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  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969  (104)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1968  (104)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (92)
  • Kidney  (12)
Material
Years
  • 1970-1974
  • 1965-1969  (104)
  • 1890-1899
Year
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Aldosterone ; Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Proximal Tubule ; Sodium Chloride Loading ; Niere ; Aldosteron ; tubuläre Natriumresorption ; proximaler Tubulus ; Natriumchloridbelastung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ratten erhielten 4 Wochen lang isotone Kochsalzlösung als Trinkflüssigkeit. Glomerulumfiltrat und Passagezeit von Lissamin-Grün im proximalen Tubulus blieben unverändert. Die spezifische Resorptionskapazität des Tubulusepithels — gemessen mit der „gespaltenen-Tropfen-Methode“ — nahm signifikant ab. Daraus ergab sich eine Verminderung der fraktionellen Natrium-und Wasserresorption im proximalen Tubulus von 51 auf 38% der gefilterten Menge. Die Na+-Ausscheidung stieg von 0,06 (Kontrollen) auf 1,25% der gefilterten Menge. Diese Veränderungen waren rückgängig zu machen durch Injektion von d-Aldosteron. Durch Bestimmung des TF/P-Inulin-Quotienten am Ende des proximalen Konvolutes wurden die Ergebnisse bestätigt. Es wird angenommen, daß die Resorptionshemmung im proximalen Tubulus bei chronischer Kochsalzbelastung durch verminderte Sekretion von Mineralocorticoiden bedingt und letzten Endes Ursache der vermehrten Na+-Ausscheidung ist. Ein Teil der proximalen Resorptionshemmung wird anscheinend in weiter distal gelegenen Nephron-Abschnitten kompensiert.
    Notes: Summary Rats were kept on isotonic saline as drinking fluid for a period of 4 weeks. Glomerular filtration rate and proximal transit time of Lissamine green remained unchanged. The intrinsic reabsorptive capacity of the proximal tubular epithelium—measured by the “shrinking-droplet-method”—decreased significantly. As a result, fractional proximal reabsorption of sodium and water decreased from 51 to 38 per cent of the filtered load. Sodium excretion rose from 0.06 (controls) to 1,25 per cent of the filtered load. These changes were reversible by injection of d-aldosterone. The results were confirmed by measuring the TF/P ratio of inulin at the end of the proximal convolution. The results indicate that in rats chronically loaded with salt, the inhibition of fractional proximal reabsorption is due to a decreased secretion of mineralocorticoids, and is the cause of the higher sodium excretion. Apparently, the decreased proximal reabsorption is partly compensated in more distal parts of the nephron.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Concentration ; Dialysis ; Urea ; Electrolytes ; Niere ; Konzentrierung ; Dialyse ; Harnstoff ; Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um den Einfluß des Plasmaharnstoffspiegels auf die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Niere zu untersuchen, wird der Blutkreislauf von Ratten an eine Dialysiervorrichtung angeschlossen und der Harnstoffspiegel des Blutes für 3 Std durch Dialyse gegen eine harnstoffreie Spüllösung gesenkt. Gleichzeitig wird der Harnfluß der Tiere durch eine Regelanordnung konstant gehalten. Die Regelung wird dadurch erreicht, daß dem Blutkreislauf bei zu hohem Harnfluß automatisch Flüssigkeit entzogen und bei zu niedrigem Harnfluß Flüssigkeit zugeführt wird. Es wird gefunden, daß die Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Harn linear mit dem Plasmaharnstoffspiegel abfallen bzw. ansteigen. Die Summe der Elektrolytkonzentrationen fällt dagegen mit dem Plasmaharnstoffspiegel nur wenig ab. Falls ein völliger Harnstoffentzug möglich wäre, würde auch dann noch eine Konzentrierung der Elektrolyte auf mehr als doppelt isoton möglich sein. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung lassen sich am einfachsten mit der Annahme interpretieren, daß in der Niere der Ratte zwei unterschiedlich arbeitende Konzentrierungsmechanismen wirksam sind, von denen der eine im wesentlichen Elektrolyte, der andere im wesentlichen Harnstoff konzentriert. Der Konzentrierungsmechanismus für Elektrolyte könnte im äußeren Mark, der für Harnstoff im inneren Mark lokalisiert sein.
    Notes: Summary To investigate the influence of plasma urea levels on the concentrating power of the kidney, the blood circulation of rats was connected to a dialyser; with dialysis against a urea-free cleaning solution, the urea level of the blood was lowered for three hours. During this, the urine flow of the animals was kept constant by a regulating arrangement. This control was achieved by removing fluid from the blood circulation in the case of too high urine flow and by putting in fluid in the case of too low urine flow. It was found that the concentration of urea in the urine had a direct linear relationship with the plasma urea level. The total electrolyte concentration fell only slightly compared to the plasma urea level falls. If the urea could have been completely removed, high concentrating of the electrolyte, to more than double isotonic, would still have been possible. The simplest way to interpret the results of this research is by the hypothesis that two different concentrating mechanisms are at work in the rat kidney, the one essentially concentrating electrolytes, and the other principally urea. The concentrating mechanism for electrolytes could be localised in the outer medulla, and for urea in the inner medulla.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Concentration ; Infusion ; Urea ; Electrolytes ; Niere ; Konzentrierung ; Infusion ; Harnstoff ; Elektrolyte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Harnstoff und NaCl bei der Bildung eines konzentrierten Harns zu untersuchen, werden Ratten 2 Tage lang NaCl-Lösungen mit wechselndem Harnstoffgehalt infundiert. Sodann werden der Harn sowie das Gewebe der Nierenrinde, des äußeren Marks und des inneren Marks auf ihren Gehalt an Kalium, Natrium und Harnstoff analysiert. Es wird gefunden, daß die Konzentrierfähigkeit der Rattenniere unter diesen Versuchsbedingungen für NaCl bei gleichzeitiger Zufuhr von Harnstoff geringer wird. In der Niere steigen NaCl und Harnstoffkonzentrationen unter allen Infusionsbedingungen von der Nierenrinde zur Nierenpapille hin an. Bei Infusion reiner NaCl-Lösungen entsprechen die NaCl- und Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Harn denen in der Papille. Bei Infusion von harnstoffhaltigen NaCl-Lösungen sind im Harn die NaCl-Konzentrationen höher und die Harnstoffkonzentrationen niedriger als im Papillengewebe. Diese Ergebnisse schließen aus, daß die hohen Harnstoffkonzentrationen im Nierenmarkgewebe durch einfache Diffusion des Harnstoffes aus den Sammelrohren in das Nierenmarkgewebe zustande kommen. Es wird die Möglichkeit diskutiert, daß die Harnstoffkonzentrierung unter den hier wiedergegebenen Versuchsbedingungen durch Gegenstromdiffusion in dem Vasa recta-System verursacht wird. Der Konzentriereffekt hierfür könnte durch einen Wasserfluß aufgrund osmotischer Kräfte von dem Blutgefäßsystem in die Henleschen Schleifen zustande kommen, wenn der Harn in den Henleschen Schleifen durch Aufnahme von NaCl, das aus den Sammelrohren stammt, hyperton wird.
    Notes: Summary To investigate the mutual interdependence of urea and sodium in producing concentrated urine, solutions of different concentrations of sodium and urea were infused into the stomach of rats. After two days' infusion, the urine and tissues from the different zones of the kidneys were analysed for sodium, potassium and urea content. It was found that the efficiency of the rat kidney in producing urine with high sodium content was diminished if urea was infused together with the sodium chloride. Under all conditions sodium and urea concentrations increased from the cortex to the papilla of the kidneys. When pure sodium chloride solutions were infused, sodium and urea concentrations in the urine were nearly equal to the corresponding concentrations in the papilla. Infusion of solutions containing NaCl and urea caused production of urine with a higher sodium concentration and lower urea concentration than in the papilla. These results show that the high concentration of urea in the medulla of the kidney does not arise by passives diffusion of urea from the collecting ducts into the medullary tissue. The possibility that the concentration of urea in the inner medulla is produced by counter current diffusion of urea in the vasa recta is discussed. The concentration effect necessary for this counter current multiplication could be created by an osmotic flow of water from the vasa recta into loops of Henle, if the urine in the loops becomes hypertonic by taking up sodium chloride from the collecting ducts.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Tubules ; Kidney ; Intraluminal Oil Injection ; Ultrastructure of Kidney ; Proximales Tubuluskonvolut ; Rattenniere ; intraluminale Ölinjektion ; Ultrastruktur der Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light- and electronmicroscopic evaluation of proximal convolutions of the rat kidney were made following injection with either mineral oil or castor oil. The following observations were made: 1. Injection of mineral oil does not result in a complete blockade of the tubular lumen and leads to morphological lesions of epithelial cells. 2. Injection of the more viscous castor oil, in contrast, leads to a dilatation of the tubular lumen and a compression of the brush border of proximal tubular cells. Thus a better blockade of longitudinal flow is achieved. A toxic effect of castor oil on the tubular epithelium could not be detected. Mechanical lesions, similar to those observed after mineral oil injection, were less frequent. They consisted in a penetration of oil into the cells, perhaps as consequence of the tubular dilatation. 3. In oil-injected proximal tubular segments the following cytologic phenomena were observed: a) a cessation of the normal pinocytosis, which is induced in the presence of tubular fluid, b) simultaneously the “large resorption vacuoles” disappear, indicating that they originate from confluence of pinocytotic vesicles, c) in dilated tubules protein resorption vacuoles are found to have ruptured towards the tubular lumen suggesting a high hydrostatic pressure within the vacuoles.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Experimental Hypertension ; Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Tubular Water Reabsorption ; Henle's Loop ; Niere ; experimenteller Hochdruck ; tubuläre Natriumresorption ; tubuläre Wasserresorption ; Henlesche Schleife
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 4 Wochen nach Klammerung einer Nierenarterie war der Perfusionsdruck der geklammerten Niere normal, während der arterielle Mitteldruck auf 188 mm Hg angestiegen war. Die Ausscheidung von Natrium und Wasser im Harn der geklammerten Niere war normal, im Harn der ungeklammerten Niere erheblich höher als normal. Glomerulumfiltrat (pro g Niere), intratubulärer Druck, Tubulusweite, Passagezeit von Lissamingrün und die fraktionelle Resorption von Natrium und Wasser waren im proximalen Tubulus sowohl in der geklammerten wie in der ungeklammerten Niere normal. In der ungeklammerten Niere war die Passagezeit durch die Henlesche Schleife stark verkürzt und die Resorption von Natrium und Wasser in der Schleife erheblich vermindert. Diese Veränderungen — obwohl zum Teil kompensiert durch vermehrte Resorption im distalen Tubulus und im Sammelrohr — sind verantwortlich für die höhere Wasser- und Natriumausscheidung der ungeklammerten Niere. Die Ursache ist wahrscheinlich eine stärkere Durchblutung des Nierenmarkes. Im Nephron der geklammerten Niere war die fraktionelle Natrium- und Wasserresorption nicht signifikant von normalen Werten verschieden mit der Ausnahme einer niedrigeren Natriumresorption im distalen Tubulus und einer höheren Natriumresorption im Sammelrohr. Der Natrium-Transport im distalen Tubulus ist anscheinend gestört; TF/P−Na+ betrug im Mittel 0,6 bis zum Ende des distalen Tubulus. Die Ergebnisse können die unterschiedliche Harnausscheidung erklären, die beim Hypertoniker mit einseitiger Nierenarterienstenose beobachtet wird (Howard-Test).
