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  • 1970-1974  (1,248)
  • 1970  (1,248)
  • Organic Chemistry  (695)
  • Physics  (526)
  • Electron microscopy
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 132 (1970), S. 107-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Differentiation ; Down feathers ; Electron microscopy ; Keratinization ; Keratohyalin granules ; Periderm granules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of the developing chick feather germ (down feather) was studied at the ultrastructural level from 8 to 18 days of incubation. The process of keratinization in the developing feather germ was described, discussed and compared to keratinization in mammalian skin and hair. This study has shown that: 1. Apico-basal gradients of differentiation and different cell types are recognizable at the ultrastructural level in the developing feather germ. 2. The hypothesis that keratin is synthesized de novo by ribosomes is probably correct, because the largest number of these organelles is present at the time when keratin formation is most prominent. 3. Intercellular gaps in the developing feather germs facilitate the reorientation and rearrangement of different cell types into definitive feather structures. 4. The sources of nutrition and energy for the completion of keratinization during later developmental stages of feather germs are the supportive and the barb medullary cells and large stores of glycogen. 5. Keratohyalin granules are not precursors of feather keratin, since no such structures were observed in feather germs. 6. Two distinct modes of keratinization occur in feather germs. Keratinization in sheath cells is similar to that which occurs in mammalian epidermal cells. Barb and barbule cell keratinization resembles that of hair. 7. The basal lamina is probably involved in transport of synthetic material from the pulp cavity to the epidermal cells. The lamina may also provide mechanically strong connections between the feather germ and the dermis. It is suggested that desmosomal tonofilaments provide a framework which orients the synthesis of keratin. It is also suggested that the periderm granules provide mechanically weak areas in the sheath and facilitate the fragmentation of this structure.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 130 (1970), S. 216-233 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Guinea-pig ; Placenta ; Syncytiotrophoblast ; Fetal capillaries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde elektronenmikroskopisch die reife Hauptplacenta von 31 Meerschweinchen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß das Organ aus, drei morphologisch unterscheidbaren Gebieten aufgebaut ist: Interlobär- und, Randsyncytium, Läppchenperipherie und Läppchenzentrum. Zwischen diesen Zonen befinden sich noch zwei Übergangszonen, die die Eigenschaften der angrenzenden Hauptgebiete haben. Das Interlobär- und Randsyncytium enthält keine fetalen Capillaren, besitzt, aber teilweise ein sehr gut entwickeltes endoplasmatisches Reticulum mit zum Teil parallel angeordneten Zisternen sowie vielen Einschlüssen und verschiedenartigen vacuolären Gebilden. Nach dem Vorkommen dieser Bestandteile unterscheiden wir vier unregelmäßig verteilte Syncytioplasmazonen: a) mit vielen Vacuolen, b) mit vielen Filamenten, c) mit Vacuolen und Filamenten und d)— am häufigsten — Gebiete, die fast frei von derartigen Strukturen sind. Der Trophoblast besitzt an der den mütterlichen Lacunen zugewandten Oberfläche viele Mikrovilli und unterschiedliche polypartige Gebilde. Die Läppchenperipherie ist reich an fetalen Capillaren. Die Trophoblastbalken sind dünn und zeigen unterschiedlichen Organellengehalt. Oft kommen viele Vesikel vor. Das endoplasmatische Reticulum ist um die mitochondrien angeordnet. Das Läppchenzentrum zeigt häufig eine vacuolisierte, netzartige Struktur. Im Syncytiotrophoblast sowie in den Endothelzellen werden ausgedehnte endoplasmatische Zisternen gesehen. Die Oberfläche der fetalen Capillaren besitzt viele polypartige Gebilde. In funktioneller Hinsicht wird das Rand- und Interlobärsyncytium mit der Proteinsynthese in Zusammenhang gebracht. Trotz des Fehlens embryonaler Gefäße können sich hier Resorptionsvorgänge abspielen (positive ATP'ase-Reaktion). In der Läppchenperipherie überwiegt möglicherweise der Austausch der Atemgase und niedermolekularer Substanzen. Das Läppchenzentrum scheint wieder in Beziehung zum Proteinaustausch und zum Lipidumsatz zu stehen. Es gibt Hinweise, daß über alle Placentazonen hinweg eine lebhafte Cytoplasmaströmung erfolgt.
    Notes: Summary The mature main placenta of 31 guinea-pigs was investigated by means of electron microscopy. It is shown that the organ consists of 3 morphologically different regions, i.e. interlobar and marginal syncytium, lobular periphery and lobular centre. Between these regions there are 2 transitional zones having the morphological characteristics of both adjacent main regions. The interlobar and marginal syncytium is devoid of fetal capillaries However, in some parts it has an extremely developed endoplasmic reticulum, in parts of which the cisternae are arranged in parallel. In addition it has many inclusions and various vacuolated structures. According to the presence or absence of these structures four irregularly distributed syncytioplasma zones can be distinguished: a) containing large numbers of vacuoles, b) containing large numbers of filaments, c) containing vacuoles and filaments and d)— the main group —regions which are almost entirely free from these structures. On the surface facing the maternal lacunae the trophoblast has an abundance of microvilli as well as various polypoid structures. The lobular periphery is rich in fetal capilaries. The trabeculae of the trophoblast are thin and show a varying of organelles. Frequently large numbers of vesicles are observed. The endoplasmic reticulum is arranged around the mitochondria. The lobular centre frequently shows a vacuolized net-like structure. Extensive endoplasmic cisternae are observed in the syncytiotrophoblast as well as in the endothelial cells. The surface of the fetal capillaries shows an abundance of polypoid structures. From a functional point of view it seems likely that the interlobar and marginal syncytium is involved in protein synthesis. Despite the lack of fetal capillaries, absorptive processes can take place in this region. It is suggested that the main function of the lobular periphery is exchange of the respiratory gases and of substances of low molecular weight. The lobular centre seems to be associated with protein synthesis and lipid turnover.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 10 (1970), S. 276-282 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Chlorpromazine ; Rabbit hypothalamus ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tuber cinereum of hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex and caudate nucleus of rabbits were examined under the electron microscope following intramuscular administration of chlorpromazine with special consideration of ultrastructural changes in amount and distribution of glycogen granules in their hypothalamus. In these regions, normal astrocytes and their processes contain glycogen granules diffusely scattered in the cytoplasm. In the neurons of the normal hypothalamus and cerebellar cortex, glycogen granules are seen in some presynaptic endings and distal parts of dendrites but not in the perikaryal cytoplasm. In the tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus, after chlorpromazine administration, abundant glycogen granules accumulate at the postsynaptic sites, especially in peripheric parts of dendrites, and clusters of glycogen granules appear in the perikaryal cytoplasm of the nerve cells. These findings are interpreted as an increase of glycogen in these cellular regions and the suggestion is made that chlorpromazine inhibits the glycolytic metabolism in the distal parts of dendrites, particularly at postsynaptic sites and in the perikarya of nerve cells of the hypothalamus.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 387-391 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Trifluoperazine ; Rabbit pallidum ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following administration of trifluoperazine (a psychotropic drug of the phenothiazine group), the brains of rabbits were examined by electron microscopy, with special reference to the glycogen changes in the globus pallidus, and were compared with the normal materials. After seven days' intramuscular injections of trifluoperazine (10 mg/kg/day), abundant glycogen granules were accumulated in dendrites of pallidum. Those animals showed extrapyramidal symptoms throughout the period. The administration of the drug might inhibit either neural activity or the glycolytic metabolism in dendrites of the pallidum.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 10 (1970), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Cerebral cortex ; Laminar lesions ; Degeneration ; Dendrites ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological characteristics of dendrites in layers of the cerebral cortex above laminar lesions induced by ionizing particle irradiation have been studied in the striate field of rat at various survival times. Within two weeks following irradiation an increasing number of dendrites display unusual alterations inferred to be signs of degeneration. Degenerating dendrites can be characterized by a dense cytoplasmic matrix, disruption of mitochondria, presence of dense bodies, irregular outline and a marked alteration of the plasmalemma in its dimensions and staining properties. Some degenerating dendrites possess a large accumulation of dense subsynaptic material and are contacted by synapses with enlarged and altered synaptic clefts. A few dendrites contain extensive membranous whorls. Engulfment by reactive astrocyte processes is a common feature and often includes the presynaptic axonal knob, but only the degenerating dendrite has been observed within glial cytoplasm. The inference that the majority of degenerating dendrites in this material are apical dendrites of pyramidal cells suggests that either shaft synapses are common for these cells, protuberances may retract during degeneration, or spines are lost due to loss of afferent terminals.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 11 (1970), S. 528-538 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Visual pathway ; Hypothalamus ; Arcuate nucleus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Degenerating nerve fibres and boutons were searched with the aid of the electron microscope in the arcuate nucleus of rats 2–7 days after bilateral destruction of the retina. In the arcuate nucleus of the control animals as well as in the operated animals, 4 types of boutons were distinguished on the basis of vesicular contents and glial ensheathment. In the operated animals changes interpreted as degenerating were found in small myelinated axons and boutons of type II (boutons containing both synaptic and granular vesicles). The changes were similar to those described in the literature as the “dark” type of degeneration in experimentally interrupted axons and boutons. Similar changes were not found in the unoperated animals. The conclusion is reached, that a small number of fibres of the optic tract reach the arcuate nucleus to terminate here.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 316-345 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Histophysiology of median eminence ; Avian neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les effets de l'adénohypophysectomie et de diverses sollicitations de l'axe hypothalamo-hypophysio-corticosurrénalien sur l'ultrastructure de l'Eminence Médiane (E.M.) ont été étudiés chez le Pigeon. 1. Chez le Pigeon entier, l'Eminence Médiane Caudale (E.M.C.) se distingue de l'Eminence Médiane Rostrale (E.M.R.) essentiellement par l'absence dans les deux couches les plus externes (couches palissadique et superficielle) de l'E.M.C. de granules de gros calibres (1600 à 1900 Å), la rareté de granules de diamètre moyen (1200–1400 Å) et la prédominance de petites vésicules à cœur dense de 600–800 Å. 2. La préhypophysectomie entraine: a) dans l'E.M.R. la quasi disparition de granulations dans les deux couches externes; b) dans l'E.M.C. la ≪vidange≫ de nombreux axones, mais un enrichissement relatif, parmi les granulations restantes, des granulations de gros calibre (1600–1900 Å) aux dépens des granules de plus petit calibre. 3. Un shock insulinique entraine des modifications du même ordre: a) déplétion des granules denses, limitée dans ce cas à la portion la plus antérieure des deux couches externes de l'E.M.R.; b) enrichissement relatif des granulations de moyen (1200–1400 Å) et de gros (1600–1900 Å) calibre dans l'E.M.C. avec, en plus dans l'E.M.C., un enrichissement en vésicules de type synaptique. 4. Un traitement à la métopirone produit un accroissement du nombre des granulations de moyen (1200–1400 Å) calibre dans les couches externes de l'E.M.R. et de l'E.M.C., et un enrichissement important de l'E.M.C. en vésicules de type synaptique. 5. Le traitement à la prednisolone conduit à un enrichissement très marqué des couches externes de l'E.M.R. en grains de 1200–1400 Å, et à un enrichissement des couches externes de l'E.M.C. en granulations de 1000 Å. Ces résultats sont discutés dans la perspective des régulations hypothalamo-corticotropes, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les granules de 1200–1400 Å.
