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  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (927)
  • 1981  (927)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (686)
  • Engineering  (241)
  • Nuclear reactions
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  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984  (927)
Year
Keywords
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional stress intensity factor computations using the boundary element method (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 387-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A multidomain boundary element formulation for the analysis of general two-dimensional plane strain/stress crack problems is presented. The numerical results were accurate and efficient. The analyses were performed using traction singular quater-point boundary elements on each side of the crack tip(s) with and without transition elements. Traction singular quarter-point boundary elements contain the correct √r displacement and 1/√r traction variations at the crack tip. Transition elements are appended to the traction singular elements to model the √r displacement variation. The 1/√r traction singularity is not represented with these elements. Current research studies for the crack propagation analysis of quasi-static and fatigue fracture problems are discussed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170308
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Liner and nonlinear elastic analysis of cracked plate: Application of a penalty function and superposition method (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 719-733 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Cracked plates of power hardening material under plane strain and incompressibility conditions are investigated in this work by using a penalty function and superposition method. The present numerical method is found to be quite efficient for the relevant problems if the hardening exponent of material is not so large.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170506
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  • 103
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basis functions for general Hsieh-Clough-Tocher triangles, complete or reduced (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 784-789 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this note, we give the basis functions (shape functions) for Hsieh-Clough-Tocher triangles, complete or reduced. In order to take the best advantage of symmetry and for simplicity, we derive these functions for a general triangle by using simultaneously the ‘area co-ordinates’ and the so-called ‘eccentricity parameters’. We conclude with some remarks concerning the implementation.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170510
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170601
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Special topics of applied mathematics. Edited by J. Frehse, D. Pallaschke, U. Trottenberg, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1980 (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 796-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170513
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Singular capacity matrices produced by low-order Gaussian integration in the finite element method (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 871-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper considers some consequences of the common implementation of the finite element method in which element integrals are evaluated numerically by Gaussian quadrature. It shows that if the order of the Gauss scheme is less than the number of basis functions on an element, then the numerically evaluated capacity matrix for that element is singular. The capacity matrix of an assembly of such elements is also considered and is shown to be singular under certain conditions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170605
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large deflections and large-amplitude free vibrations of straight and curved beams (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 829-852 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the large-deflection (bending and free vibration)analysis of thin elastic curved beams by conventional and mixed finite element methods. The conventional finite element method is based on the total potential energy expression, whereas the mixed method is based on a Reissner-type variational statement and involves the bending moments and deflections as primary dependent variables. Incremental and direct formulations are presented for both methods. The nonlinearity is included in the numerical method via an iterative procedure (i.e. the in-plane force due to the large deflection is not treated as constant but included under the integral in the energy expression). In the case of vibrations, the transverse shear and rotary inertia effects are also included. A number of numerical examples of beams with various edge conditions are analysed for deflections and natural frequencies, and the results are compared with those reported in the literature.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170603
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    One-dimensional finite element method in hydrodynamic stability (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 853-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The stability of plane Poiseuille flow and circular Couette flow are examined with respect to linear azimuthally periodic disturbances by the finite element method. In the case of Couette motion, solutions are obtained for a narrow gap, a wide gap and a dilute polymer solution with an elongational viscosity in the narrow gap limit when both cylinders rotate at almost equal speed in the same direction. Results are in good agreement with previous calculations by other numerical methods.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170604
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  • 109
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Consistent use of finite elements in time and the performance of various recurrence schemes for the heat diffusion equation (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 931-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The use of the finite element concept in the time domain has resulted in a reinterpretation of many previously recorded recurrence formulae and the discovery of new ones. An important new feature common to all such schemes is the fact that a weighted forcing term is used. This precludes the application of unrealistic forcing terms resulting in a direct finite difference derivation and ‘smooths’ oscillation due to sudden changes of boundary condition. This problem is discussed in the context of various two- and three-level time schemes.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170609
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  • 110
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite element analysis of time-dependent inelastic deformation in the presence of transient thermal stresses (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 909-921 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element formulation for the solution of time-dependent inelastic deformation problems for metallic structures, in the presence of transient thermal stresses, is presented in this paper. A rate formulation of the equations is used and any of a number of recently proposed combined creep-plasticity constitutive models with state variables can be adopted to describe material behaviour. The computer program developed can solve planar (plane strain and stress) and axisymmetric problems. Using one of the above-mentioned constitutive models, numerical results are presented for several illustrative problems, and comparisons of results, using either the quasi-steady or the unsteady diffusion equation for the determination of the temperature field, are carried out.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170607
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  • 111
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quadrilateral element with semi-radial singularity mapping (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1045-1067 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The singularity mapping elementology based on the constant and semi-radial field conditions is presented in an originally quadrilateral finite element. With the complete evaluations of singularities in the stress and strain as well as of the strain energy finiteness, it is demonstrated that this singularity element family is highly versatile. Differences and some identities between the semi-radial mapping and the so-called quarter-point mapping are also examined.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170707
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  • 112
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Finite elements in plasticity - theory and practice, D. R. J. Owen and E. Hinton, Pineridge Press, Swansea (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1119-1119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170712
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  • 113
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    Electronic Resource
    Finite element solution of the Navier-Stokes equations in rotating flow (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1123-1146 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The viscous incompressible rotating flow in a shrouded rotor geometry is solved by the finite element method, using the complete three-dimensional (axisymmetric) Navier-Stokes equations. Solutions to classical as well as to previously unsolved rotating flow problems are given and discussed.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170802
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A finite element method with a hybrid lagrange line for fluid mechanics problems involving large free surface motion (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1201-1231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, free surface flow problems involving large free surface motion are analysed using finite element techniques. In solving these problems a spatially fixed Eulerian mesh is employed, in conjunction with a moving Lagrangian free surface line. The coupling, between the equations valid on the free surface and the equations valid on the fluid domain, is carried out using hybrid finite element techniques. Physical problems involving solitary wave propagation, sloshing dynamics and porous media flow are analysed to demonstrate the developed technique.