    Notes: Summary Four weeks after clamping one renal artery, the perfusion pressure of the clamped kidney was normal whereas the mean arterial pressure had increased to 188 mm Hg. Urinary excretion of sodium and water of the clamped kidney had not changed while that of the untouched kidney increased considerably. Glomerular filtration rate (per g kidney), intratubular pressure, tubular diameter, transit time of Lissamine green and fractional sodium and water reabsorption of the proximal tubule were normal in both the clamped and the untouched kidney. In the untouched kidney, the transit time through Henle's loop was shortened and the sodium and water reabsorption in it was significantly reduced. These changes, although partly compensated by higher reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct, are responsible for the increased sodium and water excretion of the untouched kidney. They are probably due to an increased medullary blood flow. In the clamped kidney, fractional sodium and water reabsorption of the whole nephron did not differ significantly from normal values. However, sodium reabsorption was lower in the distal tubule and higher in the collecting duct. Sodium transport in the distal tubule seemed to be impaired; throughout its length sodium TF/P ratio averaged 0.6. These results may explain the different urinary excretion found in human hypertension following unilateral renal artery stenosis (Howard-Test).
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Fluxes ; Osmotic Gradients ; Niere ; Flüssigkeits-Substanzbewegungen ; osmotische Gradienten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch artifizielle osmotische Druckdifferenzen von 150 mOsmol/l zwischen Lumen- und Blutseite der Tubulusepithelien von Rana ridibunda wird Flüssigkeit im Richtungssinne der Reabsorption oder — in geringerem Maße — der Sekretion längs des osmotischen Gradienten bewegt. Na+ wird in jedem Fall „trocken” reabsorbiert. Bei mit Furosemid blockiertem aktiven Na+-Transport läuft isoton Flüssigkeit längs des osmotischen Gradienten aus dem Tubuluslumen in das blutseitige Medium. Bei umgekehrt gerichtetem Gradienten wird das Filtrat so verändert, als ob es durch Einstrom reinen Wassers verdünnt würde. Die Tubulusepithelien verhalten sich so, als besäßen sie — im Zustand des blockierten aktiven Na+-Transportes — ein „Rückschlagventil” für Na+. Wenn der osmotische Gradient so gerichtet ist, daß Wasser oder Flüssigkeit aus dem Lumen in das blutseitige Medium läuft, dann kommt es bei umgekehrt gerichtetem Na+-Konzentrationsgradienten nicht zum Einstrom von Na+ in das Tubuluslumen. Die Na+-Harnkonzentration sinkt beträchtlich unter die des Perfusates, was als Ausdruck einer Na+-Reabsorption gegen den Konzentrationsgradienten gedeutet wird. Bei Blockierung des Na+-Transportes durch Furosemid kommt es wiederum zum Einstrom reinen Wassers in die Tubuluslumina. Die Versuche mit durch Furosemid blockiertem Na+-Transportmechanismus sind beweisend, daß die Tubuli für Na+ im Richtungssinne der Sekretion impermeabel sind. Die „Verdünnung” des Tubulusinhaltes durch einen osmotischen Gradienten, der Wasser in die Tubuli hineinlaufen läßt, kommt also nicht durch ein Überwiegen der Reabsorption über die „Sekretion” zustande. Wird statt des leicht penetrierenden Na-Chlorids das schwer penetrierende Natriumcyclohexansulfamat angeboten, dann wird absolut gegenüber den Versuchen mit Na-Chlorid weniger Na+ transportiert. Im übrigen zeigen die Nieren jedoch das gleiche Verhalten wie bei Angebot von Na-Chlorid.
    Notes: Summary Osmotic gradients of 150 mosmol/l between intratubular fluid and blood in the kidney of Rana ridibunda induce a fluid movement down the osmotic gradient which is stronger into the tubule than out of it. In either case Na+ is reabsorbed “dry”. If the active Na+-transport is blocked by Furosemid an osmotically downhill movement of isotonic fluid out of the tubule obtains. Reversal of the osmotic gradient induces a reversal of flow but the inward moving fluid is diluted. The tubular cells seem to inhibit the backwash of Na+. If the osmotic gradient induces an outflow of fluid out of the tubule no influx of Na+ occurs even in the presence of a concentration gradient for Na+ in the opposite direction. The Na+-concentration in the urine falls considerably below that of the perfusion fluid. This finding indicates Na+-reabsorption against a concentration gradient. Upon blocking of the Na+-transport by Furosemid water enters the tubules. The results of the experiments in which the Na+-transport was blocked by Furosemid prove that the tubules are impermeable for Na+ in the direction of secretion. The “dilution” of the tubular fluid as a result of an osmotic gradient which induces an influx of water isnot due to a reabsorption outbalancing “secretion”. If instead of the easily penetrating NaCl the slowly penetrating Na+-cyclohexanesulphamate is used, less Na+ is transported. However, in every other respect the results obtained are similar to those described above.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 304 (1968), S. 336-350 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Experimental Hypertension ; Distal Tubular Sodium Reabsorption ; Distal Osmolality ; Tubular Potassium Secretion ; Niere ; experimenteller Hochdruck ; distale Natrium resorption ; distale Osmolalität ; tubuläre Kaliumsekretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Vier Wochen nach Klammerung einer Nierenarterie wurde die Funktion des distalen Tubulus untersucht. In der ungeklammerten, unter dem hohen Blutdruck stehenden Niere blieb die Tubulusflüssigkeit bis 90% distaler Tubuluslänge hypoton. Dies wird auf eine erhöhten Flüssigkeitseinstrom aus der Henleschen Schleife zurückgeführt; eine verminderte Wasserpermeabilität des distalen Tubulus konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. In der geklammerten Niere war mit Ausnahme des frühdistalen Abschnittes die Natriumkonzentration on jeder Stelle des distalen Konvolutes signifikant höher als in der ungeklammerten Niere und in Kontrollnieren. Auch fehlte im distalen Tubulus der geklammerten Niere eine Nettokaliumsekretion. die distale Gleichgewichtskonzentration für Natrium war auf der geklammerten Seite erhöht, auf der ungeklammerten Seite normal. Der isotone Natriumausstrom (Methode des gespaltenen Tropfens) war in der geklammerten Niere vermindert, in der ungeklammerten Niere erhöht. Die frühdistale Harnstoffkonzentration war in der ungeklammerten Niere gegenüber der geklammerten Niere und Nieren von Kontrollratten erniedrigt. Spätdistal war TF/P-Harnstoff in beiden Nieren gleich. Beide Nieren hatten ein normales Glomerulumfiltrat und normale tubuläre Passagezeiten mit Ausnahme einer verkürzten Schleifenzeit in der ungeklammerten Niere. Die Befunde werden dahingehend interpretiert, daß der aktive Natriumtransport im distalen Tubulus der beiden Nieren voneinander verschieden ist, möglicherweise infolge des unterschiedlichen Reningehaltes der beiden Nieren.
    Notes: Summary Four weeks after constricting one renal artery distal tubular function was studied using the micropuncture technique. In the untouched kidney tubular fluid remained hypotonic up to 90% distal tubular length. We believe this to be the result of the high inflow of tubular fluid from Henle's loop. A reduced permeability for water could not be demonstrated. Except for the early part of the distal tubule there was a marked increase in sodium concentration in the clamped kidney as compared to values obtained in the untouched one and in kindneys of control animals. In addition no potassium secretion could be observed in the clamped kidney. The distal steadystate concentration for sodium was increased in the clamped kidney and normal in the untouched one. Reabsorptive half-time, measured by the split droplet technique, was prolonged in the clamped kidney and shortened in the untouched one. Early distal urea concentration was lower in the untouched kidney than in the clamped one and in control kidneys, while at the end of the distal tubule urea concentrations did not differ significantly. Both kidneys had normal glomerular filtration rates and proximal tubular transit times, whereas a shortened transit time through Henle's loop of the untouched kidney was found. The results indicate that active sodium transport in the distal tubule of the clamped kidney differs from that of the untouched one, possibly due to the different renin concentration in both kidneys.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 305 (1968), S. 96-104 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Blood Circulation Time ; Kidney ; Plasma ; Radioautography ; Radioisotope Dilution Technique ; Regional Blood Flow ; Mittlere Kreislaufzeit ; Niere ; Plasma ; Autoradiographie ; Isotopenverdünnungstechnik ; Regionale Nierendurchblutung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary At different times after injection into the renal artery of131I-albumin, the distribution of the tracer in kidneys of the rabbit and the dog was illustrated by a series of autoradiograms. In order to determine the mean circulation time for albumin in the kidney, the radioactivity over the kidney was simultaneously registered by external monitoring. A short mean circulation time was measured for albumin (plasma) passing cortex, and a longer one for that fraction of the albumin that passed through medulla, papillae, and capsule. The investigation rendered probable that the mean circulation time for blood through the kidney determined by the external technique applies to blood passing cortex. The circulation times for blood through medulla, papillae, and capsule are not included in the calculation of the mean circulation time.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 23 (1968), S. 245-249 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Bone ; Strontium poisoning ; Parathormone ; Kidney ; Knochen ; Strontiumvergiftung ; Parathormon ; Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Restitution des strontiumgeschädigten Skelets wachsender Sprague Dawley Ratten ist von einem Anstieg der dialysablen Strontium- und Calciumfraktion des Serums begleitet. Die Ergebnisse legen eine Beeinflussung der renalen Manipulation von Kationen bei Knochenschädigungen durch Fremdmetalle nahe.