    Notes: Summary The effects of adenohypophysectomy, and of several experimental interventions on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal cortical axis have been studied in relation to the fine structure of the median eminence in the pigeon. 1. In control animals, the following morphological features of the caudal median eminence (C.M.E.) distinguish it from the rostral median eminence (R.M.E.): a) the absence in both external layers of the C.M.E. of large (1,600–1,900 Å) electron-dense granules, b) the presence in the C.M.E. of a small number of medium-size (1,200–1,400 Å) granules, and c) the predominance in the C.M.E. of small (600–800 Å) dense-core vesicles. 2. Adenohypophysectomy leads to: a) almost complete disappearance of electron-dense granules in both external layers of the R.M.E., and b) “emptying” of numerous axons and a relative increase in the number of large (1,600–1,900 Å) granules in the C.M.E. 3. Insulin shock produces modifications similar to those of adenohypophysectomy. The depletion of electron-dense granules from the axons is, however, restricted to the most anterior part of the R.M.E., and, in the C.M.E., the relative increase in the number of larger granules affects the 1,200–1,400 Å and the 1,600–1,900 Å size granules. 4. Metopirone enhances the number of medium-size (1,200–1,400 Å) granules in the external layers of both the R.M.E. and the C.M.E. and causes a significant increase in the number of synaptic-like vesicles in the C.M.E. 5. Prednisolone treatment leads to a marked enrichment of the external layers of the R.M.E. with 1,200–1,400 Å granules, and of the external layers of the C.M.E. with 1,000 Å granules. These results have been discussed with special reference to the hypothalamic control of the adrenocorticotropic function, especially reviewing the role of the 1,200–1,400 Å granules.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 451-472 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hemocytopoiesis ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mikroskopische Beobachtungen an normalen „phagozytären Geweben“ (im Sinne der älteren Autoren) entlang des dorsalen Diaphragmas der beiden Orthopteren-Arten Gryllus bimaculatus und Locusta migratoria zeigen übereinstimmend, daß diese Bildungen eine hematopoietische Struktur haben. Bei beiden Arten entwickeln sich die blutbildenden Stammzellen aus einer großen Anzahl sog. Retikularzellen mesodermalen Ursprungs, die den Retikularzellen der blutbildenden Gewebe der Vertebrata sehr stark ähneln. Wie bei den Vertebrata differenzieren sich bei den Insekten die Blutzellen in sog. isogenen Zellgruppen von gleichem Typus und gleichem Entwicklungsstadium. Die starke phagozytäre Neigung der Retikularzellen erklärt, warum die blutbildenden Gewebe der Orthoptera von den älteren Autoren als phagozytäre Organe angesprochen wurden. Die hämatopoietische Differenzierung der Retikularzellen in reife Blutzellen (Haemozyten) findet entweder in einem lockeren Gewebe entlang des dorsalen Blutgefäßes, wie bei Locusta, statt, oder im inneren mehrerer, an das Herz gebundener, hoch organisierter blutbildender Organe, wie bei Gryllus, die noch stärker an die klassischen Strukturen der Vertebrata erinnern. Wir beschreiben im einzelnen beide Strukturtypen, insbesondere bei Gryllus die Einteilung der Organe in einen Cortex, in dem sich die Blutzellen bilden, und eine Medulla, in welcher sich die reifen Haemozyten ansammeln können. Nach starken Blutverlusten zeigen besonders die blutbildenden Gewebe von Gryllus eine dramatische Stimulierung der Hämatopoiese an; die Punktion der hämatopoietischen Organe kann also ebenfalls experimentell nachgewiesen werden.
    Notes: Summary Microscopic observations of the normal “phagocytic tissues” (in the sense of the classic authors) of the dorsal diaphragm in the two Orthopterans Gryllus bimaculatus and Locusta migratoria unequivocally demonstrate the hematopoietic nature of these cellular accumulations. In the two species, the hematopoietic elements develop from a large number of so-called reticular cells of mesodermic origin, which resemble closely the reticular cells of the hematopoietic organs of Vertebrates. As it is the case in Vertebrates, the differentiation of the hematopoietic elements into mature blood cells occurs in the two Orthopterans also in isogenic cell islets. The phagocytic activity of the reticular cells explains the fact that these organs were classically considered in the Orthopterans as simple phagocytic organs. The hematopoietic differentiation of the reticular cells can occur either in a poorly organized, loose tissue located along the dorsal vessel, as is the case in Locusta, or in a group of highly organized hematopoietic organs, as in Gryllus, which resemble far more the classical hematopoietic structures of Vertebrates. We give a detailed description of both types of organization, especially of the subdivision in Gryllus, of the hematopoietic organs into a cortex, where the haemocytes differentiate, and a medulla, where they can accumulate. After severe hemorrhages, the hematopoietic organs of Gryllus show all the features of a dramatic stimulation of hematopoiesis; their function can thus be experimentally demonstrated.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 523-538 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Intracytoplasmic lipid bodies ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei erwachsenen Feuersalamandern und bei Salamanderlarven konnten in Ependymzellen sowie in subependymären Zellelementen des Gehirns und Rückenmarks zahlreiche rundliche intrazytoplasmatische Körper von starker Osmiophilie beobachtet werden, deren Durchmesser bis zu 12 μ betrug. Vereinzelt fanden sich diese voluminösen Gebilde auch im Cytoplasma von Satellitenzellen der Hirnnerven- und Spinalganglien. Das histochemische Verhalten und das Ultrastrukturbild der intrazytoplasmatischen Körper sprechen dafür, daß sie hauptsächlich aus Lipiden bestehen. Ihre funktionelle Bedeutung konnte bisher nicht eindeutig geklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary The ependymal and subependymal cells of the ventricular system and the central canal in adult und larval salamanders contain numerous unusually large intracytoplasmic osmiophilic spherical bodies with a diameter of up to 12 μ. Sporadically the bodies are found within satellite cells of peripheral ganglia. Histochemical and ultrastructural examination suggests that the bodies consist mainly of lipids. Their functional significance is unknown.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 384-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Heart muscle cells ; Electron microscopy ; Quantitative ; Asphyxia ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Normale und hypoxische Herzmuskelzellen aus der Wand des linken Ventrikels der Ratte wurden quantitativ-morphologisch anhand von elektronenmikroskopischen Längsschnitten nach Perfusionsfixierung untersucht. In normalen Zellen waren alle Myofibrillen relaxiert, die mittlere Sarcomerlänge betrug 2,2 μm. Die Schnittfläche wurde zu 55% von Myofibrillen, zu 27% von Mitochondrien und zu 18% von Grundplasma und Reticulum eingenommen. Die zwischen den Myofibrillen liegenden Mitochondrien waren längsoval und im Mittel 2,3mal so lang wie breit. Es bestand kein Unterschied zwischen subendokardial und subepikardial gelegenen Zellen. 10 min nach Erstickung der Tiere waren in den sonst unauffälligen Muskelzellen die Glycogengranula vermindert. Nach 20 min führte die Hypoxie zu einer Zunahme der relativen Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien um etwa 16% und zu einer beginnenden Kontraktur der Myofibrillen (Sarcomerlänge 2,0 μm). 20 min Hypoxie in Hypothermie (25–30°C intrathorakal) veränderte die normale Zellstruktur dagegen kaum. Wenn die Herzen während der 20 min dauernden Hypoxie in Normothermie mit einer procainhaltigen sauerstoff- und glucosefreien Blutersatzlösung durchspült wurden, waren die Myofibrillen relaxiert, die Schwellung der Mitochondrien dagegen wurde nicht reduziert. 30 min nach Erstickung wurde die Kontraktur stärker (Sarcomerlänge 1,7 μm). Nach 60 min bildeten sich Superkontraktionsknoten, einzelne Myofibrillen waren in Höhe der I-Bänder unterbrochen. Die Cristae der Mitochondrien wichen auseinander, die Schnittfläche der Mitochondrien hatte um 27% zugenommen. Während in Normotherapie eine Asphyxie des Tieres bereits nach 10 min die Herzmuskelzellen funktionell schwer schädigt, ist die Schädigung morphologisch erst nach 20 min eindeutig. Das bedeutet, daß für die elektronenmikroskopische Präparation eine Hypoxie von unter 10 min bedeutungslos ist. Hinsichtlich der morphologischen Manifestationszeit für die Unterbrechung der Sauerstoffversorgung stimmen unsere Befunde an Herzmuskelzellen gut mit vergleichbaren Angaben an Leberzellen überein.