    Additional Material: 32 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170807
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ill-conditioning resulting from reduced integration (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1279-1280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170811
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Production and assessment of numerical software, Edited by M. A. Hennell and L. M. Delves, Academic Press, 1980. No. of Pages: 386. Price: £15 (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1281-1281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170812
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  • 117
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A fast stiffness formulation for finite element analysis of two-dimensional solids (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1313-1323 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes and efficient method for computing two-dimensional element stiffness matrices. It is a generalization of the algorithm given by Taylor. 1Theory is developed for elements which are loaded under plane stress, plane strain or axisymmetric conditions, and two FORTRAN IV subroutines are included. These subroutines, which are presented in a modular form, are applicable to any type of serendipity, Lagrangian or triangular element, and may be incorporated into a user's library. Alternatively, if desired, the relevant code may be embedded directly into existing stiffness generation routines.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170903
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  • 118
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    Finite element analysis of harmonic waves in layered and fibre-reinforced composites (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1335-1353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of harmonic waves in layered and fibre-reinforced composites is solved by a method of finite elements. Piecewise linear approximating functions are used for the displacement and stress fields in a mixed variational formulation, recently proposed by one of the writers in the form of a new quotient. Numerical computations are made for approximate phase-velocities of harmonic waves in layered composites, where asymmetric and symmetric triangular meshes, and square meshes with interior nodes, are used. To illustrate the accuracy and effectiveness of the method, these approximate solutions are compared with those given by means of exponential test functions, and the exact ones by Rytov, etc. Calculations are also performed for harmonic waves in fibre-reinforced composites. Dispersion curves for these waves are obtained and displayed graphically.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170905
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  • 119
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    Announcements (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1441-1442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170913
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  • 120
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved iteration strategy for nonlinear structures (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1455-1467 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A solution strategy for the analysis of nonlinear structures is described. The strategy is a simple extension of existing Newton-type procedures, and can easily be incorporated into existing computer programs.Earlier work which contributed to the development of the strategy is reviewed and the theory of the procedure is presented. Six examples, covering several different types of structural behaviour are described. These examples suggest that the strategy is remarkably stable and efficient.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171003
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  • 121
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An algorithm for frontwidth reduction (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1539-1546 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an algorithm for obtaining a small frontwidth. This feature is of interest when employing the frontal technique for solution of systems of linear equations in the finite element method. The performance of the algorithm is assessed by several examples at the end of the paper.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171008
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  • 122
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    Comparison of boundary element and finite element methods in the inelastic torsion of prismatic shafts (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1576-1588 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The accuracy and computational efficiency of the boundary element and the finite element methods are compared in this paper for problems of time-dependent inelastic torsion of prismatic shafts. Several cross-sections and two types of twisting history are considered in the numerical examples. The shaft material is assumed to obey an elastic-time hardening creep constitutive model.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171011
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  • 123
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    An algorithm for the calculation of poisson's equation in 2-d semiconductor problems (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1591-1604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A robust algorithm is described for the solution of the highly nonlinear potential problem in the analysis of semiconductors under a zero current assumption. Some examples are given showing the use of the algorithm.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171102
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  • 124
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    Mixed interpolation in primitive variable finite element formulations for incompressible flow (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1659-1688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper shows that mixed interpolation is required because of the nature of the pressure terms in the equations. These lead to finite element equations which in many circumstances do not uniquely determine the pressure, if the same interpolations are used for pressure and velocities.Several new combinations of pressure and velocity interpolation are analysed with the aid of a novel diagrammatic technique. In particular we consider some very interesting combinations in which, over nearly all the flow, the pressure and velocity are approximated on elements by biquadratic polynomials which are continuous across element boundaries.The theory of this paper is shown to be in complete agreement with numerical experiment.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171107
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  • 125
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    Transmitting boundaries for time-harmonic elastodynamics on infinite domains (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1697-1716 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element method with transmitting boundary is developed for time-harmonic elastodynamics on infinite domains. Only a finite inner domain needs to be discretized into conventional finite elements, while the effect of the exterior domain is simulated by introducing the transmitting boundary stiffness matrix on the degrees-of-freedom of the transmitting boundary nodes. In order to incorporate the Sommerfeld radiation condition, the reciprocity relation, on the transmitting boundary for the radiating elastodynamic state under consideration and the one which is induced by a finite number of point source is used to calculate the transmitting boundary stiffness matrix. The effectiveness of the transmitting boundary technique has been demonstrated by solving the stress concentration problems of a homogeneous isotropic full space with a circular cylindrical cavity and of the one with a spherical cavity, which are subjected to plane incident waves, and the results are compared with the ones of the conventional FEM and the exact data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171109
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  • 126
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    Further developments in transient and pseudo-transient analysis of Mindlin plates (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1749-1761 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Some recent developments are presented on a unified approach to the static and transient dynamic geometrically nonlinear analysis of Mindlin plates with initial imperfections.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171202
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  • 127
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    Calculation of sensitivity derivatives in thermal problems by finite differences (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1811-1821 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The transient thermal analysis of large aerospace vehicles such as the space shuttle requires models with thousands of degrees-of-freedom. The design of thermal protection systems for such vehicles requires the repetitive thermal analysis of the vehicle and the calculation of sensitivities - derivatives of the transient response with respect to design parameters. When the number of design parameters is large, the cost of the sensitivity calculations may become prohibitive. The present work is concerned with reducing the computational cost and errors in sensitivity calculations with one of the simplest available methods - the finite difference approach. A technique for calculating simultaneously the nominal and perturbed solutions required for the finite difference derivative is proposed. An expression for the optimum value of the perturbation parameter is obtained which permits reducing the computational error. An insulated cylinder is used as an example which demonstrates that significant improvements in accuracy and efficiency may be obtained.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171206
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  • 128
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    On the accuracy of polynomial finite elements for crack problems (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1835-1842 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A square tensile sheet with symmetric edge cracks is analysed by the finite element method to demonstrate the accuracy obtained with polynomial elements when the mesh patterns are chosen on the basis of the element's interpolation functions. Numerical results are provided for the accuracy of the total strain energy, the stress intensity factor, and the numerical condition of the global stiffness matrix. The stress intensity factor is determined to within 1.0 per cent accuracy using quadratic (linear strain) triangular elements with only 138 degrees-of-freedom.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171208
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  • 129
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    Masthead (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170101
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  • 130
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    The use of time domain diakoptics in time discrete models of fields (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1-14 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The principles of diakoptics are extended to time domain solutions and the technique is applied to the solution of fields by introducing space approximating polynomials. Since transmission-line networks provide time-discrete models suitable for exact numerical analysis, the topic is approached by tearing these transmission-line models and then showing how reconnection is made in the time domain.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170102
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  • 131