    Notes: Summary Restitution of skeletal damage caused by strontium in growing Sprague Dawley rats is accompanied by an increase in the dialysable serum fractions of strontium and calcium. The results suggest that the renal manipulation of cations is influenced in bone lesions caused by foreign metals.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 145 (1968), S. 270-277 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Kidney ; Stop flow dog ; Aldosteron ; Niere ; Stop flow-Hund
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Stop flow-Versuchen an Hunden konnten wir nach Infusion von 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid im Gegensatz zur Infusion von freiem 1,2-3H-Aldosteron keine proximale Sekretion von 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid nachweisen. Daraus kann geschlossen werden, daß in Hundenieren die proximalen Tubuluszellen wohl 18-Aldosteronglucuronid aus Aldosteron bilden und an das Tubuluslumen abgeben, während im Nierenarterienblut vorhandenes 18-Aldosteronglucuronid nur glomerulär filtriert und ausgeschieden wird.
    Notes: Summary In stop flow experiments during infusion of 1,2-3H-18-aldosterone glucuronide there was no proximal tubular secretion of this metabolite in contrary to experiments during infusion of 1,2-3H-aldosterone. The discrepancy must be explained by formation of 1,2-3H-aldosterone glucuronide out of3H-aldosterone in proximal tubular cells, while the 1,2-3H-18-aldosterone glucuronide in the plasma of the renal artery blood is only filtered in the glomerulum.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 146 (1968), S. 336-345 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Aldosterone ; Kidney ; Man ; Aldosteron ; Niere ; Mensch
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund eines Vergleiches der Verhältnisse von 1,2-3HTetrahydroaldosteronglucuronid zu 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid im Plasma von drei Normalpersonen und zwei nephrektomierten Patienten nach einer Injektion von 1,2-3H-Aldosteron haben wir folgende Schlüsse in Betracht gezogen: 1. Das im Blutplasma vorhandene 1,2-3H-18-Aldosteronglucuronid wird nur glomerular filtriert. 2. Die renale Clearance von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid, die etwa das Fünffache der Inulinclearance beträgt [13, 15], mu\ zu vier Fünfteln auf Bildung von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid durch die proximalen [15] Tubuluszellen zurückgeführt werden. 3. Das Ausma\ der renalen Bildung von 18-Aldosteronglucuronid liegt in einer Grö\enordnung von 80% der Gesamtmenge 18-Aldosteronglucuronid im 24 StdUrin.
    Notes: Summary After an intravenous injection of 1,2-3H-aldosterone the ratios of 1,23H-tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide to 1,2-3H-aldosterone glucuronide in the blood plasma of three normal and two nephrectomized persons were compared. In the three normal persons the ratios were of the same magnitude as in the two nephrectomized persons. On the basis of glomerular filtration of tetrahydroaldosterone glucuronide, as previously demonstrated by renal clearance studies in man [13, 15] and stop flow experiments in dogs [6], we made the following deductions: 1. 18aldosterone glucuronide in blood plasma is only filtered in the glomerulum. 2. The renal clearance of 18-aldosterone glucuronide, as investigated during aldosterone infusion in man [13, 15], therefore must be explained by glomerular filtration of only one fifth and by formation of four fifth of 18-aldosterone glucuronide by proximal [15] tubular cells. 3. This means that about 80% of 18-aldosterone glucuronide excreted in urine is formed by the kidneys.
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Plasma FFA composition ; Individual FFA extraction in heart ; Skeletal muscle ; Kidney ; Plasma-FFS-Zusammensetzung ; Extraktion der Einzel-FFS in Herz ; Skeletmuskel ; Niere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei narkotisierten Hunden wurden die arteriovenösen Differenzen der gesamten und der einzelnen freien Fettsäuren (FFS) am Herzen, am elektrisch stimulierten Skeletmuskel (M. gastrocnemius) und an der Niere bei verschieden hoher arterieller FFS-Konzentration untersucht. Die Konzentration der gesamten FFS wurde titrimetrisch, ihre Zusammensetzung wurde gaschromatographisch bestimmt. Bei einer Steigerung der FFS-Konzentration durch Noradrenalininfusionen stiegen die Anteile der öl- und der Palmitinsäure an, und die Anteile der Stearin- und der Linolsäure sanken ab. Bei einer Senkung der FFS-Konzentration durch Glucoseinfusionen nahmen die Anteile der öl- und der Palmitoleinsäure ab, und die Anteile der Palmitin- und der Stearinsäure nahmen zu. Unter Kontrollbedingungen entfielen am Herzen 44% der gesamten FFS-Extraktion auf die öl- und 24% auf die Palmitinsäure, am Skeletmuskel entfielen 43% auf die öl- und 29% auf die Palmitinsäure. Bei einer Steigerung der arteriellen FFS-Konzentration durch Noradrenalin extrahierten Herz- und Skeletmuskel nur noch öl-, Palmitin- und Palmitoleinsäure. Gleichzeitig wurde im Herz Stearin- und Linolsäure und im Skeletmuskel Stearinsäure produziert. In der Niere entfielen unter Kontrollbedingungen je 40% der Gesamt-FFS-Extraktion auf die Palmitin- und die ölsäure. Es wird gefolgert, daß die öl-, die Palmitin- und die Palmitoleinsäure gegenüber den anderen FFS bevorzugt als Energiequellen benutzt werden, weil bei gleicher arterieller Konzentration höhere Extraktionen für diese drei FFS gemessen wurden. Noradrenalin bewirkt, wahrscheinlich durch Aktivierung von Lipase, im Herzen und im arbeitenden Skeletmuskel einen Abbau von gespeicherten oder im Plasma transportierten Triglyceriden.
    Notes: Summary The arteriovenous differences of total and individual free fatty acids (FFA) have been determined in the myocardium, in the electrically stimulated skeletal muscle (gastrocnemius) and in the kidney of closed chest anesthetized dogs. The concentration of total FFA was determined by titration, their composition was determined by gaschromatography. When the arterial concentration of total FFA was increased by norepinephrine infusions the percentage of olic and of palmitic acid increased and the percentage of stearic and linolic acid decreased. When the concentration of total FFA was decreased by glucose infusions the percentage of olic and palmitolic acid decreased and the percentage of palmitic and stearic acid increased. Under control conditions in the myocardium 44% of the total FFA extraction were related to olic and 24% to palmitic acid and in the skeletal muscle 43% were related to olic and 29% to palmitic acid. During norepinephrine induced increases of arterial FFA concentration myocardium and skeletal muscle extracted only olic, palmitic and palmitolic acid. At the same time in the myocardium stearic and linolic acid and in the skeletal muscle stearic acid was produced. In the kidney under control conditions 40% of the total FFA extraction were related to palmitic and 40% to olic acid. Since the extraction of olic, palmitic and palmitolic acid was higher than the extraction of other FFA at comparable arterial concentrations, it is concluded, that these three FFA are used in preference to other FFA as energy sources. Norepinephrine causes, probably via activation of lipase, in the myocardium and in the working skeletal muscle a breakdown of stored or in plasma transported triglycerides.
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  • 13
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 61-70 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectral fragmentations of stereoisomeric cyclohexane-1,2-diols, p-menthane-2,3-diols, 1-hydroxycarvomenthols and 4-hydroxymenthols are discussed.