    Notes: Summary In heart muscle cells of the left ventricle of rats the distribution of cell organelles and their reaction to hypoxia were investigated by electron microscopy. In normal hearts fixed by perfusion with aldehydes, the mean sarcomere length was 2.2 μm. 27% of the longitudinal sectional area was occupied by mitochondria, 55% by myofibrils and 18% by sarcoplasmic reticulum and ground plasm. The mitochondria situated in rows between the fibrils were oval and measured 2.3 times more in length than in width. There was no difference between cells from subendocardial and subepicardial regions. 10 min hypoxia (complete occlusion of the trachea) did not affect the appearance of muscle cells but diminished the number of glycogen granules. After 20 minutes the area occupied by mitochondria was increased by 16%, the mitochondria between the myofibrils were more spherical and only 1.5 times longer than wide. The sarcomeres shortened to 2.0 μm. With hypothermia (25–30°C) hypoxia of 20 minutes duration did not affect the cell structure. Perfusion of the heart by a saline solution, which contained procaine but neither oxygen nor glucose, for 20 minutes prevented shortening of the sarcomeres but not swelling of the mitochondria. 30 minutes after occlusion of the trachea the myofibrils shortened to a sarcomere length of 1.7 μm. After 60 minutes irregularly and excessively contracted myofibrils appeared and some sarcomeres were interrupted at the level of the I-bands. In some of the swollen mitochondria the cristae were widely separated. The increase of the area occupied by mitochondria was 27%. Asphyxia affects heart muscle cells severely with respect to function within 10 min, but morphologically it takes 20 min before a definite effect can be noticed. As to the time after which lack of oxygen is manifested morphologically, our results are consistent with findings in liver cells.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 431-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Contractile ring ; Cytokinesis ; Cell division ; Cytochalasin B ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Techniques of individual cell selection and precise ultramicrotomy have been employed to demonstrate that the contractile ring of cleaving HeLa cells is a transitory cytoplasmic organelle of distinctive fine structure and location. The contractile ring is an uninterrupted annulus encircling the equator of dividing cells exactly where the cleavage furrow forms. It is about 10 microns wide, up to 0.2 microns in thickness, and is composed exclusively of circumferentially aligned thin filaments 40–70 Å in diameter. Contractile ring filaments appear to be associated with the overlying plasma membrane. Controlled experiments with a mold metabolite (cytochalasin B) reveals that within a few minutes the drug abolishes the ability of HeLa cells to undergo cytokinesis. Cytochalasin B seems to decompose the contractile ring. It has no other clearly identifiable effects on other cell structures, notably the mitotic apparatus. Cytochalasin B is the only drug known which selectively inhibits cytokinesis in animal cells. In conclusion, the contractile ring is the most likely organelle responsible for cytokinesis in HeLa cells. Similar organelles probably occur in all cleaving animal cells. Successful cleavage depends upon the structural and functional integrity of the contractile ring.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 153-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Reptiles ; Skin ; Keratin ; Electron microscopy ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The different patterns of keratin formation that have evolved in the class Reptilia are all variations of a common process. In Squamata (snakes and lizards), a sequence of layers composed of α or β keratin is formed periodically, after which the old epidermal generation is shed. In Chelonia (turtles and tortoises), the epidermis of the shell is composed of only β keratin, whereas the skin of the neck and leg is composed exclusively of α keratin. Molting in toto does not occur and shedding is a continuous process comparable to that in avian and mammalian epidermis. In Crocodilia (crocodiles, caimans, alligators) there is only a single layer of cornified cells, but the composition of the layer varies in different parts of the scale. The hinge regions have many of the morphological characteristics of α and β keratin whereas the center resembles β keratin. The living cells beneath contain accumulations of keratohyalin. There are four ultrastructural characteristics of a keratinized α layer: 1) cellular outlines remain distinct, 2) a thickened plasma membrane forms during keratinization, 3) 80 Å filaments embedded in an amorphous matrix can be seen, and 4) PAS-positive material accumulates in extracellular spaces between the desmosomes. The β layer exhibits none of these features. Instead the cells more or less (depending on species) coalesce into a compact layer which becomes attenuated in the hinge regions. A 30 Å filament pattern can be seen. The mesos layer of squamates resembles the hinge region of crocodilians, exhibiting a combination of the characteristics of both α and β keratin.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 106 (1970), S. 309-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red nucleus ; Substantia nigra ; Neuroglia ; Pericytes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of perivascular and perineuronal cells in the substantia nigra and red nucleus was studied in Nissl, silver carbonate, and electron microscopic preparations. In light microscopic preparations of the red nucleus and substantia nigra oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are located adjacent to blood vessels and nerve cells. Pericytes are also found adjacent to blood vessels. Scattered perineuronal oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are present in the magnocellular portion of the red nucleus and in the substantia nigra, whereas a distinguishing morphological feature of the parvocellular portion of the red nucleus is the clustering of perineuronal oligodendrocytes around a single neuron. In the present electron micrographs of the red nucleus and substantia nigra oligodendrocytes are separated from the vascular basement membrane (basal lamina) by astrocyte processes and therefore are not truly perivascular. Pericytes are easily identified by the basement membrane which encompasses their cell bodies and processes. Characteristic of the neuropil in the red nucleus are astrocytic processes that approximate dendrites. In contrast, astrocytic processes in the substantia nigra rarely contact dendrites which are covered by a mosaic of synaptic endings. A “third type of neuroglial element” is also present in the neuropil of the substantia nigra and the red nucleus.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 324-338 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human myocardium ; Innervation ; Nerve endings ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscope studies of axons, distributing singly or in small bundles in the human ventricular and atrial myocardium, indicate a few per-cent of the axon profiles to be significantly large in diameter (1.5–3.0 μ). They are characteristically packed with a profuse number of mitochondria along with large granular vesicles, glycogen rosettes, lysosomic bodies; and some of them terminate on a “specific terminal cell” (Knoche and Schmitt). These mitochondria-rich, large axons are assumed to be terminal portions of the cardiac afferents. About half of the axons encountered in the ventricle and 2/3 in the atrium are non-vesiculated, usually less than 0.5 μ. in diameter. The varicosities containing numerous vesicles are mostly 0.5–1.5 μ in diameter and are assumed to be terminal portions of the cardiac efferents. The ratio between the number of axon profiles containing small granular vesicles and that of axon profiles containing agranular vesicles without small granular vesicles is 2∶1 in the ventricular myocardium and 1∶1.7 in the atrial myocardium.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 33-45 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Interstitial cells ; Reptiles ; Hormone Production ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'ultrastructure des cellules interstitielles du testicule de Lacerta vivipara a été étudiée entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années. Le retioulum endoplasmique lisse, et les mitochondries à crêtes tabulaires sont les organites les plus remarquables comme dans les autres cellules productrices de stéroïdes, mais les liposomes et l'appareil de Golgi sont bien représentés aussi. Les variations ultrastructurales les plus significatives apparaissent entre le printemps et le début de l'été. Au printemps, alors que les caractères sexuels secondaires sont hypertrophiés, un système remarquable de vésicules et de vacuoles se développe à partir du reticulum et probablement aussi du Golgi. Au début de l'été, lorsque les caractères sexuels secondaires sont atrophiés, les vacuoles sont moins nombreuses et le reticulum forme un réseau dense de tubules typiques, souvent étroitement associés aux liposomes; les crêtes mitochondriales sont gonflées. Ces images sont discutées en fonction de l'activité saisonnière d'élaboration d'hormones. L'hypertrophie des systèmes membranaires au printemps correspond probablement à la production ou (et) à l'excrétion des hormones androgènes. Au début de l'été, la cellule n'élabore pas d'androgènes, mais n'est peut-être pas complètement inactive: elle pourrait stocker des précurseurs hormonaux.
    Notes: Summary Interstitial cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electronmicroscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria with tubular cristae are the most prominent organels, lipid droplets and Golgi apparatus being also well developed. The most significant ultrastructural changes occur between spring and the beginning of summer. In spring, during the hypertrophy of secondary sexual characters, a conspicuous system of vesicles and vacuoles originates from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and probably also from the Golgi apparatus. At the beginning of summer, when secondary sexual characters are atrophied, vacuoles are less prominent and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum consists of a dense network of typical tubules, often closely associated with the lipid droplets; the cristae of the mitochondria are swollen. These ultrastructural findings are discussed in relation to the production of hormones. The hypertrophy of membrane systems in spring corresponds presumably to production or (and) release of androgen hormones. In the beginning of summer the cell does not produce androgens, but probably is not completely inactive: it may store precursors of hormones.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Gastropoda ; Fluorescence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch Vergleich fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopischer Untersuchungen am zentralen Nervensystem von Planorbarius corneus L. wird nachgewiesen, daß in den Schlundringganglien Neurosekretzellen vorkommen (Nachweis mit Pseudoisocyaninchlorid), die mit Nervenzellen nicht identisch sind, die durch ihren hohen Gehalt an biogenen Aminen auffallen (Nachweis durch die Methode von Falck und Owman, 1965). Es können daher im Schlundring von Planorbarius corneus peptiderge und aminerge Neurosekretzellen unterschieden werden. Die PSC-positiven Neurosekretzellen enthalten elektronendichte Elementargrana und die aminergen Neurone „dense-core“ Vesikel. Der Nachweis biogener Amine in einigen Nervenzellen von Planorbarius corneus spicht für deren chemische Identität mit Transmittersubstanzen, ihre hohe Konzentration aber für eine Abgabe in die Körperflüssigkeit.
    Notes: Summary The neurosecretory system of the snail Planorbarius corneus has been investigated by fluorescence and electron microscopy. With the fluorochrome Pseudoisocyanin the established neurosecretory system in the cerebral ganglia and single neurosecretory cells in the other ganglia show an intensive yellow fluorescence. Electron micrographs reveal the presence of electron dense granules (elementary granules) in the pericarya and the axons of neurones which have the same localisation in the ganglia as the pseudoisocyanin-positive cells. The fluorescence technique for biogenic amines produces yellow and green fluorescence within neurons and in the neuropil and nerves. The fluorescence obtained in determinable areas and neurones correlates well with the electron microscopic location of “dense-core” vesicles within the pericarya and axons of cells in even the same areas. It is discussed, that in this animal both types of cells are so-called “neurosecretory cells”, because the high content of elementary granules in the “peptidergic neurosecretory cells” and of “dense-core” vesicles in the “aminergic neurosecretory cells” is an indication for secretion of these products in neurohaemal areas (circulatory channels).