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    High order three-dimensional hybrid-stress elements for thick-plate analysis (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 53-69 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two alternative hybrid-stress based three-dimensional elements are presented. These elements are intended for use in the analysis of thick plates for which the through-thickness variation of displacement and stress may be of high order, and in which a single element is to be used through the thickness of the plate. For both elements, the displacement assumption allows for cubic through-thickness variation in the inplane displacements, and quadratic through-thickness variation for the transverse displacement. The elements differ in the stress assumption used. In the first element, the z variations in the stress components are chosen to be consistent with the z variations of the strain distribution calculated from the displacement assumption, and the traction boundary conditions at the upper and lower surfaces are satisfied in the weighted integral sense. In the second element, the z variations in the stress components are chosen to achieve consistency with respect to the equilibrium equations, and the traction-free conditions at the upper and lower surface of the plate are satisfied exactly. The example problem of a semi-infinite, simply-supported thick plate under transverse sinusoidal loading is considered. Results obtained by using each of these elements are compared with available elasticity and approximate solutions, and an assessment of the relative merits and range of applicability of each element is made.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170105
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  • 132
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    Axially symmetrical compressible flow in variable area ducts (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 140-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170112
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    Masthead (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170201
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  • 134
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    A family of variable section curved beam and thick-shell or membrane-stiffening isoparametric elements (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 171-186 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A family of isoparametric curved beam elements of a general, compact cross-section is introduced. The formulation is based on beam theory and takes into account both transverse shear deformation and shear centre location. The elements exhibit the required displacement compatbility with Ahmad's superparametric thick-shell elements and isoparametric membrane elements. Examples presented at the end of the paper illustrate the validity of the formulation and the possibility of practical application of the elements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170203
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  • 135
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    A ψ-ω finite element formulations for the Navier-Stokes equations (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 199-212 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new method of solving the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations by using the finite element method is proposed. The flow is represented by the stream function-vorticity formulation and the no-slip boundary conditions are explicitly introduced in the nonlinear equations. This formulation coupled with the Newton-Raphson method enables the study of stationary flows for high Reynolds number, without any convergence problem. A number of flow problems are analysed in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the present formulation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170205
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    Efficient calculation of numerical values of a polyhedral function (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 231-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Some applications require the repeated calculation of numerical values of a polyhedral function at points specified by their co-ordinates. The function is usually defined by some simple interpolation over each of the finite elements of a given mesh. A necessary step for the calculation of the value of the function at a given point is to determine to which element the point belongs. Such a determination can be efficiently accomplished by establishing a correspondence between the cells of some suitably defined regular mesh and the finite elements. Then, for each given point, the cell to which the point belongs is determined and the elements associated with that cell are inspected. This method is described and discussed in the text, and compared with two other less efficient methods with the help of numerical examples.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170207
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    Numerical integration of structural dynamics equations including natural damping and periodic forcing terms (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 281-289 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper shows that it is comparatively simple to analyse algorithms for the numerical integration of the Space discretized equations from structural dynamics when applied to \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\ddot x + \mu \dot x\omega ^2 x = p{\rm e}^{ist} $\end{document}, instead of the usual \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \ddot x + \omega ^2 x = 0 $\end{document}, and suggests that this should be done in order to gain some insight into the effect with natural damping and/or a periodic forcing term. The method is illustrated on some three- and four-time-level schemes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170211
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    Prediction methods for turbulent flows, Edited by W. Koallmann, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, D.C. No. of Pages: 468. price: $47.50 (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 309-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170216
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    The nature of structural design and safety, by David Blockley, Ellis Horwood Limited, Chichester. Price: £25·00 (hardback); £12·50/$33·00 (paperback) (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 311-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170218
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  • 140
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    Finite element analysis of deformation of strain-softening materials (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 327-334 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element analysis of strain-softening materials is presented in which the shear band of prescribed thickness is assumed to exist within elements where maximal stress intensity is reached. The incremental stiffness matrix of the element is derived including shear band deformation. Examples presented in the Paper demonstrate that the load-displacement curve and the displacement field are not sensitive to the mesh size used in the solution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170303
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    Inverse problems in structural dynamics - II. Applications (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 367-386 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170307
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  • 142
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    Improved hybrid-stress axisymmetric elements includng behaviour for nearly incompressible materials (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 483-501 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A series of 4-node axisymmetric solid-of-revolution elements with quadrilateral cross-section are developed based on the hybrid-stress finite element model. The displacement interpolation is identical, and the elements differ in the stress field chosen; alternative schemes for selection of stress distribution are investigated. The performance of these elements is assessed and compared for the example problems of a thick cylinder and thick sphere under internal pressure. Of particular importance are convergence, intra-element stress distributions, and element performance as the incompressible state is approached.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170402
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  • 143
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    Dynamic stress concentration studies by boundary integrals and Laplace transform (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 573-599 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The dynamic stress field and its concentrations around holes of arbitrary shape in infinitely extended bodies under plane stress or plane strain conditions are numerically determined. The material may be linear elastic or viscoelastic, while the dynamic load consists of plane compressional waves of harmonic or general transient nature. The method consists of applying the Laplace transform with respect to time to the governing equations of motion and formulating and solving the problem numerically in the transfomed domain by the boundary integral equation method. The stress field can then be obtaind by a numerical inversion of the trasformed solution. The correspondence principle is invoked for the case of viscoelastic material behavious. The method is simplified for the case of harmonic waves where no numerical inversion is involved.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170407
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  • 144
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    Computing methods in applied sciences and engineering, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Computing Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, Versailles, France, 10-14 December 1979. Edited by R. Glowinski and J. L. Lions. Published by North-Holland, 1980. No. of pages: 724. Price: $68.25 (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 479-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170317
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  • 145
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    Cubic spline boundary elements (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 543-556 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The boundary integral method is formulated and applied using cubic spline interpolation along the boundary for both the geometry and the primary variables. The cubic spline interpolation has continuous first and second derivatives between elements, thus allowing the accurate calculation of derivative dependent functions (on the boundary) such as velocity in potential flow. The spline functions also smooth the geometry and can represent curved sections with fewer nodes.The results of numerical experiments indicate that the accuracy of the boundary integral equation method is improved for a given number of elements by using cubic spline interpolation. It is, however, necessary to use numerical quadrature. The quadrature slows calculation and/or degrades the accuracy. The numerical experiments indicate that most problems run faster for a given accuracy using linear interpolation. There seems to be a class of problems, however, which requires higher order interpolation and/or continuous derivatives for which the cubic spline interpolation works much better than linear interpolation.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170405
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  • 146
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    A selective relaxation iterative solution technique for nonlinear structural analysis problems (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 773-783 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A series of algorithms, to solve the nonlinear algebraic equations resulting from nonlinear finite element models, are proposed. These algorithms involve a selective relaxation of the corrections defined by the modified Newton method. The resulting techniques accelerate the convergence of the modified Newton method. The improved convergence rate is obtained at the expense of a small increase in storage requirements. The results of numerical experiments, on certain nonlinear elasticity problems, are presented to verify the developed techniques.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170509
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    Stabtragwerke, Matrizen - Methoden der Statik und Dynamik, Teil I: Statik, by M. Lawo and G. Thierauf, Vieweg, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden, 1980, (in German). No. of Pages: 476. Price: DM 86. ISBN 3-528-08670X (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 796-796 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170512
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  • 148
