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  • 1985-1989
  • 1965-1969  (90)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1968  (90)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (78)
  • Bone  (12)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 77-82 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Metabolism ; Ascorbic Acid ; Tissue Culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du tissu osseux, cultivé pendant 5 jours dans un milieu chimiquement défini, présente une augmentation de la consommation en O2 et une diminution de la production d'acide lactique lorsqué de l'acide lactique (50 μg/mI) est présent dans le milieu de culture. Ces paramètres ont été mesurés pendant des incubations de courte durée, en cultures de tissus. En n'ajoutant de l'acide lactique qu'au dernier jour de culture ou pendant les 4 premiers jours, et non le dernier jour, les valeurs en O2 et en acide lactique sont identiques à celles observées lorsque la vitamine est présente pendant 5 jours. Des produits similaires à l'acide ascorbique (50 μg/ml), administrés pendant 5 jours donnent des résultats identiques à ceux de la vitamine C. Une expérience préliminaire pour évaleur la vitesse d'oxydation de l'acide ascorbique dans le milieu de culture a permis de montrer que la vitamine doit être remplacée quotidiennement lorsque les cultures sont traitées avec 20% d'O2 et plus fréquemment avec des concentrations d'O2 plus élevées. Les changements dans le métabolisme énergétique, liés à l'acide ascorbique et observés dans cette étude, indiquent que la vitamine pourraît être un facteur important de stimulation du métabolisme squelettique aérobique.
    Notes: Abstract Bones cultured for 5 days in a chemically defined medium showed an increased O2 consumption and decreased lactic acid production when ascorbic acid (50 μg/ml) was present in the culture medium. In this and the following experiments these parameters were measured in short-term incubations following tissue culture. Adding ascorbic acid for only the final day of culture or for the first 4 days and not the final day gave O2 and lactic acid results similar to those obtained when the vitamin was present for all 5 days. Ascorbic acid analogs (50 μg/ml) added for 5 days also exhibited results similar to those for vitamin C. A preliminary experiment to evaluate the oxidation rate of ascorbic acid in the culture medium established that the vitamin must be replenished daily when cultures are gassed with 20% O2 and more frequently with higher O2 concentrations. The ascorbic acid-dependent changes in energy metabolism seen in this study suggest that the vitamin may be an important factor in stimulating skeletal aerobic metabolism.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Collagen ; 14C-Proline ; Growth ; Bone ; Teeth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von85Sr und von14C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen. Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von14C-Prolin zu14C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt. Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.
    Notes: Abstract The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on14C-proline conversion to14C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 262-270 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Exchange ; Radioisotopes ; Ions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une hypothèse, destinée à rendre compte de façon semi-quantitative, des grandes variations de temps nécessaire à équilibrer, au niveau du squelette, divers produits radioactifs, introduits dans le torrent circulatoire, est mise au point. Cette hypothèse est basée sur le fait que 3 facteurs interviennent dans les échanges osseux: a) la vitesse de perfusion de l'os, b) la concentration ionique du plasma, et c) la concentration ionique de l'os. Partant de cette hypothèse et de résultats publiés dans la littérature, “des temps de cyclage” sont calculés par Cl−, Na+, K+ et Ca++. Ils varient selon quatre ordres de grandeur (de 10 min pour Cl− à 64 jours Ca++, chez le rat). Ces résultats ont été vérifiés pour des échanges de22Na et de45Ca dans une colonne d'apatite minéralin vitro. Des échanges de36Cl et de42K ont été étudiésin vivo au niveau du fémur de rat. La disparition sanguine du22Na a été suivie chez l'Homme. Enfin des résultats d'échanges de45Ca, au niveau de molaires de rat, publiés dans la littérature, ont été recalculés. Dans chaque cas, les résultats expérimentaux ont confirmé les prédictions de l'hypothèse du cyclage.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es wurde eine Hypothese aufgestellt, um auf semi-quantitative Weise die breite Variabilität der Zeit zu erklären, die benötigt wird, um im Skelett ein Gleichgewicht von verschiedenen radioaktiven in den Kreislauf eingeführten Substanzen herzustellen. Diese Hypothese beruht auf der Annahme, daß der geschwindigkeitsbeschränkende Faktor beim Knochenaustausch durch 3 Variablen definiert ist: a) das Maß der Knochenperfusion, b) die Konzentration der Ionen im Plasma und c) die Konzentration der Ionen im Knochen. Auf Grund dieser Annahme und gestützt auf Angaben aus der Literatur wurden die “cycling times” für Cl−, Na+, K+ und Ca++ berechnet. Diese variieren in 4 Größenordnungen, beispielsweise von 10 min für Cl− bis zu 64 Tagen für Ca++ bei der Ratte. Diese Annahmen wurden für den Austauschin vitro von22Na und45Ca in Apatitmineral in einer Säule geprüft. Der Austausch von36Cl und von42K wurdein vivo am Rattenfemur studiert. Die Abnahme von22Na im menschlichen Blut wurde ebenfalls verfolgt. Schließlich wurden Literaturangaben über den Austausch von45Ca in Rattenbackenzähnen überprüft. Die Versuchsresultate kamen dabei sehr nahe an die auf Grund des “cycling concept” erwarteten. Einige der Zusammenhänge dieser Befunde werden kurz besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract An hypothesis has been developed to explain in a semi-quantitative fashion the wide variations in time required for the equilibration in the skeleton of various radioactive substances when they are introduced into the circulation. The basis for the hypothesis rests on the assumption that three variables define the rate-limiting step in bone exchange: a) the rate of perfusion of bone, b) the concentration of the ion plasma, and c) the concentration of the ion in bone. Using this idea and data from the literature, “cycling times” were calculated for Cl−, Na+, K+, and Ca++. They were found to vary by four orders of magnitude (from 10 min for Cl− to 64 days for Ca++ in the rat). These predictions were tested for22Na- and45Ca-exchange in a column of apatite mineralin vitro. In vivo 36Cl- and42K-exchange in rat femur was studied. The blood disappearance of22Na in man was also examined. Finally, data in the literture of45Ca-exchange in the rat molar was redrawn. In every case, experimental results closely approximated the predictions of the cycling concept. Some of the implications of these findings are briefly discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Glycosaminogloycans ; Hyperparathyroidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les glycosaminoglycanes de l'os compact ont été identifiés, par la méthode de précipitation au chlorure de cetylpyridinium, chez le chien normal et des chiens soumis à 20 ou 30 U.S.P. d'extrait parathyroïdien pendant 5 et 3–4 jours. Les concentrations d'héxosamines totales ainsi que les héxosamines, en rapport avec les glycoaminoglycanes acides, précipités par chlorure de cetylpyridinium, sont déterminées. En outre, la répartition du glycosaminoglycane de la zone d'ossification épiphysaire ainsi que l'incorporation du35S-sulfate dans les glycosaminoglycanes du tissu osseux et du cartilage épiphysaire, après administration de35S-sulfatein vivo, ont été étudiées. Dans l'os compact, les héxosamines, en rapport avec les glycosaminoglycances acides, constitutent environ un tiers de la concentration totale en héxosamine et environ 0,05–0,06% du poids sec total. Le constituant principal des glycosaminoglycances acides osseux est formé par le chondroitine-4-sulfate. Ce dernier est plus riche en sulfate et présente un poids moléculaire plus élevé que le chondroitine sulfate du cartilage épiphysaire, qui, selon des travaux antérieurs, présente des caractéristiques infra-rouges du chondroitine-4-sulfate et du chondroitine-6-sulfate, avec prédominance du premier. Les poids moléculaires du chondroitine sulfate osseux varient surtout d'environ 45000 et 56000. L'acide hyaluronique constitute une faible fraction des glycosaminoglycanes osseux. Des différences marquées de l'activité spécifique des fractions de cohondroitine sulfate de l'os et du cartilage épiphysaire, à poids moléculaires variables, on tété notées de façon répétée. L'administration d'extrait parathyroïdien à des chiens n'a pas d'effet sur les poids moléculaires en chondroitine sulfate de l'os ou du cartilage épiphysaire. Elle n'influence pas non plus les concentrations en héxosamines totales ou en glycosaminoglycances acides. Dans ces tissus, il ne se produit pas d'effect de stimulation ou de dépression concernant l'incorporation de35S-sulfate dans le chondroitine sulfate our sur la séparation moléculaire de molécules transformées en sulfates et/ou de molécules synthétiques de sulfate chondroitine.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung An normale Hunden und an Hunden die unter 5 respektive 3–4 Tagen 20 oder 30 U.S.P./kg Parathyreoidea-Extract erhalten hatten, wurden im kompakten Knochen die Glykosaminoglykane unter Anwendung der Cetylpyridiniumchlorid-Fällungsmethode identifiziert und die Konzentration des Total-Hexosamins und des Hexosamins, entsprechend den Cetylpyridiniumchlorid fällbaren sauren Glykosaminoglykanen, wurde bestimmt. Außerdem wurden das Glykosaminoglykanmuster der Epiphysenplatte und der Einbau von35S-Sulfat in die Glykosaminoglykane des Knochengewebes und des Epiphysenknorpels nach Zufuhr von35S-Sulfatin vivo studiert. Im kompakten Knochengewebe macht des Hexosamin, entsprechend den sauren Glykosaminoglykanen, ungefähr ein Drittel der totalen Hexosaminkonzentration und ungefähr 0,05–0,06% des totalen Trockengewichtes aus. Der Hauptanteil der sauren Glykosaminoglykane im Knochen war Chondroitin-4-Sulfat. Dieses war in höherem Grad sulfatiert und hatte ein höheres Molekülgewicht als das Chondroitinsulfat der Epiphysenplatte, welches, in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Untersuchungen, Infrarot spektra kennzeichnend für sowohl Chondroitin-4-sulfat als auch für Chondroitin-6-sulfat, das Erstere überwiegend, hatte. Das Molekülgewicht des Hauptanteiles des Knochen-Chondroitinsulfates lag zwischen ungefähr 45000–56000. Ein kleiner Teil der Knochen-Glykosaminoglykane war Hyaluronsäure. Sowohl im Knochengewebe als auch im Epiphysenknorpel wurde in verschiedenen Fraktionen des Chondroitinsulfates, mit unterschiedlichem Molekülgewicht, grße und regelmäßig reproduzierbare Unterschiede in der spezifischen Aktivität gefunden. Behandlung der Hunde mit Parathyreoideaextrakt gab keinen Ausschlag in den Molekülgewichten des Chondroitinsulfates, weder des Knochens noch des Epiphysenknorpels. Ebenso wurde kein eindeutiger Effekt auf die Konzentration des totalen Hexosamins oder der sauren Glykosaminoglykane gefunden. Kein offenbarer, weder anregender noch senkender, Effekt auf den Einbau von35S-Sulfat in das Chondroitinsulfat oder in der molekularen Verteilung der neulich sulfatierten und/oder synthetisierten Moleküle des Chondroitinsulfates dieser Gewebe wurde gefunden.
