applied to two examples: (1) The square hole - to determine the motion of an opening of complicated shape; and (2) an ellipse loaded at 45° - to indicate qualitative agreement with an existing prediction of the motion of cracks in a viscous plate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080203
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simple, versatile and inexpensive rheometer for polymer melts (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 116-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple, versatile biconical rehemoter has been developed. This device provides shear creep and creep recovery data for polymer melts over a temperature range of 200-500°F. and a range of applied shear stresses from 2 × 103 to 9 × 105 dynes/cm2.Extensive reheological data have been obtained for two samples each of polyisobutylene and high-density polyethylene. These illustrate the value of the device in obtaining data useful for predicting and understanding the processing properties of polymer melts.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080207
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080301
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    Dependence of mechanical properties on molecular motion in polymersTopic of 1968 International Award in Plastics and Science Engineering lecture, New York City, May 8, 1968. (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 161-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Considerable progress has been made in the past 20 years in the synthesis, characterization and fabrication of plastics. Previous SPE Award winners, such as Mark, Natta, and Marvel dealt largely with synthesis; Flory with characterization; Alfrey and Du Bois with fabrication. One of the still unsolved problems lies in the realm of relating mechanical properties, such as impact strenght and creep to molecular structure.The design enginner who wishes to use a plastic part is concerned primarily with how some property such as impact strenght varies with temperature, speed of test, test method, etc. The polymer scientist must know why. Through knowing why, he may be able to design better plastics.This paper attempts to survey some of the world-wide progress made in this area in the past 10 years. The ultimate goal is to understand these mechanical properties in terms of internal molecular motions which occur in solid polymers. Internal motion can be detected by electrical, electromagnetic and dynamic mechanical measurements. When these three methods are applied on a given polymer over a range of temperatures, insights can be gained as to the variation of impact strength and other properties with temperature and frequency for that same polymer. These three fundamental methods, which require very small samples (less than 50 grams), can provide insight into the practical behavior of plastic materials over the wide range of temperatures and frequencies encountered in the real world.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080302
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  • 17
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    Prediction of melt viscosity flow curves at various temperatures for some olefin polymers and copolymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 235-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A knowledge of the variation of melt viscosity of thermoplastic polymers with both shear rate and temperature is of considerable importance to plastics engineers as well as to polymer rheologists. The actual measurement of melt viscosity at a large number of temperatures and shear rates is frequently a tedious and time-consuming task. A technique has been developed, based upon the applicability of shear rate-temperature superposition, for predicting the flow curves of a number of olefin polymers and copolymers at various temperatures from experimental data obtained at one temperature for the material in question. The experimental validity for superimposing log shear stress - log shear rate curves at different temperatures along the log shear rate axis has been established for both high and low density polyethylenes, polypropylene, polybutene-1, and poly (ethylene vinyl acetate) copolymers. The temperature dependence of the resultant shift factors has been determined for each system, and the method of utilizing this information to predict viscosities as a function of temperature and shear rate is discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080309
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  • 18
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    Editorial (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 245-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080402
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  • 19
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    Structure-mechanical property relationships in ethylene methacrylic acid copolymers and their salts (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A dynamic mechanical study has been made of an ethylenemethacrylic acid copolymer containing 4.1 mole per cent of methacrylic acid units and its sodium, lithium and calcium salts. On the basis of the results and related physical chemical studies it is proposed that the structures of the ionized copolymers consist of three distinct phases - a crystalline polyethylene phase, an amorphous polyethylene phase, and an ionic phase consisting of ionic domains. It is further proposed that the unionized acid copolymer consists of two phases - a crystalline polyethylene phase and an amorphous phase consisting of polyethylene crosslined with hydrogen bonded, carboxylic acid dimers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080406
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  • 20
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    Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on the mechanical behavior of a crystalline polymer-polyoxymethylene (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 290-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The true stress-true strain behavior of polyoxymethylene, n(-CH2O), as an example of a bulk semi-crystalline polymer, has been investigated for constant hydrostatic environmental pressures from 1 atmosphere to 8 kilobars with the principal objectives of elucidating the factors controlling flow and fracture. Experiments were conducted in uniaxial tension at room temperature and constant strain rate. The tensile observations were supplemented by measurements of bulk compressibility and stress relaxation behavior at pressure.In contrast with metals and inorganic compounds, the modulus, yield stress and fracture stress of POM increase strongly with pressure by a factor of approximately three at 8 kilobars. The modulus increase is shown from the stress relaxation measurements to be associated with a pressure-induced increase in the β-transition temperature which points to the potential usefulness of the concept of pressure-temperature super-position of mechanical behavior. The characteristics of the pressure dependence of the yield stress demonstrate that yield criteria based on continum mechanics considerations, including the Mohr or Coulomb-Navier criterion, are not valid for general deformation (non-plane strain) conditions in this polymer. The concept of a critical volume change determining the initiation of yielding is suggested to be applicable to semi-crystalline polymers. Comparison with analogous changes in yield stress with temperature points to an increasing contribution to the control of yielding by the initially disordered regions with increasing pressure or decreasing temperature. The fracture behavior observed at pressure eliminates the concepts of a critical stress as a fracture criterion for POM and of a simple reduction in normal stress at points of stress concentration as the principal effect of the applied pressure on fracture.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080409
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  • 21
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    Adhesion of carboxyl-containing polyolefins (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 41-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080108
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  • 22
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080101
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  • 23
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    Abstracts of articles in this issue (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 3-4 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080102
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  • 24
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    The determination of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer in polyvinyl chloride compounds using infrared or near-infrared spectrophotometry (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080105
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  • 25
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    Designing against fracture in brittle plastics (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 130-141 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fracture toughness of a variety of sharply notched tension, bending and rotating disc specimens of PMMA is examined using linear fracture mechanics. It is observed that rapid fracture with a brittle glassy appearance usually follows a period of slow crack growth, denoted by fan shaped markings of local ductility, though still brittle overall. In this near brittle regime the fracture toughness is sensitive to strain rate so that high values of effective surface energy are easily induced by rapid testing or notch bluntness. At impact rates the toughness increases again. For design purposes, in the absence of environmental effects, the onset of slow cracking and rapid (glassy) fracture, can be associated with fracture toughness K1c of about 800 Ibf/in3/2 (90 kg/cm3/2) and 1600 Ibf/in3/2 (180 kg/cm3/2) respectively. Detailed studies have not been made on other materials but a guide to the levels of notch toughness and notch brittle temperatures are given for several plastics.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080209
