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  • 1985-1989
  • 1975-1979  (336)
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  • 1977  (336)
  • Chemical Engineering  (336)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 770-771 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 102
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 773-773 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 777-786 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The derivation of the mean temperature difference in heat exchangers is based on a number of assumptions or idealizations, the most important ones being that the heat transfer coefficient is constant throughout the exchanger; that the temperature of either fluid is constant over any cross section of its nominal path, that is, complete mixing, no stratification or bypassing; and that an additional assumption for shell and tube exchangers, which has not always been fully recognized, is that within one baffle crossing the shell fluid temperature change is small with respect to its overall change, (that is, number of baffles is large). In actual exchangers, any of the above assumptions are frequently subject to various degrees of invalidation. This paper examines the effects of deviating from the first two assumptions and presents a new solution to the third.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 822-830 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laboratory continuous mixed-suspension, mixed-product-removal crystallizer was used to study the effects of temperature on the kinetics of crystallization of potassium nitrate. A differential refractometer was used to continuously monitor the supersaturation permitting the measurement of supersaturation levels of order 10-3Kg solute/Kg water. The nucleation rate exhibited an inverse relationship with temperature.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 859-867 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: One-dimensional, time dependent separations are analogous to two-dimensional, steady state separations, and the equations for the former can be transformed to the latter by the transform t → θ/w. This analogy is used to develop and provide the solutions for the two-dimensional analogues of several variations of chromatography, parametric pumping, and pressure swing adsorption.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 106
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 874-878 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Surveys of local and overall pressure drop in partially pulsing 29.2 cm diameter beds show the overall pressure drop steady but elevated, while local pressure drops across various sections of the bed oscillate in correspondence with the local pulse frequency. The increase in overall pressure drop due to pulsing varies between 0 and 100%, depending on the extent of pulsing and liquid holdup within the bed.In foaming systems, the overall bed pressure drop can be higher than for pulsing alone, depending on liquid holdup and (apparently) the type of foam and its intensity. In some cases, pulsing appears to be the starting point for low frequency foaming pressure drop surges which are associated with cyclic foam formation and breakup within the bed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 107
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 913-922 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper illustrates the interrelation between bubbles, solids movement, and gas backmixing in large fluidized beds by presenting experimental data obtained with a 1.22 m square bed. The results demonstrate a close relationship between gas backmixing, solids movement, and bubble coalesence, with the behavior altering markedly as bubble coalescence patterns change.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 108
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 935-938 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 109
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 946-948 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 110
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 958-958 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 111
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 68-76 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The droplets that appear in annular gas-liquid flows are formed by the eruption of wavelets from the surface of the wall layer. Ninety per cent of the volume of this dispersed liquid is carried by only about 10% of the drops. We find, as suggested by Wicks and Dukler, that the distribution of drop sizes can be characterized by an upper limit, log normal function with only one of the three parameters, the volume median diameter, a strong function of flow conditions. A method for predicting the average diameter is suggested which is consistent with a theoretical interpretation based on a Kelvin-Helmholtz mechanism, whereby the destabilizing force is the pressure variation over the wavelets.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 124-125 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 113
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 134-134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 114
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 115
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 56-62 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This work involves a quantitative comparison between diffusion (or electrical conduction) and fluid flow occurring in the principal directions of certain simple anisotropic porous media, namely, clusters of parallel circular (or elliptic) cylindrical fibers. The degrees to which the observed macroscopic properties, permeability, and effective diffusivity (electrical conductivity) depend upon the direction of flow are determined analytically. Systems of parallel fibers are shown to be considerably more anisotropic with respect to fluid flow than with respect to diffusion (or electrical conduction), this effect being very pronounced with flattish fibers. It would not appear that any general analogy exists between diffusion (electrical conduction) and fluid flow occurring within anisotropic porous media.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 116
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 210-211 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 117
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 212-213 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 118
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 303-311 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of the ratio of the molecular solute diameter to the pore diameter and adsorption equilibrium on the liquid phase effective diffsivity for different hydrocarbon solutes was studied in two alumina pellets. A semiemprical correlation based on the relative dimension of the solute molecule with respect to the average pore dimension, the equilibrium partition coefficient, and the porosity is proposed for a variety of binary hydrocarbon systems. The correlation shows that the effective diffusivity is strongly influenced by both the adsorption coefficient as well as the ratio of the solute molecular size to the average pore size.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 119
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 336-341 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Diffusion rates of nitrogen and methane have been measured across ten porous solids at 35°C and 1 atm by a steady state flow method. The porous plugs used were cylindrical in shape, with diffusion occurring in the direction of the axis. Diffusion data were taken with porous cores either dry or saturated with liquids. Water and n-heptane were used as saturating liquids.The rather complex internal structure of porous solids were indirectly characterized through some auxiliary measurements. These included porosity, permeability, and electrical resistivity factor (yet another indirect measurement of tortuosity).The effective diffusion coefficients were correlated for the gas phase diffusion as a function of porosity. The ratio of effective diffusion coefficient to the open space diffusion coefficient (De/Do) was correlated for dry cores using the properties approximately characterizing the pore structure.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 120