    Notes: Abstract In normal dogs and in dogs treated with 20 or 30 U.S.P. parathyroid extract for 5 and 3–4 days, respectively, the glycosaminoglycans of compact bone tissue were identified using the cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation method, and the concentrations of total hexosamines and the hexosamines corresponding to cetylpyridinium chloride precipitable acid glycosaminoglycans were determined. Further, the glycosaminoglycan pattern of the epiphyseal plate and the incorporation of35S-sulphate into the glycosaminoglycans of bone tissue and epiphyseal cartilage after administration of35S-sulphatein vivo was studied. In compact bone tissue, the hexosamines corresponding to acid glycosaminoglycans constuted approximately one third of the total hexosamine concentration and approximately 0.05–0.06% of the total dry weight. The main component of the acid glycosaminoglycans in bone was chondroitin-4-sulphate. This was sulphated to a higher degree and also of a higher molecular weight than thechondroitin sulphate of the epiphyseal cartilage, which in accordance with earlier investigations was found to have infrared characteristics of both chondroitin-4-sulphate and chondroitin-6-sulphate, with the former dominating. The molecular weights of the main part of bone chondroitin sulphate ranged from approximately 45,000 to 56,000. A small component of the bone glycosaminoglycans was hyaluronic acid. Large regularly recurring differences in the specific activity of fractions with differences in molecular weight in the condroitin sulphate of bone tissue and epiphyseal cartilage were noted. Treatment of the dogs with parathyroid extract gave no effect on the molecular weights of the chondroitin sulphate of the bone matrix or of the epiphyseal cartilage. Nor was there any unequivocal effect on the concentrations of total hexosamines or on the acid glycosaminoglycans. No evident stimulatory or depressant effect on the incorporation of35S-sulphate into the chondroitin sulphate or in the molecular distribution of newly sulphated and/or synthesized molecules of the condroitin sulphate within these tissues occurd.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 177-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Microradiography ; Bone ; Dentin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les couches de matrice osseuse entourant les lacunes des osteocytes qui sont apparemment hypermineralisees (radioopaques), peuvent etre eliminees des microradiographies au moyen d'une agitation continue au cours de developpement. Il en va de meme des bordures radioopaques situees le long des felures artificielles dans les coupes. Les structures reellement hypermineralisees, telles que la dentine peritubulaire, les lignes cementantes es les bords internes des osteones ne sont pas modifiees par le traitement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Das Auftreten einer hypermineralisiert erscheinenden Schicht von Knochengewebe um die Knochenhoehlchen, aber auch dasjenige von dichter erscheinenden Rändern an künstlich erzeugten Spalten in den Gewebsschnitten, konnte verhindert werden durch stetiges Agitieren während der Entwicklung der Historadiogramme. Dagegen hatte die gleiche Behandlung keinen Einfluß auf das Sichtbarbleiben anderer, wirklich hypermineralisierter Gebilde, z. B. der Ränder der Zahnbeinkanälchen, Knochenkittlinien, und Binnensäume von Osteonen.
    Notes: Abstract Apparently hypermineralized (radiopaque) layers of bone matrix surrounding osteocyte lacunae, as well as radiopaque edges along artificial cracks in the sections, could be eliminated from microradiographs by continuous agitation during development. Other hypermineralized structures, such as peritubular dentin, cementing lines and the inner edges of osteons, persisted and were not artefacts of development.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 237-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Carbonate ; Bone ; Fish ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé D'après la littérature, il semble que les poissons soient obligées d'hyperventiler en CO2, pour recevoir suffisamment d'oxygène. Ils présenteraient par suite une quantité faible de bicarbonate circulant. Dans cet ordre d'idée, les arêtes de truites et de carpes ont été analysés pour établir si la composition du minéral osseux traduit la faible concentration en bicarbonate sérique. Le contenu en CO2 d'arêtes de poissons n'est pas significativement différent de celui des os normaux de mammifères. Des crîstaux d'apatite synthétique, préparés dans des conditions identiques de T, μ et (HCO 3 − ), ne contiennent que 1/7ème à 1/8ème du CO2 d'arêtes de poissons. Ces résultats indiquent que la composition des liquides dans l'os ne réfléchit pas simplement la composition du sérum circulant, ainsi qu'on l'admet généralement.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Es ist in der Literatur berichtet worden, daß Fische, um genügend Sauerstoff zu erhalten, einen Überschuß von Kohlensäure einatmen müssen und folglich einen niedrigen Gehalt an Bicarbonaten im Kreislauf aufweisen. Knochen von Forellen und Karpfen wurden analysiert, um festzustellen, ob ihre Mineralsalzzusammensetzungen die niedrigen Serum-bicarbonate-konzentrationen wiederspiegeln. Die Resultate zeigten keinen wesentlichen Unterschied zwischen dem Carbonatgehalt der Knochen von Fischen und Säugetieren. Synthetische Apatitkristalle, die unter ähnlichen Bedingungen von T, μ und HCO3 bereitet wurden, wiesen nur 1/7–1/8 des Carbonatgehaltes der Fischknochen auf. Diese Ergebnisse deuten zweifellos darauf hin, daß zwischen der Zusammensetzung der Gewebeflüssigkeit der Knochen und des Serums kein einfacher Zusammenhang besteht.
    Notes: Abstract It has been reported in the literature that fish, to get sufficient oxygen, must overventilate with respect to CO2 and therefore exhibit a low circulating level of bicarbonate. Accordingly, the bones of trout and carp were analyzed to learn if the composition of their bone mineral reflects the low serum level of bicarbonate. It was found that the CO2 content of fish bone is not significantly different from that of normal mammalian bone. Synthetic apatite crystals, made under comparable conditions of T, μ, and (HCO 3 − ) were found to contain only 1/7th to 1/8th the CO2 of fish bone. These data strongly suggest that the composition of the fluids in bone does not reflect, in a simple way, the composition of the circulating serum as is generally assumed.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 1-24 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Femur ; Density ; Strength ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurden 40 Femora (meist Paare vom selben Individuum) von 12 Frauen und 12 Männern. Aus jedem Knochen wurden in 5 gleichmäßig über die Schaftlänge verteilten Höhen Querschnittsscheiben entnommen, und von diese Röntgenaufnahmen angefertigt. In jeder Aufnahme wurde die Strahlenabsorption in der Corticalis an der Vorderseite, Hinterseite, medial und lateral gemessen. Daraus wurde die Dichte, bezogen auf einen Vergleichskörper aus Aluminium, in g/cm3 Aluminium berechnet. An denselben Stellen, deren Dichte bekannt war, wurden Probekörper gewonnen und deren Druckfestigkeit gemessen. Ergebnisse. 1. Materialdichte (Röntgenstrahlenabsorption) und Festigkeit der Femurschaftcorticalis stehen in Zusammenhang. 2. Beide nehmen von der Schaftmitte gegen die Gelenkenden hin ab. 3. Strahlenabsorption (Dichte) und Festigkeit sind über den Knochenquerschnitt ungleichmäßig verteilt, sie sind medial und lateral relativ größer als vorn und hinten. 4. In der Crista femoris nimmt die Dichte von innen nach außen zu. 5. Aus diesen Befunden wird abgeleitet, daß die funktionelle Anpassung des Knochens an seine mechanische Beanspruchung nicht nur in einer Änderung der Querschnittsfläche, sondern auch in einer lokalen Änderung seiner Materialdichte besteht.