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  • 14
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    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Examination of a large number of spectra indicates that bis-unsaturated compounds commonly undergo a skeletal rearrangement in which part or all or the bridging moiety is eliminated, often with concomitant loss of hydrogen atoms. The spectra of labeled azobenzene, diphenyl sulfide, and their p,p′-dimethyl derivatives show that scrambling of hydrogen atoms precedes or accompanies such rearrangements, in contrast to the loss of a p-methyl group from the latter derivatives. These results are rationalized in terms of the radical site formed on one unsaturated functional group attacking the polarizable π-electrons of the other unsaturated group.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 15
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 87-113 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The thermal excitation energy of molecules greatly influences multistep degradation reactions of aliphatic compounds in the mass spectrometer. Molecules very often obtain their thermal excitation energy only within the ion source by wall collisions. Since it is not usually possible to keep the ion source temperature entirely constant the peak intensities in the spectra of one and the same compound differ considerably. Attention should be paid to this fact in the preparation of mass spectra collections.Multistep degradation reactions may be influenced by reduction of the electron energy and the ion source temperature such that only primary degradation products are preferentially formed. The interpretation of such spectra is easier. This technique was used to study the fragmentation reactions of bi-functional aliphatic compounds. It was shown that nearly all fragments can be deduced from molecular ion species, ionized at one or other functional group. Depending on the amount of fragments produced by ionization at the functional group it is possible to compare the iniluence of the various substituents on the fragmentation, and to rank them according to their increasing influence on the fragmentation as shown:
    Notes: Die thermische Anregungsenergie der Moleküle beeinflußt mehrstufige Abbaureaktionen aliphatischer Verbindungen im massenspektrometer sehr stark. Thermische Anregung erhalten die Moleküle vielfach erst durch Wandstöße in der Ionenquelle. Da in den Wenigsten Fällen die Ionenquellentemperature völlig konstant gehalten werden kann, unterscheiden sich Spektren ein und derselben Verbindung oft in ihren Intensitätwerten voneinander. Diesem Umstand sollte bei der Anlage von Spektrensammlungen Rechnung getragen werden.Durch Erniedrigung von Elektronenenergie und Ionenquellentemperatur lassen sich mehrstufige Abbaureaktionen os lenken, daß vorzugsweise nur primäre Spaltprodukte entstehen. Die Spektren werden dadurch qualitativ besser auswertbar. Bie Anwendung dieses Verfahrens auf bifunktionelle aliphatische Verbindungen Können nahezu sämtliche Spaltstücke ovn Molekülionenspezies abgeleitet werden, die an der einen oder anderen funktionellen Gruppe ionisiert wurden. Je nach der Mange der durch Ionisation an einer der Gruppen entstandenen Fragmente kann man daher den Einfluß der Substituenten miteinander vergleichen und diese nach steigender Einflußnahme auf die Bruchstückbildung in einer Reihen anordnen. Es ergibt sich danach etwa die folgende Reihung:
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  • 16
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 151-166 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of the different forms of vitamin B6, some metabolites and antimetabolites, and some analogs are reported. The free bases are suitable for study, but the 5-phosphates are not sufficiently volatile. The hydrochloride salts dissociate thermally in the inlet system into the free base and HCl and give the spectrum of the free base with the spectrum of HCL superimposed on it. The compounds studied are: pyridoxol, pyridoxamine and pyridoxal, which are different forms of vitamin B6; 4-pyridoxic acid and its lactone, 5-pyridoxic acid lactone, isopyridoxal, 5-formyl-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4-carboxylic acid, and 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, which are vitamin B6 metabolites; α4-and α5-deoxypyridoxol, 3-deoxypyridoxol, and 4- and 5- norpyridoxol, which are antimetabolites and analogs of vitamin B6.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 17
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 167-168 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new type of ion detector has been developed that can be made to operate in two ways. It can detect all ions, or it can be made to detect only those within a preselected energy range. Its use on a mass spectrometer to examine the metastable spectra of cis- and trans-butenes is described.
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  • 18
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 169-187 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of guanidine and ten of its derivatives have been studied under both high and low resolution conditions. Evidence was detected for the migration of methyl groups, the formation of intermediate three-membered ring structures and decompositions involving expulsion of N. with release of kinetic energy.
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  • 19
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 199-204 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three isomeric compounds, I, II and III, were prepared and their mass spectra recorded. Comparisons of the spectra showed that the fragmentation of I proceeds only by way of II, and that II itself is transformed in part to III upon electron impact. It is suggested that selective ionization of each one of the two isolated functional groups in II may afford two isomeric radical ions, IIa and IIb. A possible interrelation to the photochemistry of these compounds is also discussed.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of three methoxypulvic dilactones, four methyl esters of methoxypulvic acids and five methyl ethers of pulvic acid derivatives have been measured and rationalised employing accurate mass measurements and metastable peak assignments to substantiate the proposed fragmentations and rearrangements. In particular, the mass spectral differences and similarities between the isomeric methoxypulvic dilactones, between their methanolysis products and between the isomeric methyl ethers, are rationalised.
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  • 21
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of twenty three azetidines and seventeen 2-azetidinones are reported and discussed. The majority of spectra contain molecular ions. Fragmentation modes are largely dependent upon the substitution pattern and involve specific cleavage of the four-membered ring. Several hydrogen rearrangement reactions occur, and in some cases, cis and trans isomers may be distinguished by large differences in the relative abundances of certain fragment ions.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The formation of 1,1-dimethoxy-alkyl rearrangement ions in the mass spectra of methyl ethers of linear diols, 1,2,3-triols and of derivatives of pentaglycerol and pentaerythritol has been investigated by deuterium labelling and mass measurements. Methoxy group migrations do not occur, or at least only to a small amount, in the mass spectra of the diol-dimethyl ethers. The mass spectra of methyl ethers of 1,2,3-triols exhibit characteristic peaks of the rearrangement ions +CH(OCH3)2 and +CR(OCH3)2. These ions arise by a 1,3-migration of a methoxy group, probably during a one step degradation of the molecular ion to give a molecule methyl alkenyl ether and a H-atom or alkyl radical as neutral fragments. Large peaks of the rearrangement ion +CH(OCH3)2 are observed in the mass spectra of compounds of the following type: A radical ion, formed by loss of HY from the molecular ion, rearranges by methoxy group migration in the mass spectra of these substances. Rearrangement by migration of hydroxy and acetoxy groups are also observed, but no migration of a Cl-atom.
    Notes: Die Bildung von 1,1-Dimethoxyalky-umlagerungsionen in den Massenspektren der Metyläther von linearen Diolen, 1,2,3-Triolen und Derivaten der verzweigten Polyole Pentaglycerin und Pentaerythrit wird mit Hilfe von Markierungen mit Deuterium und Massefeinbestimmungen untersucht. Methoxygruppenwanderungen treten in den Massenspektren der Dioldimethyläther nicht oder nur in sehr geringem Ausmaß auf. Die Massenspektren der 1,2,3-Trioltrimethyläther besizen aber charakteristische Peaks der umlagerungsionen +CH(OCH3)2 und +CR(OCH3)2. Diese Ionen entstehen durch eine 1,3-Wanderung einer Methoxygruppe, wahrscheinlich bei einem einstufigen Zerfall der Molekül-Ionen unter Bildung von Methyl-alkenyl-äther und H-Atom bzw. Alkylradikal als neutrale Fragmente. Gorße Peaks der Umlagerungsionen +CH(OCH3)2 werden in den Massenspektren von Verbindungen des Typs gefunde. Bei diesen Verbindungen wandert eine Methoxygruppe beim weiteren Zerfall von Radikal-Ionen, die durch Abspaltung von HY aus den Molekül-Ionen entstehen. Wanderungen von Hydroxy- und Acetoxy-Gruppen werden ebenfalls beobachtet, aber keine Wanderung von Cl-Atomen.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of tetronic acid and of a number of its derivatives are recorded and discussed. Where necessary, the composition of the fragment ions has been checked by high resolution mass measurements. Fragmentation of the molecular ion is explained in terms of the rupture of a bond attached to C-4, and the predominant routes for many of the compounds can be explained on the basis of two schemes, the first involving preliminary ketonisation of the molecular ion, followed by elimination of carbon monoxide, the second involving rupture of the C-4—R3 bond prior to elimination of carbon monoxide. Special structural features, however, provide alternative routes.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 24
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 617-626 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The mass spectra of secondary vinylcarbinols of the structure R—CH(OH)—CH=CH2 show the same fragments as those of the isomeric ethylketones R—CO—C2H5. This is the result of a rearrangement of the molecular ions of the vinylcarbinols to molecular ions of the ethylketones before fragmentation occurs. Compounds of the two classes differ only slightly from one another in the intensity values.
    Notes: Die Massenspektren sekundärer des Typs R—CH(OH)—CH=CH2 zeigen die gleichen Bruchstücke wie die der isomeren Äthylketone R—CO—C2H5. Dies ist auf eine Umlagerung der Molekülionen der Vinylcarbinole in solche der Äthylktone vor Eintritt der Bruchstückbildung zurückzuführen. Die Massenspektren beider Verbindungsklassen unterscheiden sich nur geringfügig in den Intensitätswerten.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Some esters of γ, δ-unsaturated or β-arylsubstituted acids undergo a peculiar transformation under electron-impact including an elimination of the alcohol residue as a radical R. with the following loss of the ketene molecule. One of the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl group enters an ion which is formed from an unsaturated part of the molecule. The possible mechanism of this reaction and the influence of structural modifications on the course of this process are discussed.
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  • 26
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 915-917 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electron-impact induced loss of CO2 from phthalanil and 4-phthalimidobiphenyl is paralleled by the formation of large amounts of CO2 on pyrolysis. CO is also a major pyrolysis product, but the loss of CO from these compounds under electron-impact is not an important fragmentation process.The mass spectra of meta and para-chlorophthalanils show prominent [M — CO2] peaks but the corresponding peak for the ortho isomer is of relatively low intensity. CO and CO2 are the principal gaseous products of the thermal decomposition of o-chlorophthalanil.
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  • 27
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In spite of previous extensive studies on the mass spectrometry of alkyl cyanides, no good mechanistic insight has as yet been gained into the behavior of straight chain alky1 cyanides. For this reason the possible origins for the principal ions in the mass spectrum of a typical alkyl cyanide (n-hexyl cyanide) have been determined using high resolution mass spectrometry anddeuterium labeling of every carbon atom. The results lead to the conclusion that most of the typical fragmentation processes of n-alkyl cyanides proceed through cyclic intermediates.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of nine bridged polycyclic chlorinated pesticidal compounds have been investigated, and fragmentation modes to account for the more abundant ions are postulated. The principal features of the spectra are ions corresponding to a set of retro-Diels-Alder decompositions, ions resulting from successive losses of Cl, HCl, or both, ions produced by combinations of a retro-Diels-Alder process with a preliminary or subsequent loss of Cl or HCl, and ions whose processes of formation more specifically involve the epoxide group.