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 376-378 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An algorithmic-evolutionary approach to the systematic synthesis of minimum cost networks of exchangers, heaters, and coolers is proposed. The new approach is easy to apply by hand calculations, requiring no special mathematical background and computational skill from the user. In addition to generating many cheaper networks for sample problems ranging in size from 4 to 10 streams as compared to previous studies, the proposed method provides an explicit theoretical guidance on the optimal exchange among hot and cold streams and on the optimal locations of heating and cooling utilities in the network. It also has a provision for the use of stream splitting and for generating a cyclic network. The new method is particularly effective in the synthesis of minimum cost networks for industrial crude unit preheat recovery.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 120-123 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 123
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 353-361 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Analysis of single-pore behavior in a porous pellet of reactant is used to develop a new model for predicting the conversion-time relationship for gas-solid noncatalytic reactions. The model accounts for the influence of pore diffusion, diffusion through the product layer which builds upon the pore walls, and surface reaction. By focusing attention on one pore, it is possible to include the effects of the changes in pore geometry that occur during reaction. Thus, both pore-mouth clocure and uniform deposition of product throughout the pellet can be predicted by using appropriate values for the diffusional and physical properties of the reaction system. The key parameters of the model are the effective pore length and effective diffusivity in the product layer. Numerical values of these quantities can be approximated from measurements of the pore volume and surface are of the unreacted and reacted forms of the pellet, or they may be evaluated from a limited amount of conversion vs. time data. The use of the model for predicting conversion-time curves is illustrated with available data for the reduction of nickel oxide pellets with carbon monoxide and for the reaction of sulfur dioxide with calcium carbonate.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 124
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 454-459 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method was developed for providing continuously wiped and, therefore, clean liquid surfaces in vacuo. By means of a mass spectrometer detector, the absolute evaporation flux from such clean surfaces was measured for diethylene glycol, glycerine, dibutyl phthalate, and oleic acid. The molecular flux from equilibrium vapor was also measured by the same detector. The ratio of the former to the latter, the evaporation coefficient, was found in each case to be close to unity and independent of the temperature.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 125
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 482-486 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is suggested for a complex statistical treatment of the material balance of a chemical reactor, based on the stoichiometric characteristics of reactions taking place in the reactor. Statistically adjusted values of the balance variables are obtained, and the hypothesis that the material balance data do not contain gross errors is tested. The calculation procedure is demonstrated by an illustrative example of the material balance of a fermentation process.
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  • 126
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 590-592 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 127
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 312-318 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Particle movement in the core and in the annulus of a semicircular, vertical, spouted bed was examined by high-speed tracer photography. Use of a functional analogy with a free jet establishes an equation correlating core air velocity and relative bed height. Dependence of bed void fraction and particle throughput vs. relative bed height shows good agreement with previous work. Particle mean retention time and air flow distribution in the annulus and the spout were obtained by calcualtional estimates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 128
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 319-326 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The dual enzyme sequential reactions that decompose arginine to ammonia were investigated experimentally to determine appropriate rate equations and to test predictions of optimal distribution of the two enzymes (arginase and urease) immobilized in a packed-bed reactor.The kinetics of this system were experimentally found to be of the kind that calls for a bang-band control with a well-defined switching point between the two immobilized enzyme catalysts. At low values of reactor residence time, the optimum switching point is shown to approach a limiting position which depends on the kinetic order of the second reaction. In the higher ranges of residence time, the switching point moves into the latter half of the reactor, but exceptions to this generalization are found when Michaelis-Menten kinetics are applicable to both reactions. For the special circumstance where the two reactions are of zero and first order, respectively, the optimal distribution of the two catalysts is independent of the first rate constant. The experimental results are, in general, consistent with these expectations, and secondary deviations are discussed. A suboptimal policy alternative is also treated analytically and tested by experiment.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 129
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 810-816 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (in admixture with water) on the sorption and permeation rate of scopolamine base in human skin in vitro has been measured as a function of drug concentration in aqueous solution. The equilibrium sorption of scopolamine by skin from solution appears to be unaffected by the presence of even high concentrations of dimethyl sulfoxide in the solution phase. In the absence of a transdermal gradient of DMSO (or water), the permeability of skin to scopolamine in the presence of DMSO is about twofold higher than in its absence, suggesting that the diffusivity of scopolamine in the stratum corneum is somewhat elevated by the solvating action of DMSO.When, however, a gradient of DMSO concentration is impressed across the skin (irrespective of whether that gradient is of the same or opposite sign to that of the drug), the permeability of the skin to scopolamine is increased by one to two orders of magnitude. Microscopic examination of the skin subjected to such treatment reveals marked swelling, distortion, and intercellular delamination of the stratum corneum, which is only partially reversible following complete extraction with water. These effects are believed due to development of very high osmotic stresses produced within the stratum corneum, as both water and DMSO are transported into the tissue.