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    Analysis of axisymmetric structures under arbitrary loading using the hybrid-stress model (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 801-828 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The analysis of axisymmetric structures in which geometric and material properties are independent of the circumferential co-ordinate, but for which loading may be dependent on this co-ordinate, is considered. The analysis is performed by expressing the field variables in a Fourier series and results in the solutions of a series of two-dimensional problems. The assumed-stress hybrid model is used and the element matrices for each harmonic are derived. To assess the procedure, two-4 node elements, differing in the form of the assumed stress field, are developed; both elements are shown to possess the correct rank. A series of example problems are considered, and the better of the two elements is identified.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170602
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    A conforming solution to curved plate bending problems (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 879-907 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A curved triangular element for plate bending is developed, using the displacement method of formulation. The element has one outwardly curved side and conforms on an arbitrary quadratic boundary.To the user, the element appears as a single curved triangle. Internally, however, the element is subdivided into a straight-sided triangle and a ‘curved segment’. The straight-sided triangle is extensively documented in the literature2-5 and is referred to in the paper as the Cowper triangle. The curved segment is a two-noded element with 12 degrees-of-freedom. It has one straight side and one curved side.Independent expansions are assumed in each domain and explicit shape functions derived. The theoretical solution to a few practical problems is contained in each of the two expansions. In such cases, the curved triangle produces perfect results. Otherwise, the accuracy is of the same order as that obtained in similar problems with straight boundaries.The method is easily extended to elements of higher order.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170606
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    Announcements (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 951-956 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170611
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    Masthead (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170701
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  • 152
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    Galerkin and collocation-Galerkin methods with superconvergence and optimal fluxes (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 939-950 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite element methods are formulated and investigated for the effectiveness factor problem for heat and mass transfer with chemical reactions in catalyst pellet models. A Galerkin finite element method is compared with a previous C1 collocation method7. A scheme that is conceptually intermediate between these two methods and accordingly has been termed collocation-Galerkin is formulated and numerical experiments considered. Of particular interest here are superconvergence results at the Gauss and Jacobi points, respectively. Numerical studies of superconvergence in the presence of a nonlinear reaction-rate term are presented. An integral formula is devised and used to compute the flux at the pellet surface to optimal accuracy. Numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the improvement in computed fluxes.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170610
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    Influence of aerodynamics on the critical parameters of thermal ignition (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1081-1091 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical analysis of the critical conditions of thermal ignition for a two-dimensional cylindrical reactor with flow field occurrence was carried out. The critical conditions of thermal ignition were defined as bifurcation points of the limit type. The dependence of the bifurcation points on aerodynamics was analysed by a sequential variation of the Peclet number. The flow field in the reactor was generated previously by a numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations.The nonlinear parabolic equation of heat balance and linear eigenvalue boundary problems occurring in the proposed non-stationary method for calculating the bifurcation points was solved numerically using the finite difference technique.It was shown that the critical points of thermal ignition form a surface bounded by the line of ‘limit of criticality’ in the parameter space. For large values of the Peclet number, the dependence of the critical parameter of ignition on Peclet number becomes linear.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170709
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    Collocation methods and the solution of conduction-convection problems (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1093-1101 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The upwinded finite element method was introduced for the solution of conduction-convection problems by considering the model problem, u″-Ku′=0, K〉0, subject to the boundary conditions u(0)=1, u(1)=0. In this paper we consider the solution of this problem by the collocation method using piecewise cubic Hermite polynomials and a uniform grid. We consider the collocation points to be arbitrary parameters which enable us to express the collocation points in terms of the upwinding parameter of the upwinded finite element method. Various choices of the collocation points, including values which lead to complete accuracy in the nodal function values as well as the nodal values of the derivatives are discussed. Finally, we discuss the application of these points to slightly more general problems. Numerical results illustrating the behaviour of these points are given.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170710
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    Masthead (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170801
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    Solution of quasi-harmonic equations through the combined finite element-transfer matrix method (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1161-1175 
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    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The extension of a combined finite element-transfer matrix method to problems governed by quasi-harmonic equations is presented.Particular emphasis is given to heat conduction, and numerical results are presented for this type of problem (steady and transient cases).The principal advantage of the method with respect to finite elements concerns the minor dimension of the last matrix formulation which quite often implies a reduced computational burden.The accuracy of the method is considered by comparing the numerical results with some available analytical solutions for slabs: an excellent agreement is effectively obtained.No particular restrictions to the application of the method exist, and quite complex systems may be considered, provided that a suitable subdivision into strips and elements of the relevant region is carried out.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170804
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    A finite element solution for the two-dimensional elastic contact problems with friction (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1257-1271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical procedure developed for solving the two-dimensional elastic contact problems with friction is presented. This is a generalization of a procedure developed by Francavilla and Zienkiewicz to include frictional effects under proportionate loading. The method uses the flexibility matrix obtained by inversion of condensed stiffness matrix formed by eliminating all the nodes except those where contact is likely to take place and those with external forces. Compatibility of displacements for both normal and tangential directions is applied to those nodes which do not slip. However, for the nodes which slip, compatibility of displacements is applied for normal direction only and slip condition is applied in the tangential direction. The technique has been applied to several problems and very good results have been obtained. The number of iterations needed are very small.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170809
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    Announcements (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1282-1284 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170814
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    Cost-efficiency study of various methods for solving the seepage through dam problem using variational inequalities (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1325-1333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170904
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  • 160
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    Quadratic and cubic transition elements (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1397-1406 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Quadratic and cubic quadrilateral isoparametric elements are investigated for use as transition elements for use a crack tip elements. Computations for a single element are explicitly carried out using a symbolic algebraic manipulation program and in addition to the desired square root singularity, additional singularities are revealed. Cubic transitional elements were used for a double-edge crack problem and only marginal improvement is found for a well-laid out grid.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170908
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  • 161
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    A novel organization of finite element calculations and homogeneous structures (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1430-1435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170911
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    Nonlinear finite element computation of the equilibrium and stability of the circular plate (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1436-1440 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620170912
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  • 163
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    A numerical method for the biharmonic problem (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1515-1523 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171006
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  • 164
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    Computation of limit loads (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1547-1570 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For computing the collapse state of a perfect plastic continuum we suggest a mixed finite element approximation to the infinite dimensional mathematical programming problem of limit analysis. The convergence of the limit load to the exact solution is discussed, as well as solution methods for the discrete problem. Finally the method is applied to a classical problem in plane strain.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    Variational methods in the mechanics of solids, Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium held at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, September 1978, Edited by S. Nemat-Nasser, Pergamon Press, 1980. No. of pages: 426. Price: $100.00. 024728 8 (h) (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1589-1589 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171012
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  • 166
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    Finite element analysis of an eddy current induced in thin structures of a magnetic fusion reactor (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1613-1629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171104
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  • 167