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  • 30
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. xi 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 31
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 425-445 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An investigation of the mass spectra of substituted benzophenones has shown that a number of rearrangement processes are operative. The rearrangements have been shown to involve solely the ortho-substituents to the carbonyl group and in many cases the carbonyl oxygen atom itself participates in the processes. Deuterium labelling experiments combined with data obtained from accurate mass and metastable analysis have enabled the probable mechanisms of rearrangement and fragmentation to be elucidated. An understanding of these processes should greatly assist in the location of substituents in unknown benzophenones.
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  • 32
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 459-465 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of B substituted 2,5-dimethyl cyclotetrazenoboranes have been studied. The compounds Me2N4BD, Me2N4BEt, Me2N4BVi, Me2N4BCl and Me2N4BBr give confirmatory evidence that loss of N2+H. from the system occurs by loss of H from the side chain and that the B—R bond is very stable under electron impact conditions. Fragmentation proceeds in a similar fashion to that of the 2,5-dimethyl substituted compounds with H bonded to the boron atom.
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  • 33
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 34
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 487-502 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mass spectra of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of long chain dicarboxylic acids, hydroxy acids, cyano acids, and terminal diols, dithiols and diamines have been examined. A number of fragmentation pathways involving rearrangement of partial or intact TMS groups between the termini or remote points in the chain have been determined, using deuterium and carbon-13 labeling, and high resolution mass spectrometry. Knowledge of the occurrence of functional group migrations of this type is essential to the correct interpretation of mass spectra of TMS derivatives, which are now in wide use in mass spectrometry and gas chromatography. These data in addition provide further evidence for the general ability of remote functional groups to interact, by winding or coiling of long chains. A number of interesting doubly-charged ions are reported, in which the charges are reported, in which the charges are located at opposite ends of long chains, and for which no singly-charged counterparts are observed.
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  • 36
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 703-712 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of mono- and di-substituted alkyl and aryl imidazolines have been measured and the spectra analysed with the aid of deuterium labelling and high resolution techiques.In contrast to the fragmentation of thiazolines, all principal fragments of the imidazoline ring contain one nitrogen with or without hydrogen migration. In the case of 2,4-disubstituted imidazolines, the presence of two tautomeric molecular ions are suggested.
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  • 37
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 741-743 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 38
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 761-775 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of two fungal metabolites, aspertetronin A and B, have been examined in conjunction with a series of tetronic acids and related compounds, and as a result the major modes of fragmentation of the tetronic acid ring system have been determined. Several substituent dependent rearrangements have also been recognised during this investigation which should prove useful in the structural elucidation of unknown compounds.
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  • 39
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 417-423 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The most prominent ion in the mass spectra of C6F5CH2X (X = H, Br, CH:CH2, COCl, and CH2C6F5) is C7F5H2+, formulated as the pentafluorotropylium cation. This ion is also found, in an amount comparable to the parent ion, in the spectrum of (C6F5)2CH2. The heptafluorotropylium cation is found similarly in the spectrum of C6F5CF3. The mass spectra of (C6F5)2CHBr and [(C6H5)2CH]2 exhibit an ion C13F10H+ as the base peak, which is probably a pentafluorophenylpentafluorotropylium cation.The alcohol (C6F5)2CHOH shows loss of C6F5, followed by 2H, as a major breakdown pathway.The mode of formation, and the subsequent fragmentation, of the major ions in these spectra, are discussed.
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  • 40
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 447-458 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An investigation of the mass spectra of a number of substituted diphenyl ethers has shown that the major fragment ions are commonly due to cleavage of the molecule into the two benzene ‘half’ fragments although in many cases the molecular ion is the most abundant species observed.Little evidence is seen of M—CO or M—CHO peaks in these molecules but a large number of different rearrangement processes have been observed which involve ortho-substituents. These rearrangement ions, although in some cases not very abundant, can be diagnostic in the problem of locating substituents in the diphenyl ether nucleus.
    Additional Material: 8 Tab.
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  • 41
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 483-485 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 42
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a series of isatin, oxindole and 2-oxo-3-indolyl derivatives have been investigated using high resolution and deuterium labelling techniques. The fragmentations involve the sequential loss of a number of neutral molecules and the results show that the concept of charge localisation can be applied with success to explain the fragmentation processes even in these polyheteroatom species.
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  • 43
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 44
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of nineteen aliphatic 1,2-glycols containing a variety of substituents have been recorded and mechanistic rationalizations are presented for the more important degradation processes observed. Fragmentation of the hydroxylated carbon-carbon bond in these compounds occurred to an appreciable degree often accompanied by the transfer of a hydroxylic hydrogen atom.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 45
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bitter compounds isolated from the species Simaroubaceae represent a new family of degraded triterpenoids. Ailanthone, glaucarubolone and chaparrinone having a C20 skeleton belong to this family and their structures were previously determined. Mass spectra of these compounds and some of their derivatives have now been studied in detail and the results obtained are discussed in this communication. The observed fragmentation pattern is characteristic of the structural features of this group of compounds.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 46
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 891-898 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The mass spectra of trimethylalkoxy silanes (CH3)3Si—O—(CH2)n—CH3 (n = 0-8) and (CH3)3Si—O—(CH2)n—CH(CH3)2 (n = 0-3) have been investigated and most of the fragmentations, induced by electron-impact, have been identified by metastable ions. The fragmentation mechanisms of trimethylpentoxysilane, established by Diekman, Thomson and Djerassi, are also observed in the mass spectra of these trimethylalkoxy silanes. Characteristic features of these reactions in the mass spectra of compounds with smaller and longer alkoxy groups, together with some additional fragmentations, are discussed.
    Notes: Es werden die Massenspektren von Trimethylaklkoxysilanen dr Typen (CH3)3Si—O—(CH2)n—CH3 (n = 0-8) und (CH3)3Si—O—(CH2)n—CH(CH3)2 (n = 0-3) wiedergegeben und die meisten Abbaureaktionen der Verbindungen bei Elektronenstoß durch metastabile Ionen belegt. Die von Diekman, Thomoson und Djerassi für Trimethypentoxysilane angegebenen Zerallsmechanisman laufen auch bei den untersuchten Substanzen ab. Es werden Besonderheiten beim Ablauf dieser Reaktionen bei Trimethylalkoxsilanen mit längerer und kürzerer Alkoxykette diskutiert und einige weitere Zerfallsreaktionen mitgeteilt.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Après avoir identifié les impuretés qui accompagnent l'o-terphényle (I) marqué au 13C en position 2, c'est-à-dire, o-xenylcyclohexanol (II), o-xenylcyclohexène (III), hexahydrotriphénylène (IV) et o-xenylcyclohexane on a étudié la fragmentation des molécules I, II et IV, sous impact électronique, en tirant profit du marquage de ces molécules par le 13C.L'étude, par spectrométrje de masse, a été effectuée sur un instrument AEI MS9 pour ce qui regarde la composition atomique des ions principaux et sur un MAT CH-4 pour les déterminations quantitatives des espèces 12C et 13C, à basse énergie, en admettant une sensibilité égale.Le marquage par 13C de la position 2 dans I n'a pas encore mis clairement en évidence le réarrangement de cette molécule en une structure phénanthrénique après ouverture d'un noyau benzènique, comme le prévoyait une hypothèse formulée antérieurement à ce travail.La molécule II se fragmente suivant deux voies: I'une est formée d'une suite de fragments hydrocarbonés, produits à partir du pic moléculaire par perte de H2O et l'ature, d'une suite de fragments qui contiennent l'unique atome d'oxygène de la molécule. La différence dans le processus de fragmentation des deus séries s'explique par le fait que la perte d'une molécule d'eau, à partir de la molécule, stabilise les 2 atomes de carbone adjacents au C porteur du groupe - OH, le titre en 13C du fragment hydrocarboné en C15 étant relativement plus élevé que celui du fragment oxygéné à nombre égal d'atomes de C.Le marquage par 13C de la molécule IV montre comment se fait la rupture du cycle saturé sous bombardement électronique, le premier atome de C enlevé étant le plus proche du cycle centra.
    Notes: After identification of the impurities, separated from synthesized orthoterphenyl (I) labelled in position 2 with 13C, i.e. o-xenylcyclohexanol (II), o-xenylcyclohexene (III), hexahydrotriphenylene (IV) and o-xenylcyclohexane (V), the fragmentation processes under electron-impact of molecules I, II and IV have been studied, advantage being taken of their 13C labelling.Mass spectrometric studies were carried out on an AEI MS-9 for determination of the atomic composition of the main ions and on a MAT CH-4 instrument for quantitative determination of 12C and 13C species, at low energy, assuming an equal sensitivity.The 13C labelling of position 2 in I, has not yet given clear evidence of a formerly assumed rearrangement into phenanthrenic structure after ring opening.The fragmentation of molecule II occurs in two ways, i.e. into a series of hydrocarbon fragments, produced from the molecular ion by loss of H2O or into fragments still containing the oxygen atom. The difference between the fragmentation processes of the two series depends on the fact that the loss of H2O from the molecule stabilizes the two carbon atoms adjacent to the C carrying the hydroxyl group. This is shown by the relatively higher 13C content of the hydrocarbon fragment in C15 compared with that of the equivalent oxygenated fragment.The labelling in IV shows how the rupture of the saturated ring occurs under electron-impact, the first C removed being the one nearest to the central ring.
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  • 48
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 503-517 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a series of alicyclic fluorocarbon complexes of manganese, rhenium, iron and ruthenium are described and discussed. It is shown that the breakdown of these complexes after ionization depends on the nature of the metal, and of the other groups attached to the metal. Effects due to elimination of metal halides, formation of metal fluoride ions, and ligand transfer reactions are found, and result in significant differences in the fragmentation patterns of the complexes from those of the parent fluorocarbons.
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  • 49
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 563-566 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass-spectral behaviour of long-chain aliphatic primary alcohols of the normal, iso-and anteiso-series have been discussed. The mass-spectral fragmentation of individual alcoholic types have been found to be structurally specific. The mass spectra of some deuterio derivatives have shown, however, the complicated nature of the fragmentation processes.