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  • 130
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 840-851 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The limit regimes of equilibrium staged batch parametric pumps are studied. The half-cycle comprises several equilibrations at each temperature, each followed by a discrete transfer of fluid. The concentration distribution of the effluent of each half-cycle is conserved by a cascade of reservoirs. The concepts, methods, and McCabe-Thiele representation are first introduced on the example of the (one-stage, two transfer) pump. The generalization to the (one stage, n transfer) pump leads to a limit regime represented by a staircase construction between the two isotherms, the number of steps of the staircase being equal to the number of transfer steps. The limit regime of the general (N stage, n transfer) pump is then analyzed in terms of the properties of the (one stage, n transfer) pump considered above and of the (N stage, one transfer) pump discussed in the preceding paper of this series. An analytical solution for the separation factor is given in the case of linear isotherms. The importance of conserving the effluent concentration distribution is illustrated by graphical and numerical comparisons with pumps where this is not done.
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  • 131
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 786-794 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Experimental data on directional dispersion coefficients in transversely isotropic media, a special case of anisotropic media, were determined in models consisting of alternating layers of sintered glass and unconsolidated glass beads. Values of appropriate parameters to relate the velocity to the directional dispersion coefficient were determined for a variety of permeabilities and angles. Sensitivity of these parameters with respect to angle was determined, and results are presented which will permit estimate of when this effect is significant.
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  • 132
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 579-586 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Simulation studies are presented of single- and two-component adsorption in periodic, countercurrent, multicolumn systems. It is demonstrated that long adsorption profiles are likely to occur in the adsorption of organic contaminants from wastewater onto activated carbon, thus favoring the use of multicolumn rather than single-column systems. For two-component adsorption in a multicolumn system, it is shown that more switching periods are needed than in the single-column case before the profiles stabilize, that the stabilized profiles can differ substantially from those found in a single-column system, and that their shape is strongly influenced by the relative concentrations of the components in the feed.
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  • 133
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 599-601 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 134
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 607-609 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 135
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 615-615 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 136
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 868-874 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Flow regimes for nonfoaming and foaming two-phase downflow through catalyst beds are correlated in terms of the superficial volumetric gas-to-liquid ratio and a force ratio relating inertia plus gravity forces to viscous plus interphase forces. In the pulsing flow regime, the frequency of pulses leaving large (29.2 cm) and small (6.58 cm) diameter beds is correlated with the flow map coordinates.
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  • 137
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 897-904 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simulation procedure is presented in this work which can analyze the behavior of any dispersed phase system consisting of particles whose random behavior is specified in terms of probability functions. The procedure distinguishes itself from its predecessors in being free from arbitrary discretization of time or any other parameter along which the system evolves, and its ability to predict the behavior of randomly behaving small populations. Where population balance equations, which describe the behavior of particulate systems, cannot be readily solved, the simulation technique presented herein represents an efficient alternative to the modeling of such systems. Tables and a flow chart are given which would enable the use of the method for any system with specified particle behavior.
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  • 138
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 922-930 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The constricted unit cell model for isotropic granular porous media developed by Payatakes, Tien, and Turian (1973) is extended here to take in account the random orientation of the flow channels. In the proposed model, each unit cell corresponds to a pore (cavern) and has two coaxial constricted inlet and outlet ports (throats). The unit cells have random dimensions and orientations, the distributions of which can be determined from simple experimental measurements. The flow through a unit cell is assumed to be identical to that through a segment of the corresponding periodically constricted tube. The model is applied to the case of creeping Newtonian flow. The solution to the flow problem is obtained by a collocation method. Permeabilities of typical packings are calculated without use of any adjustable parameters (such as tortuosities, etc.) and are found in excellent agreement with experimental values.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 944-946 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 140
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 141
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 37-40 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Performance of flush drains in gas-liquid separators has been evaluated under conditions of variable gas flow and pressure, liquid height and flow rate, and drain diameter. For the two-phase flow regime, liquid flow rate is found to be independent of vessel pressure or gas flow rate. Transition from weir control to orifice control of liquid flow rate occurs over the range of H/D ratios from 0.4 to 1.5. In this range, simple orifice equations do not apply. Revised design equations for use to determine minimum liquid height for maintenance of single-phase downflow in gas-liquid separators are presented.