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 321-335 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Lymphocyte ; Analysis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Thymic small lymphocytes of dd-mice were qualitatively and quantitatively studied by electron microscopy. Differences in fine structure were revealed between cortical and medullary small lymphocytes. Cortical small lymphocytes are rounded in cell outline with a round nucleus. The cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus as a narrow rim is scanty and appears relatively dense due to an abundance of free ribosomes. The cell organelles are not well developed. On the other hand, medullary small lymphocytes are more irregular in shape with uneven cell membranes. Their nuclei are also more irregular in outline with frequent infoldings of the nuclear membrane. The cytoplasm is more abundant and paler with less numerous ribosomes. The cell organelles are better developed. Quantitative analysis was made of both cortical and medullary small lymphocytes by means of the point counting method. The nuclei of both cortical and medullary small lymphocytes are almost the same in size (a diameter of 4.9 μ). The cell sizes are different between cortical and medullary lymphocytes: cortical small lymphocytes with a diameter of 5.5 μ were smaller than medullary ones with a diameter of 6.4 μ. Cortical small lymphocytes are very sensitive to the destructive effects of hydrocortisone, whereas the medullary ones are resistant. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheath in the splenic white pulp, which is known to be a thymus-dependent area, contains small lymphocytes that were similar in cytological details to medullary small lymphocytes of the thymus. In the light of the recent knowledge about a recirculating long-lived small lymphocyte pool, it appears probable that medullary small lymphocytes represent a contribution to the pool and that small lymphocytes with a long life span can be cytologically identified by electron microscopy.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 110 (1970), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic nerves ; Perineurial sheath ; Termination ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Perineurium kleiner Mesenterial- und Trachealnerven besteht aus einer Lage platter, beiderseits von einer Basalmembran umschlossener Zellen. Im Bereich von Abzweigungen kleiner Nerven bildet das Perineurium ein gekammertes, stark kollagenfibrillenhaltiges Hüllensystem. Die Endigung der einschichtigen Perineuralhülle hat die Form einer in das Interstitium geöffneten Röhre. Im ansatznahen Drittel des Mesenteriums und in der Schleimhaut der Trachea wurden ausschließlich perineuriumfreie Nerven gefunden. Es liegt nahe, diese perineuriumfreien Bezirke zu funktionellen Endräumen zusammenzufassen. In perineuriumfreien Bezirken wird das gehäufte Auftreten von Nervenauftreibungen mit Vesikeln, die Transmittersubstanz enthalten, und Mitochondrion beobachtet. Die erhobenen Befunde werden mit den an dickem Perineurium gewonnenen Ergebnissen verglichen und diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The perineurial sheath of small tracheal and mesenteric nerves consists of a layer of flat, basement membrane coated cells. Its ramifications form a complicated layered system, interspersed with collagen fibrils. The tube formed by the thin perineurial sheath ends openly, which affords communication between the respective interstitial spaces. The mesenteric nerves close to the duodenum as well as the nerves in the vicinity of the tracheal epithelium show no perineurial sheath. Peripheral nerves lacking a perineurial layer seem to be close to their terminations. Their fibers show varicosities containing transmitter vesicles and mitochondria with longitudinally orientated cristae. Our results are compared with those found in thick, multilayered perineurial sheaths and functional differences are discussed.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 51-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Purkinje cell ; Golgi apparatus ; Dendrites ; Differentiation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphology of postnatal differentiation of the Golgi apparatus, the nucleus, the perikaryon, and the dendrites was studied in Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum for 30 days after birth using histochemical, histological, and electron microscopic methods. The Golgi apparatus during differentiation undergoes morphological and positional changes. From the 1st to 7th postnatal day, the Golgi apparatus is found in a supranuclear position, and is connected with the axes of differentiating primary dendrites by beam-like processes. From days 8 to 11 this connection disappears, and most of the Golgi apparatus assumes a lateronuclear and infranuclear position. After the 11th or 12th day, the Golgi apparatus is found in perinuclear and peripheral cytoplasmic positions. The formation of granular endoplasmic reticulum occurs in the vicinity of the perinuclear Golgi apparatus. The differentiation of cell and nuclear forms requires approximately 20 days. The morphological changes of differentiation are discussed in relation to the participation of the Golgi apparatus in the differentiation of dendrites and in the formation of the granular endoplasmic reticulum.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 149-159 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rabbit ovum ; Fertilization ; Pronucleus ; Cleavage ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Fertilized ova were flushed from the Fallopian tubes of New Zealand White rabbits at 15 to 30 hours after mating and examined with the electron microscope. Between 21 and 22 hours intact pronuclei with extensive interdigitation of apposing surfaces were found in most ova. In some, an appearance suggesting internuclear communication was observed. In other ova disrupted pronuclear membranes surrounded centrally placed chromosome aggregates. In still others an advanced cleavage furrow was already present. By 23 hours all ova were in the two-cell stage.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 382-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Newborn rat ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the zona glomerulosa and the zona fasciculata of the newborn rat adrenal cortex has been studied by the light and the electron microscope. The ultrastructural features of the cells of both zones are described. By morphometric methods the relative volumes occupied by mitochondria and by lipid droplets have been evaluated. The “membrane profile concentration” (i.e. the average number of microns of smooth reticulum profiles per square micron of cytoplasm) has been also measured. The most significant ultrastructural differences between the cells of the two zones concern the mitochondria, the lipid droplets, and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria show typical lamellar cristae in the elements of the zona glomerulosa, and vesicular cristae in the cells of the zona fasciculata. They occupy the same relative volume in both elements. The lipid droplets and the smooth reticulum show no qualitative differences in the two cell types, but they are found in a larger amount in the cells of the zona fasciculata. These ultrastructural findings are discussed in relation to the numerous biochemical data, suggesting that the cells of the zona glomerulosa are resting elements at birth, while the cells of the zona fasciculata are active steroid-secreting elements already in late gestation.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 398-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Newborn rat ; Electron microscopy ; Lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structural changes of the zona juxtamedullaris of the rat adrenal cortex at birth, have been examined by the light and the electron microscope. In this zone clusters of medullary cells lying among the strands of cortical tissue were observed. In the inner portion of the zona juxtamedullaris two types of adrenocortical cells were found: light and very-dark cells. The latter are smaller than the light cells and are always in close connection with the medullary tissue. The ultrastructural features of the very-dark cells suggest that these elements are in degeneration. This finding supports the hypothesis that at birth there is a partial degeneration of the rat zona juxtamedullaris, i.e. the zone corresponding to the “fetal zone” of some mammalian species. It is proposed that in all mammalian species at birth there is a partial regression of the zona juxtamedullaris and that the regression of the “fetal zone” is only the quantitative increase of this phenomenon. This hypothesis is discussed in relation to numerous data demonstrating that there are enzymatic conditions in the rat during fetal life, which permit a discrete hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 103 (1970), S. 341-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Catecholamines ; Brain ; Insects ; Electron microscopy ; Cytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the brain of the cockroach Periplaneta americana, the beta lobes of the corpora pedunculata respond with an intense positive reaction to a specific fluorescence histochemical method for catecholamines. The fluorescence reaction disappears completely after prolonged treatment of the cockroaches with reserpine. An ultrastructural examination of the beta lobes in formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed preparations reveals the presence of two types of fibres: 1) Fibres and nerve endings containing small clear vesicles and sligthly larger vesicles with a semi-dense content. The appearance and size distribution of these vesicles ist not affected by treatment with reserpine. 2) Fibres containing larger and denser vesicles, but practically no clear vesicles. The size distribution of these dense vesicles is only slightly affected by treatment of the cockroaches with reserpine. If brain slices are incubated in a medium containing noradrenaline or α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixed in permanganate, small vesicles with electron-dense central cores show up, similar to those which have been described in vertebrate adrenergic nerve fibres (“small granular vesicles”). They are confined to one of the two types of fibres (a and b) visible in these preparations, namely to type b, whose correspondence with type 2 fibres of formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde-osmium fixed preparations is discussed.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 104 (1970), S. 345-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Photoreceptor ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Feinstruktur der Photorezeptorzellen in der Epidermis, in kleineren Nervenästen und im Zerebralganglion von Lumbricus terrestris wurde untersucht. Das Vorhandensein eines zentralen, intrazellulären Lumens (Phaosom), das mit Mikrozotten gefüllt ist, erinnert in der Struktur der Photorezeptorzelle des Regenwurms an Lichtsinneszellen von Hirudo. Außer Mikrozotten findet man im Phaosom einige Zilien vom Typ 9×2+0; solche Zilien sind von den Mikrozotten strukturell unabhängig. Durch eine Aufzweigung des Phaosoms in kleinere Buchten, die tief in das umgebende Zytoplasma eindringen, erhält es ein labyrinthartiges Aussehen. Glatte Zisternen in Gruppen von 2 bis 5 wurden oft um das Phaosom im Zytoplasma beobachtet. Charakteristische Bestandteile der Zelle sind noch Vesikel und Vakuolen, die mit einer Substanz von wechselnder Elektronendichte gefüllt sind. Die Photorezeptorzellen werden von Gliazellen und Gliafortsätzen umgeben, die an vielen Stellen die Zelloberfläche tief einstülpen (Trophospongium).
    Notes: Summary Photoreceptor cells in the epidermis and nerve branches of the prostomium and in the cerebral ganglion of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with the electron microscope. The photoreceptor cell is similar to the visual cell of Hirudo by having a central intracellular cavity (phaosome) filled with microvilli. Besides microvilli, several sensory cilia can also be found in the phaosome but they are structurally independent of the microvilli. A gradual branching of the phaosome cavity into smaller cavities makes its sectional profile extremely labyrinthic. Flattened smooth-surfaced cisternae in stacks of 2 to 5 are frequently observed around the phaosome. Characteristic constituents of the cytoplasm are vesicles and vacuoles filled with a substance of varying density. The photoreceptor cell is covered by glial cells or by their processes which at many places deeply invaginate the cell surface (trophospongium).
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 176-187 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Salamandra maculosa ; Neuronal elements ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwischen den eigentlichen Ependymzellen des Zentralkanals adulter Feuersalamander kommen amphorenartig gestaltete Elemente vor, die sich aufgrund ihrer synaptischen Kontakte mit Axonendigungen als Neurone identifizieren lassen. Diese intraependymalen Nervenzellen weisen einen apikalen Fortsatz auf, der sich mit einer warzen- oder knotenförmigen Protrusion in das Lumen des Zentralkanals erstreckt. Die Protrusion ist gewöhnlich mit stereozilienartigen Ausläufern besetzt. Die funktionelle Bedeutung der beschriebenen neuronalen Elemente konnte bisher nicht geklärt werden.
    Notes: Summary The ependyma of the canalis centralis of adult salamanders was examined by electron microscopy. Between the ependymal cells occur amphora-like elements identifiable as neurons by their synaptic contacts with axon terminals. These intraependymal nerve cells exhibit an apical outgrowth extending into the lumen of the canalis centralis with a wart-like or knob-like protrusion. The latter usually bears extensions resembling stereocilia. The functional significance of the neuronal elements is still unknown.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 105 (1970), S. 515-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cuticle ; Rotifer ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural studies of developing Asplanchna brightwelli embryos support the following hypothetical scheme of cuticle formation. First the external hypodermal membrane invaginates, and deposition of a dense intracellular layer commences next to this membrane. Then the rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes fibrous protein which is transferred to the Golgi complex. Here polysaccharide is synthesized and added to the protein, and the resulting filamentous complex is enclosed in large irregularly shaped vesicles which bud off from the Golgi elements. Maturation of the filamentous material to condensed cuticle material occurs as the vesicles move to the invaginations. Each vesicle fuses with an invagination, thus forming a hypodermal bulb; then the cuticle material is discharged through the neck of the bulb to its extracellular location. After the bulbs are formed, new, smaller, spherical vesicles begin to bud off from the Golgi elements. They too contain the filamentous complex which is refined to condensed cuticle material as the vesicles near the bulb. These vesicles fuse with the hypodermal bulbs contributing the cuticle and membrane necessary for the growth of the hypodermis of the embryo and newborn animal. Ruthenium red staining has confirmed that the cuticle consists of glycoprotein.
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  • 27
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    Documenta ophthalmologica 28 (1970), S. 191-200 
    ISSN: 1573-2622
    Keywords: Acomys Cahirinus ; Retinal capillary basement membrane width ; Age modifications ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L étude morphométrique des capillaires rétiniens de souris à piquants de différents âges (3, 6, 12 et 36 mois) a démontré un épaississement des membranes basales et un élargissement des diamètres capillaires en fonction de l'âge et, en outre, l'existence d'une corrélation positive entre ces deux paramètres.
    Abstract: zusammenfassung Die morphometrische Untersuchung von Retinakapillaren verschieden Alter (3, 6, 12 und 36 Monate) Stachelmäuse (Acomys cahirinus) ergab eine altersabhängige Zunahme sowohl der Basalmembrandicke als auch des Kapillardurchmessers. Zudem wurde eine positive Korrelation zwischen diesen beiden Parametern gefunden.
    Notes: Abstract Specimens of four age groups of non-diabetic, non-obese spiny mice (Acomys Cahirinus), 3, 6, 12, 36 months old respectively, were examined for changes in retinal capillaries. Morphometrical evaluation of electron-micrographs allowed to conclude that capillary basement membrane width, as well as capillary diameter, increase during ageing: the values in the four different age groups were found to be 656, 925, 1098, 1772 Ångström units for the average basement membrane width, and 3,72, 4,08, 4,58, 5,60 microns for average capillary diameter. The differences between the age groups proved to be significant at a p 〈 0,01. Furthermore, a positive correlation between capillary diameter and capillary basement membrane width seems to be highly probable.
