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  • 1970-1974  (85)
  • 1890-1899
  • 1850-1859
  • 1971  (85)
  • Physical Chemistry  (52)
  • Electron microscopy  (33)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 165-171 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone ; Ceramic ; Tetracycline ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un implant céramique non poreux est testé au niveau du fémur de rat en ce qui concerne son adhésivité à l'os. Un certain nombre de techniques morphologiques sont utilisées pour examiner le rapport entre l'implant et l'os néoformé. La microscopie électronique par transmission et la microscopie par fluorescence après marquage à la tétracycline ont donné les meilleurs résultats. Un rapport étroit entre l'os minéralisé et la céramique a été noté en microscopie électronique. Par marquage à la tétracycline, il semble que l'implant puisse stimuler la formation osseuse.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ein unporöses keramisches Implantat in Rattenfemora wurde auf seine Fähigkeit geprüft, sich mit Knochen zu binden. Eine Anzahl morphologischer Techniken wurde verwendet, um die Beziehung zwischen den Oberflächen von Implantat und neuem Knochen zu untersuchen. Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie nach Tetracyclinmarkierung waren die erfolgreichsten Techniken. Eine enge Beziehung zwischen mineralisiertem Knochen und dem Keramikimplantat konnte mit der Transmissions-Elektronenmikroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Das Aussehen der Tetracyclinmarkierung im keramischen Implantat deutet darauf hin, daß dieses wahrscheinlich die Fähighkeit hat, Knochenbildung zu erhöhen.
    Notes: Abstract A nonporous ceramic implant in rat femora was evaluated as to its ability to bond to bone. A number of morphologic techniques were utilized to examine the interfacial relationship of the implant to new bone. Transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence microscopy after tetracycline labelling were the most successful techniques. An intimate relationship between mineralized bone and the ceramic was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. The appearance of tetracycline labelling at the ceramic interface indicates that the implant may have capacity to enhance bone formation.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 8 (1971), S. 287-303 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcification ; Bone ; Matrix ; Apatite ; Nucleation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Du collagène d'os compact de mouton est préparé par décalcification dans I'EDTA et à partir de tendons de queux de rats, par extraction dans l'acide acétique et reconstitution dans NaCl. Le dépôt d'apatite dans le collagène osseux de mouton dans une solution de calcification métastable est étudié chimiquement et par microscopie électronique. Le collagène osseux est un bon catalyseur de nucléation pour le dépôt minéral, alors que le collagène de tendons de rat ne l'est pas. Le dépôt minéral du collagène osseux se produit en deux phases cinétiques séparées, une phase rapide de nucléation et une croissance cristalline, donnant naissance à de petits ilots calcifiés et une seconde phase lente de croissance dans des régions ne comportant pas de zones catalytiques. La seconde phase de dépôt minéral paraît être le résultat d'une diffusion inhibée d'ions à travers les fibrilles collagènes alignées, laissant de larges régions de collagène sans minéral, bien que le tampon reste hautement sursaturé. La microscopie électronique permet de penser que les zones de catalyse pourraient avoir un rapport avec la périodicité de 640 Å de collagène, mais l'importance d'un matériel noncollagènique, lié au collagène, n'est pas à exclure. L'activité catalytique faible du collagène reconstitué n'est pas liée à la présence d'inhibiteurs faiblement liés, bien que des inhibiteurs puissent être intimement liés à ce type de collagène, qui pourrait être absent du collagène osseux. La différence d'activité catalytique pourrait intervenir dans la calcification physiologique. Une hypothèse plus générale pour la nucléation de la phase minérale dans les systémes biologiques est nécessaire.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Kollagen wurde aus kompaktem Schafsknochen mittels EDTA-Entkalkung und aus Rattenschwanzsehnen durch Essigsäureextraktion und Rekonstitution mit NaCl gewonnen. Die Apatitablagerung aus einer metastabilen Verkalkungslösung auf Schafsknochenkollagen wurde chemisch und im Elektronenmikroskop untersucht. Es zeigte sich, daß das Knochenkollagen ein guter Nukleationskatalysator für die Mineralablagerung ist, was beim Rattenschwanzkollagen nicht zutraf. Im Knochenkollagen erfolgte die Mineralablagerung in zwei getrennten kinetischen Phasen: einer raschen Phase der Nukleation und des Kristallwachstums, welche kleine verkalkte Inseln entstehen läßt, und einer zweiten langsamen Phase, welcher das Wachstum in Bezierken, die keine katalytischaktiven Stellen einschließen, zuzuschreiben ist. Diese zweite Phase der Mineralablagerung wird als Resultat einer verminderten Ionendiffusion durch die enganeinanderliegenden Kollagenfibrillen angesehen, wodurch weite Kollagenbereiche ohne Mineral bleiben, obwohl der Puffer stark übersättigt ist. Elektronenmikrographien ließen vermuten, daß die katalytischaktiven Stellen in einem gewissen Verhältnis zur 640 Å-Periodizität des Kollagens stehen; es konnte jedoch nicht ausgeschlossen werden, daß nicht-kollagenhaltiges Material, welches an Kollagen gebunden ist, ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt. Die schlechte katalytische Aktivität des rekonstituierten Kollagens konnte nicht auf die Anwesenheit von schwachgebundenen Hemmstoffen zurückgeführt werden, obwohl Inhibitoren stark an dieses Kollagen gebunden sein könnten, die jedoch im Knochenkollagen nicht vorhanden sind. Die Unterschiede in der katalytischen Aktivität können mit der physiologischen Verkalkung in Beziehung stehen. Eine allgemeinere Hypothese für die Nukleation einer Mineralphase in biologischen Systemen wäre erforderlich.
    Notes: Abstract Collagen was prepared from compact sheep bone by decalcification with EDTA and from rat tail tendons by acetic acid extraction and reconstitution with NaCl. The deposition of apatite in sheep bone collagen in a metastable calcification solution was studied chemically and by electron microscopy. The bone collagen was shown to be a good nucleation catalyst for mineral deposition, while rat tail collagen was a poor catalyst. Mineral deposition in bone collagen occured in two separate kinetic phases, a rapid phase of nucleation and crystal growth, giving rise to small calcified islands, and a second slow phase, ascribed to growth in regions not involving the catalytic sites. This second phase of mineral deposition is considered to be the result of impaired ion diffusion through the closely-aligned collagen fibrils, thus leaving large areas of the collagen free of mineral even though the buffer remains highly supersaturated. Electron micrographs suggested that the catalytic sites might be in some relationship to the 640 Å periodicity of collagen, but a role for non-collagenous material bound to the collagen has not been excluded. The poor catalytic activity of reconstituted collagen was not due to the presence of loosely-bound inhibitors, although inhibitors could be strongly bound to this type of collagen and be absent from bone collagen. The differences in catalytic activity may have a bearing on physiological calcification. A more general hypothesis for nucleation of a mineral phase in biological systems is required.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 447-456 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Cerebellum ; Purkinje cells ; Diphenyl-hydantoin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic examination of Purkinje Cells was performed in sections from the cerebellum of three albino rats aged 4 1/2 month, intoxicated with diphenylhydantoin for 51 days. Three untreated albino rats served as controls. There were no difference between the substructure of the Purkinje cells from the two groups of animals. It was concluded that diphenylhydantoin in toxic but sublethal doses does not change the substructure of the Purkinje cells.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 12 (1971), S. 379-388 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Spinal cord ; Neurone ; Synapse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative electron microscopical observations have been made on the afferent synaptology of neurones in laminae V and VII of the cervical spinal cord of the cat. Both laminae contain large bouton-covered polydendritic neurones of the type seen in the brainstem reticular formation. Each lamina contains two other categories of neurone. One of these, in lamina V, is peculiar in having a very high proportion of afferent boutons filled with dense-core vesicles; similar neurones exist in lamina VII, but their presynaptic afferents do not contain unusual quantities of dense-core vesicles. The third type of neurone in laminae V and VII seems to be identical with an oligodendritic neurone type found in the brainstem reticular formation and parafascicular-centromedian complex.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 13 (1971), S. 451-460 
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Psychotropic drugs ; Rabbit hippocampus ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Following administration of psychotropic drugs, the brains of rabbits were examined by electron microscopy, with special references to glycogen granules in the hippocampus, and were compared with the normal materials. After seven days' intramuscular injections of chlorpromazine (15 mg/kg/day) or trifluoperazine (10 mg/kg/day), glycogen granules appeared diffusely in the perikaryal cytoplasm of the pyramidal cells and small nerve cells and in the myelinated nerve fibers, and were accumulated in the dendrites of pyramidal cells and in the astrocytic cytoplasm. Those animals showed neuroleptic symptomes and extrapyramidal ones throughout the period. The administration of the drugs might inhibit the glycolytic metabolism in neurons and glial cells of the hippocampus.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Clinical and experimental medicine 156 (1971), S. 268-282 
    ISSN: 1591-9528
    Keywords: Isolated rat kidney ; Na net transport ; Pluronic-F-108® ; Electron microscopy ; Oxygen deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Employing a non-ionic detergent as a colloidosmotically active substance 10 fully isolated rat kidneys were perfused for 60 min. A constant glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 1.0 ml × g−1 × min−1 and a mean Na+-net transport of about 92 μmol × g−1 × min−1 was obtained. The mean O2-consumption of 0.17 ml × g−1 × min−1 was rather high. However, addition of the decoupling agent 2,4-dinitrophenol led to an increase of the O2-consumption by 98%, thus speaking against spontaneous uncoupling. Glomerula, proximal and distal convoluted tubules of kidneys perfused with plasmaexpander-solutions were studied electronmicroscopically. The most striking morphological deviations were found in the proximal tubules of the Haemaccel®-perfused kidneys. In the Pluronic®-kidneys significantly less morphological alterations were found. These morphological changes were of a type which was previously described by other investigators after periods of hypoxia.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 553-557 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Albino rat ; Striatal neurons ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Dark cisternal fields ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung des Striatums einer Ratte wurden im Perikaryon einiger Neurone eigentümliche parallele Anordnungen von membranbegrenzten Zisternen gefunden, welche durch eine auffallend dichte cytoplasmatische Matrix voneinander getrennt waren. Ein mit dieser Beobachtung völlig übereinstimmender Befund ist unlängst von anderer Seite an Nervenzellen des Nucleus entopeduncularis und der orbitofrontalen Großhirnrinde der Katze erhoben worden. Bei den „dunklen Zisternenfeldern“ dürfte es sich um Bereiche des endoplasmatischen Retikulums handeln, die sich in einem besonderen Funktionszustand befinden. Sie kommen wahrscheinlich schon normalerweise bei verschiedenen Tierarten in bestimmten Regionen des ZNS vor.