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  • 26
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    A study of the tensile modulus of short fiber reinforced plastics (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 186-194 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of the tensile modulus of unidirectional short fiber reinforced plastics is reported. The data show poor agreement with the theories for the longitudinal case but better agreement in the other cases. A semi-empirical theory is proposed to explain the longitudinal modulus data.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080303
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  • 27
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    Thermodynamic interactions of branched polyethylene in polar and nonpolar systems (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 789-803 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermodynamic properties of polymer solutions are frequently described in terms of the Flory-Huggins equation. This equation includes a parameter χ, which depends upon the intermolecular forces acting between the molecules in a solution. The experimental determination of χ was performed by an improved microtechnique and extended to a wide range of polar and nonpolar diluents of polyethylene. Careful correlations are prescribed for calculating χ from pure-component properties; they are based on an extension of the Hildebrand-Scatchard theory of solutions and on the theory of intermolecular forces. Polar (τ) and nonpolar (δ) solubility parameters are presented for a variety of solvents. For polyethylene - nonpolar solvent systems we have emphasized the factor deciding the sign of heat of mixing, while for polyethylene-polar solvent systems we have determined the contribution of dipole-induced dipole interactions ψ (δτ) in interchange-energy density B and, hence, χ.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120416
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  • 28
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    Determination of polyolefin film properties from refractive index measurements. II. Birefringence (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 903-914 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of refractive index data for studying changes in oriented polyolefin films has been demonstrated. Application of this technique to oriented polypropylene and polyethylene films showed that the birefringence is a linear function of the refractive index in the direction of maximum orientation. By utilizing refractive index, density, and crystallinity data the crystalline refractive indices nc and (na + nb)/2 and polarizabilities α∥ and α⊥ could be estimated for polypropylene and polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120424
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  • 29
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    Comment on the novel parameter of polymer structure suggested by W. S. Bahary (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 973-974 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120430
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  • 30
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    Influence of molecular weight on some properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1119-1136 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several fractions obtained from a large-scale fractionation and several unfractionated PVC polymers and blends have been processed both as rigid and plasticized compounds. The latter have been studied by stress-strain, creep, and recovery tests. The recoverable character of the creep results show that a relatively stable network must be present in the samples. The crosslink density is little influenced by molecular weight, as shown by the modulus and compliance results. On the contrary, the ultimate tensile properties depend strongly on molecular weight, which is interpreted as evidence that the stability of the crosslinks increases with increasing chain length of the polymers.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120511
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  • 31
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    Growth, morphology, and reinforcement potential of low molecular weight crystals in amorphous polymeric matrices (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1151-1165 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The technique of in situ crystallization of low molecular weight organic compounds from amorphous polymers was evaluated as a method of fabricating composite materials. Two workable systems, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN)-acetanilide and SAN-anthracene, were found and their phase diagrams determined. In both systems kinetic studies revealed that the maximum crystallization rate takes place at large degrees of supercooling and that below these temperatures the mechanism is diffusion-controlled. The temperature-dependent crystal morphologies were characterized with electron microscopy, which showed three distinctly different morphologies for both systems. From dynamic mechanical measurements, it appears that the elastic moduli of organic crystals are about the same as those of organic polymers in the glassy state, and that relatively little reinforcement took place under the particular crystallization conditions employed.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120514
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  • 32
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    Ceric ion-induced redox polymerization of acrylonitrile on cellulosePresented at the 6th Joint Technological Conference of ATIRA, BTRA, and SITRA, Bombay, January 1965, and at the Annual Convention of the Indian Chemical Society held at Anand, December 1966. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1321-1342 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The ceric ion-cellulose redox system has been studied for grafting acrylonitrile on cotton fibers. Grafting yields are very high as compared to the persulfate-thiosulfate redox system reported earlier. Traces of copper sulfate in the reaction mixture do not increase grafting yields, unlike the persulfate-thiosulfate system. The high polymerization rate on cotton fibers is shown to be due to the reducing action of cellulose and not to the large surface area of cotton fibers. The Ce+4 consumption during grafting is higher than during oxidation of cellulose, indicating formation of homopolymer during the grafting reaction. Studies on the consumption of Ce+4 by model compounds such as D-glucose and α-methyl-D-glucoside show that the hemiacetal group in D-glucose is responsible for a faster rate of Ce+4 consumption. Formation of a Ce+4-alcohol complex also contributes to the initial fast rate of Ce+4 consumption. Studies on the oxidation of cellulose by Ce+4 indicate that the initial oxidative attack occurs on carbon atom 2, with the formation of a 〉C=O group. On further oxidation, cleavage of the C2-C3 bond occurs as shown by the presence of glycol aldehyde determined chromatographically. Cellulose-polyacrylonitrile grafts have been isolated by an acetolysis treatment followed by extraction with dimethylformamide. Number-average molecular weights of the isolated fractions are approximately 50,000-55,000. A theoretical method to calculate the number-average molecular weights, based on the PAN and the COOH contents of the grafted cellulose, is described.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120605
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    Some viscoelastic properties of ABS polymer (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1343-1353 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The discrete relaxation spectrum of an ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) polymer at 190°C. was calculated by using results from tensile relaxation moduli and the principle of reduced variables. The shift factor was found to conform well to the WLF equation, and the free volume fraction at Tg was calculated to be 0.026 in good agreement with the universal value. The values of the thermal expansion coefficient of free volume were calculated to be 9.8 X 10-4 deg.-1 and 7.0 × 10-4 deg.-1, respectively, from the WLF coefficients and from dilatometric results. The width of the entanglement plateau of the relaxation spectrum was observed to be a factor of approximately 2 larger than that calculated from molecular weights between entanglement couplings determined either from rubber elasticity theory or from an assumed molecular model which discounts the presence of the butadiene in the ABS system. By using Pao's theory, flow curves at 190°C. were calculated both from the discrete relaxation spectrum and from the dynamic modulus. These curves were essentially identical. However, the stress values of these curves were found to be about a decade higher than those experimentally determined from capillary flow measurements. Nevertheless, the shapes of the curves are in good agreement, and an explanation is suggested for existing discrepancies. Flow instability, processing variables, and residual strains are discussed in light of the flow curves and the calculated recoverable shear strains.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120606
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  • 34
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    Influence of cohesive forces on the glass transition temperatures of polymers (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1397-1409 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The relationship between cohesive energy (c.e.) or cohesive energy density (c.e.d.) and the glass transition tenperature (Tg) of polymers has been re-examined on the basis of literature data. For polymers with Tg above 25°C., there is no correlation between published or calculated values of c.e. or c.e.d. and Tg. However, for the rest of the polymers there is a linear relationship between c.e.d. and Tg, and a broad relationship between c.e. and Tg. These results imply that c.e.d. is the regulating, though not the only, factor in determining Tg's up to values of approximately 25°C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120612
