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  • 1980-1984  (2,551)
  • 1960-1964
  • 1982  (2,551)
  • General Chemistry  (1,159)
  • Life and Medical Sciences  (1,132)
  • Engineering General  (260)
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  • 1980-1984  (2,551)
  • 1960-1964
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1873-1881 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For selected situations in geotechnical engineering, the use of implicit time integration techniques for elasto-viscoplastic analysis is advantageous, or even unavoidable. In this paper the necessary expressions are derived for the implicit analysis of a material governed by the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion. In particular, detailed expressions are provided for the viscoplastic, strain rate derivative matrix Hn in a form suitable for numerical computation. Use of this algorithm is illustrated by the solution of a numerical example.
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. i 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 103
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 503-519 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method for the numerical solution of singular integro-differential equations is proposed. The approximate solution is sought in the form of the sum of a power series with unknown coefficients multiplied by a special term which controls the appropriate solution behaviour near and at the edges of the interval. The coefficients are to be determined from a system of linear algebraic equations. The method is applied to the solution of a contact problem of a disk inserted in an infinite elastic plane. Exact analytical solution is obtained for the particular case when the disk is of the same material as the plane. Comparison is made between the exact and the approximate solutions as well as with the solutions previously available in literature. The stability and the accuracy of the present method is investigated under variation of the parameters involved. The applicability of the method to the case when the boundary conditions for the unknown function are nonzero is discussed along with an illustrative example. A FORTRAN subroutine for the numerical solution of singular integro-differential equations is also provided.
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 557-568 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three competing finite element techniques are applied to a simple flow problem in a region with curved boundaries. Only three-sided elements are considered. The techniques are (1) straight-sided elements, (2) isoparametric elements, both of which use polynomial bases, and (3) curved elements using rational basis functions. The broad conclusions are that both curved-edge techniques are much superior to their straight-sided equivalent and that rational basis functions are quite successful in practice but require slightly more effort to implement, and cost a little more in computer time. From the point of view of efficiency, isoparametric elements seem to be the best choice.
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 609-622 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A semi-implicit direct time integration procedure is presented which avoids factorization of the implicit difference solution matrix. The procedure, if properly implemented, requires only vectorial calculations and hence needs the same computer core space as explicit integration procedures. Guidelines for splitting the stiffness matrix into upper and lower matrices are established, which among other things are designed to satisfy a correct transmission of rigid-body motions from element (or grid) to its adjacent elements.
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 631-631 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 107
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 635-651 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The need for multiple repeated analyses, which usually involve much computational effort, is one of the main difficulties in the optimization of large structures. This study deals with approximate structural reanalysis along a line in the design space, a problem common to many optimal design procedures. The problem is first stated in terms of a single independent variable. Explicit polynomial approximations for the nodal displacements are then presented. It is shown that Taylor series expansion of the displacements and a series based on a simple iteration procedure are equivalent. Furthermore, the series coefficients can readily be computed, providing efficient and high-degree polynomial approximations.To improve the quality of the approximations, two nonpolynomial series are proposed. The relationship between the various methods is discussed and simple numerical examples demonstrate applications. All the proposed procedures require only a single exact analysis to obtain the explicit expressions for any given line.The results obtained are very close to the exact solution and indicate that the proposed methods provide efficient and high-quality approximations for the nodal displacements.
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 701-725 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Several different variational formulations of boundary-value problems with constraints are discussed, with particular reference to constrained problems in elasticity. Special attention is given to exterior penalty methods. A discussion of the conditions necessary for penalty methods to provide a basis for stable and convergent finite element methods is given. In particular, the use of reduced integration is discussed and criteria on the order of reduced integration rules sufficient to produce stable and convergent schemes are described. Applications of reduced integration-penalty methods to incompressible elasticity problems and contact problems are described.
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  • 109
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 765-774 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A variational theorem and the finite element method of solution are presented for the solution of thermoviscoelastic stress analysis of linear materials, valid for all admissible values of Poisson's ratio. An illustrative example is included.