    Notes: Summary The electron microscopic study of a rat's striatum has revealed peculiar parallel arrays of membrane-bound cisternae with a strikingly dense intercisternal cytoplasmic matrix in the perikarya of a few neurons. The finding corresponds exactly to the unique lamellar configurations recently described in nerve cells of the entopeduncular nucleus and orbitofrontal cortex of the cat. These “dark cisternal fields” are regarded as distinct districts of the endoplasmic reticulum in a special functional state. They seem to occur normally in certain regions of the CNS in different animal species.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 271-280 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus ; Rat ; Involution ; Reticulum-Cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Entodermale Thymus-Retikulumzellen neugeborener Wistar-Ratten enthalten häufig helle Vesikel mit enger räumlicher Beziehung zum Golgi-Apparat. Bei 13 Monate alten Ratten fehlen diese Vesikel. 2. Die Tatsache, daß die Häufigkeit heller Vesikel mit fortschreitendem Lebensalter abnimmt, findet ihre Parallele in der von anderer Seite getroffenen Feststellung, daß die Bildung eines humoralen Faktors im Thymus im Laufe der Zeit eingeschränkt wird. 3. Diese Koinzidenz läßt an die Möglichkeit denken, die hellen Vesikel könnten ein morphologisches Äquivalent der Bildung eines Thymuswirkstoffes sein. 4. In entodermalen Thymus-Retikulumzellen 13 Monate alter Ratten finden sich große Vakuolen mit granulärem Inhalt. Ihre Bildung beginnt schon vor der Thymusinvolution. Sie entstehen wahrscheinlich durch Phagozytose oder Aufnahme zelleigenen Materials, das nicht weiter abbaufähig ist. 5. Da diese Einschlüsse mit fortgesetzem Alter an Zahl und Größe zunehmen, scheinen sie als Ausdruck einer Beeinträchtigung der Stoffwechselvorgänge im Zytoplasma ein erstes morphologisch faßbares Symptom der frühzeitigen physiologischen Involution des Thymus zu sein.
    Notes: Summary 1. Entodermal reticulum cells of new born Wistar rats frequently contain clear vesicles with close connection to the Golgifield. These vesicles do not occur in reticulum cells of 13 months old rats. 2. The frequency of these clear vesicles decreases with advancing age obviously in the same way as the production of a humoral thymic factor reported by several investigators. 3. This observation agrees with the hypothesis that the clear vesicles are the morphological equivalent of the production of a humoral thymus factor. 4. Entodermal reticulum cells of 13 months old Wistar rats contain large vacuoles filled with electron dense, granulated materials. The formation of these vacuoles starts already before the beginning of the thymus involution. Possibly they are produced by phagocytosis or necrobiosis and contain deposits of material that cannot undergo further degradation. 5. The increase of these vacuoles in number and size with advancing age may be considered as equivalent of the deterioration of metabolism responsible for early involution of the thymus.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 301-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Freeze Fracture ; Microvasculature (chick) ; Ground substance ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tissues of the young chick and chick embryo were prepared in a relatively unaltered condition by the freeze-fracture technique. The ultrastructure of the microvasculature and surrounding interstitial region is compared with that seen in conventional thin-sectioned material. In the undifferentiated vessels of the 3-day chick embryo, no distinct basement lamina can be distinguished in either type of preparation. In the 3-week chick, a continuous basement lamina is present beneath the endothelium only in chemically fixed and sectioned tissue; it cannot be distinguished from the remaining interstitial substance in freeze-fracture preparations. Blood-tissue exchange may depend on permeability characteristics of the entire interstitial region rather than on the basement lamina alone.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Iris ; Rabbit ; Pinocytosis ; Enzymes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary On the basis of the occurrence, at the light microscopic level, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, the pigment epithelium covering the posterior surface of the iris in the albino rabbit can be divided into two zones not previously described, viz. a central zone close to the pupil, approximately corresponding to the area occupied by the iridic sphincter muscle, and a peripheral zone extending to the ciliary body. The central zone which is in intimate relation with the lens was found to have a high content of both phosphatases. At the fine structural level it exhibits a marked pinocytotic activity in the epithelium at the interdigitations between adjacent cells. Electron microscopy revealed that acid phosphatase is localized to the walls of the pinocytotic vesicles. Alkaline phosphatase is in evidence at the surface membrane folds and at microvillous processes between the epithelial cells and the adjoining muscle cells. Unlike the distribution of the acid phosphatase, that of the alkaline phosphatase does not differ fundamentally in the two zones at the fine structural level. In a series of dehydrogenases studied, staining with a view to succinic-, isocitric- and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases revealed an evenly distributed content of enzyme throughout the epithelium. As to the lactic- and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenases, contents seem to be lower in the pupillary than in the peripheral zone.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 136-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Rat ; Sex difference ; ACTH ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Nebennierenrinde von 178 Sprague-Dawley-Ratten wurde elektronenmikroskopisch von der 1.–12. Lebenswoche unter Normalbedingungen sowie nach s.c. Injektion von 3 IE ACTH/100 g Körpergewicht innerhalb von 2 min — 24 Std untersucht. Ab der 5. Lebenswoche unterscheiden sich die Nebennieren von Weibchen im Bereich der äußeren Zona fasciculata durch Kernvergrößerung, größere Mitochondrien und kleindisperse Liposomen von denen der Männchen. Zyklusbedingte Schwankungen in der Ultrastruktur der weiblichen Nebennierenrinde bestehen nicht. Nach ACTH-Applikation nähert sich das Nebennierenbild des Männchen innerhalb von 30 min dem des unbehandelten Weibchens. Außerdem kommt es bei beiden Geschlechtern durch ACTH zu einer Dispersion und Reduktion der Liposomen, Vergrößerung des Golgiapparates und der Zellkerne, Ausweitung des endoplasmatischen Retikulums und Vermehrung der Mikrovilli. Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus wird funktionell erklärt.
    Notes: Summary 178 Sprague-Dawley-rats were studied by electron microscopy from the 1st to the 12th week of life under normal conditions and after s. c. injection of 3 I. U. ACTH/100 gbodyweight from 2 min to 24 hours. Beginning with the 5th week of life females differ from males by small dispersed liposomes and enlarged nuclei and mitochondria in the outer z. fasciculata. There is no change in the ultrastructure of the female adrenal cortex depending on the sexual cycle. After application of ACTH the adrenal cortex of males assimilates to the untreated females within 30 min. After ACTH-application both sexes show dispersion and reduction of liposomes, dilation of endoplasmatic reticulum, increasement of microvilli and enlargement of the Golgi apparatus. The sex-dimorphism is interpreted by functional differences.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 97-112 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stratum corneum ; Man ; Non-fixed ; Non-dehydrated ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This is an electron microscopic study of non-fixed and non-dehydrated normal human stratum corneum from the lumbar region. Non-stained sections have a low contrast. In sections examined 3 days after skin biopsy the cytoplasm of the cells shows a uniform contrast or exhibits dark and light areas. A single layer delimits the cytoplasm from the intercellular space. The latter is partly filled out with substance. In sections stained 2 to 4 days after skin biopsy the fibrils are distinct. On the basis of the variations in their opacity and ultrastructure three types of horny cells are clearly distinguishable. In cells of type 1 intensely stained keratohyalin and less opaque fibrillar substance occur. A distinct keratin pattern is not found. In cells of type 2 the fibrils show areas with distinct kerytohyalin and keratin pattern and transitional phases between these two stages of fibrillar differentiation. The keratin pattern representing the final stage of the fibrillar differentiation process is visualized through a successive “discoloration” of the filaments, whereas the interfilamentous substance retains the opacity of the keratohyalin. In cells of type 3 the entire fibrillar substance exhibits a keratin pattern. This consists of less opaque filaments with a diameter of 74 Å. The septa representing the interfilamentous substance are estimated as 30 Å at their thinnest points. These observations of the fibrils are completely comparable to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. In sections stained particularly more than 18 days after skin biopsy the fibrils exhibit pronounced changes in their staining properties with concomitant decrease in distinctness or a complete extinction of the keratin pattern. The observations of the modified plasma membrane and the intercellular space in stained sections correspond to the findings in fixed and dehydrated normal human stratum corneum. The modified plasma membrane and the structures in the intercellular space appear with equal distinctness, whether the sections are stained 2 to 4, 6 to 12 or 14 to 21 days after skin biopsy.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 576-596 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Median eye ; Frontal organs ; Crustacea ; Anostraca ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Mittelauge (MA) und das ventrale Frontalorgan (FO) von Artemia salina L. (erwachsene Tiere) wurden elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. 1. Das MA ist ein inverses Becherauge. Ein Pigmentbecher aus zwei Pigmentzellen umschließt drei Sehzellgruppen. Die Sehzellen bilden verzweigte Rhabdome vom geschlossenen Typ. Ihr Zytoplasma enthält zahlreiche Vesikel, tubuläre Mitochondrien, kleine Golgiapparate, Mikrotubuli, variable multivesicular und lamellated bodies und Lipideinschlüsse, die von endoplasmatischem Retikulum spiralig umgeben werden. 2. Die Pigmentzellen enthalten dicht gepackte Pigmentkörner, einen gelappten Kern, Mitochondrien vom Cristatyp, wenig endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Mikrotubuli, lamellated und vesicular bodies. Gegenüber den rhahdombildenden Anteilen der Sehzellen ist ihre Zelloberfläche glatt, im übrigen bilden sie lange fingerförmige Ausstülpungen. 3. Artemia salina besitzt zwei Arten von Frontalorganen. Die „dorsalen PO“ sind möglicherweise neurosekretorische X-Organe. Das ventrale FO wird als Sehorgan gedeutet. Es besteht aus zwei Gruppen von Sehzellen ventral vom MA, die eigene Nervenfortsätze zum Protocerebrum senden. Die optische Achse ist der des ventralen Augenbechers entgegengesetzt. Zwischen MA und FO verläuft ein Nerv, der wahrscheinlich dem MA angehört. 4. Übereinstimmungen der Feinstruktur von MA, FO und den Retinulazellen der Komplexaugen betreffen insbesondere die Binnenstruktur der Rhabdommikrovilli und Äquivalente unterschiedlicher Funktionszustände (Hell-Dunkel-Adaptation) hinsichtlich der Ausbildung von perirhabdomalen Vakuolen und des Ausmaßes von pinocytotischen Vorgängen an der Basis der Rhabdome.