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  • 35
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    ESR study of reactions of cellulose with ·OH generated by Fe+2/H2O2 (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1411-1421 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was demonstrated by ESR spectroscopy that the Fe+2/H2O2 system gave a reactive species which generated an ESR triplet spectrum or sorbitol similar to that generated by hydroxyl radicals from the Ti+3/H3O2 system. An ESR spectrum was obtained for the hydroxyl radicals generated by the latter system. However, the lifetime of hydroxyl radicals, generated by the Fe+2/H2O2 system, was apparently very short, and an ESR spectrum for the hydroxyl radicals, generated by this system, was not observed. The Fe+2/H2O2 system also generated triplet spectra with cotton cellulose I, cotton cellulose II, and microcrystalline cellulose, suggesting that a hydrogen atom had been abstracted from the hydroxyl group on carbon C6, or possibly the hydrogen atom on carbon C5. The ESR spectrum generated on microcrystalline cellulose was less intense than those generated on cellulose I and II. On initiation of graft polymerization of the activated cellulose with acrylonitrile, the triplet spectrum disappeared and was replaced by two strong singlet spectra. One of the singlet spectra was likely generated on carbon C1 or C4 on depolymerization of the cellulose molecule, and the other was probably generated on the end of the growing polyacrylonitrile molecular chain. The absence of a triplet spectrum gave direct evidence for the order in which the acrylonitrile monomer was being grafted onto the cellulose molecule. The mechanisms proposed by Haber and Weiss for the reactions generated in the Fe+2/H2O2 system were generally supported.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120613
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  • 36
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    Polymerization of propylene oxide with Ziegler-Natta catalysts (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1477-1479 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120619
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  • 37
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    Mechanochemical degradation of an EPDM polymerThis paper was presented at the joint meeting of the Rubber Division, A. C. S., and C.I.C. (Canada) in Montreal, May 2-5, 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1459-1469 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A mill-mastication study of an EPDM polymer (DuPont, Nordel 1070) was conducted in the mill-roll temperature range of 68-480°F. The extent of degradation was determined by dilute-solution viscosity measurements. The role of oxygen in the polymer mastication was followed by infrared spectroscopy. The breakdown of the EPDM polymer on the mill is minimum in the temperature range of 185-315°F. Up to 315°F. the increase in temperature leads to a decreased amount of degradation. During cold mastication mechanical breakdown occurs. The use of a free-radical acceptor shows that this type of breakdown is caused by the mechanical rupture of C—C bonds in the polymer chain. At and above 350°F. thermooxidative degradation becomes dominant, the polymer degrading drastically, and the higher the temperature, the greater the extent of degradation for the same period of mastication. Infrared spectroscopy shows that hot mastication results in decreased double-bond concentration and increased amounts of carbonyl and, possibly, anhydride and lactone groups. Of the carbonyl groups formed 30% are due to the oxidation of double bonds in terpolymer and 70% to the oxidation of the main chain. A mechanism is proposed to account for these observations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120617
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    The energetics of ion transport in the presence of polymeric compounds which alter the rheological properties of water (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1484-1485 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120621
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Note on the iterative calculation of relaxation spectra (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1649-1652 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of exact numerical methods for calculating spectra from dynamic moduli is shown to lead to acceptable results when a modified numerical method is employed. The modification avoids the wild oscillations encountered with existing methods when difficult experimental data containing sudden spectral cutoffs must be analyzed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120713
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    The modulus and yield stress of glassy poly(methyl methacrylate) at strain rates up to 103 inch/inch/second (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1653-1659 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Specimens of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were compressed at nominally constant strain rates ranging from 10-5 to 103 in./in./sec. at 0, 22, 50, and 115°C. A plot of stress at a small fixed strain (2%) and constant temperature versus logarithm of strain rate is sigmoidal in shape and, furthermore, time-temperature superposition could be used to construct a master curve of stress versus temperature-compensated strain rate. It is suggested that the sigmoidal curve is a manifestation of the β transition in PMMA, and this is supported by the measured value of activation energy and the strain rate value at the point of inflection on the curve. By contrast, yield stress varies linearly with log \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop {\rm \varepsilon }\limits^{\rm.} $\end{document}. Time-temperature superposition could not be applied. Rationalizing on the basis of the high stress form of the Eyring equation, yielding is by a yet unspecified molecular mechanism in which activation volume has the order of magnitude of a monomer unit but increases with increasing temperature.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120714
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    Properties of solutions of poly-N-vinylcaprolactam (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1835-1842 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of poly-N-vinylcaprolactam organic and aqueous solutions were studied. Toluene solutions present an increasing [η] from 10 to 40°C. Aqueous solutions present a very accentuated diminishing of [η] from 10 to 30°C. Above 30°C. The polymer precipitates from its aqueous solutions. The precipitation temperature does not depend on the concentration but on the molecular weight of the polymer. Some acid and basic agents have a marked influence on [η] and the precipitation temperature of the aqueous solutions.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120804
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Radical bulk polymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1843-1851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Bulk radical polymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam was studied at temperatures between 60 and 120°C. with different initiators. Satisfactory results were obtained with azobisisobutyronitrile, tert-butyl perbenzoate, and tert-butyl peroxide as initiators. The polymerization reaction of N-vinylcaprolactam with these initiators is first order with respect to the monomer and 0.5 order with respect to the initiator. A linearity of the kinetic curves up to high conversions was observed. The cause of this behavior is a feeble gel effect, which also induces an increase of the molecular weight during polymerization.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120805
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  • 43
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    Determination of degree of nitration of nitrocellulose by refractometry (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1865-1871 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nitrocellulose (NC) films, when dried on a rigid substrate, tend to be biaxial and thus exhibit two refractive indices. The absolute difference between these indices has been found to provide an accurate measure of the degree of nitration of NC. A film of NC is cast from a 1% solution in butyl acetate to provide a film about 0.5 mil thick. The dry film, when placed in an Abbé-3L refractometer, gives two white lines which go to extinction alternately upon rotation of a cap analyzer through the east-west (EW) and north-south (NS) directions. Refractive index measurements are made using the line visible in each direction of the analyzer. The absolute difference between the two indices is related to the degree of nitration through standard curves for various grades of NC. The standard deviation for the proposed method was found to be ±0.01% N.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120808
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  • 44