    Notes: Summary 200 cross sections of 40 femora (mostly pairs of the same individual) of 12 women and 12 men were examinated. On x-ray photographs of each specimen, density measurements were made in 4 sites: posterior, anterior, medial, and lateral. after densitometry, the compressive strength was determined on samples from the same sites. Conclusions: 1. Bone density (x-ray absorption) and strength are correlated. 2. They decrease from the middle of the shaft to both ends. 3. Density and strength are distributed inhomogeneously over the cross section, being relatively higher in the medial and lateral regions. 4. In the crista femoris, density increases from the centre to the outer surface. 5. From these facts is derived, that functional adaptation of the bone on its mechanical stresses is reached not only by adaptation of the cross section area, but also by local change of density.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 127 (1968), S. 66-71 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Intervertebral disc ; Epiphyses ; Photography/Instrumentation ; Infrared rays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Photographing with the aid of short-wave infra-red light has been used for improved photographic demarcation of hyaline cartilage from connective tissue and fibrous cartilage in specimens from children. This improved effect seems to be the result of a particularly high permeability to infra-red light rays in the hyaline cartilage of children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Das Photographieren mit kurzwelligem infrarotem Licht wurde zur verbesserten photographischen Begrenzung des hyalinen Knorpels gegenüber dem Bindegewebe und dem fibrösen Knorpel bei Präparaten von Kindern benutzt. Der Effekt scheint auf eine speziell hohe Durchlässigkeit beim hyalinen Knorpel des Kindes für die infrarote Strahlung zurückzuführen zu sein.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Bone ; Femur ; Density ; Strength ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Corticalisdichte des Femurschaftes nimmt bei den untersuchungten Männern (398 Probekörper) und Frauen (337 Probekörper) mit zunehmendem Alter ab. Die Beziehung zwischen dem Quadrat der aus Röntgenbildern densitometrisch ermittelten Dichte und dem Alter in Jahren ist nicht linear. Die mittlere Dichte des Femurschaftes und die Dichtespektren in den Schaftquerschnitten sind sowohl bei verschiedenen Individuen als auch auf der rechten und linken Körperseite der gleichen Person different. Die Dichtespektren der drei proximalen Schaftquerschnitte sind im Mittel gleich aber von den zwei distalen verschieden. Die mittlere Materialverteilung in der Corticalis von 8 Femora wird dargestellt (Abb. 4). Zwei Dichte-Festigkeitsfunktionen werden für Personen unter bzw. über 67,8 Jahren berechnet und die Linearität der Regressionen der Festigkeitsquadrate auf die Dichtequadrate nachgewiesen. Die Beziehung zwischen Dichte und Bruchfestigkeit ist in beiden Altersgruppen gleich, aber bei gleicher Knochendichte ist die Bruchfestigkeit der Probekörper in der zweiten Altersgruppe geringer als in der ersten. Unterschiede in der Bruchfestigkeit können nur zu 40 bzw. 42% auf Unterschiede in der Knochendichte zurückgeführt werden, d. h. die Festigkeit des Knochens ist zwar dem Kalksalzgehalt proportional, aber darüber hinaus verbleibt ein bedeutender, aus Röntgenbildern nicht zu ermittelnder Rest an Bruchfestigkeitsunterschieden.
    Notes: Summary The x-ray determined density of the compact femoral shaft bone is negatively correlated with age (r=−0.2829) in 398 male and 337 female specimens of cortical bone. The regression of density on age is non-linear. The differences in mean density of the femoral shaft and the density spectra of the shaft cross sections are significant between individuals and between left and right femora in individuals. the density spectra of the 4 proximal cross sections of the shaft are equal, but different from the 2 distal ones. the mean distribution of bone material in the corticalis of 8 femora is presented diagrammatically in Fig. 4. Two density strength functions were calculated by the method of least squares for individuals younger and older than 67.8 years respectively and the linearity of the 2 regression lines are shown in an analysis of variance. An analysis of covariance revealed no significant differences between the slopes of the 2 regressions but a significant difference in elevation; that is, the breaking strength of specimens of equal density is different in the two age groups (lower in the older one), but this difference is equal in all density intervals. Only 40 or 42% of strength variation is due to density variation.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 165-176 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Mineral ; Exchange ; Bone ; Isotope ; Radioactive-Autoradiography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des produits marqués variés (urée, Cl−, K+, Na+, HCO 3 − , PO 1 3− , Ca++) sont administrés à des groupes de rats jeunes et âgés. Les résultats pour Mg++ sont empruntés à ceux trouvés dans la littérature. Une heure et demic plus tard, des fragments d' os longs sont prélevés et nettoyés minutieusement. La concentration de ces substances marquées et non marquées est déterminée. L'intervalle de temps choisi est utilisé afin de permettre l'équilibre de la phase aqueuse de l'os, tout en réduisant les échanges de surface, la recristallisation, la diffusion solide et la croissance ou la résorption. Avec des intervalles de temps fixes, avec les mêmes espèces ainsi que des specimens osseux et des techniques identiques, une comparaison des échanges entre les divers es substances dans l'os a pu être effectuée. Les résultats ont pu être répartis en trois groupes: a) échange total (urée, Cl− et K+); b) échange partiel, diminuant de façon variable avec l'âge (Na+, CO2 et Mg++); et c) échange faible (Ca++ et PO 4 3− ). La classification classique de sequelette «accessible» et «non accessible» parait peu conforme et dépend des conditions et de la nature de la substance étudiée. Un concept général des échanges osseuxin vivo devrait être élaboré. Des calculs concernant la concentration apparente des divers electrolytes au niveau de la phase aqueuse de l'os montrent qu'elle a une concentration nettement différente de celle du plasma. La concentration du potassium y est, en particulier, remarquablement élevée.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Gruppen von jungen und alten Ratten erhielten Injektionen von verschiedenen markierten Substanzen (Harnstoff, Cl−, K+, Na+, HCO 3 − , PO 4 3− , Ca++). Die Angaben für Mg++ wurden der Literatur entnommen. 11/2 Std später wurden die Diaphysen der behandelten Tiere gewonnen, sorgfältig gereinigt und deren Gehalt an kalten und radioaktiven Substanzen bestimmt. Dieser Zeitpunkt wurde gewählt, um ein Gleichgewicht innerhalb der wäßrigen Phase des Knochens sicherzustellen und ein gleichzeitiges Mitwirken des Oberflächenaustausches, der Rekristallisation, der festen Diffusion, des Wachstums oder der Resorption möglichst einzuschränken. Wurden Variablen wie Zeit, Rattenart, Knochenproben und Methodik festgelegt, so konnten eindeutige Vergleiche hinsichtlich des Austausches dieser verschiedenen Substanzen im Knochen gezogen werden. Die erhaltenen Resultate konnten in drei Kategorien eingeteilt werden: a) vollständiger Austausch (Harnstoff, Cl−, K+); b) teilweiser Austausch, je nach Alter unterschiedlich abnehmend (Na+, CO2 und Mg++); c) minimaler Austausch (Ca++ und PO 4 3− ). Offenbar ist die klassische Einteilung in “verfügbares” und “nichtverfügbares” Skelet zweideutig und abhängig von den Bedingungen sowie von den Ionen oder Substanzen, die für den Versuch gewählt wurden. Es liegt auf der Hand, daß ein neues, allgemeingültiges Konzept für den Knochenaustauschin vivo dringend benötigt wird. Berechnungen der scheinbaren Konzentration der verschiedenen Elektrolyte in der Knochenflüssigkeit ergaben, daß die wäßrige Phase des Knochens eine deutlich andere Zusammensetzung als die Plasmaflüssigkeit hat. Insbesondere konnte in der Knochenflüssigkeit eine bemerkenswert hohe Kaliumkonzentration festgestellt werden.