    Notes: Summary The median eye (MA) and the ventral frontal organ (FO) of Artemia salina L. (adult specimens) have been investigated with the electron microscope. 1. The MA is an inverse cup-shaped eye. A pigment cup, consisting of two pigment cells, surrounds three groups of photosensory cells, which form ramified rhabdoms of the closed type. Their cytoplasm contains numerous vesicles, tubular mitochondria, small Golgi fields, microtubules, variable multivesicular and lamellated bodies and lipid inclusions, which are surrounded by spirals of endoplasmic reticulum. 2. The pigment cells contain densely packed pigment granules, an indented nucleus, crested mitochondria, small amounts of endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, lamellated and vesicular bodies. Opposite the rhabdomeric surface of the visual cells their cellular surface is smooth, otherwise it bears long fingershaped projections. 3. Artemia salina possesses two types of frontal organs. The “dorsal FOs” are possibly neurosecretory X-organs. The ventral FO is interpreted to represent a photosensory organ. It consists of two groups of sensory cells located ventrally of the MA, which possess own nerve-processes leading to the Protocerebrum. Their optical axis is opposite the one of the ventral eye cup. Between MA and FO a nerve occurs, which presumably belongs to the MA. 4. Considerable finestructural similarities between MA, PO and the retinula cells of the compound eyes exist as far as the internal structure of the rhabdomeric microvilli and the equivalents of different functional stages (Light-Dark-Adaption) are concerned, namely perirhabdomeric vacuoles and the degree of pinocytotic processes at the base of the rhabdoms.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 467-481 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic promyelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Primary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic promyelocytes from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental phase is characterized by the elaboration of primary (azurophillysosomal) granules and the entire intracellular machinery is directed principally toward this goal. The promyelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary stages based upon morphological, histochemical and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of primary granulogenesis.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 1-20 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human testis ; Gonocyte ; Spermatogonium ; Germ cell degeneration ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron-microscopic examination of the human fetal testis between 10 and 20 weeks gestation reveals the presence of two distinct cell types within the tubules: Sertoli cells and germ cells. The latter are distinguished by their spherical shape, smooth nuclear membranes, globular mitochondria and paucity of cytoplasmic organelles. The gonocytes, or primitive germ cells, occur as single cells in the central portions of the tubules. Their chromatin is finely granular and evenly dispersed. Nucleoli are centrally placed and of uniform electron density. Various stages in the migration of gonocytes to the tubular periphery are indicated by the extension of cytoplasmic processes toward the basal lamina. Bands of microtubules are present within the processes. Spermatogonia are arranged in pairs and groups at the tubular periphery. They lack the nucleolar and mitochondrial characteristics of adult spermatogonia. Except for slight changes in chromatin density and nucleolar structure, the fetal spermatogonia retain the ultrastructural characteristics of gonocytes. Intercellular bridges connect adjacent spermatogonia. Degeneration affecting large numbers of germ cells, but primarily gonocytes, begins with nuclear infolding and chromatin condensation and eventually involves both nuclear and cytoplasmic structures. The degenerated cells are removed by phagocytosis by adjacent Sertoli cells. Large phagosomes are present in the cytoplasm of many of the Sertoli cells.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 483-514 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hermaphroditic Gonad ; Gastropoda ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Spitzenbereichen der Zwittergonadenacini fertiler Tiere der Pulmonatenspezies Planorbarius corneus sind drei Zelltypen stets gleichzeitig anzutreffen: Oocyten, Spermatiden und Begleitzellen. Die Abgrenzung der Acinusspitze gegen das interacinäre Gewebe hin bildet die Basalmembran des wandständigen Begleitzellepithels. Die Oocyten werden follikelartig von den ineinander verzahnten und durch Desmosomen verknüpften Begleitzellen umgeben. Nur in der Acinuskuppe liegen sie der hier stark verdickten Basalmembran unmittelbar auf. Die Spermatiden sitzen nur mit ihrem anterioren Zellpol den Begleitzellen apikal auf und sind durch Desmosomen mit ihnen verknüpft. Veränderungen der Ultrastruktur der Spermatiden während der Spermiohistogenese werden an drei gegeneinander abgrenzbaren Spermiohistogenesestadien aufgezeigt. Dabei finden die Kernstruktur, das Auftreten von Tubulikörpern und das Abstreifen des Restplasmas vom Mittelstück besondere Beachtung. Den recht uneinheitlich strukturierten Begleitzellen kommen für Oocyten und Spermatiden Ernährungs- und Transportfunktionen zu. Sie phagocytieren überfällige Geschlechtszellen. Es können jedoch trotz ihrer heteromorphen Struktur keine prinzipiell verschiedenen Begleitzelltypen mit jeweils nur einer spezifischen Funktion unterschieden werden. Das in früheren lichtmikroskopischen Arbeiten als Begleitzellprodukt beschriebene „Kinoplasma“ erweist sich als kernwärts wanderndes Restplasma der Spermatiden.
    Notes: Summary Three species of cells always coexist in the tips of hermaphroditic gonad-acini of fertile Planorbarius corneus: oocytes, spermatids and auxiliary cells. The basement membrane of the auxiliary cell epithelium separates the acinus tips from the interacinary tissue. Like follicles the oocytes are enclosed by interlocked and desmosomically attached auxiliary cells. Only in the utmost tips of the acinus the oocytes are in direct contact with the here dilated basement membrane. The spermatids are attached to the auxiliary cells only with their anterior cell-pole and connected with these by desmosomes. Alterations of the spermatid-ultrastructure during the spermiohistogenesis can be studied in three separate stages of the spermiohistogenesis. Particular attention is given to the nuclear structure, the tubular bodies and the shedding of residual plasma from the middle-piece. The rather irregularly structured cells serve oocytes and spermatids as mediators for nutrition and transport. Occasionally occurs phagocytosis of germ-cells. Basically, even though their structures vary, auxiliary cells are not restricted to one specific function. The “Kinoplasma”-described in previous light microscopic studies as a product of the auxiliary cells, proves to be spermatidic residual plasma moving towards the nucleus.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 401-419 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Intracerebral capillaries ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional electron miscroscope techniques, with particular emphasis on the relation of intracerebral blood vessels to other elements in the brain. The ganglion is permeated by a continuous network of channels which may be interpreted as invaginations of the ganglion surface. The afferent vessel (cerebral artery) is of mesodermal origin, but apparently terminates as an open-ended vessel soon after entering the brain, where it runs within the invaginated channels. The greater part of the cerebral vasculature, therefore, has no mesodermal endothelial lining. Tissue components in the diffusion path between blood and brain which could conceivably restrict diffusion, are the thick glial basement membrane, junctions between perivascular and between interstitial glia, and polymeric material in the extracellular space. However, apart from a barrier to large colloidal particles at the basement membrane, the present EM observations do not decisively pinpoint sites of diffusional restriction, nor can they be interpreted as evidence that such restriction exists.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 122 (1971), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Amnion ; Human amniotic plaques ; Fetal membranes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of amniotic and amniotic-plaque epithelia has been studied from normal term pregnancies. The columnar/cuboidal amniotic epithelial cells usually have apical or central nuclei, some free ribosomes, patches of granular endoplasmic reticulum, juxtanuclear Golgi complexes, rod-shaped mitochondria, lipid droplets and some glycogen granules. They have short, blunt microvilli which frequently branch and bathe in the amniotic fluid. The lateral plasma membranes enclose tortuous intercellular spaces which are always interrupted by variously folded processes and desmosomes. The epithelial cells rest on a basal lamina and exhibit highly folded basal processes. The amniotic epithelial cells are neither distinctly Golgi and fibrillar types nor “light” and “dark” in appearance. Amnion from near the umbilical cord contains many microscopic and several large plaques. Similar structures are not found on the reflected amnion. The microscopic plaques are whitish and translucent, whereas the large ones are opaque. The large plaques vary between 1–3 mm in diameter, and are over 15 cell layers thick. Each large plaque has a main central region and edges continuous with either the microscopic plaque or the simple amniotic epithelium. The main region shows four zones, namely, stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum and stratum corneum. Such zones are not distinct at the edges. The fine structure of basal cells compares with the amniotic epithelial cells, but the cells of spinosum and granulosum layers possess variable amounts of tonofibrils, keratohyalin granules, free ribosomes and other cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. The corneum cells are keratinized and are frequently separated by intercellular spaces. They slough into the amniotic cavity singly or as a sheet, and contribute towards the composition of the amniotic fluid. The plaques are of amniotic origin, and are not formed by adhesion of either squamous cells or fetal skin cells (masses of keratinized squames). The present observations suggest that the occurrence of amniotic plaques is normal. The presence of plaques may not be necessarily associated with fetal abnormality. However, increase in numbers of plaques may be caused by conditions of fluid imbalance. The homology and significance of plaques in eutherian mammals have been discussed.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 558-563 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pterin layer ; Pigmentation ; Dermis ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the pterin layer was investigated in both wild type Rana pipiens and Rana pipiens homozygous for the speckle mutant gene. No difference in morphology of the layer was noted between the wild type and mutant. The layer lines the outer surface of the stratum compactum of the dermis and separates this stratum from the stratum spongiosum. The pterin layer consists of extra-cellular material and contains membrane-bounded granules filled with fine spicules. Many of the spicules are somewhat similar in appearance to the initial calcification loci present in developing membrane bone. The layer first appears in the tadpole at approximately stage 14 (Taylor and Kollros, 1946); subsequent developmental stages are described.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 396-415 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human pineal organ ; Development ; Innervation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation is concerned with pineal organs of human embryos 60 to 150 days old. At every stage central nerve fibres enter the pineal organ by way of the habenular commissure, but are restricted to the pineal's proximal part. On about the 60th day of the development the sympathetic nervus conarii grows into the distal pole of the pineal organ from a dorso-caudal direction and plays the predominant part in the innervation of the pineal organ. After penetrating, it soon branches out and forms a network in the pineal tissue. Much later, not until the 5th embryonic month, sympathetic nerves appear accompanying the supplying vessels in the perivascular spaces. After a short time these nerves pierce the outer limiting basement membrane and penetrate the parenchyma. Towards the end of the 5th embryonic month the axons of the sympathetic nerves form varicosities containing clear and dense core vesicles. At this point large amounts of laminated granules appear primarily in cell processes, probably of pinealocytes. Isolated granules also occur in the varicosities of axons. The granules encountered here are most likely secretory granules.
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  • 21
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 565-578 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Reptiles ; Sertoli cells ; Glycogen ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les cellules de Sertoli du testicule de Lacerta vivipara ont été étudiées en microscopie électronique chez des animaux récoltés entre le printemps et l'automne pendant deux années et chez des animaux hypophysectomisés en automne. Ces cellules contiennent de nombreuses mitochondries de petite taille à crêtes lamellaires, des ribosomes libres, un reticulum endoplasmique lisse moyennement développé, plusieurs petits dictyosomes formant l'appareil de Golgi, des liposomes et des microtubules. Elles renferment aussi de nombreux corps denses de grande taille qui paraissent être de nature lysosomiale. Le glycogène a été particulièrement étudié. Il est formé de particules β dispersées au hasard dans le hyaloplasme. Des variations saisonnières dans la teneur en glycogène ont été notées. Chez les hypophysectomisés, les cellules de Sertoli contiennent de grandes quantités de ce métabolite dont les particules sont concentrées dans des petites plages, souvent autour des liposomes. Les rôles possibles des cellules de Sertoli sont discutés: soutien et apport de nourriture aux cellules germinales, production d'hormones et phagocytose des corps résiduels. Les variations de la teneur en glycogène sont également discutées.