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    Some properties of low molecular weight polybutadiene and polytetrahydrofuran (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1889-1899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The proposition, that low molecular weight polymer fractions in good solvents behave as if they were under ⊖ conditions, has been examined experimentally. Series of monodisperse hydroxy-terminated polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF), 82% 1,4-polybutadiene (PBD), and 30% 1,4-PBD were prepared, and values of M̄n obtained by vapor-pressure osmometry and endgroup analysis. The Mark-Houwink viscosity parameters K and ν were determined in a number of solvents. The general conclusion is that the proposition is invalid for these systems notwithstanding the fact that ν = 0.50 for one of them [82% 1,4-PBD in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at 25°C]. For this particular case, the following evidence suggests that these are actually ⊖ conditions so that the apparent fulfilment of the proposition is fortuitous. (1) Cloud-point precipitation yields ⊖ = 26 ± 3°C in MEK. (2) The value of K is close to that of K⊖ found elsewhere for PBD in a different solvent at a similar temperature. (3) Application of the Kurata-Stockmayer iterative procedure for estimating K⊖ from data in good and bad solvents yields a reasonably small discrepancy (10%) between the K⊖ values from data in toluene and MEK at 25°C for this polymer and only a 3% difference in the unperturbed dimensions (〈r02〉/M)1/2 derived from them. Measured melting points Tm of PTHF (M̄n = 1000-13000), plotted as a function of chain length Z, viz., 1/Tm = 1/Tm0 + 2R/ZΔHf, yield 43 ± 3°C and 1.6 kcal/submole, respectively, for the limiting melting point Tm0 and the heat of fusion ΔHf. The former is in good agreement with the value obtained dilatometrically for high molecular weight polymer, while the latter indicates a degree of crystallinity of ca. 54%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120810
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  • 45
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    Electronic Resource
    Effects of thermal history on polypropylene fractions (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1921-1938 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of thermal history on the melting behavior of several polypropylene fractions have been studied. The specific fractions investigated include one that has crystallized in the triclinic modification, one that has crystallized in the monoclinic modification, and a third that contained a combination of the two types of crystals. Thermal histories given to these specimens included a series of stepwise annealings at steadily decreasing temperatures, a series of annealings for various times at a given elevated temperature, and a series of stepwise annealings at a set of steadily increasing temperatures. The melting behavior was investigated by means of a differential scanning calorimeter and various DSC peaks are presented. The nature of multiple peaks produced by the different treatments is discussed, and the results are compared with similar data obtained on whole polymer.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120812
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  • 46
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    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of bisphenol A sulfonate-carboxylate polymer (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2039-2045 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The method of analysis for a polycondensation polymer containing the carboxylate and sulfonate functional groups has been devised. A combination of infrared spectroscopy and combustion analysis provides a simple and accurate determination of the monomeric units and their molar distribution in the polymer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120906
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  • 47
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    Electronic Resource
    Chlorination of polystyrene (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2059-2066 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chlorination of a low molecular weight polystyrene in the α position was studied by following changes in the infrared spectrum, glass transition temperature, and molecular weights of the polymer. The logarithm of the absorbance ratio at 2920 and 1500 cm-1 as a function of mole per cent chlorination was linear. The glass transition temperatures, determined by use of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), were found to obey an equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The molecular weight of the chlorinated polystyrene decreased as a function of chlorination.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120908
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  • 48
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    Detection of polymer transition temperatures by infrared absorption spectrometryPaper presented at the 154th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, September 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2117-2128 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Infrared bands in the 900-1100 cm-1 region are sensitive to thermal energy. These bands can result from intermolecular coupling, producing the crystal lattice, or from intramolecular coupling of the various atomic groups in a regular helix or coiled chain. In either case an increase in temperature will disrupt the coupling mode, resulting in a form of structural relaxation and a reduction in the integrated absorbance. It is proposed that the temperature at which the peak areas begin to decrease be assigned as the Tg. This is measured by continuously scanning a selected peak in the infrared spectrum of a polymer film while it is heated at a rate of about 1°C/min. Using this technique polyamides (nos. 6,66, and 610) exhibited transitions in the 30-50°C range, and by studying the increase in the free NH region (3440 cm-1) of nylon 66 two other transitions were detected at 80 and 137°C; the latter represents a change in the nylon 66 crystal state. An amorphous film of poly(ethylene terephthalate) displayed a transition at 58-68°C (Tg) and at 85°C, which is the crystallization temperature. Films of poly(vinyl acetate) and polystyrene exhibited transitions at 25-37°C and at 70°C, respectively.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120915
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  • 49
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    Radiation chemical studies of protein reactions: Radiation dose and viscosity change (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2747-2747 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070121222
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  • 50
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    A dynamic mechanical study of the effect of chemical variations on the internal mobility of linear epoxy resins (polyhydroxyethers) (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2747-2747 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070121223
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  • 51
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    Static testing of polyethylene (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 24-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080106
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  • 52
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    Thermal-oxidative behavior of ethylene alkyl acrylate copolymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 50-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080109
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Spiral and helical fractures (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 227-234 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Spiral and helical fractures can be formed around high-modulus filaments and yarns which are embedded in brittle, amorphous, crosslinked resins. The phenomena are of particular interest because the stress field imposes a highly regular geometry upon the propagating fractures, and because the formation of the large surface area of the spiral fractures provides an efficient mechanism for dissipating strain energy. Development of the approach of the production of discrete geometrical voids with large surface area at predicatable sites may well provide resistance to impact in inherently brittle materials.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080308
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  • 54
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    Laboratory evaluation of the processing characteristics of rigid PVC compounds (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 310-318 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A small scale screw extruder designed for laboratory extrusion studies has been developed and its performance characteristics with powder-blended rigid PVC Compounds have been investigated.The use of the extruder in determining the susceptibility of rigid PVC compounds to various die-induced viscoelastic phenomena (fracture, sharkskin, and swell) is described.An investigation of the phenomenon of “nerve” in rigid PVC extrusions has been carried out. It is concluded that nerve is associated with instabilities in the fluxing process occurring in the transition section of the extruder screw design, the operating variables of the process, and the processing characteristics of the compound.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080411
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  • 55
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    The significance of a particle-flow process in PVC melts (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 5-10 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080103
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  • 56
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    Meaningful testing in the development of new fibers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 32-40 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080107
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  • 57
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    Thermogravimetric analysis of vinyl chloride - propylene copolymers and other PVC resins (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 64-73 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080111
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  • 58
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    Electronic Resource
    Meet the new editor.… (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 81-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080202