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  • 110
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 792-797 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Upper and lower bounds on the spectral condition number of the coefficient matrix are computed for several Lagrangian and serendipity elements.
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  • 111
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 351-362 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The effect of slight shroud skewness on rotating flow in an enclosed rotor geometry is modelled as a perturbation about axisymmetric flow. Solutions are obtained by the finite element method. Mixed and penalty finite element formulation are employed.
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  • 112
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 421-434 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an algorithm which reduces the apparently diverse and complicated matrix calculations required to evaluate the finite element matrices of doubly curved quadrilateral shell finite elements to a few basic manipulations which are then repeated a large number of times. The algorithm can be transcribed particularly quickly into computer code. It lends itself to a structured programming approach and the flexibility of the ensuing coding is high. The accuracy of the code can be ascertained with relative ease and fault-finding is comparatively straightforward; hence, a high degree of confidence can be placed in its execution. The element chosen to illustrate the application of the algorithm is a particularly difficult example. It is expected that the algorithm described would be useful in a wide variety of finite element computer program applications.
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  • 113
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 467-474 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper, heat conduction problems are solved by a quasi-variational approach. A parabolic time-space element based on the above formulation is developed, and the stability of the above scheme is established. The results indicate that the scheme is suitable for various auxiliary conditions and that it is unconditionally stable.
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  • 114
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 981-995 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical solutions of the shallow water equations obtained both by finite element methods and finite difference methods are compared. The numerical results show that the way in which the boundary is discretized has an important but local influence. Furthermore, the role of empirical parameters is shown to be of at least the same local importance.
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  • 115
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1179-1195 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the present paper, discretization errors in the finite element analysis of arches are investigated quantitatively. So far they have been estimated as an order, such as a power of the element size by means of functional analysis; however, it is insufficient for practical applications, because they depend to a great extent upon the constant of proportionality, which is investigated herein. As a result, it is shown that the constant is affected largely by the arch's stiffness. Errors for displacements are also evaluated with the aid of the energy principle. A formula for a posteriori estimating errors is proposed, which can be evaluated only from the finite element solutions calculated. The validity of the present theory is verified by numerical examples.
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  • 116
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1091-1100 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The minimum weight design of a spherical shell under a concentrated load at the apex is presented in this paper. The usual restrictions of statical equilibrium and various yield criteria have been utilized. The finite element method is used to discretize the design parameters and the resulting nonlinear minimization problems are solved using the modified Rosenbrock's optimization method.
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  • 117
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 653-660 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 118
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 687-700 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is a sequel to the author's previous paper. 1In soliving Dirichlet's problem of Laplace's equation by the finite element method, we can subdivide the original region into many elements, which in general are chosen to be triangular or rectangular. Customarily, 2,3,7 polynomial trial functions are chosen as the basis of the finite element model.In this paper we divide the original region into rectangles and choose a particular series for the finite element model. This model is shown to be very efficient in obtaining the analytical solution of Laplace's equation over complex regions. From some computer trials it is demonstrated that this finite element model can be used to reduce the main memory storage and computer time requirements.
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  • 119
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1361-1373 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of field substructures in time domain diakoptics requires an interation time consistent with the numerical accuracy required. When storing and reconnecting the substructures, the information required can be obtained from considerably fewer samples. This paper shows how time domain approximations can further reduce the storage and computing time in space approximated time domain diakoptics.
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  • 120
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1412-1415 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Expressions involving products of exponential functions and polynomials are encountered in the finite element formulation of the diffusion-convection equation. Integrals of such expressions over finite elements are necessary to derive the element matrices. The derivation of the formula for such integrations is presented.
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  • 121
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 122
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1321-1336 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A time-dependent transport equation is solved numerically by using a Petrov-Galerkin technique on a time-dependent grid. A piecewise linear trial solution and piecewise Hermite cubic test functions are used. The same method is also applied to a time-independent problem, in which case it automatically generates a grid in a way which bears some resemblance to certain existing grid-generation techniques. Several numerical examples are given.