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    Practical stability test for finite elements with reduced integration (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1689-1695 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An easy to use stability test is presented for finite elements which are under- or selectively-integrated. This test is reminiscent of the patch test in that it must be applied only to one prototype element, and it is a sufficient test for the nonsingularity of the global coefficient matrix. The minimum number of integration points which can be used with each of several common one-, two- and three-dimensional elements for a variety of steady-state and time-dependent, scalar boundary value problems are given.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171108
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    Mesh refinement and iterative solution methods for finite element computations (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1717-1734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Global and element residuals are introduced to determine a posteriori, computable, error bounds for finite element computations on a given mesh. The element residuals provide a criterion for determining where a finite element mesh requires refinement. This indicator is implemented in an algorithm in a finite element research program. There it is utilized to automatically refine the mesh for sample two-point problems exhibiting boundary layer and interior layer solutions. Results for both linear and nonlinear problems are presented. An important aspect of this investigation concerns the use of adaptive refinement in conjunction with iterative methods for system solution. As the mesh is being enriched through the refinement process, the solution on a given mesh provides an accurate starting iterate for the next mesh, and so on. A wide range of iterative methods are examined in a feasibility study and strategies for interweaving refinement and iteration are compared.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171110
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    Masthead (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171201
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    A finite element formulation based on Nadai's deformation theory for elasto-plastic analysis (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1861-1876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method of the Newton-Raphson type is presented for elasto-plastic analysis using the finite element method. The method is developed from Nadai's deformation theory and Hooke's law. Numerical examples are used to show that the method provides very rapid solution convergence.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 171
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    Discrete and non-discrete mixed methods for plate bending analysis (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1843-1859 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For plate bending analysis, both discrete and non-discrete mixed methods are presented by using spline functions in the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle. Piecewise spline interpolation with local supports and overall spline interpolation with boundary knots are applied to each of two mixed functionals. The prescribed boundary conditions can be considered by multiple boundary knots. The convergence behaviour of the mixed methods presented is studied. Numerical examples show that a high degree of accuracy can be obtained due to continuous properties in the high derivatives of the employed shape functions. The proposed mixed methods are found to be very competitive with other numerical methods for plate bending problems.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171209
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    Announcement (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1890-1890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171215
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    On the computation of numerical derivatives by cubic splines (1981)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 17 (1981), S. 1882-1887 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method for improving the computational accuracy of numerical derivatives based on cubic splines and computed from a given set of function values with possible errors is described. The method incorporates smoothing, a derivative profile and/or numerical derivatives in the computational process by solving a pentadiagonal system of linear equations. Results comparing the derivatives computed by the present method, cubic spline and finite differences are given.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nme.1620171212
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  • 174
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    Vasculogenesis of the bursa cloacalis (bursa of Fabricius) of the chick embryo (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Vasculogenesis of the bursa cloacalis (bursa of Fabricius) was examined in 10- to 21-day chick embryos and in chicks during the first 5 days post-hatching. The entire circulatory system was injected with India ink, and the bursae were then removed and either cleared for examination in toto or sectioned serially. The bursa was supplied by three pairs of extrinsic blood vessels. At 10 and 11 days of incubation, most intrinsic vessels were arranged in a superficial, hexagonal network. In regions of developing plicae, the hexagonal plexus extended into the core of each plica, forming middle plical vessels. The latter were interconnected across interplical areas by cross-connecting vessels. The middle plical vessels gave rise to small capillary offshoots, which soon increased in complexity, forming delicate loops. Branches extended from these loops through the subepithelial lamina propria to incipient epithelial buds by 12 days of incubation. All epithelial buds were supplied by at least one such branch, and similar branches extended to the basal aspect of the epithelium in areas where epithelial buds had not yet formed. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that blood vessels induce formation of epithelial buds. At about 15 days of incubation, the cortex and medulla of each developing lymphatic follicle were defined clearly, and an intricate, web-like, capillary network coursed throughout the follicular cortex. The medulla appeared to be devoid of capillaries. The diameters of all intrinsic and extrinsic bursal blood vessels gradually increased throughout development. During post-hatching stages, the diameters of the extrinsic vessels continued to increase, whereas those of the intrinsic vessels were markedly decreased from late pre-hatching stages.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051670104
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    An investigation of the prolactin-thyroxine synergism in newt limb regeneration (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The use of hormone replacement to support limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts has been the subject of many investigations. Growth hormone, as well as prolactin (PL) in combination with exogenously supplied thyroxine, have all been shown to he effective. However, the bovine growth hormone used to support limb regeneration was contaminated by prolactin and thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH). The present investigation evaluates the significance of (1) prolactin contamination and (2) endogenous thyroxine synthesis resulting from TSH contamination on limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts. The effect of supplying exogenous thyroxine was also evaluated. Our studies showed that when hypophysectomized newts were injected with contamination levels of PL and TSH, regeneration occurred, suggesting that the newt's thyroid synthesized sufficient thyroxine to support a prolactin-thyroxine synergism. The endogenous thyroxine was synthesized by thyroid glands that were indistinguishable from those of saline-injected, hypophysectomized controls.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051670109
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    The effects of androgens on the β-glands of the tokay (Gekko gecko): Modification of an hypothesis (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Study of the posterior abdominal epidermis in hypophysectomized/thyroidectomized male and female tokays following surgery, and subsequent androgen therapy, indicates that, contrary to a previous model, all aspects of β-gland differentiation are under direct androgenic control. On the other hand, another epidermal specialization, the digital foot-pad, shows a pattern of histogenesis directly comparable to that of β-glands, but is unaffected by androgens. These data are discussed with respect to the evolution of glandular epidermal specializations in gekkonid lizards and the possible role of androgens in modifying the control of cell differentiation in lizard epidermis.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051670110
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    Ontogeny and phylogeny of tooth attachment modes in actinopterygian fishes (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 167-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are four major tooth attachment modes in actinopterygians. Type 1 mode is characterized by complete ankylosis of the tooth to the attachment bone; it is the primitive attachment mode for actinopterygians. In Type 2 mode there is a ring of collagen between the tooth base and the bone. In Type 3 mode mineralization extends near or to the bone at the anterior tooth border, and there is a relatively large collagen area on the posterior surface of the tooth; Type 3 teeth are hinged with an anterior axis of rotation. Type 4 teeth also have a relatively large posterior collagen area, but there is no collagenous connection between the anterior basal tooth border and the attachment bone; Type 4 teeth are hinged, with a posterior axis of rotation. Types 2, 3, and 4 attachment modes appear to result from retardation of mineralization and resemble, with some modifications, ontogenetic stages in the development of Type 1 mode; they are considered to be paedomorphic features. Attachment modes 2, 3, and 4 are each associated with a major evolutionary lineage within the Teleostei. The degree to which paedomorphosis has been a factor in teleostean evolution is discussed.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051670203
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    Heterochronic mechanisms of morphological diversification and evolutionary change in the neotropical salamander, Bolitoglossa occidentalis (Amphibia: Plethodontidae) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 249-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Bolitoglossa occidentalis, a lowland salamander of Mexico and Guatemala, has a highly derived morphology. The features that are derived with respect to the condition in generalized members of the genus include the following: (1) small body size; (2) short tail; (3) fully webbed hands and feet; (4) reduction and loss of certain phalangeal elements; (5) fusion of carpals and tarsals; (6) absence of prefrontal bones; and (7) reduced skull ossification. The ontogeny of this species was analyzed quantitatively and compared with the patterns of growth and differentiation encountered in two morphologically generalized members of the genus, B. rostrata and B. subpalmata. Most of the derived features can be explained by invoking a single heterochronic process: truncation of development at a small size (most likely the product of early maturation). Therefore, B. occidentalis is a paedomorphic species whose morphology has been attained through the process of progenesis. This result supports Alberch's ('80a) prediction, based on functional analysis, that the principle adaptation to arboreality in B. occidentalis is small size; other derived morphological features are associated with the organism's truncated development and may have no adaptive significance. However, patterns of dissociation are found within this overall progenetic process. Some of these include the following: (1) accelerated growth rates of the metatarsals and first phalanges, and retarded growth rates of the second and third phalangeal elements; (2) dissociation between rates of ossification of the skull and the autopodial elements; and (3) dissociation between the timing of termination of the process of shape change during the ontogeny of the foot (the product of differential growth between digital and interdigital areas) and termination of growth in overall foot size (foot surface area). This later result illustrates the independence of morphogenetic phenomena (shape change) from processes of growth (size increase).