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  • 59
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    Comparative swelling behavior of various thermoplastic polymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 110-115 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The elasticity of polymer melts is of major concern in the processing of plastics. It is usually reflected by dimensional changes. Since the swelling of polymer extrudates depends on the capillary dimensions and the volumetric flow rate, the blow-up must be examined over a range of conditions. Of course, the swelling is also dependent on polymer structure. Consequently, variations in materials and operating conditions necessiate changes in tooling. This paper describes the swelling behavior of several different polymer types and illustrates that viscosity measurements can not be used to predict elasticity.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080206
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  • 60
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    Correlation of physical and polymer chain properties (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 142-150 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An idealized polymer model is used to examine the magnitude of the catastrophic tensile breaking energy and stress in terms of primary and secondary bonding forces. Computed strengths for primary and secondary bonding are respectively 8000 and 500 times larger than observed values of a common thermoplastic. From other considerations, the glass transition temperature for both elastomeric and thermoplastic polymers is found to show a linear dependence on the cohesive energy per unit length of polymer chain.In special polymer model, the influence of polymer chains on unidirectional elongation is shown to be a function of chain size. Elongation data reported on a series of modified polycarbonates exhibit a correlation with chain size as described by the model. Published data on the polycarbonate series are used to evaluate the correlation between observed deformation breaking energies and cohesive energies calculated from glass transition temperatures.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080210
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  • 61
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    A study of the tensile strength of short fiber reinforced plastics (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 195-201 
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    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of the tensile strength of unidirectional short fiber reinforced plastics is reported. The data indicate agreement with existing theories as modified to suit plastics. The theory is extrapolated to provide a means for computing the strength of a random composite.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080304
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    Deformation and aging of quenched polypropylene (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 210-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical properties, i. e., yield stress and stress-strain curve of the quenched (“smectic”) form of polypropylene have been shown to be time dependent at room temperature. The yield stress increases linearly with the logarithm of film age. No changes in the x-ray diffraction pattern, infra-red spectrum, electron diffraction pattern or morphology have been observed corresponding to this change in physical properties. A molecular mechanism is proposed which will explain this again process. Spherulites of the quenched form have been found to deform affinely when drawn. In contrast to this, slow cooled films show complete destruction of internal spherulite (lamellar) order, indicating a complex mechanism of deformation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080306
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  • 63
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    Electronic Resource
    Properties of block versus random copolymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 216-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Physical and mechanical properties of block copolymers are compared and correlated with the corresponding random copolymers. The important properties of melting point, transition temperatures, tensile strength, modulus, and elastic properties depend upon the structural arrangement of the molecular units comprising the polymer strecture. All available data suggest overwhelmingly that properties of block copolymers are superior to those of random copolymers. A block copolymer can have properties characteristic of each of the homopolymers from which it is derived as well as a set of properties due to the polymer strcture as a whole. Block copolymers have an advantage over random copolymers in that a crystalline polymer can be modified without significant reduction of its melting point, modulus, tensile strength, and elastic properties, and by suitable selection of a second component it affords a means of “building in” a particular property.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080307
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  • 64
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    Stress-strain behavior of the craze (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 281-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The constitution and properties of crazes in glassy polymers and their relation to crack propagation are reviewed. New evidence is discussed which shows the craze to be much softer than the parent polymer but capable of sustaining large stresses and strains up to the point of failure. Craze failure is much more dependent on polymer molecular weight than is craze formation, and this difference is reflected in changes in both fracture surface morphology and crack toughness with molecular weight. Finally craze mechanical properties are thought to be integrally related to the mechanical behavior of high impact plastics.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080408
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  • 65
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    The physical properties of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 113-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 49 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.230030103
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    Hydrodynamic properties of DNAThe preparation of this review was supported in part by USPHS Research Grant GM 12555. (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 255-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.230030104
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  • 67
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    Polymer degradation by differential thermal analysis techniques (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 49-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 34 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.230030102
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  • 68
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    The use of living polymers in the preparation of polymer structures of controlled architecture (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 317-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.230030105
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  • 69
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    Copolymerization in the crystalline solid state (1968)
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Macromolecular Reviews 3 (1968), S. 1-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 0076-2083
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 33 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1968.230030101
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  • 70
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    Suspension polymerization kinetics of vinyl chloride (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080104
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  • 71
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    Masthead (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080201
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  • 72
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    A system of deformation data for rational engineering design with plastics (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 101-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper discusses the deformational behaviour of thermoplastics, particularly in relation to their utilization through rational engineering design procedures. It describes the comprehensive systems of data that are replacing the old single datum quantities published hitherto and comments briefly on the corrdination of materials testing through the activities of B.S.I. Committee PLC/36.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080205
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  • 73
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    Dynamic mechanical properties of polymer melts: The effect of molecular weight distribution on the temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 126-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An experimental investigation of the dynamic mechanical response of molten polymers was performed using the Maxwell Orthogonal Reheometer. One purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of molecular weight distribution on the temperature dependence of viscoelastic properties. Data were obtained over a range of temperatures for both monodisperse and polydisperse materials which indicate that viscoelasticity is highly temperature dependent only for monodisperse polymers. On a molecular basis the reduction in temperature sensitivity for polydisperse materials logically can be attributed to the influence of the low molecular weight species present in a distribution on the relaxation spectrum. Since the relaxation spectrum largely determines all viscoelastic functions, the observations made from th dynamic data shown in this paper can be generalized to all viscoelastic experiments.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080208