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  • 142
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 28-37 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New measurements are presented on the influence of Schmidt number on the rate of mass transfer between a turbulent fluid and a pipe wall. It is found that for large Schmidt numbers the fully developed mass transfer coefficient is related to the friction velocity and the Schmidt number by the equation The experiments are accurate enough to rule out the Sc-2/3 or the Sc-2/3 relations commonly used, deduced from plausible limiting expressions for the eddy diffusivity close to a wall. It is argued that these expressions arevalid only over a vanishingly small portion of the concentration field as Sc → ∞.
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  • 143
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 213-213 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 144
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 217-224 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A model is described which accounts for partial segregation in continuous stirred-tank reactors by considering packets circulating within a completely micromixed continuous regime. The packets have a nonideal residence time and concentration distribution. Mass transport occurs between these packets and the continuous phase of uniform composition in proportion to their concentration gradients. Laplace transformed tracer responses establish the diffusion and mixing parameters. Over 90% of the system is segregated in unstirred aqueous solutions. Addition of polymer increases segregation by over 40% at a 100 rev/min stirrer speed.
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  • 145
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 224-232 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An efficient and simple numerical technique is presented for analyzing nonisothermal nip flow of viscous liquids. It has been applied on calendering to calculate the design parameters as well as the interaction effects between roller characteristics, operation conditions, and material properties. Viscous heating is shown to drastically change the mechanics near the nip exit if the rollers rotate at different speeds. Consequences for scaling-up and model experiments are indicated.
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  • 146
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 263-275 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Although multicomponent, liquid phase adsorption is often encountered in industrial application, most of the studies concerning fixed-bed sorption processes have been dealt primarily with systems containing one adsorbable species. The present work provides a numerical solution to the fixed-bed, multicomponent adsorption problem, taking into account both separately or in combination the effect of liquid and/or solid phase mass transfer resistance and of variation of the assumed governing adsorption isotherm. Numerical solutions of several example problems are presented and compared with results based on equilibrium theory and a simplified method developed by Cooney and co-workers previously (1972).
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  • 147
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 407-408 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 148
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 434-440 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A packed-bed electrochemical method is presented for the removal of copper from scrap steel. The method is based on the principle that at certain potentials, steel can be passivated in a suitable electrolyte, whereas copper dissolves anodically. A rotating hemispherical electrode was used to determine the polarization curves of copper and mild steel in various electrolytes. Extraction tests were carried out with an electrochemical cell composed of a cathodic carbon packed bed and an anodic bed packed with synthesized steel scrap.
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  • 149
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 382-385 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 393-395 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 151
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 402-403 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 152
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 406-406 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 153
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977) 
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  • 154
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 426-434 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Closed-form expressions are presented for predicting vertical concentration distribution of the dispersed phase in the turbulent core of pipe and channel flow. Experimental data obtained with spherical particles, of mean diameter d50 comparable to the Kolmogorov microscale, are in good agreement with model predictions. The average value of dimensionless lateral particle diffusivity, ζ = ε/Ru*, determined from these data is approximately 0.25, that is, fairly close to previously reported measurements with much coarser particles.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 553-558 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Natural convection heat transfer through oxygen gas may be significantly altered by the application of a nonuniform magnetic field. An additive contribution to the point velocity arises from the temperature dependence of the magnetic body force on the fluid. Theoretical predictions are in close agreements with experimental results.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 587-590 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 613-613 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 158
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 642-650 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that temperatures and flows in a process network can be estimated from a quasi steady state model and a discrete Kalman filter. The data needed for such an application are readily available in many operating plants, and the computational requirements are within the capabilities of available process computers.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 605-607 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 160
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 612-612 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977) 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 162
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 385-387 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 398-400 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 405-405 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 165
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 406-406 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 166
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 415-426 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Recently reported varieties of photoassisted heterogeneous catalysts are summarized. A cylindrical, light carrying, optical fiber coated with a catalyst layer is evaluated as a novel configuration for all such light assisted catalysis. Equations are obtained which describe the light intensity in the fiber and its surrounding catalyst layer. A dimensionless group of the form Φ = (4αcβcdL)/(df) [d = dc for dc 〈 λ, d = 0(λ) for dc 〉 λ] determines the relative influence of light loss by all absorption and scattering to light transported in the fiber length. An effectiveness factor ηI for heterogeneous photoassisted catalysis is determined for reactions which are first order in intensity and without mass transport limitations. Asymptotic forms of ηI are ηI = 1.0 (Φ ≪ 1.0) and ηI = Φ-1 (Φ ≫ 1.0).