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051670208
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    Embryonic stages of Gastrotheca riobambae (fowler) during maternal incubation and comparison of development with that of other egg-brooding hylid frogs (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 277-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A table of development (25 stages) for the period of incubation in the pouch was constructed for Gastrotheca riobambae; it can be used to stage embryos of other egg-brooding hylids. Analysis of embryonic weights during incubation shows that the mother does not contribute nutrients, but gases and other factors are probably exchanged between mother and embryos.According to species, incubation on the back of the mother is carried to the froglet or to the tadpole stages. Development in these hylids is characterized by specialized gills, the bell gills derived from the branchial arches. In some species, the bell gills derive from the first branchial arch and cover less than 50% of the embryo, while in others, the bell gills come from both branchial arches I and II and cover from less than 50% to 100% of the embryo. The most complex bell gills derive from the fusion of the two branchial arches.The majority of egg-brooding hylids live in tropical forests and carry development to the froglet stage. Tadpoles are produced by species of Flectonotus, Fritziana, and Gastrotheca. Tadpole-producing species of Gastrotheca have the most complex reproductive adaptations among egg-brooding hylids Acceleration and retardation in development seem to have played important roles in the evolution of these frogs. The evolutionary trend has been toward direct development, i.e., disappearance of the free-living larval stages through maternal incubation, and later to a recovery of the free-living tadpole stages in species of Gastrotheca with the most complex reproductive adaptations.
    Additional Material: 32 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051670303
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    Structure, histochemistry, ontogenetic development, and regeneration of the ocellus of Cladonema radiatum dujardin (cnidaria, hydrozoa, anthomedusae) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 167 (1981), S. 313-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The ectodermal eyes, 45-55 μm in diameter, of the cnidarian hydrozoan Cladonema radiatum Dujardin possess a lens approximately 15 μm in diameter enveloped by an eyecup (retina). An overlying layer of intensely vacuolated distal process of the adjoining epithelial cells forms a transparent cornea. The eyecup is composed of three cell types: basal cells, melanin-containing pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells. The last two cell types occur in the ratio of approximately 2:1. Histogenesis of the eye both during ontogeny and regeneration is described from light and electron microscopic investigations. During ontogeny the cell types forming the retina are derived from a compact group of morphologically undifferentiated cells, but during regeneration a primordium is formed by regeneration cells. In both cases the lens is built from distal nonnucleated cytoplasmic portions pinched off from the pigment cells. The cornea is formed by distal lamellar processes of the ocellus adjoining the epithelial cells. Through EM-histochemical methods (silver impregnation and DOPA-oxidase reaction) the pigment of the chromatophores of the retina was identified as melanin.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051670306
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    Announcement (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 247-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680211
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680301
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  • 183
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    Patterns of olfactory projections in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 189-227 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The neural organization of the olfactory system in the desert iguana, Dipsosaurus dorsalis, has been investigated by using the Fink-Heimer technique to trace the efferents of the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and Golgi preparations to determine the spatial relations between olfactory afferents and neurons in the primary olfactory centers.The accessory olfactory bulb projects to the ipsilateral nucleus sphericus via the accessory olfactory tract. The main olfactory bulb projects to the ipsilateral telen-cephalon via four tracts. The medial olfactory tract projects to the rostral continuation of medial cortex and to the septum. The intermediate olfactory tract projects to the olfactory tubercle and retrobulbar formation. The lateral olfactory tract projects to the rostral part of lateral cortex. The intermediate and lateral olfactory tracts also merge caudally to form the stria medullaris, which crosses the midline in the habenular commissure and distributes fibers to the contralateral hemisphere via two tracts. The lateral corticohabenular tract terminates in the contralateral lateral cortex. The anterior olfactohabenular tract terminates in the contralateral olfactory tubercle, retrobulbar formation and septum.The relation of olfactory afferents to neurons in the medial cortex, lateral cortex, nucleus sphericus, and septum corresponds to a pattern of organization that is typical of many olfactorecipient structures. Such structures are trilaminar, with neurons whose somata are situated in the intermediate layer (layer 2) sending spine-laden dendrites into an outer, molecular layer (layer 1). Olfactory afferents intersect the distal segments of these dendrites. By contrast, other olfactorecipient structures in Dipsoaurus deviate from the familiar pattern. Olfactory afferents intersect somata lying in layer 2 of the retrobulbar formation. Olfactory afferents include some fibers which course perpendicularly to the surface of the olfactory tubercle and extend deep to layer 2.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680208
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    Observations on preadipocytes and their distribution patterns in rat adipose tissue (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 281-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Microscopic examination of adipocytes isolated from adult rat epididymal adipose tissue revealed numerous small cells (〈 10 μm) morphologically similar to larger adipocytes. These small adipocytes appear identical to a new classification of adipose cells termed preadipocytes. Electron micrographs of these preadipocytes revealed examples of cells 〈 10 μm in diameter in various stages of maturation and lipid accumulation. The percent distribution pattern of these small adipocytes was not significantly altered by exercise although exercise shifted the distribution patterns of the larger cells (〉 30 μm) toward a smaller mean cell size. The quantitative significance of preadipocytes is not established but these preliminary observations indicate that adipocytes 〈 10 μm in diameter may account for a numerically greater proportion of the total adipocytes observed in collagenase isolated preparations than heretofore recognized, although their contribution to total adipose mass is probably negligible.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680304
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  • 185
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    Hormone dependent changes in the apical connective tissue during early stages of forelimb regeneration in the hypophysectomized newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 297-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: When a newt is hypophysectomized prior to or at the time of forelimb amputation a dermal barrier eventually forms between the apical cap of epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal tissues, and the typical regeneration response is transformed to a wound-healing morphology. When hypophysectomized newts are injected on continuous alternate days beginning either at the time of amputation or following a fifteen-day delay, with either growth hormone (GH) or prolactin in combination with thyroxine (PLT4), normal regeneration occurs. Our experiment was designed to examine critically the early changes occurring in apical connective tissue that had been allowed to form as a consequence of hypophysectomy prior to forelimb amputation. Adult newts were hypophysectomized and five days later both forelimbs were amputated distal to the elbow. Following a delay of eight days, to permit the formation of connective tissue beneath the apical epithelium, they were injected intraperitoneally on successive alternate days with GH or with PL in combination with T4 in the aquarium water. The apical connective tissue of the limb stumps underwent a progressive erosion and became discontinuous by day 4. The limb morphology of hypophysectomized newts receiving ACTH or PL or maintained in thyroxine was virtually identical to sham-injected hypophysectomized controls. It appears that an initial effect of GH or PLT4 therapy is to establish the epithelial-mesenchymal interface that previously has been suggested to be a requisite for the regenerative event.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680306
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  • 186
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    External features of embryonic development of a jumping bristletail, Pedetontus unimaculatus Machida (Insecta, Thysanura, Machilidae)Contributions from Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University Of Tsukuba, no. 56. (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 339-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external features of the embryo and the first instar larva of Pedetontus unimaculatus are described. Blastokinesis of P. unimaculatus is very similar to that of Petrobius brevistylis (Larink, '69), but differs from that of Machilis alternata (Heymons and Heymons, '05). The superficial structures of three pairs of protocerebral lobes are present. The terga of the mandibular, maxillary, and labial segments take part in the formation of the head capsule. In the maxilla and labium, the palpi are homologous with the telopodites of the legs; the other parts proximal to the palpi are homologous with the coxopodites. No sternal element contributes to the postmentum. Both glossa and paraglossa consist of two lobes. The pleuropodium, stylus and ventral sac are derived from distal parts of appendage anlagen. The pleuropodium of the first abdominal segment is homologous with the styli of the successive abdominal segments; the ventral sacs of succeeding segments are serially homologous. The basal parts of appendage anlagen cover each sternum in the first to ninth abdominal segments to form coxites, which are therefore appendicular in origin. The basal part of the cercus also covers the ventral and lateral surfaces of the eleventh abdominal segment.