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  • 74
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    Application of time-temperature superposition principle to long term engineering properties of plastic materials (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Time-temperature equivalence was used to predict the long term engineering behavior of highly crystalline ethylene-butene copolymers. The long term behavior (greater than 1000 hrs.) was accurately predicted from tests of short duration (30 hrs.). This time-temperature principle was applied to stress-relaxation and creep at stresses, strains and temperatures normally encountered in engineering practices. It was also used to solve a design problem involving the creep deformation of metal plastic laminates. Long term tests were performed to confirm the predicted results. This technique was not applicable to rubber modified polystyrene because of an unexpected transition at 88°F.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080211
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  • 75
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    Morphology of quenched polypropylene (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 202-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of the quenched form of polypropylene was investigated. Thin films of the quenched form consist of small ball-like structures which we suggest are defective hexagonal crystals. In thicker films they aggregate to form spherulites with no observable fine structure. Quenching of thin films of molten polypropylene to a temperature below 0°C results in the formation of numerous, isolated monoclinic spherulites with a better defined morphology than the smectic spherulites obtained by quenching above 0°C. This result suggests that the films (quenched below 0°C) were quenched to the glass and subsequently crystallized to the monoclinic form upon heating to room temperature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080305
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  • 76
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    Masthead (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080401
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  • 77
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    Effects of orientation on dynamic mechanical properties of ABS (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 246-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical properties of a composite of glassy and rubbery polymers, ABS, were studied. Orientation induces two effects: (1) the intensity of the loss dispersion attributed to the rubbery component initially increases, then is reduced, and (2) a new loss peak at a temperature approximately 40°C below the original loss peak for the rubbery component appears. Assuming that this new peak is due to the dilated rubber particles embedded in the glassy matrix under strain, it is judged from the theory of Newman and Strella that a built-in strain of 6% would be sufficient to cause this shift in Tg. Above the Tg of the rubbery component, the strain energy required to break increases with temperature. The reinforcement through incorporation of rubber particles is accomplished by enhancing the ability of the glassy matrix to draw on a local, microscopic scale. Such a local cold drawing may well be identified with crazing of glassy polymers.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080403
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  • 78
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    Time-dependence of crystal orientation in crystalline polymers (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The results of two methods for studying molecular processes accompanying the deformation of polyethylene are described. The examination of spherulite deformation by observing light scattering patters along with measurement of the birefringence, stress and strain during the rapid extension of polyethylene shows that this initial structural deformation is essentially instantaneous. Dynamic x-ray diffraction shows that this is followed by a slower relaxation involving change in the orientation of the crystals by two processes, the lower temperature one involving slipping of lamellae past each other and the higher temperature one involving viscoelastic flow of the crystals.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080405
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  • 79
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    Viscous dissipation in capillary flow of rigid PVC and PVC degradation (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 272-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The steady state, non-isothermal behavior of rigid polyvinyl chloride melt, flowing in capillaries of circular cross-section, was investigated by solving, with the aid of a digital computer, the momentum and energy balance equations. It was assumed that the polymer melt can be described by the “Power Law” constitutive equation. The shear rate, temperature and pressure dependent properties of the fluid were obtained experimentally. The effects of the thermal degradation of PVC on its viscosity, were also introduced in the equations of momentum and energy.The velocity, temperature and pressure profiles, obtained for both adiabatic flow and flow through a tube of constant wall temperature, indicate that considerable heating of the melt, due to viscous dissipation, can be achieved at moderate flow rates. Thermal degradation occurs in the capillary under certain conditions of temperature history and residence time of the fluid. The results of this work are in fair agreement with experimental results in this area.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080407
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  • 80
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    Particle size measurement of the dispersed phase in rubber modified polystyrene (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 241-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A widely accepted method for determining the particle size of the dispersed phase in impact polystyrene is by the microscopic examination of microtomed sections or dilute solutions of the polymer. Although this technique is relatively quick, it has obvious shortcomings to its statistical relaibility. In an effort to obtain more meaningful data, a Coulter Counter was employed to measure the average particle size and particle size distribution of the dispersed phase in a number of impact polystyrene samples. The materials examined contained rubber particles ranging from one to twenty microns in diameter. It was found that the weight average distribution of these particles was most nearly described by a log-normal probability function. The relative accuracy and reproducibility of the measurements made with the Coulter Counter suggest that it is a valuable tool for obtaining quantitative particle size information on the rubber modified polystyrene system.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080310
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  • 81
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    The dynamic behavior and stress relaxation of polymer melts (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 252-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polymer melts exhibit a decrease in apparent viscosity as a function of decreasing time scale of shearing. In order to obtain an understanding of the mechanisms giving rise to this non-Newtonian behavior studies have been made of the dynamic linear viscoelastic response, the limit of linear viscoelastic behavior and the stress relaxation in polymer melts after steady state shearing. The results of these experiments are analyzed with respect to shear induced changes in the relaxation spectrum and the effect of these changes on the apparent viscosity.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080404
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  • 82
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    Effect of solvent treatments on the mechanical properties of nylon 6 (1968)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 8 (1968), S. 302-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effects of absorbed solvents and chemical agents on the stress-strain and dynamic mechanical properties of nylon 6 film have been examined. The agents investigated were: water, benzyl alcohol, phenol and iodine. These materials produce changes in the crystalline structure as well as plasticization when they are absorbed. Repeated introduction and removal of phenol indicated that the change of structure takes place completely during the first absorption; after that, the effects of absorption are reversible. The pure plasticizer effect can therefore be observed by comparison of a sample containing plasticizer and a sample from which the plasticizer has been subsequently removed. The general effect of absorbed plasticizer (except for iodine) seems to depend primarily on the amount of plasticizer absorbed, and very little on its exact chemical nature. However, different agents can produce different crystalline forms. A method of analyzing the stress-strain curve is hypothesized based on the concept of a two-phase solid state structure consisting of a crystalline lattice imbedded in an amorphous matrix.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760080410
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  • 83