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 448-453 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Current literature describes forced convecting, boiling heat transfer as primarily convective heat transfer. The original evidence for this concept, reported by Dengler and Addoms, was reexamined and found misinterpreted. Nucleate boiling data, instead, correlate with their data. Subsequent use of the concept in correlations and models now requires close scrutiny.
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  • 168
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 469-476 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A flow type of apparatus is built to give equilibrium gas and liquid samples at elevated pressures and temperatures while minimizing thermal decomposition. Saturated vapor and liquid compositions and K values are determined with this apparatus for the binary system hydrogen/tetralin (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene) at four temperatures from 189.6° to 389.1°C, and seven pressures from 20 to 250 atm. Vapor pressures of tetralin are determined with the same apparatus, and values are reported at the four temperatures of this work.
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  • 169
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 904-913 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Several approaches are utilized for the estimation of the parameters associated with the normalized vapor pressure equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \ln P_R = \alpha + \frac{\beta }{{T_{R^m } }} + \gamma T_{R^7} $$\end{document} to develop a capability for the prediction of vapor pressures consistent with the theorem of corresponding states. In this development, conditions and restrictions associated with the critical point and the normal boiling point were used to establish the vapor pressure parameters α, β, γ, and m. For the evaluation of these parameters, five different approaches were applied, and vapor pressures calculated with each of them were compared with corresponding experimental values presented in the literature. These comparisons were further examined using the results of four other well-known vapor pressure equations available in the literature.This evaluation included 138 substances of all types and involved a total of 7,633 literature reported vapor pressure values to show that improved results are possible through the involvement of the generalized vapor pressure equation of this investigation.
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  • 170
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 940-944 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 171
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 959-960 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 172
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 679-685 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The rate of pyrite oxidation in aqueous ferric chloride was determined for two distinct solid particle systems: industrial grade pyrite and coal particles containing pyrite. The oxidation rate for the pyrite particle system was found to increase significantly with increasing temperature (40° to 100°C), ferric chloride concentration (0.1 and 1.0 M), and pyrite loading (2 to 20 g/l); the rate decreased with increasing particle size (-325 to 140 mesh). Agitation did not have a significant effect, and a kinetic model was developed and fit to the experimental data.For the coal particle system used in this study, the most important variable was particle size. The oxidation rate of pyrite in coal smaller than 325 mesh was much greater than in larger coal particles. The effect of temperature (80° to 100°C) on the oxidation of pyrite in coal was not significant, nor was the effect of pretreatment with 0.1N hydrochloric acid. Approximately half of the detected ferric iron reduction was attributable to pyrite oxidation; the balance arises from other coal reactions.
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  • 173
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 714-722 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A spherically collapsing gas bubble will create a uniaxial extension of the fluid surrounding it. This flow may be readily analyzed, and it is possible to relate observed experimental parameters such as the pressure inside the bubble and the bubble collapse rate to the predictions of viscoelastic constitutive relations. This study compares the predictions of the Newtonian fluid and a viscoelastic model to observed bubble collapse in three fluids: one Newtonian fluid and two viscoelastic polymer solutions. Good agreement between data and the model was observed for the Newtonian experiments. The viscoelastic solutions, however, yielded rates of collapse which were greater than the Newtonian predictions based on equal zero-shear viscosity. Subsequent modeling with a modified corotational Maxwell fluid yielded good agreement with the data for the transient elongational response in the viscoelastic solutions.
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    Notes: A state space model, developed for multivariable control studies on a pilot plant packed-bed reactor for the hydrogenolysis of butane, is fitted to experimental temperature and concentration data collected under unsteady state conditions. The parameters estimated are the fundamental transport parameters of the packed-bed reactor and a catalyst activity parameter. A discrete stochastic model for the process disturbances is also identified, and a principle component type of procedure is used to reduce its dimensionality and to gain insight into the nature of these distrubances.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 768-770 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 176
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977) 
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 804-809 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chromatographic method has been used to study the sorption and diffusion of methane, ethane, propane, and cyclopropane in 5A molecular sieve. Both the equilibrium isotherms and the time constants for zeolitic diffusion, obtained from the chromatographic peaks, agree well with the values obtained previously by the gravimetric method, thus confirming the validity of the experimental technique. The results obtained in several previously reported chromatographic studies are reviewed, and it is shown that the apparent discrepancies between chromatographic and gravimetric data arise mainly from differences in the way in which the micropore diffusivity is defined. The relative advantages and disadvantages of the gravimetric and chromatographic methods are briefly considered.