    Additional Material: 42 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680310
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  • 187
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    The embryonic development of the primitive moth, Neomicropteryx nipponensis Issiki (lepidoptera, micropterygidae): Morphogenesis of the embryo by external observation (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 49-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The micropterygid moth Neomicropteryx nipponensis belongs to the most primitive suborder Zeugloptera of the Lepidoptera. During embryogenesis the small circular germ disk formed on the ventral egg surface invaginates deeply into the yolk. It finally separates from the egg periphery or rudimentary serosa, and becomes a sac-shaped germ rudiment. Its anterior part later develops into the germ band, while its posterior part is the future amnion. Just before revolution of the embryo, the embryo assumes a completely superficial position beneath the yolk. Neither amnion nor serosa rupture during revolution; by completion of dorsal closure they have been incorporated into the yolk to form the secondary dorsal organ.The formation of the germ rudiment and embryonic membranes in N. nipponensis resembles those of swift moths, Endoclyta (suborder Monotrysia) and of the caddisflies, Stenopsyche (Trichoptera), but differs from those of ditrysian Lepidoptera. The secondary dorsal organ has never been found in any other lepidopteran embryos; however, it is formed in N. nipponensis and in the Trichoptera. The results of the present study strongly support the general phylogenetic views that the Zeugloptera have a close affinity to the Trichoptera.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690105
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  • 188
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690101
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  • 189
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    Ultrastructure of the lung of the rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis oreganus (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 29-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on the rattlesnake lung, which has the form of a cigar-shaped bag enclosing a large axial air chamber. The lungs were fixed by tracheal instillation of fixative to preserve the structural features of inflated lungs. An open tracheal groove along the ventral aspect of the lung is the only structural “airway” present. The wall of the lung has two histologically distinct regions: anteriorly, a respiratory portion, where up to three generations of septa subdivide the wall into cup-shaped gas-exchange chambers, termed faveoli; and posteriorly, a simple, thin-walled saccular portion. The epithelium lining the internal surface of the lung is composed of several cell types: (1) ciliated cells; (2) type I pneumonocytes; (3) type II pneumonocytes, secretory cells characterized by the presence of lamellar bodies; and (4) serous epithelial cells, secretory cells characterized by the presence of homogeneous, densely staining secretory granules. However, the distinctiveness of the secretory cell types in the snake lung is blurred because intermediate-appearing cells have both the lamellar body and homogenous type of secretory granule. The nonepithelial components of the pulmonary wall and septa consist of blood vessels and lymphatics, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts, embedded in a matrix of extracellular connective tissue fibers. Tubular myelin figures were observed in the faveolar lining layer.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690104
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  • 190
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    Olfactory bulb efferents in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 91-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Autoradiographic, HRP, and Fink-Heimer techniques define olfactory bulb efferents in the channel catfish. The olfactory bulb projects bilaterally to eight targets in the area ventralis telencephali including the preoptic area, five targets in area dorsalis telencephali, and the posterior tuber of the diencephalon. There is additional input to the peripheral margin of the internal cell layer of the contralateral olfactory bulb. Fibers cross in rostral (nervus terminalis and commissure of Goldstein) and caudal components of the anterior commissure and the habenular commissure. HRP techniques reveal the origin of bulb efferents from the internal and mitral cell layers of the olfactory bulb. The olfactory tract is divided into five major components, each with a unique subset of ipsilateral and commissural pathways.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690108
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  • 191
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    Establishment of the site of involution at novel locations on the amphibian embryo (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 149-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Anuran (Rana) and urodele (Ambystoma) amphibian eggs were subjected to prolonged unnatural orientations in relation to gravity. In some cases eggs were rotated 90°, while in other instances eggs were rotated 180° (complete inversion). Alterations in the pigmentation pattern, cleavage pattern, and site of involution were observed. Despite these unnatural orientations to gravity, the morphogenesis of axial structures was frequently normal. Reorganization of the egg cytoplasm apparently takes place after the unnatural orientation. Rather than being localized in a fixed position in the egg (e.g., the egg cortex), the determinants for the pattern of early embryogenesis are probably located in that portion of the cytoplasm (e.g., “internal” cytoplasm) that orients to gravity.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690203
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  • 192
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    The cytoarchitecture of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 207-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitecture and neuronal morphology of the torus semicircularis in the red-eared turtle, Chrysemys scripta elegans, were examined in Nissl-stained and Golgi-impregnated material. The torus semicircularis begins in the caudodorsal mesencephalon and extends rostrally and laterally to end ventrally to the tectal ventricle. The torus semicircularis consists of a central nucleus and a laminar nucleus, which is interposed between the central nucleus and the ventricle.The central nucleus can be divided into two regions, a small, large-celled area, located dorsally, and a larger area of small spherical (6-17 μm), large spherical (18-25 μm), triangular (15-27 μm) and fusiform (10-26 μm) neurons. The small spherical cells have two dendritic patterns: “radiate” and “single.” The radiate pattern has a dorsoventral orientation, several secondary branches and few dendritic spines. These cells are usually located in the center of the central nucleus. The single pattern is oriented mediolaterally. This cell type is most often observed at the periphery of the central nucleus. These neurons have few secondary branches and dendritic spines. The large spherical neurons display two dendritic orientations: dorsoventral and mediolateral. All dendritic trees have numerous secondary branches and few dendritic spines. The triangular neurons exhibit primary dendrites projecting from the corners of the somata and have few secondary branches and dendritic spines.The fusiform neurons have a majority of their dendrites oriented mediolaterally, few secondary branches and a small number of dendritic spines.The laminar nucleus consists of several layers and three cell types: ovoid (9-15 μm), triangular (20-40 μm), and fusiform (20-40 μm). All neurons have few secondary dendritic branches and few dendritic spines. The dendrites of many neurons course perpendicularly to the long axis of the brainstem and encapsulate the central nucleus. Some ovoid and fusiform neurons display dendrites that enter the central nucleus.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690207
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  • 193
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    Observations on the morphology and histochemistry of the foregut muscles of spiders (Arachnida: Araneida) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981), S. 113-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the foregut muscles of five spider families (Theraphosidae, Agelenidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae, Salticidae) was described, and the individual fibre numbers and fibre cross diameters of the muscles were determined. The nomenclature of these muscles was reviewed and modified if necessary.Oxidative enzyme and myosin-ATPase histochemistry revealed eight dilatatory muscles of the foregut to consist of slow (type I) fibres, while fast fibres (type IIB), and intermediate fibres, were only to be found in the two other muscles of the foregut, and in the remaining prosomal muscles (type IIA fibres around the poison gland).The eight sucking muscles proper of the foregut also showed stronger activities of transmitter metabolizing enzymes [monoamine oxidase, glutamate dehydrogenase(NAD)], and comparatively distinct amounts of glycogen and lipids.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700108