    Notes: Summary Sertoli cells of the testis of Lacerta vivipara have been studied electron microscopically in animals obtained between spring and autumn during two years and in animals hypophysectomized in autumn. These cells contain numerous small mitochondria with lamellar cristae, free ribosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum moderately developed, several small dictyosomes forming the Golgi complex, lipid droplets and microtubules. There are numerous dense bodies of large size with an heterogeneous content which seem to be of lysosomial nature. Glycogen consists of β particles dispersed at random in the hyaloplasm. Seasonal variations in the content of glycogen are noted. In hypophysectomized animals Sertoli cells contain large amounts of that metabolite whose particles are concentrated in small areas often around the lipid droplets. Possible role of the Sertoli cells concerning mechanical support and nutrition of the germinal cells, production of hormones and phagocytosis of residual bodies are discussed. The variations in the glycogen content are also discussed.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 394-418 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Portal Vein ; Innervation ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die V. portae der weißen Ratte wurde licht-, fluoreszenz- und elektronenmikroskopisch auf ihre Innervation untersucht. 1. Paraldehydbedampfte Venenpräparate und Häutchenpräparate der gesamten Wandung (Falcksche Fluoreszenzmethode) lassen einen überwiegend längsorientierten äuβeren Nervenplexus erkennen, der den äußersten Muskelzellen aufliegt. Er ist leberseitig weitmaschig, darmseitig sehr engmaschig. Ein subendothelial gelegener innerer Plexus ist vorwiegend zirkulär orientiert. Er entspringt dem äußeren Plexus der darmseitigen Gefäßpartien. 2. Der Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Gomori-Methode) bringt lichtmikroskopisch einige Nervenbündel in der bindegewebigen Adventitia zur Darstellung. Im übrigen findet sich die Aktivität des Enzyms nur in den interzellulären Spalten der Muskelschicht. Der elektronenmikroskopische Nachweis der Acethylcholinesterase (Karnovsky-Methode) läßt aber erkennen, daß sich die Enzymaktivität auf die Muskelzellmembranen beschränkt. 3. Die elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung bestätigt den fluoreszenzmikroskopischen Befund. a) Lebernah finden sich nur vereinzelte Axonbündel, die der äußeren Muskellage aufgelagert sind. Die Einzelaxone sind vollständig von den Schwannschen Zellen umgeben. Nur wenige, den Muskelzellen benachbarte Axone enthalten agranuläre Vesikel. Sehr selten sind Ausfaltungen der vesikelhaltigen Axone zu sehen, deren Abstand zur Muskelzelle aber immer noch 1000–2000 Å beträgt. b) Auf über eintausend Dünnschnitten wurde kein Axon innerhalb der dicken Muskelschicht gefunden. c) Subendothelial verlaufende Axone (innerer Plexus) sind teilweise oder völlig aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet. Sie sind dicht besetzt mit leeren Vesikeln (300–650 Å) und enthalten wenige kernhaltige Vesikel in der Größenordnung 800–1600 Å. Synaptische Endigungen werden nicht beobachtet. d) Eine dichte Häufung vesikelhaltiger Axone, die teils völlig, teils nur an der muskelzellnahen Seite aus den Schwannschen Zellen ausgefaltet sind, finden sich am Übergang der V. mesenterica superior zum Pfortaderstamm, deren einschichtiger Muskellage angelagert. Von diesen Bündeln stammende kleinere Bündel und Einzelaxone ziehen zwischen den Muskelzellen hindurch und erreichen das Endothel. Typische Synapsen werden nicht beobachtet. Kein vesikelhaltiges Axon nähert sich mehr als 1000 Å den Muskelzellen. 4. Die ausgefalteten vesikelbesetzten Axone werden als vegetative Überträgerstrecken angesehen. Die Erregung der Effektorstrukturen durch Transmittersubstanzen wird im Zusammenhang mit der postmortalen autonomen Gefäßkontraktilität diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The innervation of the portal vein of the white rat was examined with light-, fluorescence-, and electronmicroscopic techniques. The results are as follows: 1. Paraldehyde treated vein preparations (Falck's fluorescence method) demonstrate a predominantly longitudinally orientated external nerve plexus, being situated on the outermost muscle cells. Near the liver the nerve net is characterized by broad meshes, near the intestinal tract by narrow ones. The circular subendothelial inner plexus originates in the outer plexus of the intestinal vascular bed. 2. Nerve bundles in the fibrous adventitia were demonstrated with Gomori's Acethylcholinesterase method. In other respects, the enzyme activity was only observed in the intercellular spaces of the muscle layer. The electronmicroscopic demonstration of Acetylcholinesterase (Karnovsky's method) further showed that the enzyme activity is restricted to the muscle cell membrane. 3. The electronmicroscopic examination verified the results obtained with fluorescence microscopic techniques. a) In the proximity of the liver, only isolated nerve bundles occur on the outer muscle layer. The individual nerves are entirely surrounded by Schwann cells. Only a few of the axons in the vicinity to the muscle cell have agranular vesicles. Evaginations of the vesicular axons occur infrequently. Their distance from the muscle cell amounts to 1000–2000 Å. b) In more than one thousand thin sections, no axons were found inside the thick muscular layer. c) Subendothelial axons (inner plexus) are either partially or totally evaginated from the Schwann cells. They are densely filled with empty vesicles (350–650 Å) and contain a few dense core vesicles of 800–1600 Å in diameter. Synaptic endings were not observed. d) A dense collection of vesicle-containing axons, that were partially in their entirety and partially only from the muscle cell proximal side evaginated from the Schwann cells, were observed in the single muscle layer at the junction of the superior mesenteric and the portal vein. From these bundles, smaller bundles and individual axons pass between the muscle cells and reach the endothelium. Typical synapses were not observed. No vesiclecontaining axon was nearer than 1000 Å to the muscle cell. 4. Those axons possessing vesicles and being evaginated are considered to be vegetative conducting pathways. The excitation of the effector structures by transmitter substances is discussed in connection with the post mortem autonomic vascular contractility.
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  • 23
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 463-475 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bone marrow ; Leukocytes ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural localization of peroxidase activity has been studied in the cells of normal human bone marrow using the diaminobenzidine peroxidase technique. Peroxidase activity has been localized within the primary (azurophil) granules of the neutrophilic series as well as in the cytoplasmic granules of eosinophils, basophils and monocytes. Peroxidase activity appears within the cisternal system (nuclear envelope, Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum) of these cells during the period of peroxidase-containing lysosome production. With the cessation of granulogenesis, peroxidase activity disappears from the cisternal system and does not reappear in subsequent developmental stages. In cells incubated in peroxide-free media, staining of granular components, but not of cisternae, is reduced. The inclusion of catalase in peroxide-free media eliminates all staining. This indicates that an endogenous peroxide is present within the cisternae and granules of these cell types.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 516-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Chicken ; Prenatal development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the developing chicken liver has been reexamined on specimens fixed by perfusion with glutaraldehyde. This fixation technique gives a preservation of ultrastructural detail superior to that of earlier investigations. Among others the following observations may be pointed out: 1. Bile canaliculi with well-developed microvilli and adjacent tight junctions are present already at the 4-day-old stage and then remain essentially unchanged during development. 2. A subendothelial space of Disse is not present until about 16 days of incubation. 3. The Golgi apparatus does not assume its adult appearance until about 8 days of incubation. 4. Glycogen is first observed in the 6-day-old specimens and then continuously increases throughout development. Glycogen particles often accumulate in membranelimited bodies reminding of the glycogen-filled lysosomes found in a certain type of glycogenosis (Pompe's disease). 5. The mitochondria increase in size and number during development with a conspicuous change from rounded towards more rodshaped and elongated forms.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 120-146 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Red muscle ; Fibre types ; Small mammals ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Fasern des roten und langsamen M. soleus von Ratte, Kaninchen und Katze und des roten, jedoch schnellen, M. vocalis des Kaninchens wurden licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit den verschiedenen Fasertypen aus dem M. tibialis anterior der Ratte und dem M. gastrocnemius des Kaninchens und der Katze verglichen. M. soleus und M. vocalis (einschließlich M. thyreoarytenoideus) enthalten nur einen mitochondrienreichen Fasertyp. Im schnellen M. vocalis ist der Z-Streifen schmal (50–60 nm), das sarcoplasmatische Reticulum ist gut entwickelt. Die Anordnung von Reticulum und Mitochondrion ist ähnlich wie in Herzmuskelzellen. Wie auch in anderen langsamen Muskeln verschiedener Tiere ist im M. soleus der Z-Streifen breit (100–120 nm), Triaden und Reticulum sind selten, und die Filamente bilden unregelmäßige Areale anstelle von Fibrillen. Hierin gleichen die Fasern des M. soleus den (mitochondrienreichen) C-Fasern eines entsprechenden gemischten Muskels; dagegen zeigen die Zwischentyp-(B-)Fasern schmale Z-Linien (50–70 nm), isodiametrische Fibrillen und mehr Triaden als die C-Fasern. Entgegen der bisherigen Vermutung, die auf der histochemischen Zuordnung der SoleusFasern zum Typ B und der Vocalis-Fasern zum Typ C beruht, ist daher anzunehmen, daß die langsamen motorischen Einheiten eines gemischten Muskels aus C- und nicht aus B-Fasern bestehen. In einigen Muskeln sind die Sarcomere der C-Fasern länger als die der B-(und A-) Fasern. Im M. tibialis anterior der Ratte verschwindet der Unterschied von 8,5% bei 2,6 μm Sarcomerlänge bei der Dehnung auf 2,8 μm mittlere Sarcomerlänge; vermutlich weil die Ruhedehnungskurve zunehmend steiler wird. Die isometrische Extraspannung im Tetanus ist bei 120% der Ruhelänge, d.h. bei 2,7 μm Sarcomerlänge. am größten. Daher muß bei 2,6 μm mittlerer Sarcomerlänge die Kraft der C-Fasern die der B-Fasern übertreffen. Rote Muskeln sind besser vaskularisiert als weiße Muskeln. Für die Mm. soleus und gastrocnemius der Katze verhalten sich die Kapillardichten (Kapillaren/mm2 Muskelfaserquerschnitt) wie 2,7∶:1. Dieser Wert entspricht dem Verhältnis zwischen den Größen für die Durchblutung (ml/min × 100 g) in Ruhe und bei maximaler Gefäßerweiterung.
    Notes: Summary Muscle fibres of the red and slow contracting soleus of rat, rabbit and cat and of the red however fast contracting thyreoarytenoid of rabbit are compared with different fibre types in the anterior tibial muscle of rat and in the gastrocnemius of rabbit and cat. With respect to fibre types soleus and thyreoarytenoid (including m. vocalis) are homogeneous and both being rich in mitochondria. The fast thyreoarytenoid shows a narrow Z-line (50–60 nm) and a well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. The pattern of reticulum and mitochondria resembles more that of heart muscle cells than of skeletal muscle fibres. Like many slow contracting muscles of different animals the soleus fibres display a wide Z-line (100–120 nm), few triads, little reticulum and irregularly shaped areas of myofilaments instead of fibrils. In that soleus fibres equal fibres of type C (rich in mitochondria) in a corresponding heterogeneous muscle, whereas intermediate (type B) fibres reveal narrow Z-lines (50–70 nm), isodiametrically shaped myofibrils and more triads than C-fibres. Therefore it is far more likely that the slow motor units of a mixed muscle consist of C-fibres than of B-fibres. This is at variance with the histochemical designation of soleus fibres as type B and thyreoarytenoid fibres as type C. In some muscles in C-fibres the sarcomeres are longer than in B-(and A-)fibres. In the anterior tibial muscle of rat this difference is 8.5% at a mean sarcomere length of 2.6 μm, and disappears at a mean length of 2.8 μm, probably due to the steeper slope of the length tension diagram at rest. Since the isometric extratension in a tetanus is highest at 120% resting length (corresponding to about 2.7 μm sarcomere length), the force of C-fibres exceeds that of B-fibres at 2.6 μm but not at 2.8 μm sarcomere length. Red and white muscle differ with respect to vascularisation. The relation between the densities of capillaries in soleus and gastrocnemius of cat is 2.7∶:1 and equals the relation between the blood flows through these muscles during rest and maximum vasodilatation.