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  • 50
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 51
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 583-592 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Skeletal rearrangement processes of the general type \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm ABC}^{\mathop {\rm + }\limits_{\rm .} } {\rm } \to {\rm AC}^{\mathop {\rm + }\limits_{\rm .} } {\rm + B} $\end{document} in which HCN is eliminated and also bond-forming reactions involving intramolecular aromatic substitution occur in aromatic azines upon electron impact. In addition, hydrogen rearrangements can lead to abundant benzonitrile and benzalimine molecular ions and their substituted analogues. The abundant [M—1] ions are predominantly formed by loss of the methine hydrogen preceded by complete scrambling of the aromatic and methine hydrogens. The similarities between the processes occurring in azines and those in anils, both in their normal bond cleavages and in some bond-forming reactions are emphasized.
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  • 52
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 613-615 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Migration of the heteroatom substituent is an important feature in the mass spectra of β-chloro- and β-hydroxy-ethyl aryl sulphones. In these compounds the migratory aptitude of the heteroatoms appears to be greater than that of the hydrogen atoms.
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  • 53
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 627-632 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The fact that some αβ-unsaturated alcohols give mass spectra that bear some similarity with the corresponding saturated ketones is discussed, and the double hydrogen transfer necessary to accommodate this is examined by deuterium labelling.
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  • 54
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectral fragmentation of thiosemicarbazone derivatives of some typical aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic aldehydes and ketones has been rationalized using high resolution mass spectrometry supplemented by deuterium labeling. Thiosemicarbazone derivatives of carbonyl compounds yield mass spectra which have little in common with those generated by their semicarbazone analogs.
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  • 55
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 739-740 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 56
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 713-737 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Fragmentation under electron impact of phenylhydrazones of aromatic aldehydes and ketones, of nitrostilbenes, nitrobenzalacetophenones and analogous compounds is determined by intramolecular oxidation reactions. Oxygen transfer from the o-nitrogroup on to the hydrazon- or stilbene-double bond is taking place; degradation of the resulting rearrangement products provides some of the most characteristic features in the mass spectra of such compounds. The spectra of 20 out of 40 compounds investigated are presented and discussed. Several other rearrangement reactions are observed. An additional conjugated double bond in the hydrazone chain completely changes the reactivity under electron impact. Even saturated substituents (cyclopropyl) can be drastically affected in their mode of fragmentation by an o-substituted nitrogroup.
    Notes: Die Fragmentierung von Nitrophenylhydrazonen aromatischer Aldehyde und Ketone, von Nitrostillbenen, Nitrobenzalacetophenonen und analogen Verbindungen unter Elektronenbeschuss wird entscheidend durch intramolekulare Oxidationsreaktionen beeinflusst, sofern sich eine Nitrogruppe in o-Stellung zum ungesättigten substituenten befindet. Es findet eine Sauerstoffübertragung von der o-Nitrogruppe auf die Hydrazon- oder Stilbendoppelbindung statt; ein wesentlicher Teil der charakterisierenden Fragmente in den Massenspektren dieser Verbindungen stammt aus dem Zerfall dieser Sauerstoffübertragungsprodukte. 20 Spektren von 40 untersuchten Verbindungen werden präsentiert und diskutiert. Eine Reihe weiterer umlagerungsreaktionen werden beobahtet. Eine konjugierte zusätzliche Dopplbindung in der Hydrazonkette ändert die Reaktivität der Verbindung vollsändig. auch die Fragmentierung gesättigter Substituenten (Cyclopropyl) kann durch eine o-Nitrogruppe entscheidend beeinflusst werden.
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  • 57
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In comparing N-acetylmorpholine to closely related systems, two major differences in fragmentation are observed. M-15 and M-43 fragments, although quite common to such systems, are unusual with respect to their genesis. Formation of the M-15 fragment by loss of C-3 instead of the anticipitated loss of C-2 or C-8 is evident from shifts in the spectra of deuterated analogs. The M-43 species arises from total loss of the N-acyl substituent rather than the usual two-step loss of ketene plus a ring hydrogen. These data are presented in support of mechanistic rationale involving radical induced ring contraction to a common intermediate molecular ion. Techniques of high resolution mass spectrometry and isotope labeling have been employed to substantiate certain mechanistic details.
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  • 58
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 59
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 47-60 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The field ionization and electron impact mass spectra of some monoterpenes are compared. Some general rules applicable also to other substances are derived, summarizing the new structural information that can be obtained by combination of field ionization and electron impact data. The general conclusions are: (1) By comparison of FI and EI mass spectra one can recognize which of the most intense peaks in the EI mass spectra are originating from rearrangement or multistip dissociation processes on the one hand, or from simple direct bond rupture on the other hand. (2) The molecular weight of each substance containing C, H, O, N atoms (or some of them) can be determined unambiguously by field ionization, even if there is no parent peak detectable by electron impact. (3) Extremely strong metastable peaks in the FI mass spectrum are indicative of the splitting off of a polar group from a highly branched carbon atom, under rearrangement of the molecular ion. (4) Ions of about double the molecular weight are often found in the FI mass spectra if the molecule contains carbonyl or hydroxyl groups, or conjugated multiple bonds in aliphatic compounds.
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  • 60
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 115-126 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a series of metal complexes of dibenzoylmethane have been rationalized. The paths of novel rearrangement reactions involving both hydrogen and oxygen migration may differ according to the type of metal atom in the complex. Further examples are proposed of the effect of metal valency changes in ion reactions.
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  • 61
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This book has been written with the intention of enabling the organic chemist to endeavor to interpret his own mass spectra and to decide whether mass spectrometry would be useful for his specific problems. Besides a description of experimental techniques the main body of the oeuvre consists of a thorough discussion of fragmentation processes triggered by various structural elements, followed by selected examples from miscellaneous classes of natural products. Of special value is a chapter on structure elucidation of unknown compounds. Each section also offers an ample list of literature references. The present book can be highly recommended as an introduction to organic mass spectrometry, yet it will prove useful also for those advanced in this art.
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  • 62
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 273-278 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of 1-phenylanthra-9,10-quinone and 20 substituted l-phenylanthraquinones having alkyl methoxyl, nitro and halogen substituents in the o-, m- and p-positions of the phenyl ring have been measured. The spectra are discussed with particular reference to the loss from the molecular ion of a hydrogen atom and of the substituent.
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  • 63
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 31-46 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 64
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 13-29 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of a variety of alkyl and aryl oxazoles have been determined and the spectra analyzed with the aid of deuterium labelling and high resolution mass spectrometry. In contrast to the corresponding benzenoid compounds, the mass spectra of isomeric alkyl oxazoles are distinctive and in this respect are akin to those of the corresponding pyridines. Further analogy to the pyridines is suggested by the unfavorable nature of a carbonium ion adjacent to the 2-position and this effect may be used to locate alkyl substituents attached to the oxazole nucleus. The loss of carbon monoxide from the molecular ions of 2,5-disubstituted oxazoles probably occurs with ring opening and migration of the C-5 substituent (e.g.Br) to the C-4 position.
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  • 65
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 191-198 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectrum of 1-(2-thienyl) hexane-1-13C is reported. The principal fragmentation routes ofthe parent ion are delineated. Beta cleavage of the alkyl chain predominates, and the label retention indicates that the alpha carbon atom remains with the charged ring moiety. A substantial part of the m/e 97 ion undergoes a ring expansion to a six membered ring. A small amount of alpha cleavage of the alkyl chain occurs with the expected loss of the label. Further fragmentation of the ions from initial alpha or beta cleavage produces similar fragment ions. It is noted that many of the neutral particles lost in the formation of the fragment ions are typical of those encountered in the alkylbenzenes or other aromatic ion systems.
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  • 66
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 215-229 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A variety of metal-complexes with Corrin-type macrocyclic ligands and synthetic precursors thereof are investigated by mass spectrometry. Analytical results are obtained from thermal reactions in the inlet system and from electron-impact-induced fragmentations. The former yield information concerning identity of small ligands in octahedral Co(III)-complexes, of anions in complex-salts and the possibility of thermal cyclisation of open ligands, the latter provide molecular weights, a means of type analysis and theoretically interesting modes of fragmentation. An unprecedented subsequent loss of up to seven methyl-groups is observed. Different fragmentation-mechanisms and the possible influence of metal-valency-changes and even- or odd-electron-ion-features are discussed. Some of the metals like Zn and Na seem to be able to form different types of metal-ligand-bonds.
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  • 67
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 397-402 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Competing primary reactions by which 1-tetralone loses C2H4 and CO give rise to a doublet at mass 118 in the high-resolution mass spectrum corresponding to 96·4% C8H6O+ and 3·6% C9H10+, respectively. Study of the remainder of the spectrum however, suggests that these intensities constitute a poor measure of the relative importance of the two reaction paths. The C9H10+ ion evidently degrades more readily than C8H6O+, since an estimated 26% of the ions arising in these paths involve primary loss of CO. This estimate is supported by voltage dependence of the intensity distribution between the members of the doublet. As ionizing voltage is decreased, the intensity distribution is constant to about 20 volts, but between 20 and 10 volts the value for C9H10+ rises smoothly from about 3.5% to about 25%.
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  • 68
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 403-416 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectral fragmentations of the saturated five-, six- and seven-membered ring ethers have been determined by studying their site-specifically deuterated analogues by both high and low-resolution mass spectrometry.The initial processes, governing the fragmentations of the cyclic ethers are shown to be identical with the well-known processes of linear nonbranched ethers, i.e. predominant α-fisson in the lower members and predominant carbon-oxygen fisson with charge retention on the carbon atom in the higher members.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 835-846 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of (π-C5H5)2Ti(C6F5)X (X = Cl and C6F5), C6F5Re(CO)5, RfFe(CO)2(π-C5H5) (Rf = C6F5, 4-HC6F4, and three isomeric H2C6F3), and C6F5Ru(CO)2(π-C5H5) are compared to those of C6F5X (X = F, Cl, Br, I) and the three isomers of C6F4H2. Significant differences occur, apparently depending on the relative thermodynamic stabilities of the various fragments which may be formed. Comparison of the mass spectra of pentafluorophenyl- and pentafluorobicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-dien-2-yl-Re(CO)5 show that similar ions are produced by both complexes, perhaps because of thermal isomerisation before ionisation.