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    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 831-839 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of surface active solutes on the stability of fluids during phase transformation is examined both experimentally and theoretically. Experiments on the interfacial stability of triethanolamine as it steadily evaporates into a partial vacuum verifies that for high surface tension fluids, spontaneous convection induced by differential vapor recoil is stabilized by the addition of surfactants and that the degree of stability increases with the surface activity of the surfactant. The hydrodynamic stability of surfactant solutions undergoing phase transformation is then examined using linear stability analysis. Results reveal that surfactants have a marked stabilizing effect on the differential vapor recoil mechanism but have essentially no effect on the fluid inertia and moving boundary destabilizing mechanisms. Consequently, the maximum stabilizing effect of surface active solutes on liquids evaporating under vacuum is determined by the criterion for fluid inertia instability.
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  • 180
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 951-954 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 181
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    Hoboken, NJ : Wiley-Blackwell
    AIChE Journal 23 (1977), S. 954-957 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 182
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 38-41 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Low density polyethylene sheet was subjected to treatment by corona discharge in oxygen, nitrogen, helium and argon; in addition some sheets were treated with ozone gas. The bond strength between two similarly treated sheets was then measured using a commercial flexographic ink as an adhesive. The results showed that although surface oxidation improved both the ink adhesion and the wetting properties of polyethylene it is not a necessary prerequisite for good bonding. When the sheet was subjected to electrical discharge in nitrogen, argon or helium, considerable enhancement of ink adhesion was obtained without any detectable change in the surface chemistry of the polymer. The results indicate that ink adhesion after treatment in various gases follows closely the trends established previously in corona-induced autohesion of polyethylene. This suggests that the mechanism of bonding is similar in the two cases.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 183
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 184
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 58-62 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A significant advance in ion exchange resin and adsorbent technology has been the development of the macroreticular pore structure. Synthetic rotes have been developed for preparing both ion exchange resins and polymeric adsorbents of high surface area and pore volume. Syntheses have been developed to the degree that the surface area and pore.parameters can be widely varied. Several of these macroreticular polymers based upon the crosslinked styrene and acrylate systems are now available commercially. These polymeric adsorbents are hard, durable, insoluble spheres of high surface area and porosity. They are available in a variety of polarities. The nonpolar adsorbents are particularly effective for adsorbing nonpolar solutes from polar solvents. Conversely, the polar adsorbents are very effective for adsorbing polar solutes from nonpolar solvents. Of particular interest is the use of these polymeric adsorbents for the treatment of effluent wastes. In some cases it has been demonstrated that one can recover significant quantities of re-usable chemicals that more than pay for the waste, treatment. The use of the polymeric adsorbents for the treatment of phenolicwastes is an example. Other related applications include the removal of chlorinated pesticides, TNT residues, and other noxious compounds from waste effluents and water supplies.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 185
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Restricting the discussion to isothermal transport of a single penetrant in a polymer sample, we define convection and diffusion. We distinguish carefully between diffusion in homogeneous and inhomogeneous samples. In the latter case, the diffusion flux is no longer directly proportional to the gradient of the concentration, i.e., Fick's first law does not hold. We point out, unless an external force responsible for convection can be identified, that diffusion with convection in a homogeneous medium is in many instances indistinguishable mathematically from diffusion in an inhomogeneous medium with microscopic inhomogeneities. Finally, we list a number of exact results available for permeation and sorption parameters for thin slab of a dilute inhomogeneous material. These parameters all yield the same value of the diffusion coefficient if the latter is constant. On the other hand, these parameters provide different functional information about the partition coefficient and diffusion coefficient for an inhomogeneous polymer-penetrant system.