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  • 26
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    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultimobranchial body ; Calcitonin ; Turtle ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultimobranchial body of fresh-water turtles,Pseudemys scripta andChrysemys picta, ultrastructurally and histochemically resembles the gland of other vertebrate groups and the homologous thyroid parafollicular cells of mammals. Characteristic features of all of these tissues are secretory granules measuring approximately 150–250 mμ, a distended endoplasmic reticulum, prominent Golgi regions and large numbers of free ribosomes. Unusual features of the turtle ultimobranchial body are an abundance of large cytoplasmic bodies measuring 800–1000 mμ and a dense, homogenous material within the lumina of the ultimobranchial follicles. The large cytoplasmic bodies usually occur near the luminal portion of the cells and are of similar electron density to the luminal contents, suggesting a possible functional relationship of these two glandular components.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 61-72 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpora cardiaca ; Neurosecretion ; Insects ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les corpora cardiaca de l'adulte de Locusta migratoria sont formés de deux régions bien individualisées ce qui nous a permis de reconnaître la sécrétion propre des différents types de neurosécrétion. Dans la région nerveuse, nous distinguons par la taille des grains trois types de neurosécrétion dense classique et un quatrième type d'aspect clair. Dans la région »propre« non nerveuse, les cellules ont des caractères nettement endocriniens et sont mélangées à un seul type d'axones neurosécréteurs.
    Notes: Summary The corpora cardiaca of adult Locusta migratoria consist of two well separated areas, a fact which permits the differentiation between intrinsic and extrinsic neurosecretory material. In the neural area three types of electron dense “classical” neurosecretory granules, and a fourth more lucent type can be distinguished according to size. In the non-neural “glandular” area typical endocrine cells mingle with only one type of neurosecretory axons.
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  • 28
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    Cell & tissue research 117 (1971), S. 139-154 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Receptor cells ; Amines ; Lumbricus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Receptor cells in the epithelium and the basiepithelial nerve net of the prostomium of Lumbricus terrestris were investigated with electron microscope with special regard to the presence of monoamines. The receptor cells are found in groups of about 40 intermingled with supportive cells. After pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline and fixation with potassium permanganate a few receptor cells in each group and some nerve fibres in the basiepithelial nerve net contain small granular vesicles (about400 Å) characteristic for monoaminergic neurons. The distribution and relative number of these receptor cells and nerve fibres coincide well with previous reports on fluorescent receptor cells and varicose fibres. That the monoamine-storing small granular vesicles not are visualized until pretreatment with α-methyl-noradrenaline is in accordance with recent microspectrofluorometric analysis, which shows that dopamine is the only primary monoamine present in the epithelium. In the epithelium there are occasional receptor cells and nerve fibres containing large vesicles (1000–1800 Å) which resemble the neurosecretory vesicles in the central nervous system. Photoreceptor cells having an intracellular cavity with microvilli and cilia have infrequently been observed at the base of the epithelium. No synapses on the mucous cells have been noticed. Nor have any synaptic specializations been observed in the basiepithelial nerve net. The morphological conditions necessary for the existence of possible axo-axonal synapses are briefly discussed.
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  • 29
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    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 137-150 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Umbilical vessels ; Guinea-pig ; Innervation ; Intermuscular contacts ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Umbilical vessels of guinea-pig fetuses were studied shortly before birth. In all umbilical cords investigated an innervation of the umbilical vessels is lacking. The intrafetal parts of the umbilical vessels on the other hand are richly innervated. A marked difference in the amount of nerve fibres and the pattern of innervation is found between artery and vein. The artery is supplied by a dense nerve plexus which spins around the media and which originates from nerve bundles within the outer adventitial layers. The comparatively scanty innervation of the vein exhibits a more coarsely meshed net pattern. The nerve bundles in the vein exhibit a close affinity to the vasa vasorum. Number and type of the close contacts between the muscle cells are different in the various sections of the umbilical vessels. Similar to the distribution of nerves they are almost absent in the vessels of the umbilical cord, numerously, however, in the intrafetal parts. Contrary to the innervation, the close contacts in the vein are developed more numerously and more broadly than in the corresponding artery.
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  • 30
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 386-400 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous System ; Carcinus maenas ; Cerebral ganglion ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The organization of the cerebral ganglion of the shore crab Carcinus maenas, is investigated by conventional histological and electronmicroscopic techniques. This study forms part of a comprehensive survey of the blood-brain interface, particularly interesting in this group, as decapod Crustacea are unusual among invertebrates in possessing an intracerebral blood supply. Apart from the intracerebral blood vessels, tissue organization is closely similar to that observed in insect central neural ganglia. The ganglion is surrounded by the neural lamella, an acellular connective tissue sheath, probably containing mucopolysaccharide and collagen. A layer of specialised glia, the perineurium, immediately underlies the neural lamella, and appears to contribute to its formation. Large glia occupying a conspicuous cortical zone below the perineurium may be involved in glycogen metabolism and storage. Further morphologically distinct glial types are observed associated with neurones and blood vessels, but all neuroglia within the ganglion are probably of common origin. Neurone cell bodies are generally situated peripherally in groups, and send axons into neuropil (synaptic) areas in the ganglion core. Large lacunae in the cortical region and narrower 20 nm clefts deeper in the ganglion, constitute the interstitial space, and contain deposits of fibrillar material. Possible physiological implications are discussed.
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  • 31
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 463-487 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiogenesis ; Cell Junctions ; Permeability ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies of cardiogenesis in the chick embryo focus attention upon the intercellular junctions of epicardial, myocardial, and endocardial cells, and the role they play in diffusion across the cardiac wall. Cell membranes of apposed epicardial cells approach as close together as 40 Å; those of the endocardium additionally form focal tight junctions. In the myocardium focal tight junctions are restricted to the apposed membranes of the superficial layer of cells. The majority of close appositions in all parts of the myocardium are 40 Å gap junctions. Desmosomes and fascia adherens are distributed throughout the myocardium. Diffusion of horseradish peroxidase through the epicardium and endocardium occurs primarily through the intercellular junctions. The width of the cleft between cells, 200–300 Å, also permits the diffusion between cells of the larger ferritin particles. Pinocytotic activity, responsible for ferritin transfer across mesothelial and endothelial cells in the adult, is not significant. Tracers injected into the pericardial cavity or vasculature can be observed passing through the heart in the direction of their respective diffusion gradients. Unlike the apical junctions of epithelial cells, to which they have been compared, membrane specializations of the superficial myocytes do not form a seal separating the pericardial cavity, or subepicardial space, from the extracellular spaces of the myocardium.
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  • 32
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 121 (1971), S. 153-170 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neutrophilic myelocyte ; Human bone marrow ; Secondary granulogenesis ; Phase contrast microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The developmental changes in the neutrophilic myelocyte from normal human bone marrow have been analyzed by means of phase contrast and electron microscopy. This developmental stage is characterized principally by the elaboration of secondary (specific) granules. In addition, there is a modest decrease in cell size, a decrease in the number and mean size of primary (azurophil) granules, a decrease in the number of polysomes, free ribosomes and mitochondria, a depletion of rough endoplasmic reticulum, an increase in cytoplasmic glycogen, an increase in chromatin aggregations and a loss of nucleoli, and the formation of a markedly indented nucleus. The myelocyte stage has been subdivided into three arbitrary phases based upon morphological and functional characteristics which relate to the onset, active production and cessation of secondary granulogenesis.
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  • 33
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 85-88 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gas phase thermal isomerization of 1,2-bis(trimethylsiloxy)cyclobutene has been studied in the temperature range 172°-204°C. The reaction is homogeneous, kinetically first order, and yields 2,3-bis(trimethylsiloxy)buta-1,3-diene as the only product. The rate constants fit the Arrhenius equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \begin{array}{*{20}c} {k = 10^{13.509 \pm 0.120} \exp \left( {{{ - 148,920 \pm 1060\,{\rm J}\,{\rm mole}^{ - 1} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - 148,920 \pm 1060\,{\rm J}\,{\rm mole}^{ - 1} } {RT}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {RT}}} \right)\sec ^{ - 1} } \hfill \\ {\left[ {k = 10^{13.509 \pm 0.120} \exp \left( {{{ - 35,590 \pm 250\,{\rm cal mole}^{ - 1} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{ - 35,590 \pm 250\,{\rm cal mole}^{ - 1} } {RT}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {RT}}} \right)\sec ^{ - 1} } \right]} \hfill \\ \end{array}$$\end{document} These results, taken with those obtained previously, demonstrate the insensitivity of the kinetics of the reaction to the nature of the groups substituted on the 1- and/or 2-positions of the cyclobutene ring.
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  • 34
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 97-104 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A simple model involving random displacements of particles in a cubic lattice is used to evaluate the importance of primary and secondary recombination in cage processes and leads to estimates of the lifetime of cage pehnomena. However, it is pointed out that all such models, and treatments which attempt to relate processes at the molecular level with bulk viscosity or diffusion constants, are inherently qualitative since they ignore the important correlation between motions of neighboring molecules.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A critical examination has been made of some aspects of the thermal decomposition of ethane and the reverse recombination reaction. The experimental Arrhenius A-factors for ethane are, in general, smaller than those which are calculated from thermodynamic quantities together with the observed rate constants for methyl recombination. Theoretical calculations also illustrate a discrepancy between the experimental work on recombination and decomposition. The experimental shapes of k/kα falloff curves and the pressure region of falloff are compared with the predictions of RRKM theory for various models.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate constant for the combination of 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl radicals in the gas phase has been measured by applying the rotating sector technique to the 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane-cyclohexane photochemical system. The combination rate constant, k5, was found to be 6.6 × 1012 cc mole-1 sec-1. Arrhenius parameters for the reaction, are given by the expression log k4 = 11.81 - (9700/2.3RT).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate constant for the combination of trichloromethyl radicals in the gas phase has been measured by applying the rotating sector technique to the gas phase carbon tetrachloride-cyclohexane photochemical system. A temperature-independent rate constant, k5, of 3.9 ± 1.0 × 1012 cc mole-1 sec-1 was found. Arrhenius parameters for the reaction \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm CCl}_{\rm 3} + c - {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{{\rm 12}} \mathop {\hbox to 30pt{\rightarrowfill}}\limits^{k_4 } {\rm CHCl}_{\rm 3} + c - {\rm C}_{\rm 6} {\rm H}_{{\rm 11}} $$\end{document} were found to be given by the expression log k4 = 11.79 - (10,700/2.3 RT).
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  • 38
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction of OH with acetylene was studied in a discharge flow system at room temperature. OH was generated by the reaction of atomic hydrogen with NO2 and was monitored throughout the reaction using ESR spectroscopy. Mass-spectrometric analysis of the reaction products yielded the following results: (1) less than 3 molecules of OH were consumed, and less than 2 molecules of H2O were formed for every molecule of acetylene that reacted; (2) CO was identified as the major carbon-containing product; (3) NO, formed in the generation of OH, reacted with a reaction intermediate to give among other products N2O. These observations placed severe limitations on the choice of a reaction mechanism. A mechanism containing the reaction OH + C2H2 → HC2O + H2 better accounted for the experimental results than one involving the abstraction reaction OH + C2H2 → C2H + H2O. The rate constant for the initial reaction was measured as 1.9 ± 0.6 × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 sec-1.