    Notes: Abstract Groups of young and old rats were injected with a variety of labelled substanzes (urea, Cl−, K+, Na+, HCO 3 − , PO 4 3− , Ca++). Data for Mg++ were taken from the literature. One and a half hours later, compact shafts of long bones were removed and cleaned scrupulously, and analyses were performed for both “cold” and isotopic concentrations of substances. This time point was chosen to insure equilibration of the aqueous phase of bone while minimizing contributions from surface exchange, recrystallization, solid diffusion, growth or resorption. With fixed variables of time, species, bone specimen, and methodology, uambiguous comparisons of the exchange in bone could be made between the many substances studied. The exchange data could be divided into three categories: a) complete exchange (urea Cl−, and K+); b) partial exchange, decreasing variably with age (Na+, CO2, and Mg++); and c) minimal exchange (Ca++ and PO 4 3− ). Clearly the traditional classification of “available” and “unavailable” skeleton is ambiguous and determined by the conditions and the ion or substance chosen for study. Clearly also, a new overall concept of bone exchangein vivo is badly needed. Calculations of the apparent concentration of the various electrolytes in bone water reveal that the aqueous phase of bone has a composition markedly different from plasma water. In particular, the concentration of potassium in bone water was found to be remarkably high.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 2 (1968), S. 343-352 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Nucleation ; Mineralization ; Bone ; Collagen ; Apatite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Nous avons utilisé de la collagène d'os de mounton et de tendons de queues de rats et des cristaux d'apatite pour étudier dans un système modèle la catalysation de la nucléation et la déposition de minéral dans un tampon métastabile. La collagène d'os de mouton se trouvait être un bon catalysateur, tandis que des expériences antérieures ont démontré que la collagène de tendons de queues de rats était un catalysateur très faible. Le phase rapide de la déposition de l'apatite dans la collagène se termine aussitôt que le contenu du minéral a attaint au plus 50 à 60 pour cent, bien que la supersaturation du tampon est encore bien èlevée. Les résultats montrent que dans un tel système modèle la quantité du depôt minéral est réglée par des facteurs semblables à ceux qui opèrent pendant la calcification biologique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen aus Schafsknochen und Rattenschwanzsehnen und Apatitkeime wurden verwendet in einem Modell-System zur Untersuchung der katalytischen Nukleation und der Fällung von Mineral in einem metastabilen Calciumphosphatpuffer. Kollagen aus Schafsknochen war ein guter Katalysator für die Nukleation, während in früheren Versuchen sich herausstellte, daß Rattenschwanzkollagen ein ganz schlechter Katalysator ist. Die schnelle Phase der Apatitfällung im Kollagen war beendet, wenn der Mineralgehalt bis zu 50–60% angestiegen war, obwohl der Puffer noch stark übersättigt war. Die Resultate weisen daraufhin, daß die Menge des gefällten Minerals in einem solchen Modell-System von ähnlichen Faktoren reguliert wird wie die biologische Verkalkung.
    Notes: Abstract Sheep bone collagen, rat tail tendon collagen and apatite seeds were used in a model system to study nucleation catalysis and mineral deposition in a metastable calcification buffer. Sheep bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst, while earlier experiments have shown that rat tail tendon collagen was a very poor catalyst. The rapid phase of apatite deposition in the collagen was terminated as soon as a mineral content of not more than 50–60 per cent was reached, although the buffer was still highly supersaturated. The results suggest that the amount of mineral deposited in such a model system is regulated by factors similar to those operating in biological calcification.
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  • 12
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    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 23 (1968), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bone ; Strontium poisoning ; Parathormone ; Kidney ; Knochen ; Strontiumvergiftung ; Parathormon ; Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Restitution des strontiumgeschädigten Skelets wachsender Sprague Dawley Ratten ist von einem Anstieg der dialysablen Strontium- und Calciumfraktion des Serums begleitet. Die Ergebnisse legen eine Beeinflussung der renalen Manipulation von Kationen bei Knochenschädigungen durch Fremdmetalle nahe.
    Notes: Summary Restitution of skeletal damage caused by strontium in growing Sprague Dawley rats is accompanied by an increase in the dialysable serum fractions of strontium and calcium. The results suggest that the renal manipulation of cations is influenced in bone lesions caused by foreign metals.
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  • 13
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 89-98 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The foam separation technique of microflotation was studied using A. aerogenes as the test organisms. Gas flow rate, collector and alum (when used) concentrations, and frother dose were held constant. In contrast to E. coli, previously reported, A. aerogenes are removed using both lauric acid and laurylamine as the collectors without prior coagulation with alum. The removals are improved after coagulation, with laurylamine being the more efficient collector. In all cases the removals decrease upon increasing the pH above about 8.
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  • 14
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 133-150 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of dissolution and dehydration of CO2 in a liquid model system was investigated. Components in the model system established the main conditions which may exist, in the extracellular space of a microbiological culture liquid. The charge in voltage of a glass electrode was measured which indicated the formation of H+ ions in the H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- H+ reaction. The rate of CO2 hydration increased with the increase of temperature from 0 to 40°C. Likewise the equilibrium of the reaction was shifted towards the forward reaction. Similar results were observed when the tip velocity of the impeller was increased. Data suggest that agitation promotes the dissolution of CO2 in the culture liquid through the reduction of gas-liquid film resistance in the diffusion of this gas. The rate of hydration of CO2 into the bulk of the liquid was independent of pCO2 above the surface of the liquid but depended on pCO2 in the gas bubble within the liquid. The concentration of HCO3- was, furthermore, influenced by the buffer components, buffer capacity, and the viscosity of the system. Since pCO2 and the HCO3- concentration in the extracellular space depend on both physical and chemical factors, the ventilation of a culture liquid necessitates both exhaust of CO2 from the gas bubbles of the culture broth and shift of the H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+ reaction towards the backward direction.
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  • 15
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 233-237 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for the determination of total heat generation in a fermentation tank and overall heat-transfer coefficient at the cooling surface is outlined. These data, which are essential for the design of cooling systems, are measured during the actual fermentation by dynamic analysis of controlled temperature variations. Each experiment consists of two stages: one in which cooling is cut off, and one in which cooling is constant. The necessary temperature variation is so limited that, the course of the fermentation is not affected.
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  • 16
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 205-232 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A generalized logistic equation is proposed for the mathematical representation of batch culture kinetic data. Properties of the equation are discussed. A computer program is used to fit the generalized equation to both artificial and actual batch culture data. The equation is shown to be capable of fitting data exhibiting lag, exponential, deceleration, stationary, and death phases, as well as diauxic growth. The fitted equation is useful for differentiation, interpolation, and other manipulations of the data, and it is a convenient means of data storage.
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  • 17
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 252-254 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 18
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 19
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 33-43 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The growth of batch-cultivated yeast Candida lipolytica on three kinds of gas oil using mineral medium was studied. A linear dependence was found between the production of yeast biomass and the consumption of n-alkanes, while the decrease of freezing point of gas oil during cultivation had a distinct course. This disproportion was explained by different degradation of individual n-alkanes contained in gas oil. The rate of degradation of pentadecane, hexadecane, and heptadecane was the same during the entire cultivation. On the contrary, in the first phase the utilization of shorter chain n-alkanes, nonane to tetradecane, was more rapid while that of longer chain homologs, octadecane to pentacosane, lagged. Rapid utilization of longer chain n-alkanes did not occur before the concentration of the other n-alkanes decreased. Only then the rapid decrease of freezing point appeared.
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  • 20
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 45-59 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of agitation and aeration on growth and on production of glucose oxidase of Asp. niger has been studied. It was found that both rate of growth and glucose oxidase production was higher at an agitation speed of 700 rpm than at 460 rpm. Further increase in speed of agitation resulted in neither a higher rate of growth nor a higher glucose oxidase activity. Total glucose oxidase activity was highest in a medium containing 5% sugar (at an agitation speed of 700 rpm) and did not get higher when the sugar concentration of the medium was increased to 7%. When pure oxygen was bubbled through the culture the rate of growth of the culture (in the linear phase) was 95 mg. mycelial dry wt./100 ml./hr., and only 61 mg. when air was applied. The glucose oxidase activity of oxygenated culture was double the activity of aerated culture. Viscosity of the homogenized culture became higher with higher concentration of mycelia. The viscosity of oxygenated culture was found to be lower than that of aerated culture.
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  • 21
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This is the first part of a systematic study on the mechanisms of the Waldhof fermentor. When an agitator is rotating in a liquid, a vortex will develop on the surface. Air is dispersed into the liquid when the vortex is deep enough to reach the agitator. This is the basic mechanism of air dispersion in a Waldhof fermentor. In this work, experimental results, empirical correlations, and theoretical equations were obtained to relate the vortex depth to a number of physical factors including agitator diameter, agitator speed, tank diameter, liquid depth, liquid viscosity, and so on. The vortex depth was found a function of both Reynolds number and Froude Number.
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  • 22
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 243-246 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 681-683 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 24
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 689-692 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 25
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 707-723 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model is presented for both batch and continuous cultures of microorganisms utilizing inhibitory substrates. The key feature of the model is the use of a inhibition function to relate substrate concentration and specific growth rate. Simulation studies show that the primary result of inhibition by substrate in a batch culture is an increase in the lag time whereas in continuous culture inhibition by substrate may result in process instability. The model should be of value in investigations of the stability of biological processes used for the treatment of certain industrial wastes such as those containing phenols, thiocyanates, nitrates, ammonia, volatile acids, etc., which are known to be inhibitory to many of the organisms metabolizing them.