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  • 186
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 85-92 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Chemorheological changes in epoxy resins subjected to large strains while heated were observed earlier, but the subject was not treated quantitatively. This paper describes the investigation of an epoxy resin - Epon 826, of known chemical, structure, crosslinked with two different amines. By means of a simple calibrated apparatus, the epoxide samples were subjected to large strains in a non-oxidizing atmosphere and in air. They were heated to different temperatures for various times; the results were compared with data obtained from unstrained samples kept in otherwise the same conditions. The results show a linear-logarithmic relation between the torsion modulus, G(10) and the time of applied strain at a certain temperature and also a linear relation between G(10), and 1/T°K, both above T(10). The results obtained in swelling experiments support the data from 10 sec torsional modulus vs temperature measurements. An increase in the amount of solubles and in Mc is observed on extending the time of heating. A clear difference in properties between the strained and unstrained samples, kept in otherwise the sane conditions, is observed and the contribution of the applied strain to chemorheology has been shown. Both systems of crosslinked Epon 826 showed the same general behavior, although the specific data were different.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 111-115 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fluid mechanics of impingement mixing was investigated experimentally, and the design procedure, including scale-up, for the MIT Liquid Injection Molding System was established. For impingement mixing to be effective, the Reynolds number based on the nozzle diameter must be greater than about 50 and the momentum ratio of the fluid components must he equal to 1 in addition to satisfying the desired mass flow rate ratio.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 188
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 359-365 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The photochemical reaction between poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and chromate ion in aqueous solution has been studied by ultraviolet spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The first step of the reaction appears to be formation of a PVA-chromate ester. No further detectable chemical changes occur unless the ester is irradiated. Spectral sensitivity data indicate the reaction is initiated only by the chromate ester charge transfer absorptions at approximately 370 nm and 450 nm. EPR indicates an equilibrium concentration of Cr (V) during irradiation arid a decrease in concentration of Cr(V) following second order kinetics upon cessation of irradiation. The final reaction product is Cr (III) complexed with the hydroxyl groups of the PVA. The reaction rate is a function of pH between pH 12; however no detectable reaction occurred above pH 12. A mechanism is proposed for the PVA-chromate photoreaction in solution.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 377-380 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is illustrated experimentally that swelling and deformation of narrow lines (width 〈 1 μm) is an important limitation on the fidelity and transverse resolution of negative electron resists. The thickness response curve developed for negative resists is discussed and the effect of feature size is introduced through the experimental parameter DgR, the rigid gel dose, or the dose required to initiate a free standing line of width 〈 0.2 μm. The transition from line to area exposure is discussed and the effect of substrate backscatter or transverse resolution in gratings is calculated. The observed resolution is 3-5 times the calculated value from swelling and deformation during development.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 190
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    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 183-193 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Under uniaxial tensile load, the plastic deformation of unoriented crystalline polymers first transforms the lamellae into a fibrous structure. Usually the drawing is inhomogeneous with a neck propagating through the sample. The higher the draw ratio, the higher the axial elastic modulus as a consequence of the larger fraction of taut tie molecules in amorphous layers connecting the crystalline blocks of each microfibril. As a consequence of the almost 1/(1 - α) times higher strain of amorphous layers under tensile load, the taut tie molecules are much more strained than the chains in crystal blocks. Hence, their contribution to elastic modulus is substantially higher than one would guess from their fraction β. This is more so in polyethylene with higher crystallinity (α = 0.8) than in nylon 6 with low crystallinity (α = 0.5). Even for the highest modulus polyethylene E = 70 GPa ∼ 0.3 × Ec, one needs less than 7.5 percent of taut tie molecules. The plastic deformation of the fibrous structure markedly enhances the number of interfibrillar tie molecules in nylon 6 and to a lesser extent in polyethylene and polypropylene. Homogeneous drawing without a neck transforms the whole sample into a fibrous structure rather uniformly so that for a long while one has the lamellar and fibrillar morphology side by side. The end effect on the structure obtained does not differ appreciably from inhomogeneous drawing with neck propagation. The drawing of polymers with a liquid crystal structure yields a highly aligned fibrous structure with very few chain folds and an exceptionally high elastic modulus and strength. But the axial connection of individual highly oriented and ordered domains is affected by a relatively small fiaction of tie molecules, and this is responsible for reduction of the elastic modulus below the value of the ideal crystal lattice.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 204-212 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The deformation and fracture behavior of injection molded plaques have been determined, and the results interpreted in terms of the effect of molecular orientation on the crazing and shear yielding behavior. The molecular orientation was characterized by optical birefringence. A range of injection molding conditions and two mold thicknesses were Used and this resulted in a large variation in the molecular orientation, particularly through the sheet thickness. Tensile tests were made on samples cut at different angles to the injection molding direction. The moldings are considered to consist of a composite of layers of material with different orientation, and the properties of the samples cut from the molding are analyzed in terms of the properties of each layer. Results from material oriented unidirectionally by hot drawing have been used to predict the composite properties, and good agreement has been obtained.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 192