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  • 70
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 907-909 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 71
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 913-914 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of esters of the general formula MeO2C·[CF2]n·CO2Me, n = 6 to 9, are reported and briefly discussed. Common features of the mass spectra are prominent peaks at [M — CO2], [M — CO2 — C2F4] and [M — CO2 — 2C2F4].
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  • 72
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 391-395 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Production of NO+- and NO2+- intermediate complexes formed by nitration of aromatic compounds by means of ion-molecule reactions in the gas phase were attempted. The experiments were performed with benzene, pyridine and toluene respectively and with NO+, NO2+ CH3NO2+ and CH2ONO2+ als ‘nitration’ ions. Aromatic NO+-as well as NO2+-complexes were observed with varying reaction cross-sections. The determined lower limit of bonding energy of 16 kcal/mol for to be σ-complexes. This fact was regarded as additional support for the analogy between electrophilic substitution reactions and ion-molecule reactions.
    Notes: Es wurde versucht, die bei der Nitrierung von Aromaten entstehenden NO+-bzw. NO2+-Intermediärkomplexe durch Ion-Molekül Reaktionen in der Gasphase zu erzeugen. Die utersuchungen erfolgten am Benzol. Pyridin und Toluol mit NO+, NO2+ sowie CH3NO2+ und CH2ONO2+ als ‘Nitrierungs’-Ionen. Es ließen sich sowohl aromatische NO+-Komplexe anchweisen mit wechselndem reaktionsquerschnitt. Die ermittelten unteren Grenzen der Bindungsenergien von 16 kcal/Mol für den NO+-Komplex und 29 kcal/Mol für den NO2+-Komplex legen es nahe, die nachgewiesenen Komplexe asl σ-Komplexe anzusehe, was als weiterer Hinweis für Analogie von elektrophilen Substitutionsreaktionen und Ion-Molekül-Reaktionen gewertet wird.
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mass spectra of 1-phenylethanol-1 and its analogues, specifically deuterated in the aliphatic chain, suggest that the [M—CH3]+ ion is represented partly by an α-hydroxybenzyl fragment. Moreover, the molecular ion loses successively - after scrambling of all hydrogen atoms, except those of CH3—a hydrogen atom and C6H6, generation the CH3CO+ ion.Diffuse peaks, found in the spectra of of 2-phenylethanol-1 and its analogues, specifically deuterated in the aliphatic chain and in the phenyl ring, show that the molecular ion loses C2H4O, possibly via a four-center mechanism, after an exchange of aromatic and hydroxylic hydrogens.Mass spectra of 1-phenylpropanol-2 and its analogues, specifically, deuterated in the aliphatic chain, demonstrate that in the molecular ion exclusively the hydroxyl hydrogen atom is transferred to one of the ortho-positions of the phenyl ring via a McLafferty rearrangement, generating the [M — C2H4O]+ ion. Furtherore, an eight-membered ring structure is proposed for the [M — CH3]+ ion to explain the loss of H2O and C2H2O from this ion after an extensive scrambling of hydrogen atoms.
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  • 74
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. iv 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 75
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 527-530 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using energetic considerations, ketonic structures are postulated for the [M—olefin]+ fragments derived from alkoxybenzenes, alkylthiobenzenes and 9-ethoxyanthracene. Experimentally determined heats of formation for the tautomeric molecular ions derived from anthrone and 9-anthrol differ by 37 Kcal. mole-1.
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  • 76
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 519-525 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An ‘on-line’ mass spectrometer technique which permits the examination of the effects of radiation at short times has been used to study the radiolysis of methane by reactor radiation. The mass spectrometer used was the AEI MS-10. The experiments were carried out using the UTR-100 reactor at East Kilbride and the results using highly purified methane and methane with radical scavangers are described. With pure methane at 0·25% conversion, G-values of 0·36, 0·24, 0·07 and 0·03 were calculated for C3H8, C4H10, C5H12 and C6H14 respectively. No pressure-dependent reactions were observed in the pressure range 50 to 135 torr. The effects of radical scavengers were investigated and irradiation of methane containing 1 to 2% ethylene gave G-values for C2H6, C3H8, n-C4H10, iso-C4H10, C5H12 plus C6H14, C2H2, C3H6, C4H8 and C5H10 of 1·33, 2·02, 2·03, 0·35, 0·34, 0·30, 0·37, 0·90 and 0·31. The effects of adding 1 to 2% propylene and 1 to 2% oxygen were also examined and the results are described in the paper. Experiments with smaller quantities of oxygen emphasize the importance of removing all oxygen from the system before radiolysis begins. The paper then goes on to discuss in some detail the processes involved in the radiolysis of methane and concludes with suggestions for future work.
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  • 77
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 543-549 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: According to Stevenson's rule, there is a possibility that the chloromethyl and bromomethyl ions in the spectra of alkylhalides may not be formed from the molecular ion by processes described by electronic ground states alone. Since ion intensities at 75 eV are generally considered to be governed by appearance potentials, the operation of Stevenson's rule should influence correlations of intensity data according to the kinetic approach to mass spectra. Deviations from linearity were obtained in correlations of CH2Br+ intensities, but not in those of CH2CL+. Stevenson's rule is of help in explaining the deviations, but by its nature it is not absolute in predicting their occurrence with certainty. Consequently caution must be exercised in the interpretation of new data, particularly for aliphatic compounds.
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  • 78
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 551-561 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of usnic acid, decarbousnic acid, usnetic acid and usnetol are reported and mechanistically interpreted. The mass spectra of lichexanthone and lichexanthone methyl ether were also examined, and the unusal features of the latter spectrum have been rationalized.
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  • 79
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 567-581 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of twenty one C-19 modified cholesteryl derivatives have been determined and compared with results for related systems. In the case when the hydrogen(s) of the C-19 group have been replaced by other groups the metastable evidence shows that in those molecules with a C-3 hydroxyl group the loss of water followed by the loss of the C-19 group gives rise to an intense ion at m/e 353, whereas the loss of the C-19 group with hydrogen transfer to the ion, followed by the loss of water gives rise to the large ion at m/e 354. In contrast in the case of the C-3 acetates the main fragmentation is the loss of acetic acid followed by the loss of the C-19 group to give the ion at m/e 353. This is rationalised on the basis of results observed in other systems. In the case of the C-3 tosylates evidence for pyrolysis before electron impact fragmentation is presented. The subsequent fragmentation of the large ions at m/e 354, 353 and other m/e values in the high mass region is shown to be in line with earlier work.
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The mass spectra of 15 azines and 5 phosphazines are investigated by deuterium labelling and high resolution mass measurements. Azines of aldehydes undergo a skeletal rearrangement in which HCN and (HCN + H) are eliminated from the molecular ion. Azines of ketones first eliminate an aryl or alkyl radical and then rearrange with the expulsion of CN. or (CN. + H). Analogies to the photolytic or thermal elimination of nitrogen in azines could not be detected. o,o′-Dinitrobenzaldazin undergoes a double oxygen rearrangement in which carbon dioxide is eliminated. Phosphazines show a similar behaviour under electron-impact as under pyrolytic conditions.
    Notes: Die Massenspektren von 15 Azinen sowie 5 Phosphazinen werden mittels deuterium-Markierung und exakten Massenmessungen untersucht. Azine von Aldehyden eliminieren HCN und (HCN + H) aus dem Molekülion, was mit einer Umlagerung verbunden ist. Azine von Ketonen spalten zuerst ein Aryl-bzw. Akylradikal ab und lagern sich anschliessend um unter eliminieung von CN. oder (CN. + H). Analogien zur photolytischen oder termischen Abspaltungvon Stickstoff aus Azinen wurden nicht gefunden. o, o′-Dinitro-benzaldazin erleidet unter Elektronenstoss eine doppelte Sauerstoffumlagerung, bei de CO2 eliminiert wird. Phosphazine zeigen bei Elektronenbeschuss ein ähnliches Verhalten wie bei der Thermolyse.
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  • 81
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of various ring-substituted salicylic acids and derivatives thereof have been examined. Fragmentation pathways for derivatives of salicylic acid; 3-NO2 salicylic acid; 5-I salicylic acid; 3-NO2, 5-I salicylic acid; and 3-NH2, 5-I salicylic acid are suggested. The major dissociations of these compounds are by elimination of the elements of neutral molecules, e.g. water, methanol, ketene (from the acetylated compounds) carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, leading to (iodo) phenoxy and (iodo) quinone type ion structures. These ions further decompose to yield the corresponding substituted cyclopentadienyl and cyclopropylium ions.
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  • 82
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 263-271 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of 2- and 3-phenylthiophenes and their phenyl-d5 counterparts reveal that the thienyl ring is markedly more reactive than the phenyl ring under electron impact. In one process, that leading to loss of C2H2S, the atoms lost are apparently derived solely from the thienyl ring, quite probably from the original molecular configuration.
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  • 83
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The triphenylmethyl (trityl) moiety is frequently used for the protection of alcohols but the mass spectra of such trityl ethers have hitherto escaped scrutiny. It has now been found that triphenylmethyl derivatives of primary alcohols yield abundant molecular ions which permit the determination of the isotopic purity of the parent alcohol. Upon electron impact the triphenyl-methyl entity directs the fragmentation of trityl ethers as demonstrated by a detailed study of n-pentyl trityl ether and its deuterated analogs. Ions formed by migration of phenyl groups were observed in the mass spectra of the trityl ethers investigated as well as in the spectrum of triphenyl-methane itself.