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  • 26
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    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 787-800 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LBG H 1022 on ethanol under transient-state conditions was studied. As a cultivation device, an aerated Chemap fermentor combined with continuously working gas analyzers for oxygen and carbon dioxide was used. Yeast cell dry matter, substrate concentration, specific oxygen uptake, specific carbon dioxide release, and respiration quotient were measured during the different transient states. Depending on which range of the dilution rate the initial steady state was found, we obtain different responses to the shift experiment. For the lower range, up to D = 0.07, we deal with damped oscillations ranging above and below the steady-state values. For the higher specific growth rates, the rate of damping is strongly enhanced and the shape of the curves becomes an asymptotic approach to the final steady states.
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  • 27
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 891-894 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 28
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 61-67 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A relatively simple, autoclavable medium was developed that would support the growth of the mouse fibroblast (MFL) cell line in suspension culture. This medium was prepared in three stages with decreasing quantities of serum. As the serum was reduced from 5% to none, the amount of Bacto-Peptone was increased from none to 0.5%. The reduction and finally elimination of serum did not affect proliferation adversely, but actually seemed to produce more rapid growth and higher levels of cell population.
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  • 29
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 83-88 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model based on the Einstein law of photochemical equivalence is proposed to describe the batch growth of unicellular algae. The model was applied in an integrated form to cell concentration versus growth time data taken over an extended range of cell concentrations which include both the regions of “exponential” and “linear” growth. It is shown that a certain function of cell concentration contained in the integrated form of the model is linearly dependent on the growth time over both the “exponential” and “linear” growth regions.
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  • 30
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 457-467 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Toxicological investigations were conducted on two new antibiotics, Muconomycin A and Muconomycin B. These non-nitrogenous antibiotics were found to be highly toxic and capable of inducing profound inflammation in the peritoneal cavity of male albino rats. Either antibiotic produced large volumes (10-20 ml) of inflammatory exudate even when injected intraperitoneally in quantities of 1.6 × 10-10 moles. An extensive profile of the electrolytes and proteins found in inflammatory exudates was developed. Simultaneous assays of the blood serum of treated rats provided a basis for comparing the concentrations of constituents of serum with those of the exudate. The results of these assays showed that the exudate contained lower concentrations of sodium and proteins, and greater amounts of potassium, calcium, and phosphorus than the serum. Chloride ion concentrations were variable. Since previous work showed that one of the manifestations of toxicity of these substances was the production of creatinuria, further studies were carried out with ATP/Creatine Phosphotransferase. These studies show that these antibiotics are potent in vitro inhibitors of the enzyme ATP/Creatine Phosphotransferase.
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  • 31
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 303-320 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A novel and convenient method for the synthesis of guanosine is described. The reaction of AICA-riboside with sodium methylxanthate gave 2-mercaptoinosine in almost quantitative yield. The latter was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to afford inosine-2-sulfonic acids, which was readily animated to give guanosine in excellent yield. Similarly, the preparation of N2-methylguanosine and N2,N2-dimethylguanosine, minor constituents of transfer RNA, was also accomplished. Furthermore, this procedure was extended to the synthesis of 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneguanosine and the isopropylidene derivatives of various N2-substituted guanosines from 2′,3′-O-isopropylidene-AICA-riboside. Guanosine via 2′,3′-O-isopropylideneguanosine was successfully phosphorylated to give 5′-guanylic acid.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A HeLa cell line was propagated in semicontinuous suspension culture, 85 liters final volume, and in continuous flow culture with a volume of 300 ml. or 5 liters in an autoclavable medium to which 8% calf serum had been added. A medium containing 0.1% Methocel and 2% calf serum was also tested. Maximum productivity was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.33 day-1 with a cell density of about 1.0 × 106 cells/ml. The same cell line was also infected with Rubella virus and the production of virus was followed at the 5-liter cultivation level.
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  • 33
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 385-397 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The purpose of this experimental study was to examine the transient response of a chemostat-type continuous culture of Escherichia coli B to step changes in temperature by following transient limiting substrate concentration and calculating from it the transient growth rate. The transient response to step changes of temperature was tested for four different situations. In the first two cases, temperature was shifted down from 37 to 27°C., and 37 to 32°C. In the last two, it was shifted up from 32 to 37°C., and 27 to 37°C. When the temperature was shifted up, the growth rate increased rather rapidly to its transient maximum value and then decreased slowly until it, settled back into the steady-state value. On the other hand, when the temperature was shifted down, the growth rate decreased relatively rapidly to its transient minimum and then it slowly increased and returned gradually to the steady-state value. The magnitude of the transients was less than would be expected if the transient growth rates followed an Arrhenius function.
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  • 34
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 684-688 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Equipment has been developed for the recovery of precipitates from rotors of industrial tubular centrifuges. A double piston is described for nonaseptic discharge of precipitates through the outlet holes of the clarifier rotor. For the aseptic resuspension or dissolving of valuable precipitates a closed-circulation system has been developed, which is applied without opening of the clarifier rotor.
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  • 35
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 845-864 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The inhibitory effect of ethanol concentration p in a medium on the specific rates of growth μ and ethanol production ν of a specific strain of baker's yeast was studied in a chemostat, where except for ethanol as the product, only the concentration of glucose S was controlled to limit the metabolic activity of the yeast. This was designed to supplement the previous findings from the batch experiment, in which ethanol was added artificially and no substrate components were limiting the metabolism of the same yeast, that μ = μ0e-k1p and ν = ν0e-k2p, where k1 and k2 are empirical constants and subscript the 0 denotes respective values at p = 0. The effects of p on the values of μ and ν were confirmed by the Lineweaver-Burk plot to belong to noncompetitive inhibition. The formulas here for μ and ν as affected by p, if extrapolated to the case of no limiting substrates, were in good agreement in respective forms with those derived previously from the batch experiment, though the values of corresponding coefficients in these formulas were different. The differential equations for μ and ν as functions of both p and S and, in addition for the rate of glucose consumption as correlated by the yield factors either with the cell growth rate or the rate of ethanol production, were solved properly with a digital computer. A kinetic, pattern calculated so far was discussed with reference to the data obtained in the batch experiment and those relevant to actual “sake” brewing.
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  • 36
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 99-101 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 37
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 105-131 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As a rate equation of microbial cell growth, the Monod equation is widely used. However, this equation cannot fully correspond to real courses of microbial cell growth in many batch cultivations. Especially, predicted values based on this equation do not agree with observed values in many continuous cultivations. In this paper, which introduces new concepts of critical concentration and coefficient of consumption activity, the growth rate equation which corresponds to the whole period including lag period is newly derived and characteristics of microbial cell growth in batch cultivation are clarified. Further, applying the new rate equation to continuous cultivation, a general equation with which to calculate cell concentration is derived and characteristics of microbial cell growth in continuous cultivation are clarified. The calculated values of cell concentration based on the new theory showed quite good agreement with the observed values in both batch and continuous cultivation.
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  • 38
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 669-675 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New trends and developments in vaccines emphasized the growing need for safety tests of increased complexity, rather than a need for ultrasophisticated and complex devices. The Vaccine Development Branch of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, operating with an annual budget of $6,000,000 has the task of expediting the collaborative efforts of 50 laboratories for developing, producing, and testing experimental vaccine lots. Rubella has a major priority; other priorities are assigned to respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza, adenoviruses, influenza, and rhinoviruses, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. To accomplish this requires a very expensive and complex program involving rapid information exchange and increased emphasis on safety testing with regard to extraneous viruses and the oncogenic potential of the vaccines. The latter need resulted from such experience as that with the Salk vaccine and the tumorproducing potential of some adenoviruses. Electron microscopy has been useful in discovering possible viral contaminants. Of all material produced for experimental work, from 65 to 70% is used for safety tests.
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  • 39
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 693-697 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 725-740 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been demonstrated experimentally that the thickness of fluid overlay in conventional tissue culture systems limits the oxygen available to mammalian cells growing as a submerged monolayer. A rocker culture system is described which circumvents critical problems associated with thin film culture while permitting nearly unlimited access of oxygen to the cell monolayer. Good growth of primary hepatic cells as isolated sheets has been obtained.
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  • 41
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 801-814 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A 3-liter culture vessel has been developed for the growth of animal cells in suspension at controlled pH and dissolved oxygen partial pressure (pO2). The culture technique allows metabolically produced CO2 to be measured; provision can be made to control the dissolved CO2 partial pressure. In cultures containing a low serum concentration, gas sparging to control pO2 was found to cause cell damage. This could be prevented by increasing the serum concentration to 10%, or by adding 0.02% of the surface-active polymer Pluronic F68. The growth of mouse LS cells in batch culture without pO2 control was found to be limited by the availability of oxygen. Maximum viable cell populations were obtained when dissolved pO2 was controlled at values within the range 40-100 mm Hg.
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  • 42
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 43
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 321-330 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rat liver was subjected to three different, disruption procedures (homogenization, explosive decompression, and Chaikoff press) and mitochondria were subsequently isolated by conventional differential Centrifugation and by zonal Centrifugation. The properties of these mitochondria were investigated by polarographic measurement of oxygen uptake and they were examined by electron microscopy. All three methods of disruption gave mitochondria which showed respiratory control. Nitrogen cavitation gave the most reproducible conditions for cell breakage and zonal Centrifugation gave good separation of subcellular organdies in extracts produced by this method. Some separation of the heterogenous mitochondrial populations was achieved by zonal Centrifugation.