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  • 39
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 155-160 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The addition of methyl radicals to hexafluoropropylene has been studied over the temperature range 81°-203°C using a mass-balance technique involving the photolysis of biacetyl in the presence of hexafluoropropylene-isobutane mixtures. For the reaction \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm CH}_{\rm 3} + {\rm C}_3 {\rm F}_6 \to {\rm CH}_3 {\rm C}_{\rm 3} {\rm F}_6$$\end{document} the rate constant is given by the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm log}k{\rm (in mole}^{- {\rm 1}} {\rm cm}^{\rm 3} {\rm sec}^{- {\rm 1}} {\rm) = (12}{\rm .04} \pm {\rm 0}{\rm .06)} - \frac{{6200 \pm 110}}{{2.303RT}}$$\end{document} The result suggests that methyl radicals are very unselective in their behavior reacting with tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene at similar rates. This is in marked contrast to the behavior of oxygen atoms with these olefins.
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  • 40
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 293-305 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photolysis of CD2CO at 313 nm in the presence of neopentane was carried out over the temperature range 576-706 K. Analysis of the products and isotopic analysis of the methanes demonstrate abstraction of H from neopentane and D from CD2CO by methylene. The relative kinetics of abstraction of H and D have been measured over the temperature range, and the absolute value for the collision yield of the abstraction of H from neopentane by CD2 at 653 K has been been estimated to be about 1.5 × 1011 mole-1 cm3 sec-1, a value 103 times larger than the corresponding reaction of CH3.
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  • 41
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 307-317 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydrogen abstraction from boron trimethyl has been studied using the abstracting radicals CF3 and CD3, from the photolysis of the corresponding ketones over the temperature range of 150° to 300°C. The following Arrhenius parameters were obtained: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{l} {\rm (CD}_{\rm 3} {\rm + BME}_{\rm 3} {\rm); log }A{\rm = 11}{\rm .8, }E{\rm = 9}{\rm .98 kcal/mole} \\ {\rm (CF}_{\rm 3} {\rm + BMe}_{\rm 3} {\rm); log }A{\rm = 11}{\rm .6, }E{\rm = 6}{\rm .59 kcal/mole} \\ \end{array}$$\end{document} The difference ECD3 - ECF3 in the case of BMe3 is considered due, in part, to polar effects. An exchange reaction is proposed for both CF3 and CD3 in collisions with BMe3: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm R} + {\rm B}({\rm Me})_3 \to {\rm Me} + {\rm RBMe}_2$$\end{document} Radical combination of CF3 and CH2BMe2 leads to a hot molecule which undergoes a β-fluoro rearrangement elimination process, or a stabilized molecule which can thermally decompose:
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  • 42
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 319-341 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mercury-photosensitized oxidation of CO was studied at 275°C over a wide range of [O2]/[CO] ratios in the absence and presence of the oxygen atom scavenger 2-trifluoromethylpropene (TMP) and at 25°C at low [O2]/[CO] ratios in the presence of TMP. By following the quantum yield of CO2 production, Φ {CO2}, as a function of the [O2]/[CO] ratio, the reactions of vibrationally excited CO (v υ 9) and electronically excited O2, probably in the c1Σ-u state, were studied. At low [O2]/[CO] ratios the predominant reactions are of vibrationally excited CO (v υ 9). Relative rate constants for chemical reaction versus deactivation of CO (v υ 9) were obtained. At higher [O2]/[CO] ratios, the principal reactions are of electronically excited O2. Relative rate constants for chemical reactions and deactivation of this electronically excited O2 with CO, O2, and TMP were obtained. From the effect of total pressure on Φ {CO2}, it is proposed that an intermediate CO3 is formed in the reaction of electronically excited O2 with CO.
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  • 43
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 343-357 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Rate constants for the tri-n-butyltin radical (Sn ·) induced decomposition of a number of peroxides have been measured in benzene at 10°C. The values range from ∼100 M-1 sec-1 for di-t-butyl peroxide to 2.6 × 107 M-1 sec-1 for di-t-butyl diperoxyisophthalate. The majority of the peroxides, including diethyl peroxide, diacetyl peroxide, and t-butyl peracetate, have rate constants of ∼105 M-1 sec-1. It is shown that di-n-alkyl disulfides are ten times as reactive toward Sn · as di-n-alkyl peroxides, although the exothermicities of these reactions are ∼15 and ∼39 kcal/mole, respectively. The enhanced reactivity of the disulfides is attributed to the easier formation of an intermediate or transition state with 9 electrons around sulfur, compared with an analogous species with 9 electrons around oxygen.The following bond strengths (kcal/mole) have been estimated: D[Sn—OR] = 77; D[Sn—H] = 82; D[Sn—SR] = 83; and D[Sn—OC(O)R] = 86, where R = alkyl. Rate constants for reaction of Sn · with some benzyl esters have also been measured. It has been found that t-butoxy radicals can add to benzene and abstract hydrogen from benzene at ambient temperatures.
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  • 44
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 375-376 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 45
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 395-410 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The orientation of addition of H atoms to the asymmetric olefins propylene, butene-1, and isobutene has been determined as a function of atom concentration, olefin concentration, hydrogen pressure, total pressure, and olefin conversion. Conditions have been determined for which complicating secondary processes are believed to be unimportant. The percentage of nonterminal addition is 5.7, 5.7, and 0.48 for propylene, butene-1, and isobutene, respectively. From these data activation energy differences between nonterminal and terminal addition of 1.7 and 3.2 kcal/mole for the linear olefins and isobutene, respectively, may be calculated. For D atom addition to propylene, a small isotope effect was observed, nonterminal addition being 5.4%. These observations are consistent with a predominantly free radical or electroneutral character for H atoms.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In 1958, Bartlett and Hiatt [1] suggested that the number of bonds which are rotationally “frozen” at the transition state for decomposition of peresters can be determined from the magnitude of the values of ΔH
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  • 47
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 443-452 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the gas phase decomposition of 1,2-epoxy-2-methylpropane has been studied over the temperature range 377°-436°C at pressures between 5.3 and 61.6 torr. Isomerization reactions to give isobutyraldehyde, isopropenyl methyl ether, and 2-methyl-prop-2-en-l-ol account for over 95% of the epoxide decomposition. These isomerizations are homogeneous first-order, nonradical processes: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\begin{array}{l} k({\rm isobutyraldehyde)} = {\rm 10}^{{\rm 13}{\rm .32} \pm {\rm 0}{\rm .18}} \exp (- 52720 \pm 570/1.987T)\sec ^{- 1} \\ {\rm}k({\rm isopropenyl methyl ether)} = {\rm 10}^{{\rm 13}{\rm .55} \pm {\rm 0}{\rm .47}} \exp (- 56140 \pm 1460/1.987T)\sec ^{- 1} \\ {\rm}k({\rm 2 - methyl - prop - 2 - en - l - ol)} = {\rm 10}^{{\rm 11}{\rm .53} \pm {\rm 0}{\rm .67}} \exp (- 49680 \pm 2080/1.987T)\sec ^{- 1} \\ \end{array}$$\end{document}
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  • 48
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Scanning probe microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Electron spectroscopy ; Surface analysis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The topography and the composition of a surface are in many cases of equal importance (catalysis, electroplating, pretreatment of foils and sheet metal, corrosion, passivation, adsorption, coating of fibers, etc.), and this explains the great interest in methods of investigation that reveal both. If the demands on the resolving power, the analytical possibilities, and the thickness of the surface layer are not too exacting, combined devices like the scanning electron microscope and its analytical accessories can be used. When it is necessary to avoid the compromises involved in simultaneous imaging and analysis, the investigations must be carried out with separate equipment. As an example of a method for the analysis of surfaces we consider briefly photo- and Auger electron spectroscopy (ESCA).
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  • 50
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 51
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 381-383 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 52
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 467-482 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The competitive reactions between 2-trifluoromethylpropene (TMP) and OCS for O(3P) atoms were studied between 300° and 523°K, using the mercury-senstitized photolysis of N2O as a source of O(3P). From the known value for the rate constant of the O(3P) + TMP reaction, k3 was found to be 1.6 × 10-11 exp (-4500/RT) cm3/particle-sec, where reaction (3) is \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm (3) O(}^{\rm 3} {\rm P)} + {\rm OCS} \to {\rm CO} + {\rm SO}$$\end{document}Mixtures of O3 and OCS were photolyzed at 197°, 228°, 273°, and 299°K with radiation above 4300 Å to produce O(3P) from the photolysis of O3, and thus study the competition between reaction (3) and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm (1)O(}^{\rm 3} {\rm P)} + {\rm O}_{\rm 3} \to 2{\rm O}_{\rm 2}$$\end{document} From the above value of k3, k1 could be computed. When combined with all the previous data, the best espression for k1 is k1 = 1.2 × 10-11 exp (-4300/RT) cm3/particle-sec.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An experimental study of the decomposition kinetics of chemically activated 2-methyl-l-butene and 3-methyl-l-butene produced from photolysis of diazomethane-isobutene-neopentane-oxygen mixtures is reported. The experimental rate constants for 3-methyl-l-butene decomposition were 1.74 ± 0.44 × 108 sec-1 and 1.01 ± 0.25 × 108 sec-1 at 3660 and 4358 Å, respectively. 2-Methyl-l-butene experimental decomposition rate constants were found to be 5.94 ± 0.59 × 107 sec-1 at 3660 Å and 3.42 ± 0.34 × 107 sec-1 at 4358 Å. Activated complex structures giving Arrhenius A-factors calculated from absolute rate theory of 1016.6 ± 0.5 sec-1 for 3-methyl-l-butene and 1016.2 ± 0.4 sec-1 for 2-methyl-l-butene, both calculated at 1000°K, were required to fit RRKM theory calculated rate constants to the experimental rate constants at reasonable E0 and E* values. Corrected calculations (adjusted E0 values) on previous results for 2-pentene decomposition gave an Arrhenius A-factor of 1016.45 ± 0.35 sec-1 at 1000°K. The predicted A-factors for these three alkene decompositions giving resonance-stabilized methylully radicals are in good internal agreement. The fact that these A-factors are only slightly less than those for related alkane decompositions indicates that methylallylic resonance in the decomposition products leads to only a small amount of tightening in the corresponding activated complexes. This tightening is a significantly smaller factor than the large reduction in the critical energy due to resonance stabilization.
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  • 54
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 491-499 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Methods of linear algebra are applied to (a) the problem of determining whether detailed balancing for some or all stages of a chemical process is implicit from the existence of steady state for some or all of the chemical species involved, and (b) the formulation of general concentration-type equilibrium relationships solely from kinetic considerations and the assumption of full detailed balancing.
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  • 55
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 501-508 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ozone was photolyzed at room temperature in the presence of N2O at 2537 Å and 2288 Å to produce O(1D) atoms. These atoms can react with either O3 or N2O via From the quantum yield of N2, the relative rate constants k6a/k6 and k2/k6 could be obtained, where k6 + k6a + k6b. The former rate constant ratio was found to be 0.37 ± 0.03 at 2537 Å and 0.33 ± 0.03 at 2288 Å, in good agreement with an earlier report from our laboratory. The ratio k2/k6 was found to be 2.6 at 2537 Å, but 4.1 at 2288 Å. The difference in the two numbers, if real, may reflect differences in reactivity due to different amounts of excess translational energy in the O(1D) atom at the two wavelengths.