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  • 123
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1349-1360 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In designing a structure for a given purpose, the designer should aim at the most economical design from many points of view. Minimum weight designs may not be the most economical ones. Nevertheless, such designs provide insights into other types of design and may pave ways for improvements in design procedures. Minimum weight designs of continuum structures may be formulated as numerical optimization problems using either the finite difference method or the finite element method, and the resulting minimization problem may be solved using techniques of numerical optimization. This paper, on the other hand, considers the formulation of the minimum weight design of a spherical cap as a dynamic programming problem and its solution. The paper also discusses the advantages and limitations of the approach.
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1416-1419 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method for the direct determination of stress intensity factors at crack tips from the numerical solution of the corresponding singular integral equations is proposed. This method is based on the Gauss-Chebyshev method for the numerical solution of singular integral equations and is shown to be equivalent to the Lobatto-Chebyshev method for the numerical solution of the same class of equations.
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  • 125
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1423-1423 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1497-1504 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A hybrid integral equation method is formulated to study the diffraction of oblique waves by an infinite cylinder. The water depth and the geometry of the floating cylinder are assumed to be uniform in the y-direction (one of the horizontal axes). Numerical discretization and integrations are performed in the vertical plane. Analytical solutions are used in far fields such that radiation boundary conditions are satisfied. Numerical results are obtained for the case of wave scattering by a floating rectangular cylinder in a constant water depth. The accuracy and efficiency of present method are compared with those obtained by other numerical techniques.
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1529-1546 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element solution of various partial differential equations leads to large linear equation systems, which may have a DBBF (double bounded band form) coefficient matrix, if periodicity conditions are taken into account. An efficient Fortran program solving such equation systems, developed for Control Data computers from the Cyber 70/170 series, utilizes the original block-indexed approach to reduce input-output time in communication with disc memory. Program performance is presented in some detail and quantitative comparison with other possible algorithms is carried out. An appendix lists the complete program.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1521-1527 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The eigenvalue economization process is an efficient way of reducing the size of eigenvalue problems to manageable proportions, at the expense of introducing approximations. The use of automatic criteria for selecting the slave variables to be eliminated has considerably eased the use of this technique recently. However, it is necessary to ensure that unacceptable errors are not introduced by the condensation process. Until recently, there has been little available to guide the user in estimating errors except past experience. In this paper, the errors introduced in the condensation process are considered theoretically, using an algebraic approach. This enables an absolute error bound to be stated, together with an approximate bound which can be very easily evaluated. Examples are given of the use of the approximate bound.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1576-1580 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The nine-node quadrilateral is much more accurate than its eight-node relative if elements are non-rectangular. However, the nine-node element may display spurious low-energy modes under 2 × 2 Gauss quadrature. These modes can be controlled by using the 3 × 3 quadrature rule, but at added cost. This paper investigates two inexpensive control devices that can be used with 2 × 2 Gauss quadrature.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1613-1621 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Third- and fourth-order accurate Nørsett rational approximations to the exponential and associated semi-implicit Runge-Kutta methods are used for the construction of efficient, accurate and unconditionally stable schemes for the direct numerical integration of the linear, nonhomogeneous, second-order equations of structural dynamics.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1655-1677 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A review of 4-node, 12 degrees-of-freedom quadrilateral elements for thin plates is presented. A new element called DKQ is discussed. The formulation is based on a generalization of the efficient and reliable triangular element DKT presented in References 1 and 2 and on the rectangular element QC presented in Reference 3. These elements are derived using the so-called discrete Krichhoff technique. A detailed numerical evaluation of the behaviour of the DKQ element for the computation of displacements and stresses for thin plate bending problems is presented and discussed. The DKQ element appears to be a simple and reliable 12 degrees-of-freedom thin plate bending element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1741-1743 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1785-1799 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A state-of-the-art survey of a family of vector iterative methods with three-term recursion formulae is presented. The methods can be classified under two broad categories. The Chebyshev semi-iterative type of methods and the conjugate gradient type of methods. Relationships between the iteration parameters of the methods are established and computational techniques for estimating these parameters are presented. Numerical tests confirm the superiority of the conjugate gradient method for linear problems and the Chebyshev semi-iterative methods for nonlinear problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1821-1828 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper an exact expression is derived for the potential at an arbitrary point due to a linear distribution of source over a triangular domain. The integral which gives the potential is evaluated by means of an extension of an analytical procedure previously evolved for a constant distribution. Numerical values of the potential are obtained for several field points by evaluating the above analytical expression, and are compared with those calculated by using triangle quadratures.