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  • 44
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 399-402 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An interesting cholinergic compound has been isolated from the fungus Rhizoctonia leguminicola grown on extracts of red clover hay. The compound was characterized as 1-acetoxy-8-aminooctahydroindolizidine and given the name “slaframine.” It has been shown that slaframine is not the active compound but is converted to the active metabolite by liver microsomal enzymes. Physiological studies with slaframine point out that it is a potent stimulator of exocrine glands. In addition, its long duration of action and low toxicity suggest that it may have therapeutic value. Preliminary data suggest that slaframine is a potent stimulator of pancreatic activity, and its long duration of action results in a stimulation of protein synthesis by the gland.
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  • 46
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 511-533 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Candida sp. was grown on a fraction of n-alkanes (dodecane 22%, tridecane 48%, tetradecane 28%) as sole carbon source. The growth rate was increased most markedly by using high concentrations of n-alkanes (16.7% v/v). When grown in a 5 liter fermentor, the yeast reached its highest yield (60 g. of cell dry wt/l) with a concomitant high yield of fatty acids (21 g of fatty acids/l), by using a nitrogen-deficient medium. To achieve good growth, it was essential to use an inoculum (1 part into 10) of rapidly growing cells and beneficial to increase the agitation rate gradually once growth had begun. After 108 hr maximum conversions of substrate to product were: 71.5% (w/w) for alkanes into cells and 24.8% (w/w) for alkanes into fatty acids. Of the, total fatty acids at the end of the fat-accumulating phase of growth 54% were shorter in chain length than palmitic acid (C16H32O2). When grown on glucose, as sole carbon source, less than 2% of the total fatty acids were shorter than palmitic acid. When n-alkanes were added to cells growing on glucose, short-chain fatty acids (C10 to C14) were synthesized immediately, indicating a derepressed enzyme system for hydrocarbon assimilation and the absence of diauxie. The production of these acids was at the apparent sacrifice of linoleic acid synthesis. In spite of the high conversion ratios, it is concluded that it would be uneconomical to produce fatty acids, even expensive ones such as lauric acid, by microbial transformation of n-alkanes.
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  • 47
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 555-555 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 48
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 601-615 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various multisurface mass-scale tissue culture propagators ranging in capacity up to 200 liters have been developed at Abbott Laboratories. These patented units consist, of an enclosed vessel containing a multiplicity of separated glass plates or disks on which cells may attach and proliferate. Means for mixing and aeration of the medium are provided. Sample ports facilitate the addition of cultures and media, the withdrawal of samples, the washing of cell monolayers, and the harvesting of cells and cell products. The large cell growth surface per occupied volume, the provision for separating tissue cells from media simply and easily, and the minimization of the amount of labor required per cell growth area are some of the many advantages of the multisurface tissue propagator that are described.
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  • 49
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 651-668 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The herpes-type virus found in certain cell cultures derived from Burkitt's lymphoma, other human leukemias, and normal human leukocytes, was concentrated and partially purified by large-volume density gradient centrifugation using zonal centrifuge systems. Using the Jiyoye (P-3) cell line as a model, rate-zonal runs on disrupted cell suspensions in sucrose gradients yielded concentrates with high virus particle counts when 10-15 ml of packed cells were processed per liter of gradient. Isolation and removal of cell nuclei or fluorocarbon treatment of cell sonicates permitted virus recovery from larger volumes of cells per experiment. Zonal centrifugation of concentrated cell-free spent media from highly infected cell cultures yielded more purified virus than obtained from cells. Viral concentrates were prepared with particle counts of 1010-1011/ml and total protein concentrations of 0.2-0.5 mg/ml. Subsequent isopyenie-zonal centrifugation of the various high-count virus fractions from the zonal centrifuge showed a heterogeneity in buoyant virus density ranging from 1.18 to 1.27 in potassium tart rate. The spread in virus density was attributed to the different morphological forms of the virus observed by electron microscopy.
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  • 50
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 677-680 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of large quantities of microbial mass, or their by-products, frequently requires aeration and mixing of fluid media. This operation often results in copious production of foam which cannot be exhausted with the effluent air or gas. Foam is usually controlled with antifoam agents which may interfere with product purity, oxygen uptake, and with subsequent product, handling. The process herein described obviates the requirement for antifoam agents or other foam-control methods. In essence, the air (or other gases) and foam in the headspace are continuously withdrawn, entrained in the intake side of a self-priming pump, and reintroduced into the bulk of the process liquid medium. The headspace may be enriched with oxygen or other gases.
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  • 51
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 102-103 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 52
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 151-157 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dried vaccinia virus was found to be very stable in aerosol form in our chamber at a temperature of 75°F and a relative humidity (RH) of 85% when the virus was protected with 1.5% lysine, 1.5% sodium glutamate, 0.5% isoniazid, 0.5% thiourea, and either 2.5% heart infusion broth (HIB) or a combination of 3.75% lactose plus 1.25% raffinose prior to freeze-drying. Utilization of the Environmental chamber technique resulted in (a) selection of two diluents which protected vaccinia virus against the effects of high relative humidity, (b) measurement of the effect of various chemical additives in the diluents, and (c) quantitative measurement of the moisture absorbed by the various dried products.
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  • 53
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 829-843 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory process for the isolation of type B acid phosphatase from human erythrocytes has been scaled up 80 times. The enzyme was purified 1300-fold by adsorption on calcium phosphate gel, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and gel filtration. The yield was 27%. Results for the type A enzyme are also presented.
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  • 54
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 877-889 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A survey of interactions of membrane filters with viruses has included 28 types of membranes, 4 types of enteroviruses, and 1 reovirus. Losses of these viruses in filtration, due to adsorption to the filter membranes, appear to be governed by three factors: the chemical composition of the filter membrane, the ratio of pore diameter to the diameter of the virus particle, and the presence of substances, such as those occurring in serum, which interfere with adsorption. Membranes of cellulose triacetate and of certain other materials have a very low affinity for these viruses. Cellulose triacetate filters adsorb virtually none when the pore size exceeds the virus diameter by a factor of more than 3. At porosities nearer the virus diameter, even low-affinity membranes adsorb large quantities of virus unless serum or some other additive interferes. Cellulose nitrate membranes, in the absence of interfering substances, adsorb enterovirus significantly at a pore size 285 times the virus diameter.
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  • 55
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 815-828 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The intracellular levels of seven enzymes in mouse LS cells growing in suspension culture at controlled dissolved oxygen partial pressures (pO2) have been measured. During the growth of each culture large fluctuations were observed in the levels of some enzymes, particularly aldolase and cytochrome oxidase. Mean values for the concentration of each enzyme during the growth phase have been calculated. These results are discussed in relation to previous observations made on the growth of mouse LS cells.
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  • 56
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 865-875 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous cultivation of the yeast Candida lipolytica on gas oil was studied from the viewpoint of biomass production and oil deparaffination. Optimum conditions wore found at the dilution rate D = 0.16-0.19 when biomass productivity 1.7 g/l/hr and yield coefficient. y = 0.92 were achieved. At deparaffination to the same freezing point, more than double the production of biomass and deparaffined oil during a given time unit was achieved in a continuous process than in batch cultivation. Consumption of substrate was followed in both cultivation processes and it was confirmed that individual n-alkanes of gas oil were degraded at various rates and yields. Results proved optimum cultivation conditions to depend on concentration and composition of the paraffinic fraction of gas oil used. To achieve these conditions the continuous process may be controlled by choice; of suitable dilution rate and concentration of gas oil.
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  • 57
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 189-203 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of a complex, partially colloidal substrate is divided into oxidation (fo) and synthesis (fs) fractions. The substrate being investigated is a suspension containing 10 mg./l. of dry skim milk. The oxidized and synthesized fractions of the BOD are shown to be 38.4% and 61.6%, respectively. The division of BOD is related to the time at which maximum cell growth appears. The time required to obtain maximum cell production is shown to be at least 10 hr. The relationship between the time to maximum cell production and the apparent initial activity of the seed organisms is discussed.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study reports some findings on the effects of centrifugation on the viability of mammalian cells. The authors used Burkitt lymphoma cells cultivated in a synthetic medium containing 10% fetal calf serum for all experiments. Batch centrifugations were conducted in a RC2-B centrifuge (Ivan Sorvall, Incorporated, Norwalk, Connecticut USA) operated at 0 and 25°C. During centrifugation we exposed the cells to gravitational fields ranging from 24,800 to 42.200g. The results showed that at, 0°C and 25,800 or 42,000g no loss in cell viability occurred for up to 90 min exposures in the centrifugal field. However, at 25°C and for gravitational fields of 24,800 and 42,000g, there were appreciable losses in cell viability. Continuous centrifugation studies in the Sharples supercentrifuge (Division of Penn Salt Corporation, Warminister, Pennsylvania USA) were also conducted with bowl speeds up to 28,000 rpm (19,000g) and flow rates ranging from 1.4 to 20 1, hr. Slight, losses in cell viability were noted and postulated as caused by the shear stresses encountered by the cells. Some pumping studies using the lymphoma cells substantiate this conclusion.