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    Effect of proccessing on flow properties of some linear polyethylene resins (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 547-555 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Changes in flow properties of polyethylene resins have often been observed during processing operations. Studies in this laboratory show that melt viscosity of polyethylene normally increases when the resin is heated in a compression mold at temperatures below 300°C. At the same time, the solution viscosity actually decreases in some cases. During extrusion, on the other hand, both melt viscosity and solution viscosity are shown to decrease. In addition, the logarithm of melt flow rate is seen to deviate markedly from the expected linear dependence on reciprocal of absolute temperature. The results suggest that both crosslinking and chain-scission reactions occur during processing, the former predominating at low or zero shear, the latter at high shear.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120313
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  • 84
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    Dynamic mechanical behavior of a polyimide (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 593-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of a polyimide (poly-4,4′-oxydiphenylene pyromellitimide) were studied from about 4 to 800°K. at audio frequencies. A prominent relaxation associated with absorbed water content occurs near 230°K. Below 270°K., the modulus undergoes a corresponding increase in value with increasing water content. Above 550°K. the onset of a major relaxation process is observed in the modulus data, and a maximum in the internal friction is observed at about 675°K. Minor relaxation peaks are also noted throughout the temperature range. Relatively minor differences are noted in the mechanical relaxation spectra for the polyimide when treated (after drying) with dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and dimethylsulfoxide, whereas the treatment with water after drying has a marked effect on the relaxation behavior. A reactor radiation dose of 3000 Mrad also causes only minor alterations in the dynamic mechanical spectra.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120317
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  • 85
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    Sur la dégradation thermique du polychlorure de vinyle. V. Stabilité thermique de polyméres semicristallins (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 639-653 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal dehydrochlorination of semicrystalline, but rather low molecular weight, PVC fractions, prepared by ionic polymerization catalyzed by tert-butylmagnesium chloride was studied under an inert atmosphere and compared with that of commercial polymer. When the samples are in powder form, the crystallinity of some fractions, which are insoluble at room temperature in all the usual solvents for PVC, induces a tremendous thermal stability, which is observed so long as the temperature is under the melting point of the sample. In dilute solution, the dehydrochlorination of all the samples is much slower, but the differences between the samples are less important; besides, a catalytic effect of some metallic impurities is observed. This catalytic effect is chiefly relative to a process of intermolecular condensation which causes the formation of a labile tertiary chlorine structure and so initiates or accelerates the purely thermal chain dehydrochlorination. It is suggested that, besides the crystallization and the catalytic effects, the configuration of the structural units could be an important factor in the course of the dehydrochlorination process.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120404
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  • 86
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    Epoxy resins from dinaphthols (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 699-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy resins were prepared from di-α-naphthol(4,4′-dihydroxy-1,1′-dinaphthyl) and di-β-naphthol(2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-dinaphthyl). The resins consisted mainly of the reaction product of 1 mole of dinaphthol with 2 moles of epichlorhydrin. They contained chlorine, however, and were correspondingly deficient in diepoxide functionality. The resins from di-α-naphthol were crystalline, had m.p. 200°C., and were not miscible with conventional curing agents. Di-β-naphthol gave resins with softening points in the range 50-70°C., which cured with diethylenetriamine or the anhydrides of dibasic acids, giving hard but brittle products. The brittleness was not removed by curing with plasticizing curing agents, such as tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride. The cured di-β-naphthol-based resins had thermal stabilities similar to analogous epoxy resins based on bisphenol A.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120408
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  • 87
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    The effect of strain rate on the stress-strain curve of oriented polymers. II. The influence of heat developed during extension (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 739-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The temperature changes which take place in a yarn during extension are considered. From thermodynamical considerations and the heat-transfer coefficient it is shown that extension of the yarns studied will take place isothermally at strain rates below 0.04 sec.-1 and adiabatically at rates above 4 sec.-1 It is not possible to make an accurate estimate of the magnitude of the temperature rise during adiabatic extension, because of the lack of information on internal energy changes during irreversible extension, but by assuming these to be zero it is estimated that the temperature is likely to rise by 20-30°C. at strains above 10%. Results from a study of the effect of strain rate on the stress-strain curves of five different yarns show in all these materials a range of strain rate in which the stress that produces a given strain increases less rapidly with strain rate than elsewhere. For viscose and poly(ethylene terephthalate) this effect occurs in the expected range of strain rate, and its magnitude is of the correct order for it to be attributed to the temperature rise resulting from the transition from isothermal to adiabatic extension. For the other materials the transition does not seem likely to provide a complete explanation of this effect. There is no evidence that the transition significantly affects the breaking properties.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120412
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  • 88
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    The chemistry of sulfur curing. Part II. Kinetics of vulcanization of an EPDM elastomer accelerated by tetramethylthiuram monosulfide and disulfidePresented in part at the 154th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Division of Rubber Chemistry, Chicago, Illinois, September 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1183-1192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The induction periods and maximum cure rates of an EPDM gum rubber were determined by using the Monsanto oscillating disk rheometer and correlated against the initial concentrations of curing ingredients. Sulfur curing systems accelerated by TMTM and TMTD were used. The maximum cure rates of the TMTM-accelerated and the TMTD-accelerated EPDM terpolymer compounds differed significantly only at low sulfur concentrations where the TMTM-accelerated compounds had slower maximum cure rates. Above approximately the 1% concentration level, TMTM and TMTD were found increasingly to retard the maximum cure rates of the EPDM terpolymer compounds as the initial concentrations of the thiuram accelerators were increased. The maximum cure rates of the TMTM-and TMTD-accelerated terpolymer compounds were found to be variable order in initial accelerator concentration, second-order in initial cure site concentration, approximately half-order in initial sulfur concentration above 0.3% sulfur, and of a positive variable order in initial zinc oxide concentration.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120516
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  • 89
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    Surface treatment of polymers. II. Effectiveness of fluorination as a surface treatment for polyethylene (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1231-1237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An effective surface treatment for adhesive bonding of polyethylene has been developed. It involves exposing the polymer to an environment of elemental fluorine or fluorine diluted in argon. By this treatment, extensive fluorination of the surface region is effected. The fluorinated surface permits formation of strong adhesive joints by conventional adhesive bonding techniques even though the wettability of the new surface is similar to polytetrafluoroethylene. We believe that treatment of the polymer with elemental fluorine effectively eliminates the weak boundary layer associated with polyethylene by either crosslinking or by increasing the molecular weight in the surface region.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120521
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  • 90
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    Electronic Resource
    Stabilization of high-density polyethylenePresented at the SPE 25th Anniversary ANTEC, Detroit, Michigan, May 16, 1967. (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1279-1295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several types of antioxidants are evaluated in high-density polyethylene for color and physical property stabilization during processing and thermal aging. A wide variety of evaluation tests are used and discussed. Heat- and light-induced oxidation mechanisms are reviewed. Antioxidants such as octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate and tetrakis[methylene 3-(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4′-hydroxy phenyl) propionate] methane were found to provide very high retention of physical properties, excellent initial color and color retention. Combinations of antioxidant- and ultraviolet light absorbers were evaluated for stabilizing high density polyethylene exposed to artificial light and outdoor weathering. The combination of octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate and 2-(2′-5′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole was found to be a very efficient stabilizer system. Polymer containing this stabilizer combination had excellent color stability and minimum crosslinking and embrittlement after Arizona weathering.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120602