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  • 28
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 19-34 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is demonstrated that dicarboxylic acids of uniform lengths, obtained by degrading chain-folded polyethylene single crystals, can be converted to paraffins via the intermediate diiodide by means of the procedure of Barton et al. Thus we are now in the position of obtaining uniform paraffins of chain lengths longer than hitherto available for the study of the crystallization of oligomeric chains. Measurements of melting points and heats of fusion revealed major differences between the paraffins and the corresponding parent dicarboxylic acids. It follows that such measurements on the unmodified products of the nitric acid degradation cannot be used directly for the assessment of the chain traverse length and the degree of crystallinity. It was found further, that the intermediate diiodide is a sufficiently close approximation to the paraffin for the purposes just quoted.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 29
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 89-103 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theoretical justification for using M[η], or a similar quantity, as a universal calibration parameter in GPC is reviewed. The equation based on this parameter is applied to transform the primary calibration curve, obtained by means of polystyrene samples, into calibration curves for poly-α-methylstyrene, polypropylene, and linear polyethylene. The Mark-Houwink equations for these polymers, as they are used in the transformation, are discussed. The resulting GPC calibration curves are compared with molecular weights and peak elution volumes of fractionated poly-α-methylstyrene and polypropylene. The same comparison is made with samples of polypropylene and polyethylene having very broad molecular weight distributions. The agreement lies within experimental error.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 148-152 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 482-482 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 32
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 207-224 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A discussion is given of the behavior of a mathematical model chosen to approximate conditions during precipitation chromatographic fractionation of polymer (Baker Williams fractionation). With only one molecular weight species of polymer a complete solution of the mathematical model was obtained. With more than one species it was necessary to use a computer solution. Curves showing the movement of polymer containing one and two species of polymer are given for a variety of conditions of operation. It was found that the degree of fractionation of polymer approaches a limiting value with increasing length of column. Under some conditions the degree of fractionation may go through a maximum with length of column. The equilibrating distance (distance of travel of the liquid phase required to establish equilibrium of polymer between the liquid and the bed) was found to be very important in determining the fractionation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 277-287 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Studies have been made on the dynamic and steady-shear melt rheology of an ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer and two of its salts obtained by partial neutralization with sodium and with calcium bases. Measurements were made with a Weissenberg rheogoniometer over a broad range of shear rates and frequency in the temperature interval mainly from 100 to 160°C. The temperature coefficients of dynamic and steady shear viscosity are evaluated at both constant shear rate and constant stress. Likewise, complex dynamic viscosities and apparent high steady-flow viscosities and intercompared at equivalent frequencies and shear rates. The un-ionized acid copolymer shows good correlation between the frequency dependence of the complex viscosity and the shear rate dependence of the apparent viscosity. This is not true for either the sodium salt or the calcium salt. These results are consistent with the two-phase structural model for these materials, i.e., a matrix of hydrocarbon in which are embedded ionic domains.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 305-310 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The enchanced low-shear melt viscosity of branched polybutadienes is shown to be sensitive to dilution with low molecular compounds. The viscosity of branched polymers falls more rapidly with dilution than that of linear polymers, i.e., branched polymers show increased response to plasticization. At least one instance is demonstrated in which the viscosity ratio ηbr/ηlin reverses from a value greater than unity to less than one in passing from dry polymer to rubber extended with relatively large quantities of oil.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 371-381 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Normal stress and shear stress of concentrated polystyrene solutions in a chlorinated diphenyl were measured under steady flow and oscillatory shear flow in a Weissenberg rheogoniometer. The normal stress difference was observed to oscillate at double the frequency of the applied shear strain with amplitude proportional to the square of the applied amplitude, while the shear stress was found to oscillate at the same frequency with amplitude proportional to the applied amplitude. A theoretical relation between the displacement of the oscillatory normal stress difference from zero level and the dynamic modulus derived by Lodge and other investigators was confirmed experimentally, and the theoretical predictions of Coleman and Markovitz concerning the relation among steady-flow normal stress difference and dynamic modulus were also confirmed. However, the theoretical predictions of Lodge, of Spriggs, Huppler and Bird, and of Williams on the relation between the amplitude and phase of oscillatory normal stress and those of oscillatory shear stress did not agree with experimental results.
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  • 36
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 47-59 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A simple method of preparing thin uniform films of high polymers has been examined for growing single crystals from solution. Single crystals of polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene-1, polyacrylonitrile, and cellulose triacetate have been obtained by this method. Different stages of growth reveal different growth features that are also obtained from solutions of these polymers by changing temperature and concentration.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 81-87 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The high degree of flexibility of blends containing minor amounts of partly crystalline copolymers of ethylene and vinyl acetate in paraffin wax seems to be a manifestation of some type of interaction. Low-angle x-ray diffraction of such blends showed a new long spacing intermediate in length between the polymer long spacing and the c axis length of the wax unit cell. This new long spacing appears to be a consequence of isomorphism involving cocrystallization of polymeric ethylene sequences and wax molecules. A lesser type of isomorphic interaction, epitaxy, occurs in polyethylene-wax blends: wax overgrows crystals of already crystallized polyethylene in the same orientation without a change in its c axial dimension.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 143-147 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 893-901 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have derived from the Eyring theory of non-Newtonian flow a yield condition which is valid for an arbitrary state of stress. Experimental data obtained in simple axial compression tests show the influence of the hydrostatic stress on the yielding of poly(vinyl chloride). This fact confirms the proposed condition and disproves the von Mises criterion. Tension-torsion tests performed on thin tubes lead to results which fit our condition fairly well. The pattern of Lüders' lines appearing on the surface of thin tubes subjected to simple tension, simple shear, and tension-torsion are parallel to the direction where the value of the normal stress is equal to the hydrostatic stress.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 957-967 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The melting temperatures of homopolymers of poly(ethylene sebacate) possessing a most probable molecular weight distribution and ordered copolymers of ethylene sebacate/propylene adipate were studied by slow heating processes and by the analysis of the dependence of the melting temperature on the crystallization temperature utilizing rapid heating rates. For the ordered copolyesters, where the composition of the crystallizing co-units ranged from 0.8 to 0.2 mole fraction the latter method gave results which were similar to those that have been obtained for the other polymer systems that have been studied. Extrapolated equilibrium melting temperatures could be obtained in a straightforward manner and were found to be independent of the copolymer composition in accord with theoretical expectations. On the other hand, a unique set of results were obtained for the homopolymers. A plot of the relationship between the melting temperature and the crystallization temperature for all the molecular weights studied gave a slope close to unity. This made it operationally impossible to extrapolate to the equilibrium melting temperature for this system.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 999-1010 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of the internal motion in organosilicon polymers by wideline nuclear magnetic resonance has been extended to a pair of dimethylpolysilazanes crosslinked through trifunctional silicon. The data suggest that there is considerable internal motion in all silazanes at 77°K. Evidence is presented for the presence of C3 rotation of the methyl groups, as well as rotation or torsional oscillation of the Si(CH3)2 groups about the polymer backbone. Upon warming the NMR line is seen to narrow, and this is associated with the onset of additional motion, including chain translation and chain flexing or bending. Crosslinking through silicon increases the barrier to chain translation while decreasing the barrier to chain flexing or bending.
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  • 42
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1027-1037 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly-2,5-distyrylpyrazine (poly-DSP) was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and measurements of dynamic viscoelastic and electrical properties. From DTA and TGA studies it was confirmed that poly-DSP melts at 321°C and depolymerizes rapidly to the monomer at temperatures between 335°C and 345°C in helium. The polymer is affected by oxygen above 200°C. The E′ value from dynamic viscoelasticity measurements on amorphous film is 2 × 1011 dyne/cm2 at room temperature. It decrease abruptly in the temperature range 140-150°C; but the net decrease of E′ within this temperature range is relatively small. The electrical properties of amorphous poly-DSP are characterized by a small temperature dependence of the dielectric constant between room temperature and 100°C. The dielectric loss tangent was observed to be small, and the dc conductivity was extremely small. It is concluded that rotation of the phenyl branches in the polymer occurs above -30°C and the glass transition occurs at about 150°C. These properties are discussed in some detail in relation to the polymer structure.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1111-1126 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Comonomer and stereosequence distributions in linear high polymers are considered from the point of view of the general theory of stationary random sequences. Although the discussion is centered about binary polymerizations which may be regarded as stationary Markov processes of low order, attention is paid to distinguish results valid for any stationary random process including stationary non-Markov processes from those special to a particular Markov process. Alternative derivations of copolymer composition equations are given along with a corrected version of a previously suggested scheme of relating conditional probabilities of different orders. The nature and relative merits of the several measures proposed in the literature to characterize comonomer and stereosequence distributions are also discussed in some detail.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1177-1186 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride) is affected by orientation and crystal modification. The loss peak caused by molecular motion of the molecules in crystalline regions appears at about 70°C (110 Hz) (α1 absorption) for the α form, and at about 110°C (110 Hz) (α2 absorption) for the β form. Orientation significantly affects the magnitude of the β absorption which appears at about -40°C. The very high value of the dielectric constant for stretched film is believed to be due to the orientation effect. The γ absorption, which is assumed to be local-mode absorption, is not so much affected by orientation. An additional loss peak has been found at around 0°C in dynamic mechanical measurements, but the molecular mechanism is unknown.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 467-479 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A dynamic method for investigating the mechanism of permeation and diffusion through polymers has been explored. The permeation cell consists of two compartments separated by the membrane. The permeant (gas, vapor, or liquid) is introduced into one compartment; a carrier gas (helium) flows at constant rate through the other and sweeps the permeant which diffuses through the membrane to the thermal conductivity detector. Both compartments are at atmospheric pressure; thus no or little membrane support is required, and leakage problems are minimal. Moreover, the same membrane can be used over a wide temperature range and for diverse permeants. The detector signal is at any instant proportional to the permeation rate. A simple mathematical formalism for deriving the diffusion coefficient from the transient permeation rates has been developed. The measured diffusion and permeability coefficients of CO2, O2, and N2 through low-density polyethylene closely agree with literature values. Permeation of hexane and benzene through polyethylene follows a complex diffusion law, and the rate depends on the thermal history of the system. The dynamic method is particularly suited to the study of transitions in polymers. Changes in permeation rates, usually occurring at transition points, can easily be discovered by slow temperature scanning of the system.
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  • 46
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 487-487 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 47
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 519-528 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Three transitions are detected dilatometrically when partially isotactic poly(propylene oxide) melts. One transition, the temperature of which is independent of the crystallization temperature over a wide range below 60°C, is ascribed to the melting of lamellar crystallites which are limited in thickness by the average isotactic sequence length alone. The other two transitions, the temperatures of which vary with the crystallization temperature, are ascribed to the melting of lamellar crystallites with thickness determined predominantly by three- and two-dimensional primary nucleation acts. The theory of Flory is adapted and applied quantitatively to the melting points of three crystalline fractions of poly(propylene oxide), obtained from a polymer produced via the zinc diethyl and water catalyst system. This method leads to a thermodynamic melting point of isotactic poly(propylene oxide) near 82°C.
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  • 48
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 583-594 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Characteristic markings of concentric bands are formed on the fracture surface of tensile specimens under certain loading conditions. The marking form in the fast crack growth region of the mirror area of fracture. Optical and electron optical microscope techniques have been used to study the morphology of the markings. It is shown that in this region the crack propagates along the interface between the craze, in which the crack nucleated, and the bulk material. The mackerel pattern is caused by the crack jumping from one craze-matrix interface to the other.
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  • 49
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 605-624 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Incorporation of plasticizers or other inert, liquid diluents causes a profound weakening of rubbers. The modulus of elasticity and tensile strength decrease approximately with the square of the gel fraction v0 of rubber which was present at the time of formation of the three-dimensional network. Equlibrium swelling of plasticized rubbers is well represented by v2m = kv0, where v2m is the volume fraction of rubber network in the swollen state, at equlibrium, and k a constant equal to v2m for the unplasticized rubber. This swelling law is independent of the way in which v0 is obtained; inert liquid diluents, comprising molecularly dispersed compounds, as well as suspensions of insoluble liquids, gases, and chemically inert, solid fillers yield the same relation. Further, it is independent of the chemical nature of solvent and rubber. It appears that also the mechanical properties of foams, liquid-filled foams, and plasticized elastomers containing the same volume fraction of network rubber are very similar.