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  • 59
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 765-785 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two experimental methods were used in measuring oxygen-transfer rates. The results indicate that two possible mechanisms are operating in simultaneous gas-liquid interfacial oxygen absorption and biochemical oxidation. One of the mechanisms, the direct absorption mechanism, has not been much studied in bioengineering. Mathematical equations are derived to describe the simultaneous mechanisms.
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  • 60
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 277-289 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Micrococcus sodonensis KY 3765 and Arthrobacter citreus KY 3155 were found capable of accumulating IMP in media supplemented with hypoxanthine as a precursor. High concentrations of phosphate and magnesium salts were required for high yields of IMP. Manganese deficiency in the media was also essential. Excessive Mn2+ effects were also seen in the IMP fermentation carried out with an adenineless mutant, of Cornynebacterium glutamicum. In M. sodonensis, R5P-like substances, 5-phosphoribose pyrophosphokinase and IMP pyrophosphorylase, were leaked out, of the cells grown in suboptimal Mn2+ levels. This excretion was inhibited by high levels of Mn2+. Such a phenomenon was not noted in A. citreus. An adenineless mutant (KY 7208) of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes was found to accumulate an appreciable amount of IMP. The chemical changes in this fermentation showed that, hypoxanthine was first produced de novo, excreted, and then reconverted into IMP by a salvage pathway. When hypoxanthine was added to 7208 culture, IMP yield was increased appreciably. In fact exogenous 14C-hypoxanthine was incorporated into 14C-IMP. Subsequent experiments showed that indeed Br. ammoniagenes ATCC 6872, a parent culture of KY 7208, was able to produce IMP, GMP, and AMP, in good yield from hypoxanthine, guanine, and adenine, respectively.
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  • 61
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 331-358 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mechanism of oxygen transfer through a pure culture floc of Zoogloea ramigera I-16M has been described quantitatively. Oxygen uptake rates for both blended and nonblended floc particles indicated that, at a certain dissolved oxygen concentration, diffusion of oxygen through the floc matrix was the mechanism controlling the rate of oxygen utilization by the floc. This mechanism was quantitatively described by determining the oxygen diffusivity values for the floc. The diffusional distances of the floc particles along with the oxygen utilization rates of the floc were measured on floc grown under various conditions. Anoxic core equations were then used to calculate the oxygen diffusivity values for each experiment. These diffusivity values were then used to estimate the oxygen concentrations necessary in activated sludge plants.
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  • 62
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 63
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 445-455 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Many hyphomyceteous fungi have been found to produce closely related toxic metabolites which form the class of compounds called scirpenes. The structures of those compounds are reviewed and current studies on their biological activity and possible implication in moldy corn poisoning are discussed.
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  • 64
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 497-510 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An analysis is presented of the effects on substrate utilization and cell growth of varying the volume distribution of and the input distribution to a model continuous-culture unit consisting of three stirred tanks. The model is used to establish the best volume and input distributions and to indicate the effects of mixing imperfections. The Michaelis-Menten rate expression is utilized, including an endogenous respiration term, and results are presented on unique triaxial charts. Of the distributions considered, maximum substrate utilization is achieved with 60% of the total volume in the first stage, 20% in the second stage, and 20% in the third stage and with all of the input to the first stage. At a constant fractional input to the third stage; variation in the ratio of inputs to the first and second stages has virtually no effect, except in the case that a critical dilution is exceeded. At a constant input ratio to the first two stages, an increase in the fractional input to the third stage always decreases efficiency. Three stages, regardless of relative size, are always better than one. Except for endogenous respiration effects, cell growth parallels substrate utilization.
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  • 65
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 483-496 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of NaCl on the yield of biological solids and on the ability of continuously cultured heterogeneous microbial populations to remove substrate was assessed by changing the salt concentration in the inflowing synthetic waste. During the period of increasing the salt concentration to 30,000 mg/l the system could not maintain a high substrate removal efficiency. However, after an acclimation period the system regained its former efficiency. Upon diluting the salt out of the system, a significant rise in cell yield was noted as the salt level passed through the range 8,000-10,000 mg/l. It was found that steady operation at a salt level of 8,000 mg/l sustained the cell yield at a high level.
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  • 66
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 567-587 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Virus quantitation is discussed stressing the discrepancy between the biological titer and the physical virus particle count. When both these techniques are used in conjunction, one can more realistically catalog viral properties. The merits of this technique are exemplified in a study of the growth kinetics and properties of vesicular stomatitis virus in tissue culture.
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  • 67
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 617-624 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new concept of tissue culture equipment and procedures was developed for the mass-scale growth of several types of animal tissue cells in monolayers on multiple glass surfaces. Continuous, cell lines, primary and diploid cell strains were grown in this equipment. Cells studied include primary bovine kidney, human diploid WI-38, human foreskin, and mouse CCL1 cells. Photomicrographic comparisons of cells grown by these techniques indicate they are morphologically identical to tissue culture cells grown in glass bottles or tubes. The growth of the tissue culture cells in the propagator was monitored by carbohydrate Utilization and acid production. Large-scale production of viruses and biochemicals on cells grown in the multiple-plate tissue culture propagator was accomplished. Virus titers were equal to those obtained from conventional bottle or tube cultures for several strains of influenza, parainfluenza, and respiratory syneytial viruses. High-titred mouse interferon was also produced in this system. In addition to tissue culture cell production, Eaton agent, Mycoplasma pneumoniae was grown on the multiple glass surfaces on a mass scale.
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  • 68
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 255-255 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 69
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 291-302 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A major problem involved in the direct fermentation of nucleotides is their breakdown by phosphohydrolases. Thus, adenine auxotrophs of most microorganisms produce hypoxanthine and/or inosine rather than inosine 5′-monophosphate (IMP) while guanine auxotrophs excrete xanthosine rather than xanthosine 5′-monophosphate (XMP). Examination of a Bacillus subtilis mutant producing hypoxanthine plus inosine revealed at least four phosphohydrolases, three of which could attack nucleotides. Even when the extracellular nucleotide phosphohydrolase was inhibited by Cu+2 and its surface-bound alkaline phosphohydrolase was repressed and inhibited by inorganic phosphate, or removed by mutation, the breakdown products were still the only products of fermentation. Under these conditions, the third enzyme, a surface-bound non-repressible nucleotide phosphohydrolase was still active. It appears, at least in B. subtilis, that excretion is dependent upon breakdown by this enzyme and if hydrolysis does not occur, excretion of purine nucleotides is feedback inhibited by the resultant high intracellular IMP concentration. Corynebacterium glutamicum mutants, on the other hand, can excrete intact nucleotides, and direct fermentations for IMP, XMP, and GMP have been described. An examination of phosphohydrolases in a GMP-producing culture revealed no extracellular or surface enzymes. Disruption of the cells resulted in liberation of cellular phosphohydrolase activity with a substrate specificity remarkably similar to the flavorenhancing properties of the 5′-nucleotides. The order of decreasing susceptibility was GMP, IMP, XMP; AMP was not attacked.
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  • 70
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 359-372 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Polyribonucleotide: orthophosphate nucleotidyl transferase, commonly known as polynucleotide phosphorylase catalyzes the reversible polymerization of ribonucleoside diphosphates with the liberation of orthophosphate. The equilibrium constant is approximately 1.0. Although isolated from a variety of sources, the enzyme occurs essentially as two types: one which does not require a primer for reaction initiation and a second which does. A parallel study of an E. coli preparation representing the first type and an M. lysodeikticus preparation representing the second showed differences other than the primer requirement. Rates of polymerization were different as were the Kms. The E. coli preparation catalyzed the synthesis of polyguanylic acid while the M. lysodeikticus preparation did not although synthesis of hetoropolymers containing guanylic acid was catalyzed by the M. lysodeikticus enzyme. Use of repurified commercial substrates made the validity of some primer-requirement experiments suspect. End group analysis of product polymers served only to raise questions concerning the reaction-initiating compounds and the reaction mechanism. A study of hetero-polymer synthesis showed not only that the rate of polymerization was different, from that of homopolymers but that uncompetitive inhibition rather than competitive inhibition occurred when two ribonucleoside diphosphates were present in the reaction mixture. Furthermore, the experiments showed a preferential uptake of one substrate over another and an “enrichment” which was constant. It has also been shown that RNA polymerase, a DNA-RNA directed polymerase, can be used to synthesize polyribonucleotides if the appropriate template is provided.