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Poly(norbornene): Tensile and dynamic-mechanical properties (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1751-1754 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of poly(norbornene), prepared through ring-opening polymerization, were studied. Tensile strength and extensibility increased, while Young's modulus decreased with increasing molecular weight and with increasing content of trans relative to cis unsaturation. The damping factor Delta; was dependent on molecular weight only for the lower molecular weight samples. The out-of-phase modulus E″ and the damping factor decreased as the trans/cis ratio increased.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120722
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on polymer blends. III. Butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer and polybutadiene-polyacrylonitrile blend (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2047-2058 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The properties of butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers were compared with those of polybutadiene-polyacrylonitrile blends. Also, the properties of copolymers having an acrylonitrile unit content of about 30% were compared with those of polymer blends having the same acrylonitrile unit content, i.e., NBR-NBR, polybutadiene-NBR, and polyacrylonitrile-NBR, having different acrylonitrile unit contents. These blends were prepared by roll blending and the vulcanizates were prepared by sulfur cure. The properties of the copolymers were markedly different from those of the blends, that is, in the blends the properties showed a linear relationship with their blending ratios, while in the copolymers the properties showed a curvilinear relationship. In the cases of the polymer blends having a constant acrylonitrile unit content, those blends which were prepared by blending two polymers having similar acrylonitrile unit contents showed better properties than the ones having very different acrylonitrile unit contents.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120907
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crosslinking poly(ethylene oxide) in dilute solutions by gamma rays (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2097-2104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide) is gelled by radiation from a 60Co source. At concentrations of 0.25 to 1 wt-%, doses of 4.5 to 7.5 × 104 rad cause gelation. The storage modulus of the gel formed increases linearly with additional dose to a plateau value and then remains constant during further irradiation. The does needed to reach the plateau, Dp in rads, and the plateau modulus Gp in dynes per square centimeter, are related to the concentration c, in weight per cent: Dp = 1.05 × 106c and Gp = 1.75 × 104c2.5. The energy absorbed by the polymer per crosslink formed is about 80 ± 10 kcal/mol. The crosslink density produced by radiation is calculated from the measured modulus by using the theory of rubber elasticity. Both modulus and loss are measured in a special air-bearing, recording torsion pendulum with a coneplate geometry.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120912
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight relationship for low molecular weight nylon 6 (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 2105-2109 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Samples of nylon 6 have been prepared by the hexamethylene diamine-initiated polymerization of ∊-caprolactam at 220°C. Fractionation of these with m-cresol-diethyl ether at 26°C yielded 15 amino-terminated fractions of M̄n of 337-10,940 determined conductometrically. Below M̄n = 4,306 the Mark-Houwink parameters in m-cresol at 30°C are K = 3.0 × 10-3 dl/g and v = 0.53 ± 0.02. Thereafter v exhibits a pronounced increase. The value of K is similar to the values of Kθ derived from Stockmayer-Fixman plots of published data in good solvents. The findings thus corroborate a current hypothesis that fractionated, low molecular weight polymers in good solvents tend to behave viscometrically, as if they were under θ conditions (i.e., K = Kθ and v = 0.50).
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120913
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and stress-strain properties of ABA-type block polymers of styrene and isoprene or butadiene (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 23-34 
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    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several series of ABA-type “tapered” block polymers of styrene (monomer A) with isoprene or butadiene were prepared with the use of n-butyllithium or sec-butyllithium as initiators in benzene solution. The stress-strain curves of the raw polymers are reported, showing that many of them behave at ambient temperature like vulcanized elastomers. These polymers consist, however, of completely linear chains, with no chemical crosslinks between them; they are thermoplastic, can be easily molded, and are soluble in common solvents. Hence, they may be classed as pseudo-crosslinked elastomers. Better stress-strain properties are obtained from polymers made with sec-butyllithium than with n-butyllithium; in turn, polymers from butadiene have better properties than those from isoprene. Stress-strain curves most closely resembling those of crosslinked elastomers are obtained in general from polymers containing about 30-45% styrene. It was found that AB-type block polymers have very poor tensile strengths and low elongations. The microstructures of polybutadienes and polyisoprenes of various molecular weights, prepared in benzene solvent with alkyllithium initiators, were also determined and compared with literature data for like polymers prepared in cyclohexane solvent.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120104
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  • 96
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    Effect of acid acceptor concentration on the interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 137-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of acid acceptor level (sodium hydroxide) in the interfacial polycondensation of nylon 610 has been studied. It was found that increased acceptor levels shifted the curves of intrinsic viscosity versus sebacoyl chloride concentration to the right. It was also found that peak intrinsic viscosity values first decreased and then increased with increasing acid acceptor levels. The experimental results were shown to relate to balance of reactants and character of polycondensation zone.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120113
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular heterogeneity characterization in polyglycols (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper deals with polydispersity coefficient characterization in poly(propylene glycols) (PPG 425, 750, 1025, 1200, and 2025) and poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG 200, 600, and 1000). The methods used involved ratio of 50% solution to intrinsic viscosity and ratio of weight-average to number-average molecular weight, as determined by gel permeation chromatography, light-scattering photometry, and vapor pressure osmometry. The methods used assigned the same value to this coefficient. Polydispersity in polyglycols, which have low molecular weights (≤2200) and narrow distributions (≤1.1), may thus be determined from viscosity measurements.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120116
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Polycondensates of Hexakis(methoxymethyl)melamine as crosslinking agent (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 213-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120119
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dependence of the thermal conductivity on mechanical stress in polymers (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 571-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: An examination of the theory of thermal conductivity of amorphous dielectrics as applied to polymeric materials indicates that it is reasonable to expect that the conductivity is stress dependent. An experimental investigation was undertaken to determine the validity of this hypothesis for a number of plastics at temperatures below their respective glass transition points. Poly(methyl methacrylate), nylon, and Delrin were chosen as representative of a wide range of percentage crystallinity and were tested at compressive stresses up to 140 kg./cm.2 and temperatures between 4 and 38°C. The results indicate that the conductivity may increase as much as 20% and that the dependence on stress is a function of temperature and the type of polymer examined.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120315
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel thermally stable and chemically resistant epoxy polymers derived from phenylene oxides (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 607-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis data are presented for three novel bisepoxy monomers and formulated coatings derived therefrom. The coatings were insensitive to impact in liquid oxygen and showed excellent resistance to liquid nitrogen tetroxide, concentrated nitric acid, and a variety of organic solvents. All coatings showed excellent adhesion to metals and oxidation resistance superior to any known commercial epoxy polymer. Thermal resistance was excellent at 500°F. for periods of at least 500 hr. in air. Other data on these novel epoxy polymers are also presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120401
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