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  • 50
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 649-652 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 51
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 657-678 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: On axial extension of polymer melts at constant deformation rates, the development of high-elastic deformation is of predominant importance during the initial period. High-elastic deformation is accompanied by a rise in viscosity and in the modulus of high-elasticity and by retardation of the relaxation processes in the region of large relaxation times. At relatively low deformation rates, the rise in viscosity and high-elasticity modulus and the retardation of relaxation processes may give way to a decrease in viscosity and high-elasticity modulus and acceleration of relaxation processes, so that stationary flow regimes are attained. The transition from strain regimes with increasing viscosity and modulus of high elasticity to those with a decrease of these quantities corresponds to an increase in the rate of accumulation of irreversible deformation. Accordingly, a competing influence due to the orientation effect and to destruction of the network of intermolecular bonds becomes evident while stationary flow is being attained. The orientation effect must be responsible for the retardation of the relaxation processes, whereas rupture of the intermolecular network bonds results in structural relaxation accelerating relaxation processes. In contrast to shearing, during extension the orientation effect is of predominant importance. Hence in stationary flow regimes the viscosity may not only remain independent of the rate of strain, but even increase with it. In this case the contribution of the large relaxation times to the relaxation spectrum increases with increasing stress in stationary flow regimes. The fact that the longitudinal viscosity and the modulus of high elasticity are independent of the stress in stationary flow regimes does not guarantee linearity of the mechanical properties of the polymer in the prestationary stage of deformation when complex changes occur in its relaxation characteristics. At high deformation rates the viscosity and the modulus of high elasticity keep rising with increasing deformation until rupture occurs. Determination of the strength of polystyrene samples vitrified after extension showed that it is due not to the entire degree of extension, but only to the value of accumulated high-elastic deformation. The strength of the vitrified samples is to a first approximation independent of the rate at which the melt was extended.
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  • 52
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 727-738 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric relaxation data have been obtained for two ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers (containing about 4 mole-% methacrylic acid units and about 8 mole-% methacrylic acid units, respectively) and the lithium, sodium, and calcium salts prepared by partial neutralization of the polyacids. The frequency range employed was from 50 Hz to 10 kHz and the temperature range was from -130°C to 100°C. Attention is focused on three dielectric loss regions labeled β, β and α in order of increasing temperature. The β′ process (-10°C at 100 Hz in the salts only) correlates with a mechanical loss process previously reported and is attributed to microbrownian motion taking place in an amorphous hydrocarbon phase. The β′ process (20°C at 100 Hz) has also been observed mechanically and is attributed to the same mechanism as the β process. The higher temperature of this relaxation compared to the β relaxation is attributed to the presence of acid groups which form crosslinks composed of interchain hydrogen bonds. The α process (〉50°C at 100 Hz in the salts only) correlates with dielectric and NMR data previously reported for a sodium salt and is assigned to motions within ionic domains formed by the clustering of salt groups.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 807-811 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 815-816 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Sedimentation equilibrium in the ultracentrifuge means that there is such a distribution of molecular species throughout the cell, that the centrifugal forces are balanced by differences in the activities. This provides a method for determination of the activities and the chemical potentials in polymer solutions which, in principle, is very simple and reliable. A complication is caused by polydispersity of the dissolved polymer. If one assumes that the interaction parameter depends on concentration and temperature, but not on molecular weight, it is possible to determine the chemical potential of polymer and solvent from the ultracentrifugal data. Experiments have been carried out on the systems polystyrene-toluene and polystyrene-cyclohexane at different temperatures and in the concentration range 0-80 wt-%. The results are expressed in the data for the chemical potential of the solvent, the number average chemical potential of the polymer and the interaction parameter χ.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 921-935 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several partially interpenetrating polymeric networks (IPN) were made by combining chemically different linear elastomers. The polymer combinations were deposited as films from aqueous emulsions made by mixing the individual emulsions in equal proportions. The films were crosslinked to form two superimposed networks. In two cases, the networks were cleanly separated by hydrolysis of one of the component networks to demonstrate that there was no chemical interaction between the polymers. Measurement of crosslink density showed that, in most cases, partial interpenetration does occur as evidenced by an effective crosslink density of the IPN's greater than the arithmetic mean of the crosslink densities of the component networks. The swelling ratios, densities, and stress-strain properties were determined. For one of the network combinations, a poly(urethane-urea) and a poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile), a series of IPN's varying in polymer composition was made. The swelling ratios and densities are close to the arithmetic means; however, both the tensile strength and crosslink density exhibit a maximum at about 70% poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile). The maximum tensile strength is actually significantly higher than that of either of the component polymers. The elongations all approach that of the poly(urethane-urea), the more extensible material, except for compositions approaching 100% poly(butadiene-acrylonitrile), which exhibit a very low extensibility.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 969-977 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Characteristic wide-line proton magnetic resonance absorption spectra of a number of representative cellulose preparations have been obtained in the dry state and after addition of about 7% water. Line widths, second moments, spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation times have been determined. The second moment of the absorption curve of dry cellulose was found to correlate well with the crystalline fraction for most specimens. A technique is described for determining the number of water-cellulose protons exchanging relative to the number of cellulose protons not exchanging. The reduction in absorption line width observed when water is added to cellulose is shown to be quantitatively consistent with such a proton exchange phenomenon.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1755-1772 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The morphology of selenium has been studied in light of present concepts of crystallinity in crystalline organic polymers. Spherulitic crystallization and resultant morphology were examined as a function of temperature by transmission and replication electron microscopy, electron diffraction, and optical microscopy. Evidence is given for polymer chain folding during crystallization of trigonal selenium. Theoretical thermodynamic calculations presented yield several thermodynamic values including an equilibrium melting point of 219.2°C, a fold surface energy of 337 ergs/cm2 and a lateral surface energy of 9.8 ergs/cm2.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1803-1821 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Various procedures for universal calibration in gel-permeation chromatography with polystyrene gels are examined for polystyrene and polydimethylsiloxane fractions. For o-dichlorobenzene at 138°C, experimental intrinsic viscosity-molecular weight data show that the Mark-Houwink exponents are 0.70 and 0.57 for polystyrene and polydimethylsiloxane, respectively. In principle, this difference permits a distinction between the various polymer size parameters proposed for universal calibration. An interpretation of the experimental polydimethylsiloxane calibration for o-dichlorobenzene at 138°C requires a consideration of errors in average molecular weights and errors arising from the use of average molecular weight instead of peak molecular weight. When calibration procedures utilizing hydrodynamic volume and unperturbed dimensions are examined, the difference between them is comparable with experimental error. If the Flory-Fox viscosity expression is employed, the perturbed end-to-end distance (or radius of gyration) and the hydrodynamic volume give equivalent universal calibrations. The experimental data are sufficiently accurate to show that the perturbed dimension determined with the Ptitsyn-Eizner relation does not give an adequate universal calibration.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1545-1564 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization of compression-molded isotactic polypropylene and polyethylene is invariably spherulitic; generally, nucleation occurs randomly throughout the sample. In a special case where nucleation predominates at the surface, spherulitic growth centers become crowded and are forced to propagate unidirectionally into the bulk (transcrystallinity). Conditions for the formation of transcrystallinity have been investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. The occurrence of transcrystallinity is attributed to heterogeneous nucleation induced at the mold surface. To be effective, the mold surface must have a nucleating efficiency equal to or greater than that of adventitious nuclei present in the polymer. As the crystallization temperature approaches the melting point, the activity of mold surfaces is found to increase leading invariably to transcrystalline formation. The degree of activity of various mold surfaces correlates with the known activity of specific dispersed nucleating agents having similar chemical structures. Contrary to claims in the literature, the surface energy of the mold surface and temperature gradients across the melt surface do not play a primary role in transcrystalline formation of polypropylene.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1909-1916 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The flow behavior of α,ω-dihydroxypolydimethylsiloxanes, having a weight-average number-average molecular weight ratio of 1.1-1.2, was studied with a Cannon-Manning viscometer and an Instron rheometer. Comparison of the flow behavior of samples with narrow and broad molecular weight distributions indicated that the onset of non-Newtonian behavior occurred at a much higher shear rate for narrow-distribution polydimethylsiloxanes than for polydisperse polydimethylsiloxanes. A plot of reduced viscosity versus \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \dot \gamma \eta _0 {M \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {M T}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} T} $\end{document} gave two experimental master curves, one for polymer of narrow distribution and the other for polydisperse polymer. The experimental master curve obtained from the narrow-distribution polymer was found to fit the theoretical master curve derived from Graessley's entanglement theory. The viscosity-molecular weight relationship for the higher molecular weight polydimethylsiloxanes was found to be the same for both hydroxydimethylsilyl- and trimethylsilyl-endblocked polymers. However, at low molecular weight, the viscosity-molecular weight curve deviated from linearity because of the association of polydimethylsiloxanols, which apparently is not significant at higher molecular weights. The critical molecular weight of entanglement, Mc, was found to be about 30,000.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1937-1953 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It has been considered for some time that the presence of birefringence in an oriented polymer must affect the light-scattering behavior. Previous analyses of this phenomenon are restricted to single-particle scattering. A more complete theory of the effect of birefringence on the scattering of light from correlated systems is presented. The measured scattering intensity is shown to be dependent upon the optical properties of the sample as well as the experimental technique and conditions.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 2029-2032 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 64
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 2039-2050 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Fujita equation relating molecular weight distribution to concentration of solution subjected to centrifugal forces in equilibrium proved to be an improperly posed problem in the Hadamard sense. Application of Tikhonov's regularizing functions leads to a good approximate solution of Fujita's equation. Such functions have been applied to a monomodal and a bimodal molecular weight distribution, and approximate results have been computed.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 2095-2103 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Electron-microscopic texture and physical properties of a styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) block copolymer obtained by casting from toluene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, and methyl ethyl ketone are discussed. Two peaks are observed in the mechanical loss (tan delta;) curve at -70 and 100°C which are attributed to segmental motion of polybutadiene and polystyrene, respectively. The polybutadiene peak heights are in the order of solubility in the solvent used; the polystyrene peak heights are in converse order. In addition to these peaks, a third peak is observed at 10°C for specimens cast from ethyl acetate or methyl ethyl ketone. A transition corresponding to this peak is also noticed in thermal analysis. It is proposed that aggregation of styrene blocks is relatively incomplete in specimens cast from solution in poor solvents.
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  • 66
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 2141-2151 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Low molecular weight poly(ethylene terephthalate) samples were crystallized isothermally at 120-245°C from both the amorphous state and the melt. Isothermal annealing of these polymers at 215°C provided polymers which exhibited multiple melting peaks in thermal analysis, referred to as form I and form II, as assigned by Bell and Dumbleton. In these samples the peak temperature of the form II melting endotherm and the average crystallite size are dependent on the temperature of initial crystallization. This result requires a mechanism for retaining some structural feature during the conversion from morphological form I to form II. DSC thermograms obtained at varying heating rates on samples showing only form II endotherms support the assignment of superheating as the cause of the shift to higher peak temperatures with increasing heating rate.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1411-1412 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 68
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1457-1465 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect upon seeding behavior of adding well characterized fractions has been studied, so as to assess the technique as a measure of small amounts of high molecular weight. The material available to us restricted the study to fractions with comparatively low average molecular weights. Self-seeding is shown to be an extremely sensitive measure of high molecular weight tails. Knowledge of the molecular weights concerned enabled estimates to be made of the weight of molecules involved in seeding. Instability of seeds has been observed, and is explained in terms of a particular amorphous crystalline “equilibrium” within the seeds.