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  • 194
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    An electron microscopic study on the innervation of the gill filaments of a lamprey, Lampetra japonica (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 325-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This paper reports observations on the innervation of gill filaments of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica. Nerve fibers run on each side of the afferent filament artery (AFA nerve) and in the connective tissue compartment along the efferent filament artery (EFA nerve). The AFA nerve supplies vasomotor fibers to the afferent filament artery and arteriovenous anastomoses and special visceral motor fibers to branchial muscle fibers (musculus compressor branchialis circularis). Nerve endings of the vasomotor fibers contain large, cored vesicles (60-180 nm in diameter) with a variable number of small, clear vesicles (30-70 μm in diameter), whereas those of the visceral motor fibers have many small, clear vesicles with few large, cored vesicles. The EFA nerve supplies vasomotor fibers to the efferent filament artery. Their endings, containing mixtures of predominantly large, cored vesicles and small, clear vesicles make close synaptic contacts with reticular cells. The latter in turn are connected with each other or with smooth muscle cells in the wall of the efferent filament artery by nexuses. No nerves are found in the axial plate between the afferent and efferent filament arteries nor in the secondary lamellae of individual gill filaments. No afferent nerve supply to the gill filament has been found.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690306
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  • 195
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    Morphology of soma and dendrites of the giant fiber system in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 351-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study, using the cobalt chloride technique, clarifies the origin of the giant axons in the cockroach, Periplaneta. Each giant axon in the ventral nerve cord arises from a single cell body located in the sixth abdominal ganglion. The position of the soma is always contralateral to the giant axon; it projects anteriorly. In six giant neurons, the axonic and dendritic branches are ipsilateral while the somata are contralateral. In two neurons, both the soma and the dendritic branches are ipsilateral while the axons are contralateral. The dendritic arborizations of the giant neurons form a dense and compact mass of neuropile in each half of the posterior and middorsal part of the ganglion where sensory fibers, primarily from the cercal nerves terminate. The relation of these findings to earlier electrophysiological studies is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690308
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  • 196
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700101
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  • 197
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    Limb regeneration following the discontinuation of growth hormone therapy in the hypophysectomized newt, Notophthalmus viridescens (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 168 (1981), S. 309-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Untreated adult newts do not undergo normal limb regeneration following hypohysectomy. A fibrocellular dermal barrier (cicatrix) atypically forms between the apical epithelium and the underlying mesenchymal tissues. Historically, continuous administration of growth hormone or of prolactin in combination with thyroxine restored regenerative capacity to these newts. In a previous investigation, we demonstrated that the initial effect of these two hormone treatments, when administered on alternate days to hypophysectomized newts beginning eight days post-amputation, was to facilitate the erosion of the fibrocellular barrier and establish the epithelial mesenchymal interface that is observed in a regenerating limb.The present investigation was designed to evaluate the necessity of continuous hormone therapy to maintain limb regeneration in hypophysectomized newts. One, two, or three injections of growth hormone or of prolactin in combination with thyroxine was administered on successive alternate days to hypophysectomized newts either immediately following limb amputation (ID) or beginning eight days post-amputation (DD). The ID and DD newts receiving one, two, or three injections of growth hormone showed evidence of regeneration to the digitiform stage by day 30 post-amputation, while those receiving prolactin and thyroxine underwent wound healing. While both hormone treatments initially promoted a dermis-free apical epithelium, only hypophysectomized newts that had received growth hormone were able to continue regenerating.We have, therefore, concluded that discontinuous growth hormone therapy is sufficient to initiate and maintain the conducive environment for limb regeneration to advanced stages in the hypophysectomized newt. While initiating this process, prolactin and thyroxine therapy on a discontinuous regime does not maintain regeneration. The direct and indirect role of growth hormone in supporting limb regeneration in normal and hypophysectomized newts is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051680307
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  • 198
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    Masthead (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 170 (1981) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051700301
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  • 199
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    Organization of the telencephalon in the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 71-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cytoarchitectonics of the telencephalon of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, are described as a basis for experimental analysis of telencephalic afferents and efferents. The olfactory bulb comprises: (1) an outer layer of olfactory nerve fibers, (2) a glomerular layer, (3) an external cell layer, (4) an inner fiber layer, and (5) an internal cell layer. The telencephalic hemispheres comprise the areas ventralis and dorsalis telencephali. The area ventralis consists of: (1) a precommissural, periventricular zone including nucleus 'nother (Vn), the ventral nucleus (Vv), and the dorsal nucleus (Vd); (2) a precommissural, migrated zone of central (Vc) and lateral (VI) nuclei; (3) a supracommissural nucleus (Vs); (4) a caudal commissural zone of postcommissural (Vp) and intermediate (Vi) nuclei; and (5) a preoptic area (PP). The area dorsalis comprises: (1) medial (DM), (2) dorsal (Dd), (3) lateral [DL, containing dorsal (DLd), ventral (DLv), and posterior (DLp) regions], (4) posterior (DP), and (5) central (DC-1, -2, -3) areas. Nucleus taeniae (NT) is transitional between areas dorsalis and ventralis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690107
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  • 200
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    Larval morphology of the Nemertean Carcinonemertes epialti (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea) (1981)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 169 (1981), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The morphology of the newly hatched larva of Carcinonemertes epialti Coe has been examined by light and electron microscopy. The newly hatched larva is covered with cilia and measures about 110 μm in length. Four types of epidermal cells are recognizable: (1) Multiciliated cells, (2) vacuolated cells, (3) mucous cells, and (4) “knob cells”. The knob cells protrude from the posterior end of the larva and contain granules and bundles of microfilaments. The gut is incomplete and is located ventral to the bipartite proboscis. A bilobed brain and two subepidermal ocelli are found in the anterior end of the larva. The anterior and posterior cirri are composed of long, tightly appressed cilia that arise from an invagination of the epidermis at each end of the larva. The anterior cirrus is surrounded by two types of glandular cells. It is proposed that the knob cells have a role in larval attachment, combining the functions of the adhesive cells and anchor cells described in the duo-gland system of turbellarians. The cirri are believed to be larval sensory structures that function in substrate selection. Histological and ultrastructural observations suggest that the larvae of Carcinonemertes are relatively long lived and develop into juveniles without a drastic metamorphosis.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051690106
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