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  • 84
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 231-250 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The different influence of functional groups on fragmentation reactions is demonstrated by the example of 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstanes.In 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstane the tendency of steroids to be cleaved by rupture of the C-13/C-17 bond under production of a charged centre at C-13 is only enhanced by the hydroxyl group. This influence of the hydroxyl group only predominates as long as substituents are absent which need less energy for ionization than is necessary to ionize the C-13/C-17 bond. Even the presence of a double bond may change the fragmentation pattern completely.If, however, an additional alkyl group is located at C-17, ionization occurs with high probability by elimination of an electron from the OH group connected to C-17. Therefore, other main degradation reactions occur than in molecular ions, having the charge located at C-13. In such compounds even the dominant influence of a conjugated system on the fragmentation reactions is considerably reduced. By etherfication of the hydroxyl group this effect is still very much increased.In the course of this investigation some not yet known degradation reactions, rather typical for the presence of certain groups in the steroid skeleton, were found. These are discussed briefly.
    Notes: AM Beispiel des 17β-Hydroxy-5α-androstans wird der unterschiedliche Einfluß funktioneller Gruppen auf die Bruchstückbildung von Steroiden studiert.Im 17β-Hydroxy-5α-androstan wird durch die Hydroxylgruppe lediglich die in Steroiden vorhandene eigung zur Spaltung der C-13/C-17 Bindung unter Ausbildung eines positiven Ladungszentrums an C-13 vertärkt. Dieser Einfluß der Hydroxylgruppe überwiegt aber nur, solange Substituenten fehlen, die zur Ionisation einen geringeren Energieaufwand benötigen, als zur Ionisation der C-13/C-17 Bindung erforderlich ist. Bereits bei Vorhandensein einer Doppelbindung kann sich das Spaltbild stark wandeln.Wenn sich aber in Stellung 17 noch eine zusätzliche Alkygruppe befindet, so erfolgt die Ionisation mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit durch Abspaltung eines Elektrons vom Hydroxylsauerstoff in Stellung 17. Es treten daher andere Hauptabbaureaktionen ein als in Molekülionen, die das Ladungszentrum am C-13 haben. In solchen Verbindungen ist selbst der dominierende Einfluß eines konjugierten Systems auf die Bruchstückbildung weitgehend eingeschränkt. Bei Verätherung der Hydroxylgruppe wird dieser Effekt potenziert.Im Zuge dieser UNtersuchungen wurden einige bisher noch nicht bekannte, für die Anwesenheit bestimmter Strukturelemente im Steroidskelett typische Abbaureaktionen aufgefunden, die ebenfalls kurz diskutiert werden.
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  • 85
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 279-284 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of some δ-lactones substituted in various positions by methyl groups have been studied both by accurate mass measurements at high resulution and by deuterium labelling. The loss of carbon dioxide has been shown to be important only for a mono-substituted lactone. A fragmentation mode common to all the lactones studied is the elimination of the ring oxygen atom, plus the adjacent carbon atom with its substituents, as a neutral carbonyl molecule such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde or acetone. Deuterium labelling has uncovered the existence of a rearrangement involving hydrogen transfer in an even-electron ion, and a mechanism involving a six-membered transition state is proposed for this. The bond fissions, common to all the lactones, by which the principal ions in the mass spectra arise, are summarised.
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  • 86
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 285-294 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of nineteen substituted benzothiazoles have been recorded and the identity of the various ions in the mass spectra has been established by high resulution (accurate) mass measurement. Deuterium labelling has been used to elucidate the fragmentation processes of these compounds. The parent compound of the series, benzothiazole, exhibits the loss of hydrogen cyanide and carbon monosulphide from the parent ion as the most important decomposition pathways. The hydrogen atom concerned in the loss of hydrogen cyanide is shown to originate from the 2-position of benzothiazole, while in 2-substituted benzothiazoles, different mechanisms are apparent for the loss of hydrogen cyanide, and these are clarified by deuterium labelling. Some substituted benzothiazoles can lose sulphur from their molecular ions, a process which does not occur in benzothiazole itself. The substituted benzothiazoles undergo many other types of fragmentations, in some cases retaining the substituent, and in other cases losing it prior to collapse of the thiazole ring.
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  • 87
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 315-322 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The mass spectra of 19 aromatic isocyanides are reported and discussed. The main feature of the fragmentation of these compounds is loss of HCN usually indicated by a metastable peak. Although this process is characteristic of the behaviour of aromatic isocyanides the extent to which it dominates the mass spectrum of any aromatic isocyanide is determined by the relative ease of cleavage of other bonds within the molecule. 2,4,6-d3-phenylisocyanide (Ib) loses predominantly DCN from the molecular ion while 2,4-d2-1-naphthylisocyanide (lIIb) eliminates HCN. It is therefore concluded that the loss of HCN from aromatic isocyanides is mainly a non-random process (no randomization prior to fragmentation).
    Notes: Die Massenspekren von 19 aromatischen Isocyaniden werden angegeben. Hauptmerkmal des Elektronenstoß-induzierten Zerfalls dieser Verbindungen ist der Verlust von HCN, der gewöhnlich von einem metastabilen Peak begleitet wird. Obsleich dieser Prozeß charakteristisch ist für das Verhalten von aromatischen Isocyaniden, tritt er mehr und mehr in den Hintergrrund, wenn andere leicht spaltbare Bindungen im Molekül vorhanden sind. 2,4,6-d3-Phenylisocyanid (Ib) spaltet aus dem Molekülion vorwiegend DCN ab, während 2,4,d2-1-Naphthyl-isocyanid (IIb) hingegen HCN eliminiert. Es wird deshalb angenommen, daß bei der Abspaltung von HCN aus aromatischen Isocyaniden der dazu benötigte Wasserstoff aus einer spezifischen Stellung des Benzolkerns kommt und keine statistische Verteilung der Wassertoff-Atome vor der Fragmentierung eintritt.
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 910-912 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The loss of HCN and DCN from 2,4,6-d3-phenyl isocyanide is preceded by H/D randomization in the large majority of k-states which could be sampled in this study.
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  • 89
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 918-918 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 90
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 323-329 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: It is shown that in porphin derivatives the McLafferty rearrangement occurs preferentially in even electron systems, in fact with high relative abundance starting from M2+, but less favorably in ions formed by elimination of a radical. Starting from this observation the formulation of a general scheme for the McLafferty rearrangement is attempted.
    Notes: Es wird gezeigt, daß in Porphin-Derivaten die McLafferty-Umlagerung bevorzugt in geradelektronischen Systemen abläuft. und zwar mit großer relative Häufigkeit ausgehend von M2+, jedoch weniger begünstigt in Ionen, die durch Radikalabspaltung entstanden sind. Von dieser Beobachtung ausgehend wird ein allgemeines Schema für die McLafferty-Umlagerung vorgeschlagen.
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  • 91
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
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  • 92
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 343-343 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 93
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 531-536 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The p-fluoro labeling technique is used to demonstrate that the ions formed by the loss of CO from tetracyclones pass through a tetrahedral transition state or intermediate before they fragment.
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  • 94
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 537-542 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Contrary to previous suppositions, it appears that the produced by the loss of 2 CO from para-benzoquinones passes through the symmetry of not a substituted cyclobutadiene, but rather a substituted tetrahedrane, at least for inert R. The p-fluoro labeling technique is used to obtain this result.
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  • 95
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 81-86 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cracking patterns of thirty-three fluorinated methanes, ethanes and propanes have been tabulated. For many of the compounds molecular ions were not observed. A comparison has been made of some of the halomethyl ion abundances with stabilization energies that have recently been derived from appearance potential measurements. Rearranged halomethyl ions occur frequently in the fluoroethane spectra. Their intensities often exceed those resulting from simple carbon bond rupture.
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  • 96
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968), S. 71-80 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The spectra of certain deuteriated binuclear chromium complexes have been obtained which help to elucidate some of the fragmentation processes of the molecular ion.The effect of the relative strengths of the metal-ligand and metal nitrosyl bonds is also discussed.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biological Mass Spectrometry 1 (1968) 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In order to discuss hydrogen transfer in the skeletal fragmentation of thioethers on electron impact, mass spectra of a series of 2-n-alkylthio-5-aminothiazolo [5,4-d]pyrimidines have been determined. To aid the interpretation of the hydrogen migration, deuterium-labeled compounds which are substituted with deuterium in each position of 2-n-butylthio-5-aminothiazolo-pyrimidines were studied. By correlation of the spectra obtained from such labeled compounds, the initial hydrogen migration in the fragmentation to produce [M — SH], [MS — CH3] and m/e 184 ions is concluded to be as follows: migration of the α-hydrogen atom to the sulfur induces formation of the [M — SH] ion; migration of the β-hydrogen atom to the sulfur or nitrogen atom by a McLafferty rearrangement induces formation of the m/e 184 ion; and migration of γ-hydrogen atom to the sulfur induces formation of the [M — SCH3] ion.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The utility of benzoyl and pentadeuterobenzoyl derivatives of peptide methyl esters for mass spectrometric analysis was investigated. The mass spectra of the glu-his and the val-tyr-pro derivatives are discussed. Treatment of the peptide methyl esters with the mixed benzoic-ethyl-carbonic anhydride did in some cases lead to benzoyl derivatives as well as to ethoxycarbonyl derivatives.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The utility of ethoxycarbonyl-peptide methyl esters for mass spectrometric analysis is described. The ethoxycarbonyl group has important advantages over other protecting groups which are in use. The derivatives have high intensity; this greatly facilitates the interpretation of the fragmentation pattern. The spentra of the methyl esters of the ethoxycarbonyl derivatives of pro-val, trp-gly, gly-ser, (cys)2, glutation (GSH), glu-his-phe, val-tyr-pro and val-lys-val-tyr-pro are given.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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