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  • 69
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 541-554 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dilute solution parameters were determined for polymethylphenylsiloxamer fractions (5 × 104 〈 M 〈 1.5 × 106) in toluene, cyclohexane, and diisobutylamine (θ ≈ 30.4°C). The data are interpreted by the procedure suggested by Flory and Fox. Minor deviations from theory are noted. Polymers from both cis- and trans-cyclotrisiloxanes were investigated. The major portion of the work, however, was concentrated on fractions derived from the trans form. From the data obtained, a characteristic ratio of dimensions (r02/rof2)½ of 1.56 was determined. The hydrodynamic parameter Φ was determined to be (2.0 ± 0.3) × 1021. The appropriate model for the polymer is indicated to be the impermeable random coil with slight hindrance to rotation about backbone skeletal bonds.
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  • 70
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 595-603 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The adsorption of tritium-labeled sodium stearate and 35S-labeled sodium dodecylsulfate from aqueous solution on bent and on stretched polyethylene strips was directly measured. The amount of adsorption increased from 2.5 to 4.5 times on surfaces of various polyethylene samples stretched from 5.2 to 5.3 times the original length. For one sample, adsorption increased 8 and 2.5 times, respectively, on the convex and concave surfaces of a bent strip. Autoradiographs of the strips taken after adsorption revealed the appearance of both homogeneous and heterogeneous adsorption on the stretched surface of the polyethylene. The electron micrographs of the strips showed that many small fissures, about 1-5μ in length, formed on their surfaces after the strips were bent or stretched. Enhanced adsorption of the surface-active substance along these fissures was suggested. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that in stretching or bending, fissures increase adsorption of the detergent, and the adsorption in turn promotes further development of fissures. Thus, bending and adsorption mutually promote the growth of fissures which finally result in failure of the polyethylene.
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  • 71
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 655-656 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 72
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 689-703 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reduced specific viscosity of poly(methacrylic acid) has been studied in ethanol-0.002N HCI solvent mixtures as a function of polymer concentration, alcohol concentration, and temperature. In addition, experiments were performed at different HCI concentrations and with KCI instead of HCI. Both intrinsic viscosity and Huggins coefficient were shown to undergo unusually strong variations. Two minima and two maxima could be demonstrated in intrinsic viscosity. The Huggins coefficient seems to show corresponding variations. The first minimum in intrinsic viscosity indicates that the coil volume has collapsed almost to an Einstein sphere. In this region the Huggins coefficient is extremely large (of order 102) and is controlled by coil association. It was shown that several forms of intramolecular interaction must be assumed to be competing to account for this behavior. The presence of HCI, particularly in the preponderantly aqueous phase, is required to suppress the polyelectrolyte effect. It is found, however, that the behavior of the solutions at relatively high ethanol concentrations is more sensitive to HCI content than is that of highly aqueous solutions. KCI can be used to replace HCI over most of the range. Increase in temperature shifts the turning points of the curves to lower alcohol concentrations. Some evidence has been found that the association constant giving rise to dimers increase with rate of shear. The importance of poly(methacrylic acid) as a chemically simple model substance for various biopolymer effects is stressed.
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  • 73
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 747-752 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Growth rates of G of low-melting spherulites in fractions of trans-1,4-polyisoprene have been measured. The data were analyzed by use of an equation, ln G = ln G0 - ΔF*/RTc, valid at temperatures close to the equilibrium melting point. Plots of ln G against a function of the critical free energy of nucleation ΔF* result in a family of straight lines having a common intercept, ln G0, which is independent of molecular weight. The slope of these lines is a measure of the interfacial free energy of the crystallites and increases with the molecular weight, reflecting increasing irregularity in the structure of the semicrystalline mass. Comparison of growth rates of low-melting and high-melting trans-1,4-polyisoprene indicates that G0 does not, to a first approximation, depend on the nature of the crystals growing from the melt. The temperature at which spherulites of the two crystalline forms grow at equal rates has been calculated.
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  • 74
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 489-497 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A quantitative theoretical calculation is made of the effect of birefringence of the surrounding medium on the light-scattering pattern from a two-dimensional anisotropic spherulite. The calculated modification of the light-scattering pattern is in accord with the prediction previously made on the basis of qualitative considerations and model experiments.
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  • 75
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 571-581 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thermal expansion of a butadiene-styrene copolymer filled with carbon blacks differing tenfold in mean particle size (HAF and MT) was investigated. The glass transition was unaffected by MT and was raised only 0.2°C for every 10 parts per hundred by weight of polymer of HAF black added. The coefficient of expansion of the polymer component of the composite in the rubbery region was substantially unaffected by either carbon black, but decreased markedly with increasing black loading in the glassy state. These results suggest that free volume is not altered appreciably by the presence of the filler in the rubbery state, but expands with decreasing temperature below Tg. The latter effect is explained by dilatation due to stresses set up around filler particles, arising from differences in the expansion coefficients of filler and polymer, which are not relieved in the glassy state. The near invariability of Tg and of the rubbery fected by adsorption of polymer segments on the carbon black surface. A conservative rough estimate indicates that restriction of segmental motion is confined to a 30 Å layer around the particles in which Tg is elevated by only 10°C.
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  • 76
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 637-642 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 77
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 653-654 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 78
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 705-712 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The intrinsic viscosity of poly(methacrylic acid) has been studied in mixtures of 0.002N HCI and a series of aliphatic alcohols. The behavior found previously with ethanol is shown to apply in the case of admixture with methanol, n-propanol, and 1,2-ethanediol. The intrinsic viscosity first drops to a minimum and then increases sharply to a maximum. With ethanol and n-propanol the maximum is followed by another minimum and maximum. With methanol and 1,2-ethanediol this effect is absent or much smaller. Methanol and 1,2-ethanediol are equivalent, molecule for molecule, in their influence on the intrinsic viscosity. With ethanol and n-propanol there are in addition one and two shoulders, respectively, in the passage from the first minimum to the first maximum. Good correlation of the data is obtained if alcohol concentration is plotted as the mole fraction of carbon atoms per OH group (in the alcohol). The first maximum in particular was shown to correspond to the point where the number of water molecules per alcohol in the solvent mixture equals the number of C atoms per hydroxyl in the alcohol. The shoulders and first minima were found to correspond to other simple ratios. This behavior reflects changes in alcohol-water structure. The maximum in the case of ethanol was found to be the most pronounced and ethanol seems to possess optimal properties from this point of view.
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  • 79
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 739-745 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dc conductivity of poly(sebacyl piperazine), a polyamide prepared from the secondary diamine piperazine, in which no N—H groups are present and no hydrogen bonding can occur, has been examined and compared with that of a normal 610 polyamide. The results obtained point clearly to the conduction in the 610 polyamide being electronic below about 100°C but probably involving protons as well as electrons above this temperature. This is largely consistent with the findings of earlier work and clarifies the nature of conduction below about 80°C as being almost certainly electronic where previously it was in doubt. A definite and sometimes marked hysteresis in the conductivity was observed with regard to raising and lowering the temperature of the polyamides. This is explained in terms of the space-charge polarization developed in the materials at higher temperatures and which becomes clearly evident in their dielectric behavior. This shows the importance of discharging specimens at a sufficiently high temperature before making conductivity measurements. The polarization is a bulk and not an electrode effect, and it will probably depend to a marked extent on the morphology of the polyamides.
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  • 80
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the NMR second moment of a uniaxially oriented sample of polyethylene single crystals in the range of temperatures from -196°C to 130°C and its dependence on the alignment angle γ between the orientation axis (preferential direction of the molecular chains) and the NMR magnetic field are presented. The experimental results are discussed mainly with respect to the high temperature relaxation, called the α process, in polyethylene. They are compared to theoretical predictions made for a number of mechanisms of molecular motion in Part I of this work. Only one of the mechanisms considered is found to be in quantitative agreement with experiment, the mechanism here referred to as flip-flop motion. This consists of thermally activated rotational jumps of the crystalline chain segment between folds around its axis between two equilibrium sites in the lattice. Each rotational jump through 180° is accompanied by a shift of the molecule along its axis by one CH2 group. The discussion of the low-temperature relaxation of polyethylene, the γ process, is based partly on the above measurements and partly on measurements of second moments for unoriented polyethylene samples varying widely in morphology and noncrystalline content. The decrease of the second moment observed with these samples between -196°C and 20°C is taken as a measure of the intensity of the γ process. A linear correlation is found between the decrease in the second moment, designated ΔS, and the noncrystalline content, 1 - αm; this can be represented by ΔS = 1.4 + 22.1(1 - αm). It is shown that neither the crankshaft mechanism not the kink mechanism is able to account quantitatively for this result. The model of a chain end moving in a vacancy fails to adequately describe the angle dependence of ΔS in oriented polyethylene single crystals. The “sandwich model” of a polyethylene single crystal, in which the crystalline core is covered by noncrystalline surface layers, is in better agreement with observations.
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  • 81
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 813-813 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 82
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the Hirai-Eyring model for the liquid state is capable of accurately describing the p, V, T behavior of liquid polymers in the temperature range over which measurements are now made, and below. Once the parameter choices necessary to accomplish the fit are made for a particular polymer, the excess thermodynamic functions (differences in properties, liquid less solid) are determined by the same parameters. Above the glass transition temperature Tg the volume, excess enthalpy, and square of the excess entropy are predicted by the model to be essentially linear with temperature, in agreement with experiment. Below Tg, these functions do not remain linear (as is usually assumed in extrapolating the equilibrium behavior to low temperatures), but instead they rapidly approach zero in a continuous way as the temperature is lowered. These remarks apply to glass-forming materials composed of small molecules, as well as to polymers. The “paradox” raised by Kauzmann is thus resolved, and the Gibbs-DiMarzio second-order transition appears to be unnecessary.
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  • 83
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 979-990 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: We have measured the relaxation modulus in the temperature range 150-220°C of two samples of poly(vinyl chloride) resin with different molecular weights. The data were treated by the principle of reduced variables to yield composite curves. The shift factors (aT) when plotted against reciprocal temperature gave good straight lines from which apparent activation energies were obtained. An apparent activation energy of 50 kcal/mole was obtained for both samples. A relaxation spectrum for each resin was calculated from the relaxation modulus data. These spectra showed a marked molecular weight dependence. The spectra were in the range characteristic of the terminal zone of the entanglement plateau. Zero-shear-rate viscosities were obtained from the integration of relaxation modulus plots. From extrapolation of capillary viscosity data it is shown that the viscosity of the higher molecular weight resin used in this study does not approach its zero-shear value until shear rates less than 10-3 sec-1 are reached. The effect of supermolecular flow units is briefly discussed.
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  • 84
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1015-1026 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An investigation of small-angle scattering produced by polarized light from stretched and annealed polymer systems containing spherulites yields information on the supermolecular transitions that occur during such treatment. A series of semicrystalline polymer systems (films, fibers) show that stretching leads to deformation of spherulites and subsequent transformation to an orientational supermolecular order. The size of the single element C2 of the supermolecular order in the direction of stretching, determined from the distance between the layer lines of the scattering pattern, is related to the diameter D0 of the initial spherulites by the relation C2 = KD0λs, where λ, is the draw ratio of the macrosystem and K is a parameter determining the deformability of the spherulites. For polyethylene at room temperature K is unity and for polychloroprene it is 1.2. Changes of C2 after annealing and restretching of the systems also obey this ratio.