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  • 56
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 553-554 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 57
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 523-534 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Disproportionation-combination ratios have been obtained for small alkyl radicals produced in the mercury-photosensitized hydrogenation of ethylene, propylene, butene-1, butene-2, and isobutene. For conditions favoring thermalized radicals, kd/kc (ethyl, ethyl) = 0.14, kd/kc (isopropyl, isopropyl) = 0.69, kd/kc (isopropyl, n-propyl) = 0.41, kd/kc (2-butyl, 2-butyl) = 0.77, kd/kc (2-butyl, n-butyl) = 0.45, and kd/kc (t-butyl, t-butyl) = 3.1. The results are consistent with kd/kc (n-propyl, n-propyl) = 0.15 and kd/kc (n-butyl, n-butyl) = 0.14. The general agreement between these disproportionation-combination ratios and those obtained where photolytic radical sources have been used indicates that under appropriate conditions, H atom addition to olefins is a suitable source for the study of thermalized alkyl radicals and may be especially useful for larger alkyl radicals for which clean photolytic precursors are not available.
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  • 58
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 535-551 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The disproportionation-combination reactions of radicals 4,4-dimethylpentyl-2 and 2,4-dimethylpentyl-2, produced by collisional stabilization of the respective chemically activated species, have been studied at 298°K, with and without getter radicals. Use of getters t-C4H9 and C2H5 with 4,4-dimethylpentyl-2, and of iso-C3H7 with 2,4-dimethylpentyl-2 yielded disproportionation-combination ratios ω for parent-getter and t-C4H9-C2H5 cross reactions, and for the mutual reaction of t-C4H9 radicals. The unstabilized hot radicals decompose, and these experiments also yielded values for the high-pressure rate constant ka∞ of 1.70 × 108sec-1 and 2.11 × 107sec-1 for 4,4-dimethylpentyl-2 and 2,4-dimethylpentyl-2, respectively. The results, compared to those for other large alkyl radical systems obtained earlier, suggest that steric effects influence the accessibility of H atoms for transfer.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gas phase reactions of PhCOOCH3 with I2 and Br2 were studied spectrophotometrically in a static system over the temperature ranges 344-359° and 246-303°, respectively. For each system the initial rate was first order in PhCOOCH3 and half order in halogen as the concentration of PhCOOCH3 was varied from 1.4 to 15.2 torr, that of I2 from 6.2 to 26.4 torr, and that of Br2 from 3.0 to 13.6 torr. The rate-determining step is the extraction of a methoxyl hydrogen atom: Empirical assignment of A-factors for k1 lead to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm log(k}_{\rm 1} {\rm /M}^{- {\rm 1}} {\rm sec}^{- {\rm 1}} {\rm) = (11}{\rm .5} \pm {\rm 0}{\rm .3)} - (29.9 \pm 0.8)/\theta $$\end{document} for the I2 system, and to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm log(k}_{\rm 1} {\rm /M}^{- {\rm 1}} {\rm sec}^{- {\rm 1}} {\rm)} = {\rm (11}{\rm .3} \pm {\rm 0}{\rm .3)} - (14.6 \pm 0.8)/\theta $$\end{document}for the Br2 system, where φ = 2.303RT in kcal/mole. Combined with the assumption that E-1 = 1 ± 1 kcal/mole and 2 ± 1 kcal/mole for HI and HBr, respectively, DH2980 (PhCOOCH2—H) calculated from the two systems shows excellent agreement at 100.2 ± 1.3 kcal/mole and 100.1 ± 1.3 kcal/mole. Using a value of δHf,2980 (PhCOOMe) = -65.6 ± 1.5 kcal/mole obtained from group additivity estimates, δHf,2980 (PhCOOCH2) is calculated to be -16.7 ± 2.0 kcal/mole. Unimolecular decomposition of the Ph(CO)O°CH2 radical was also observed: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm Ph}\left( {{\rm CO}} \right){\rm O\dot CH}_{\rm 2} \mathop {\hbox to 20pt{\rightarrowfill}}\limits^3 {\rm Ph\dot CO} + {\rm H}_{\rm 2} {\rm CO} $$\end{document} with a rate constant equal to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm log(}k_{\rm 3} {\rm /sec}^{- {\rm 1}} {\rm)} = {\rm (15} \pm {\rm 0}{\rm .5)} - (26 \pm 3)/\theta $$\end{document} The abnormally high methoxyl C—H bond strength is discussed in relation to the bonding in ethers, alkanes, and esters.
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  • 60
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 61
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 15-23 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: During methane oxidation initiated by nitric acid or nitrogen dioxide, it is possible to observe, under certain conditions of temperature, initiator content, and flow rates, the formation of an adiabatic “temperature peak.” Because the maximum temperature of the peak does not exceed the initial temperature of the reactor by more than 220°C, the recorded temperature-increase curves were used for a kinetic interpretation. The obtained kinetic parameters (overall n and E) agree with the values reported in the literature for isothermal methane oxidation and suggest that the overall mechanism does not change in the conditions of “temperature peak.”
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  • 62
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 25-37 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of the structural isomerization rate of chemically activated 1,1-dimethylcyclopropane from singlet methylene addition to the double bond of isobutene is reported. Singlet methylenes were produced from the 4358- and 3660-Å photolysis of diazomethane in the presence of added oxygen. Theoretical rates calculated via RRKM theory are in excellent agreement with experiment for calculations utilizing activated complex structures and critical energies consistent with known thermal Arrhenius parameters, and excitation energies consistent with previous determinations of ΔHf00(CH2) + E*(CH2) = 116.1 and 112.6 kcal/mole for diazomethane photolyses at 3660 and 4358 Å, respectively.
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  • 63
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 1-14 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photolyses of 1,3-difluoro- and 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoroacetone have been reinvestigated as sources of fluoromethyl radicals, and the following rate constant ratios were determined θ= 2.303 RT in kcal/mole. The results are in substantial agreement with the original investigations. The photolyses of the fluoroacetones were used as sources of CH2F and CHF2 radicals, and the following Arrhenius parameters were obtained for the hydrogen abstraction reactions R + SiHCl3 → RH + SiCl3: TextRT(°K)E (kcal/mole)log A (mole-1 cc sec-1)log k (400°K) (mole-1 cc sec-1)CH2F335-4436.06 ± 0.1510.79 ± 0.087.48 CHF2CHF2334-4426.82 ± 0.0911.32 ± 0.057.59The rates of reactions of CH2F and CHF2 radicals toward hydrogen abstraction from SiHCl3 are an order of magnitude lower than the corresponding rates for the CH3, C2H5, and CF3 radicals as a result of increased activation energies for the CH2F and CHF2 reactions. The interpretation of the results is hindered by a lack of accurate thermochemical data on the radicals. The activation energies, as they stand, can be rationalized in terms of a polar repulsion between SiHCl3 and the radicals, increasing regularly and leading to a progressive increase in activation energy with increasing fluorine substitution in the radical. This interpretation is consistent with the estimates D(CH2F—H) ∝ D(CHF2—H) ∝ 97 kcal/mole. On the other hand, there is some indication, from the spread of A-factors in the series of fluoromethyl radicals reacting with SiHCl3, that internal compensation of Arrhenius parameters is occurring in some of the reactions; and when this is taken into account, the interpretation of activation energies is more difficult.
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  • 64
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A critical evaluation of the rates of the dissociation and recombination reactions of fluorine and chlorine is given. Data are presented graphically and in tabular form. The effect of various third bodies is discussed. Rate expressions for specified temperature ranges are recommended, while comparison with theoretical values obtained from the Benson and Fueno theory is made where applicable.
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  • 65
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 69-84 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photolysis of 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoroacetone has been reinvestigated as a source of CHF2 radicals at temperatures up to 578°K, and the following rate constant ratio was determined for the reactions θ= 2.303 RT in kcal/mole. 1,1-Difluoro- and 1,1,3,3-tetrafluoroacetone were photolyzed in the presence of tetramethylsilane, and Arrhenius parameters were measured for the hydrogen abstraction reactions: R + Me4Si → RH + Me3SiCH2 TextRT(°K)E (kcal/mole)log A (mole-1cc sec-1)log k (500°K) (mole-1cc sec-1)CH2F473-58612.00 ± 0.3011.68 ± 0.126.44CHF2416-52610.18 ± 0.3311.65 ± 0.157.21By comparing with previous data on the CH3 and CF3 reactions, the activation energies were interpreted in terms of the enthalpy changes for the reactions and a polar effect operative between the attacking fluoromethyl radicals and the substrate which tends to reduce the activation energy progressively as the fluorine content of the radical increases. This polar effect, which decreases the activation energy for hydrogen abstraction from SiMe4 along the series CH3, CH2F, CHF2, and CF3, is in marked contrast to the polar repulsion between the fluorinated radicals and SiHCl3 which was tentatively proposed to explain the increase in activation energy observed in the same series of reactions with SiHCl3.
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  • 66
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 89-96 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Long-chain chlorine-photosensitized oxidation has been observed in the gas phase at about 355°K for 1,1,2,2- and 1,1,1,2-C2H2Cl4, C2HCl5, and C2Cl4 but not for C2H6, 1,2-C2H4Cl2, 1,1,1-C2H3Cl3, C2H4, and 1,2-C2H2Cl2. This is shown to depend on the exothermicity of the dissociation of the chloroethoxy radicals which must be involved in each reaction system.
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  • 67
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 68
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Pyrolysis of ethyl formate has been carried out in the temperature range 557°-630° and the rate expression k = 1012.34 e-48,100±500/RT sec-1 was obtained, in agreement with the prediction of O'Neal and Benson [1]. Calculated Arrhenius A-factors and experimental rate constants have been used to obtain the activation energies for the decomposition of the following compounds by the six-center molecular mechanism (in kcal/mole): 2-pentanone 59; methoxyacetone, 58; 2,4-pentanedione, 51; methyl butyrate, ≥ 70; 1-heptene, 54, and 4-methyl-1-hexene, 54-55.
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  • 69
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 175-186 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: By monitoring the relative concentrations of mercury 3P0 atoms using absorption photometry, absolute rate constants have been measured for the excimer-forming reaction Hg (3P0) + Hg + N2 → Hg2* + N2 and for the quenching of Hg (3P0) atoms by ethane, propane, deuterated propanes, and nitrous oxide.
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  • 70
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rates and products of the reactions of ozone with acetylene, methylacetylene, dimethylacetylene, and ethylacetylene have been studied in a long-path infrared cell at 21 ± 1°C. The gas phase reaction gives products formed by cleavage of the carbon-carbon triple bond. A mechanism is proposed that involves formation of a short-lived acid anhydride intermediate, which is energized by virtue of the reaction exothermicity and undergoes unimolecular decomposition. Formation of an α-dicarbonyl was observed in every case, but there is evidence that a side reaction on the walls accounted for that product. The general relationship between alkyne and alkene ozonation is discussed. The rate measurements showed that, unlike the alkenes, the rate of alkyne ozonation is not greatly affected by substitution with simple alkyl groups. The rate constant for C2H2 agrees with earlier work and thus provides additional support for the previously derived high A-factor for acetylene ozonation relative to alkenes.