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  • 71
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 413-427 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Substances which cause emesis in pigeons were extracted from corn (Zea mays) artificially inoculated with Fusarium graminearum and from liquid culture medium inoculated with F. moniliforme, F. roseum, F. poae, F. culmorum, and F. nivale. Emetic preparations were obtained also from infected wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), (Hordeum vulgare L. em. Lam), and durum (Triticum durum Desf). Partial purification resulted from chromatography with columns of cellulose and DEAE cellulose and with thin layers of silica gel. Two active materials were obtained from liquid culture of F. moniliforme but only one from infected cereals. Emetic preparations from F. moniliforme and infected cereals contained a polypeptide as a minor component. Ultraviolet and infrared spectrums, elemental analyses, refractive indices, and amino acid composition of the emetic from corn and one of the emeties from liquid culture of F. moniliforme were similar but not identical. Attempts to crystalline these emetics and to characterize them were unsuccessful.
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  • 72
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 469-482 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 553-553 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 74
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 557-566 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A procedure to maintain genetic control of virus production in tissue cell lines, has been proposed and discussed. Both the tissue cell which replicates the virus and the virus inoculum must be homogeneous in order to produce a product with the expected characteristics. Certain philosophical and technical aspects of the problem are discussed in relation to developing and maintaining genetically homogeneous stock cultures, inoculum, and product.
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  • 75
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 625-640 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Studies of the possible viral etiology of human leukemia have required large quantities of cultured cells derived from human hematopoietic tissues. Since cultures sufficiently large and free from contamination could not readily be produced according to existing methods, a pilot, cell culture plant has been constructed for the production of mammalian cells in mass quantity. 500-ml to 20-liter trophocell units have already proved to be scientifically and economically practical, as they provide good reliability, excellent growth rates, and sustained yield of human cells. 200-liter stainless steel culture units have now been added to the trophocell system. Five complete 200 liter units are now in operation. The design of the original stainless steel unit was based on that of a stainless steel, jacketed soup kettle. There are no openings in the vessel other than those in the lid, which provide convenient access points for sampling, sensor probes, etc. Environmental parameters, e.g., liquid level, temperature, and pH, are monitored and controlled with commercially available apparatus. Many initial problems connected with the new 200 liter units have been resolved, but operational and design problems remain in the areas of stable instrumentation, cell harvesting, salvaging and reuse of unspent media components, establishment of physiologic steady stale, recovery of virus-containing cells with reculture of the remaining unaffected cells, and the recovery and separation of cell components and special products such as immunoglobulins, interferons, and hormones. A definitive cell plant with culture units of 20, 50, 250, and 1250 liters is now being constructed.
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  • 76
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 159-176 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LBG H 1022 on ethanol under steady-state conditions was studied. As a cultivation device, an aerated Chemap fermentor combined with continuously working gas analyzers for oxygen and carbon dioxide was used. Dry matter, substrate concentration, yield, specific oxygen uptake, specific carbon dioxide release, and respiration quotient, as well as nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, hydrogen, and protein content of the cells were measured in dependence on the dilution rate. Cell size distribution, as a function of the specific growth rate, was determined with the aid of a Celloscope 202. A fair agreement with the theory of continuous culture for all metabolic curves could be established. An increased turnover rate resulted from the addition of glutamic acid to the synthetic growth medium. The primary effect of this supplement could be a rise in the flow rate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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  • 77
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 238-242 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We have recently constructed a 10-mm, light path quartz cuvet which will accept a Clark oxygen electrode; it is temperature controlled and is suitable for use in a Unicam (Cambridge, England) SP 800 recording spectrophotometer. Several enquiries have prompted this publication, although such an apparatus was mentioned much earlier by Chance and Williams,1 and has been used extensively.Figure 1a, b, c, and d and their legends provide sufficient detail for the construction of the cuvet and provision of the commercially available electrode, quartz faces, stirring motor and disk magnet. Circuit diagrams for temperature control (range 22-38°C., ± 0.2°C.) and stirrer speed control are shown in Figure 2a and b. The cuvet is shown situated in the spectrophotometer cell housing in Figure 3, and the cuvet with its associated equipment is shown in Figure 4.
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  • 78
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 257-275 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Conditions for the efficient conversion of commercial RNA to nucleoside 5′-monophosphate by means of a phosphodiesterase in malt sprouts have been determined. A comparison of the enzyme content of the rootlets, stems, and kernels of various plant seedlings, including barley, rye, oat, wheat, rice, and beans shows maximum amounts in the rootlets, and minimum quantities in the ungerminated kernels. Of all the seedlings tested, (mung bean, soy bean, oat, wheat, rice, barley) barley gave the highest conversion of RNA to 5′-nucleotides. Commercial malt sprouts prepared from 6 different malted barleys including 2-rowed and 6-rowed samples all showed about the same amount of phosphodiesterase content. Besides phosphodiesterase, other enzymes capable of hydrolyzing RNA and 5′-nucleotides were found in sprouts. These included 3′-phosphodiesterases, 5′-nucleotidases, and nucleosidases. By carefully pretreating both extracts and the solid sprouts at elevated temperatures for a limited time and by the addition of minimum amounts of Zn+2, the action of these undesirable enzymes was either effectively destroyed or minimized so that the production of 5′-nucleotides was maximized. It was found that suspensions of appropriately washed and treated barley malt rootlets are substantially more effective than aqueous extracts for converting RNA to 5′-nucleotides.
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  • 79
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 80
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 698-706 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A rocker mammalian cell culture system is described. The basic mechanical component is a special incubator with contained rocker culture trays. The system provides for precise environmental temperature regulation with intermittent rocking of contained cultures in such a manner as to permit thin fluid overlay of cells with maximum accessibility to oxygen while circumventing the problems of evaporation, substrate depiction, etc.
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  • 81
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 741-763 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical models have been constructed which relate the depth of the culture fluid overlay to the oxygen available to mammalian cells cultured under static conditions. These models suggest that the maintenance of a given rate of oxygen utilization by some culture systems may be critically depended on this fluid depth and on the solubility and rate of diffusion of oxygen in the culture fluid. The importance of these concepts as applied to the isolation and growth of differentiated cells representative of the tissue of origin are noted.
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  • 82
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 1-31 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although the basic parameters for ethylene oxide sterilization are established, it is sometimes difficult to attain in practice where the principal limiting factor is moisture availability. There are situations which can limit or enhance the dynamics of sterilization. Such factors, if overlooked, could upset experiments and lead to erroneous conclusions, or defeat the sterilization process entirety. Such are, namely: stratification effects, diffusion barriers, moisture-reducing effects, polymerization, and temperature distribution gradients.
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  • 83
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 69-82 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The authors have utilized a previously proposed mathematical equation (introduced originally for development of empirical equations) as a useful tool for evaluation of first-order reaction rate constants. By assigning physical significance to the parameter α, the equation can be utilized in obtaining excellent estimates for limiting boundary values and velocity constants.
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  • 84
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 247-251 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 85
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Colisan has the formula Lys3Val4Leu3IleTyr and a molecular weight of approximately 1500. Neither N-terminal nor C-terminal group have been found. The peptide is highly resistant to hydrolysis by proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and trypsin). The ∊-amino groups of lysine are indispensable for biological activity, since either deamination or acetylation completely inactivates Colisan. A comparative study with basic peptides like polylysine demonstrated their similarity of action, on one hand, and an antagonistic effect to Colisan, on the other. The fast action of the antibiotic and the specific effect on the cell membranes of many different biological systems (Entameba, Paramecium, erythrocytes, smooth muscle, and others) support the hypothesis that the primary damage occurs in the membrane with consequent alteration of permeability. The leakage of intracellular material (histamine) from mast cells after application of Colisan is in accord with this hypothesis. The results strongly suggest that the biological activity of the peptide is based essentially, but not exclusively, on its basic character.
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  • 87
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 535-549 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An automatically working test arrangement for the permanent analysis of O2 and CO2 in microbiological cultures is described. The measuring principle is based on the paramagnetic properties of oxygen and on the absorption of infrared by carbon dioxide. The preparation of the gas for measuring and the correction of the recording are indicated. The formula of correction was programmed and the values were calculated for a range of 3%. The routine correction of analysis values is done with a nomogram established on the basis of these individual values. The advantages of the described test arrangement are illustrated by two examples of growth experiments on Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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  • 88
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 551-552 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 89
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 90
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    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 10 (1968), S. 589-599 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Baby-hamster kidney (BHK) cell cultures grown in rolling 2-liter Baxter bottles are used for the production of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) which is subsequently purified. The bottles are held securely in round wire racks (19 per rack) and rotated on a three-tiered roller mill. The use of a strongly buffered growth medium makes changes of the medium unnecessary. A sheet of aluminum foil is used to seal the cultures. It is pressed tightly over all the bottles in a rack by means of a polyurethane foam sheeting bonded to the underside of a rigid snap-on cover. Special equipment eliminates removing the bottles from the racks at any stage in their use. The loaded racks fit directly onto headers of a glassware washer. Spent cell growth media and virus fluids are collected by inverting an entire rack of bottles-Current production is 400 BHK cultures (21 racks) containing 8 × 108 cells each after 6 days growth. About 344 of these cultures (18 racks) are used to grow virus. The purification process yields about 113 mg of pure FMDV per week; the overall recovery based on infectivity is 32%. The projected maximum production of purified virus in the present facilities is approximately 2.5 times greater than this amount.
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