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  • 85
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1073-1087 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A convenient pressure apparatus was designed for crystallization of high polymers under hydrostatic pressure up to 5000 atm. Melt crystallization as well as heat treatment under various temperatures and pressures was carried out on several polymers, and the effects of pressure on the molecular and crystal structures of the samples are discussed. Heat treatment of syndiotactic polypropylene under high pressure yields a new crystal modification rather than the previously known helix and planar zigzag modifications. Of the three modifications of poly(vinylidene fluoride), modification III was found as a high-pressure phase for specimens in the unoriented state, while modification I was obtained as the most stable one on heat treatment of oriented specimens under high pressure. Heat treatment under high pressure converts ordinary isotactic poly-4-methylpentene-1 with a lower density than the noncrystalline value, to a new crystal modification with higher density. As is reasonable, the dense modification is stable in a high-pressure range. For these three cases, the orientation of specimens was found to remain unchanged during the transitions, which must therefore occur in the solid state.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1137-1157 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The scattering of light by a two-dimensional spherulite of radius R is calculated when there is disorder of optic axis orientation with respect to the radius. Special cases are considered when (1) the disorder occurs in the radial direction only, (2) the disorder occurs in the angular direction only, (3) there is combined radial and angular disorder, and (4) the optic axis makes a constant angle with the radius but there is disorder in the twist angle about the axis. In all of these calculations, a correlation function for disorder is defined and the scattering pattern depends on the ratio of the associated correlation distance to the size of the spherulite. With decreasing correlation distance, the azimuthal dependence of the scattering becomes less and there is a change in the variation of scattered intensity with scattering angles in a manner dependent upon the type of disorder.
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  • 87
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1187-1194 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The nonrandom orientational distribution of structural units, such as crystallites and chain segments, prevailing in an anisotropic bulk polymer sample can be represented fully by an orientation distribution function. Measurements of fluorescence polarization and wide-line NMR are, in principle, capable of yielding information on the moments of the distribution function up to the fourth order. This work presents the method of analysis required to determine these moments. For this purpose, the distribution function is expanded in a series of generalized spherical harmonies. The method is an extension of a similar technique previously proposed for analysis of x-ray diffraction data for determination of a complete crystallite orientation distribution function.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 88
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1195-1209 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The strain-optical coefficient and relaxation modulus were simultaneously measured for high-density polyethylene at various temperatures ranging from 12 to 100°C. Not only horizontal but also vertical shifts were necessary to obtain smooth master curves by the application of time-temperature superposition. However, the relaxation modulus decreases with rising temperature while the strain-optical coefficient increases. This behavior indicates that the variation of the relaxation modulus and the strain-optical coefficient with time can not be explained by a decrease in crystallinity with rising temperature since a decrease in crystallinity usually causes a decrease in the strain-optical coefficient with time can not be explained by a decrease in crystallinity with rising temperature since a decrease in crystallinity usually causes a decrease in the strain-optical coefficient. It was emphasized that another explanation should be sought for the vertical shift in the time-temperature superposition of the time-dependence curves of the relaxation modulus and the strain-optical coefficient at various temperatures. The master curve of the strain-optical coefficient at various temperatures. The master curve of the strain-optical coefficient or the optical distribution function of relaxation times determined from it serve to distinguish the type and thermal history of the polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 89
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1291-1302 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Changes produced in γ-irradiated polyethylene by subsequent ultraviolet irradiation have been investigated by ESR measurements, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and viscometric determination of average molecular weight. The photoinduced changes depend on the wavelength of irradiation. Upon irradiation at wave length greater than 3900 Å, main-chain scission occurs by reaction of trapped allylic radicals: A reduction in molecular weight sndicated by this reaction was verified by fractionation experiments and molecular weight determinations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical representation of the transformation of an orientation function between two sets of Cartesian coordinates is discussed in terms of a series expansion of the distribution function in generalized spherical harmonics. A general procedure for calculating the mechanical anisotropy of a single-phase system (a polycrystalline material) from the orientation of its structural units and the intrinsic mechanical anisotropy of the structural unit is discussed in relation to the transformation of the orientation distribution function, i.e., mutual conversion of the coefficients in the expansion of the distribution function between the two sets of Cartesian coordinates. The procedure is extended to a two-phase systems (semicrystalline polymers) containing structural units composed of crystalline and noncrystalline materials in three different geometrical arrangements.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 91
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1387-1393 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly(ethylene adipate), poly(ethylene suberate), and poly(ethylene sebacate) were synthesized by a modified ester interchange procedure. Polydispersity was reduced and low molecular weight material removed by fractional crystallization. Samples of 50-60% crystallinity were prepared by bulk crystallization and annealing. Melting points and amorphous densities were obtained by dilatometry. Melting points were 7-12°C higher than previously reported. Heats of fusion were measured by differential scanning calorimetry and extrapolated to 100% crystallinity by using measured amorphous densities and recently redetermined crystalline densities. Entropies of fusion were calculated and separated for the first time into volume expansion and conformational contributions.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 92
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1057-1072 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) have been studied in the frequency range 10 Hz to 100 kHz at temperatures between -196 and 150°C. Three dielectric relaxations were observed: the α relaxation occurred near 130°C, the β near 0°C, and the γ near -30°C at 100 kHz. In the α relaxation the magnitude of loss peak and the relaxation times increased not only with increasing lamellar thickness, but also with decrease of crystal defects in the crystalline regions. In the light of the above results, the α relaxation was attributed to the molecular motion in the crystalline regions which was related to the lamellar thickness and crystal defects in the crystalline phase. In the β relaxation, the magnitude of the loss peak increased with the amount of amorphous material. The relaxation times were independent of the crystal structure and the degree of crystallinity, but increased slightly with orientation of the molecular chains by drawing. The β relaxation was ascribed to the micro-Brownian motions of main chains in the amorphous regions. The Arrhenius plots were of the so-called WLF type, and the “freezing point” of the molecular motion was about -80°C. The Cole-Cole distribution parameter of the relaxation time α increased almost linearly with decreasing temperature in the temperature range of the experiment. The γ relaxation was attributed to local molecular motions in the amorphous regions.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 93
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1127-1136 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The theory for scattering of light from films in which the orientation correlation between two scattering elements depends upon the angle β between the optic axes and the vector connecting the two elements is extended. A delta-function type dependence is assumed in which the correlation is strongest when β equals some preferred value β0. Calculated results of scattered intensities are shown to be similar to experimental observations.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 94
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1159-1168 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: ESR and electrical conductivity measurements have been made on a recently prepared polymer, polypropiolamide. The polymer was obtained as a fine powder which exhibited a nearly Lorentzian line with a width between derivative maxima of 5.2 ± 0.1 gauss and a g value of 2.0036 ± 0.0005. The signal intensity increased with increasing molecular weight. The signal was retained in a dilute solution in formic acid with a slight narrowing of the line. Permanent changes were produced in the spectra at room temperature by heat treatments of the polymer at temperatures up to 800°K. The changes were similar for samples sealed in tubes containing air, dry nitrogen gas and a vacuum of 3 × 10-5 mm of Hg. Spectra obtained at temperatures up to 500°K showed no dependence on the presence or absence of oxygen in the ambient atmosphere. The deresistance of pressed pellets of the polymer was measured in the temperature range 450°K to 525°K, and the results were described by the relation R = R0cE/kT. The activation energy E had a value of 1.2 ± 0.2 ev and the resistivity at 500°K was approximately 1013 ohm-em. The ESR signal is attributed to an intrinsic property of the polymer which is associated with a conjugated bond system along the polymer backbone. Neither the activation energy nor the magnitude of the resistivity suggest that the delocalized electrons associated with the conjugated bond system have produced unusual electrical characteristics in the polymer.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 95
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1235-1237 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Critical miscibility data obtained from measurements of phase-volume ratios have been used to calculate the concentration dependence of the pair interaction parameter for the system polystyrene-cyclohexane. The measured temperature and concentration ranges are 11-30°C and 4-18% polymer by weight, respectively. With the Gibbs free energy of mixing expressed in polymer segment mole fractions, x*, the pair interaction parameter is g(x*, T) = 0.4961 + 71.92/T + 0.2312x* + 0.0750x*2. In a polymer volume fraction formulation the parameter is g(ϕ, T) = 0.4099 + 90.65/T + 0.2064 ϕ + 0.0518 ϕ2, which approximates to χ(ϕ, T) = 0.2035 + 90.65/T + 0.3092 ϕ + 0.1554 ϕ2. Comparison of the temperature and concentration dependence with that obtained by other authors shows very good agreement, even when extensive extrapolations in temperature and concentration are applied. The present function is believed to be the most accurate. Solutions of mixtures of two narrow-distribution polystyrenes in cyclohexane show separation into three liquid phases under the exact conditions predicted by theoretical calculation with the present pair-interaction function.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 97
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1279-1289 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Selenacyclobutane (trimethylene selenide) readily undergoes photochemical reaction to give polymeric products. Also, the material polymerizes rapidly when the polycrystalline solid film liquifies on a salt substrate in vacuum. Upon polymerization of the sample, infrared and Raman spectra exhibit profound changes which definitely establish ring cleavage. The Raman spectra of the polymer reveal strong C-Se stretching peaks but little or no scattering in the region of Se-Se stretching, strongly suggesting that the polymerization process proceeds in a regular head-to-tail fashion. An EPR study of the monomer exposed to ultraviolet radiation at -180°C supports this fact, since the resulting spectrum is indicative of an intermediate radical species, (CH2CH2-CH2Se)n., where n is sufficiently large that the terminal electrons do not interact. No triplet spectra were observed. Molecular oxygen apparently plays an important role in the polymerization kinetics, since it is found that degassed samples of the substance, in contrast to those which have not been degassed, polymerize rapidly even under room illumination. Freezing-point depression measurements fix a lower limit to the average molecular weight of the polymer at 2700 (n = 23 monomer units).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of long-and short-chain branching in polymer molecules on gel-permeation chromatographic (GPC) separation is discussed. The calculation of calibration curves for branched polymers is developed from the universal calibration technique based on the hydrodynamic volume concept and previously established relationships for the effect of branching on molecular dimensions. Typical calibration curves are shown for different branching models and degrees of branching. As branching increases, the curves are shown to converge. Methods of characterizing branching and molecular weight distributions of franctions and whole polymers from GPC and intrinsic viscosity data are presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 99
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 2177-2186 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Branched polyethylene, melt-crystallized in commercial fabrication processes, cleaves into two layers when exposed to a prolonged “chemical filling” treatment (i.e., formation of filler in situ by interdiffusion of two reactive permeants). Cleavage has been observed in film and blown bottles. With film, progressive changes in experimental conditions from one sample to another, shifted the cleavage plane from near the surface to deeper lying planes. Separation of a thin surface layer requires more filler deposit than does separation into layers of more equal thickness. These observations suggest that a well defined layer structure may exist in branched polyethylene and that cohesive bonding is stronger between layers near the surface of the film than it is between deeper lying layers. Linear polyethylene showed slight layer separation after prolonged chemical filling, but clean cut separation of large areas was not achieved. This behavior may indicate that the cohesive bonding between layers is much stronger in linear polyethylene than in branched polyethylene.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 100
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 8 (1970), S. 1797-1801 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The current theoretical treatment of diffusion of gases in glassy polymers is based on the “dual sorption” model, but also includes certain other important assumptions, at least some of which cannot be fully justified a priori. They require experimental validation, which, however, is not possible by the procedures used or proposed so far. Methods suitable for this purpose are discussed here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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