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 229-233 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress-strain properties of oriented polymers are measured parallel and perpendicular to the direction of hot stretching. The polymers include styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers, vinyl alcohol copolymers, acrylic acid copolymers, polyelecf trolytes, and a high density polyethylene. Polarity and hydrogen bonding tend to increase the strength, especially in the direction perpendicular to the direction of hot stretching. Strong electrostatic bonding in polyelectrolytes and too much polar bonding in styrene-acrylonitrile & polymers decrease the strength by reducing the molecular mobility, which is required to prevent brittleness.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 242-245 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Flexural fatigue data about a non-zero mean stress are presented for unidirectional fiberglass-reinforced polyester composites. The data are useful for the design of structural components and extend our knowledge regarding the mechanical performance of composite materials. In particular, the dependence of modulus, strength, and fatigue strength on glass content, both dry and wet, is described. Also, the extent to which design allowable stresses are influenced by minor impacts and by machining is discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The phenomenon of wall slip during the capillary flow of polymer melt is investigated for low and high density polyethylene. It is found that wall slip occurs in both cases, and that the effect is related to melt fracture. In addition, it is shown that a silicone fluid exhibits wall slip. The performance of the metering zone of a 38 mm diameter single-screw extruder is discussed in relation to wall slip. It is suggested that the power consumption of the extruder is reduced as a result of slip at the polymer/metal interface. Results based on experiments with the silicone fluid tend to support this hypothesis. A theoretical analysis of the effects of wall slip upon throughput rate and power consumption for a one-dimensional isothermal Newtonian case is included.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 195
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 274-278 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of typical polymers that appear in domestic wastes (low density polyethylene and polystyrene) exhibit poor mechanical properties due to incompatibility. Therefore, reprocessing of such unseparated mixtures results in low-valued products. The inclusion of some additives like EVA or EPDM, which are considered to serve as “compatibilizers”, increases both the tensile strength and toughness of the Blends. The role of these additives and the mechanism of their effect are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. An optimum in the concentration of the additive is verified, and a potentially practical way for reuse of plastics from wastes is indicated.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 282-286 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The protein collagen is a major constituent of mammalian tissue. Treatment of calfskin with an enzyme under acid conditions simultaneously solubilizes much of the collagen and removes non-helical telopeptides which are believed to contribute to immune response. Then, the solid collagen can be reconstituted by precipitating the solubilized material with weak alkali. Films from the enzyme-treated, acid-soluble collagen are strengthened by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Composite films are made by coprecipitating collagen (from a solution) with an acrylic resin (from a latex). In one example, an acrylic resin to collagen ratio of 1:3 gives a wet-tensile strength about 30 percent higher than that for collagen alone. The tensile strength range of these wetted films (20 to 30 megapascals) is typical of the upper range for such limp films as polyethylene. On the other hand, ‘bone-dry’ collagen has a higher strength similar to that of glassy polymers such as polystyrene.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 197
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 300-304 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Ethylene/ethyl acrylate/carbon monoxide ter polymers (E/ EA/CO) can exhibit a very high degree of miscibility with poly(vinyl chloride) as determined from dynamic mechanical measurements. The blends yield transparent films and show a large amorphous phase which exhibits only one major glass transition. However, some crystallinity can be detected and has been measured by differential, scanning calorimetry. Residual crystallinity is at least partially due to the somewhat non-uniform nature of the terpolymerization. The acrylate monomer exhibits faster polymerization rates than the other two constituents. By contrast, ethylene/ethyl acrylat copolymers are not miscible with poly(vinyl chloride). The addition of carbon monoxide to the termpolymer structure is believed to yield miscibility with poly(vinyl chloride) via specific interaction of the ketone carbonyl of the terpolymer (proton acceptor) and the tertiary hydrogen of poly(vinyl chloride) (proton donor). This specific interaction allows for a broad range of terpolymer compositions which retain miscibility with polyvinyl chloride. Similar results are also observed with ethylene/vinyl acetate/carbon monoxide (E/VA/CO) as well as ethylene/2-ethylhexyl acrylate/carbon monoxide termpojymers. The vinyl acetate terpolymers (and their blends) display a lower degree of crystallinity than the E/EA/ CO. This is consistent with the more uniform nature of the E/VAJCO terpolymerization.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 198
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 320-324 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This paper briefly reviews the technological status of civil engineering fabrics used for ground stabilization and drainage applications. The theory of how such fabrics work is used to illustrate the advantages of fabric-containing designs over conventional construction techniques. A drainage project which could not have been completed except at an exorbitant cost without the use of a properly designed filter fabric is detailed, and the economic benefits of using fabrics under ordinary circumstances are also documented. Because fabrics work and because they save money, the outlook for civil engineering fabrics is extremely bright.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 199
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 341-348 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Some propertie's and applications of a pitch carbon microsphere composite are described. The small hollow microspheres are made from the pitch which is usually a wasted by-product of petroleum refining. In contrast to high density composites or syntactic foams in which microspheres are inclusions within a continuous matrix, this composite is an aggregate of microspheres bonded together by a small amount of thermosetting polymer which does not form a continuous matrix. The result is a composite with low density and thermal expansion, modest strength and rigidity, and high porosity and carbon content. Mechanical, thermal, and sorption properties have been measured. Applications of the composite include honeycomb filler for high temperature or ionizing radiation fields and a wicking absorber for solar-powered stills.
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  • 200
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 17 (1977), S. 497-497 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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