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  • 71
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 72
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 197-213 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The pyrolysis of neopentane, at small extents of reaction, was studied by gas chromatography, in Pyrex reaction vessels between 450° and 530°C and in the initial pressure range 25-200 mm Hg. At initial time, this thermal decomposition can be essentially represented by a homogeneous long-chain radical mechanism. The rate constant of the unimolecular initiation process is approximately given by the expression \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k_{\rm 0} \simeq 10^{13} {\rm exp}\left({\frac{{50,000}}{{RT}}} \right){\rm mole}^{- {\rm 1/2}} {\rm .ml}^{- {\rm 1/2}} {\rm .s}^{- {\rm 1}}$$\end{document} The initial rate constant of the global reaction (order 3/2) is nearly equal to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$k_{\rm 1} + 10^{16.8} {\rm exp}\left({\frac{{82,000}}{{RT}}} \right){\rm s}^{- {\rm 1}}$$\end{document} This reaction is strongly inhibited by propene or isobutene and self-inhibited by the isobutene formed; an interpretation of all these inhibition phenomena of the neopentane pyrolysis is proposed. Our observations and conclusions, which have been summarized in communications during 1968 and 1969, are compared to those of other authors, particularly to the recent ones of Purnell and colleagues [13] and of Taylor and colleagues [14], [15].
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  • 73
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate of the reaction of cyclopentadiene with iodine has been followed spectrophotometrically over the temperature range 171.7° to 276.5°C. The reaction first proceeds almost to the point of equilibrium with cyclopentadienyl iodide and HI, although the final products are fulvalene and HI. Equilibrium constants obtained are those predicted by bond additivity. A third-law value of δH0f 298 (c-C5H5I,g) = 49 kcal/mole is obtained. Rate studies of the reaction up to the iodide equilibrium, yield values for the rate constant . Uncertainty in the Arrhenius parameters, as well as doubts as to the applicability of the usual assumption that E3 = 1 ± 1 kcal/mole, make difficult an evaluation of total cyclopentadienyl stabilization energy (TSE) from these data. However, the value is probably 15 〈 TSE 〈 20.
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  • 74
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gas phase photolysis of CCl4 in the presence of several alkanes has been used to obtain Arrhenius parameters for the abstraction of hydrogen atoms by the CCl3 radical: The following log k4 values were obtained: TextRHlog k4c-C5H10,\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$12.00 \pm 0.21 - \frac{{10,700 \pm 400}}{{2.3RT}}$$\end{document}n-C6H14\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$11.81 \pm 0.18 - \frac{{10,800 \pm 300}}{{2.3RT}}$$\end{document}2,3-Dimethylbutane\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$10.88 \pm 0.11 - \frac{{8,200 \pm 200}}{{2.3RT}}$$\end{document}c-C7H14\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$12.07 \pm 0.43 - \frac{{9,900 \pm 800}}{{2.3RT}}$$\end{document}Methylcyclohexane\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$11.75 \pm 0.26 - \frac{{9,900 \pm 500}}{{2.3RT}}$$\end{document}c-C8H16\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$12.11 \pm 0.29 - \frac{{9,600 \pm 500}}{{2.3RT}}$$\end{document}The results are compared to those for CH3 and CF3 radicals.
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  • 75
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 223-235 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In dissociation experiments of H2O2 under shock wave conditions, the spectra of H2O2 and HO2 have been observed in the UV at 2200 ≤ 2800 Å. By the use of these spectra the H2O2 decomposition in the presence of H2 and CO at 870 ≤ T ≤ 1000°K has been analyzed. It was found that in this temperature range, in contrast to low temperature behavior, reactions of H atoms with H2O2 and with HO2 are equally important. The rate of the reaction H + H2O2 ← HO2 + H2 was estimated in comparison with the rate of the reaction between H and HO2. Good agreement between calculated and measured concentration profiles of HO2 and H2O2 was obtained.
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  • 76
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 215-222 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The vibrational excitation of HF occurring behind incident shock waves has been studied in the temperature range of 1400°K to 4100°K. The extent of excitation was determined as a function of time by continuously monitoring the emission intensity from the 1-0 band of HF centered at 2.5 μ. The data were interpreted in terms of the process \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm HF}(0) + {\rm M = HF(1)} + {\rm M} $$\end{document} and gave a value of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {\rm (}\tau \rho {\rm)}\begin{array}{*{20}c} {{\rm - 1}} \\ {{\rm HF}} \\ \end{array}{\rm = 10}^{{\rm 9}{\rm .2} \pm 0.1} \exp \left({\frac{{- 64 \pm 4}}{{T^{1/3}}}} \right)atm^{- 1} \sec ^{- 1} $$\end{document} for M = HF. The corresponding result for (τp)-1Ar was found to be insignificant in comparison to this result. Data were also obtained for the effect of F atoms upon the relaxation rate, i.e., it was found that \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ {{\left( {\tau p} \right)_{{\rm HP}} } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{\left( {\tau p} \right)_{{\rm HP}} } {\left( {\tau p} \right)_{\rm F} \sim 18 \pm 1}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\left( {\tau p} \right)_{\rm F} \sim 18 \pm 1}} $$\end{document}
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  • 77
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 249-268 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high-temperature reaction between sulfur dioxide and acetylene in an excess of argon was studied in a 1-in. i.d. single-pulse shock tube. Mixtures ranging from 1.81% to 5.40% SO2 and 1.60% to 4.90% C2H2 were heated to reflected shock temperatures of 1550°-2150°K, for dwell times of about 0.6 msec and gas dynamically quenched. Total reaction densities were 0.89 to 5.4 × 10-2 moles/1. The reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography. A technique was developed for separating Ar, C2H4, C2H2, SO2, CO, CO2, H2S, COS, and CS2. The major products of the reaction are CO, H2, CS2, and sulfur. The products observed were compared with those predicted on the assumption that equilibrium was attained. Several preliminary experiments were carried out with ethylene-sulfur dioxide mixtures, and the results indicated that for this combination the sulfur dioxide probably reacted with the acetylene generated from the decomposition of the ethylene, rather than directly with the ethylene. The rate of decline in the sulfur dioxide content in C2H2-SO2 mixtures was found to be approximately second order (total) and can be empirically represented by \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$- \Delta ({\rm SO}_2)/\Delta t = 3.1 \times 10^{10} T^{1/2} \exp (- 40,800/RT)[{\rm Ar}]^{0.83} [{\rm SO}_{\rm 2}]^{0.87} [{\rm C}_2 {\rm H}_{\rm 2}]^{0.25} {\rm mole cm}^{{\rm - 3}} \sec ^{ - 1}$$\end{document}A mechanism is proposed to account for the overall reaction kinetics.
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  • 78
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    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 269-282 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photolysis of pure N2O, N2O and N2, and N2O and C3H6 mixtures at 1470 Å and room temperature has been studied to determine the relative importance of the primary processes. The results are where φ{O(1D)} = 0.515 represents both the O(1D) produced in the primary act and that produced by collisional quenching of O(1S); φ{N2(3Σ)} = 0.084 represents only that portion of N2(3φ) which dissociates N2O on deactivation; and φ{O(1S)} = 0.38 - ±{N(2D)} represents only that portion of O(1S) which enters into chemical reaction with N2O. If the reaction of O(1S) with N2O yields only N2 and O2 as products, which seems likely from potential-energy curve considerations then ±{O(1S)} = 0.135 ± 0.06 and φ{N(2D)} = 0.245 ± 0.06. Young and coworkers [4] have found from spectroscopic observations that the total quantum yield of O(1S) is about 0.5. Thus it can be concluded that collisional removal of O(1S) by N2O yields mainly O(1D) with chemical reaction being less important. Furthermore, most of the O(1D) is produced this way, and the true primary yield of O(1D) is about 0.15. The metastable N(2D) is not deactivated by N2O, but is removed by chemical reaction to produce N2 and NO. The results further indicate that N2(3Σ) dissociates N2O at least 80% of the time during quenching. The relative efficiency of N2O compared to N2 is about 2 for the removal of O(1D). O(1S) is removed about 90 times as efficiently by C3H6 as by N2O.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971) 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The rate of the gas phase reaction \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\Delta - {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} - {\rm I + I} \cdot {\rightleftharpoons}\Delta - {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} \cdot + {\rm I}_{\rm 2}$$\end{document} has been measured spectrophotometrically over the range 480°-550°K. The rate constant fits the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm log}k{\rm (M}^{- {\rm 1}} {\rm sec}^{- {\rm 1}} {\rm)} = {\rm (11}{\rm .4} \pm {\rm 0}{\rm .1)} - (16.8 \pm 0.2)/\theta$$\end{document} where θ = 2.303RT in kcal/mole. This result, together with the assumption that the activation energy for the back reaction is 0 ± 1 kcal/mole, allows calculation of DH0298 (Δ—CH2—H) = 97.4 ± 1.6 kcal/mole and ΔH0f 298 (Δ—CH2·) = 51.1 ± 1.6 kcal/mole. These values correspond to a stabilization energy of 0.4 ± 1.6 kcal/mole in the cyclopropylcarbinyl radical.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 81
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 379-380 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 377-378 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The decomposition rate constant of i-PrI under conditions of very low-pressure pyrolysis (VLPP) is completely consistent with the well-known high-pressure Arrhenius parameters and the RRK(M) theory. The decomposition of n-PrI under the same conditions proceeds via two pathways, the anti-Markownikoff dehydroiodination and C—I bond scission. The data, analyzed by taking into account the mutual interaction of the two pathways, is completely consistent with the known Arrhenius parameters for the bond scission step and, when combined with a reasonable A-factor, yields an activation energy for HI elimination which is as predicted for these semi-ion pair transition states.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 427-441 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of the thermal elimination of HF from 1,2-difluoroethane \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm CH}_{\rm 2} {\rm FCH}_2 {\rm F} \to {\rm CH}_{\rm 2} = {\rm CHF} + {\rm HF}$$\end{document} have been studied in a static system over the temperature range 734-820°K. The reaction was shown to be first order and homogeneous, with a rate constant of \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm log }k_2 ({\rm s}^{- {\rm 1}} {\rm)} = {\rm 13}{\rm .39} \pm {\rm 0}{\rm .2} - (62.9 \pm 0.9)/\theta$$\end{document} where θ = 2.303RT in kcal/mole. The A-factor falls within the normal range for such reactions and is in line with transition state theory; the activation energy is similarly consistent with an estimate based on data for the analogous reactions of ethyl fluoride and other alkyl halides. The above activation energy has been compared with values of the critical energy calculated from data on the decomposition of chemically activated 1,2-difluoroethane by the RRKM theory and the bond dissociation energy, D(CH2F—CH2F) = 88 ± 2 kcal/mole, derived. It follows from thermochemistry that ΔHf0(CH2F) = -7.8 and D(CH2F—H) = 101 ± 2 kcal/mole. Bond dissociation energies in fluoromethanes and fluoroethanes are discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 3 (1971), S. 483-489 
    ISSN: 0538-8066
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Physical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The gas phase photolysis of CF3CCl3 in the presence of several alkanes has been used to obtain Arrhenius parameters for the abstraction of hydrogen atoms by the CF3CCl2 radical: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm CF}_{\rm 3} {\rm CCl}_2 + {\rm RH} \to {\rm CF}_{\rm 3} {\rm CCl}_2 {\rm H} + {\rm R}$$\end{document}Activation energies of 9.6 and 8.0 kcal/mole are found for abstraction from secondary and tertiary C-H bonds, respectively. The Arrhenius parameters are compared to those for CCl3 and CF3 radicals.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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