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1882-1885 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 138
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1469-1495 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: It is known that the matrix force method has certain advantages over the displacement method for a class of structural problems. It is also known that the force method, when carried out by the conventional Gauss-Jordan procedure, tends to fill in the problem data, making the method unattractive for large size, sparse problems. This poor fill-in property, however, is not necessarily inherent to the method, and the sparsity may be maintained if one uses what we call the Turn-Back LU Procedure. The purpose of this paper is two-fold. First, it is shown that there exist some close relationships between the force method and the least squares problem, and that many existing algebraic procedures to perform the force method can be regarded as applications/extensions of certain well-known matrix factorization schemes for the least squares problem. Secondly, it is demonstrated that these algebraic procedures for the force method can be unified form the matrix factorization viewpoint. Included in this unification is the Turn-Back LU Procedure, which was originally proposed by Topçu in his thesis.8 It is explained why this procedure tends to produce sparse and banded ‘self-stress’ and flexibility matrices with small band width. Some computational results are presented to demonstrate the superiority of the Turn-Back LU Procedure over the other schemes considered in this paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1547-1563 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The problem of steady, two-dimensional seepage from a nonsymmetric channel through a homogeneous porous medium underlain at a finite depth by a drain, is solved using the Baiocchi transformation and method. Because of the nonsymmetry in the problem, both free surfaces must be included in the solution domain of the problem. Thus, several interesting complexities are introduced into the solution of the problem. First, there are the two solution domain extensions (one across each free surface) and then the formulation of the new dependent variable throughout the extended solution domain. Secondly, the projection operator has two bounds in the numerical scheme. Finally, there are two compatibility conditions - one for the flowrate and one for the value of the new dependent variable at the left-hand side free surface-channel intersection. A secant method for the solution of two simultaneous nonlinear equations was used to obtain the values of these parameters. Results from the proposed method compared favourably with what few results were available in the literature.
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  • 140
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1569-1575 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We report on a very effective program for uniform approximation of functions (or discrete data) by generalized rational functions of any number of variables over point sets so large that conventional methods are inapplicable. The points need not be arranged in a regular pattern, but if they are, the number of points is normally limited only by the computer time available. The program extends the differential correction algorithm discussed in an earlier article in this journal by combining it with a first Remes-type exchange procedure, while retaining the flexibility and robustness of differential correction. Furthermore, this algorithm is guaranteed to converge in theory. Testing has shown that, even when the point set is small enough for differential correction to be applied directly, this algorithm is usually faster. We discuss the algorithm and program along with several numerical examples, one of which involves more than three million data points. A FORTRAN listing with illustrative output can be obtained from the first author.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical solution of Reissner's model for the bending of elastic plates by an advanced boundary integral equation method is outlined. Construction of fundamental solutions and computational strategy is fully described. Implementation of the resulting one-dimensional model is illustrated by two test problems, including comparison to analytical solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 77-88 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper introduces the notion of the finite element operator, and shows its application to the evaluation of several upwind finite element schemes. It is demonstrated that these operators supply good qualitative information on the performance of these schemes in an inexpensive as well as visual manner. In addition, this method gives insight into grid dependent effects which often characterize finite element solutions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 119-134 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new, simple and effective finite element procedure is presented for the practical solution of heat transfer conditions with phase changes. In this method, a fixed finite element mesh is employed, and a relatively coarse finite element mesh and large time step can be used in the incremental solution. The results of various numerical studies using the algorithm are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the procedure.
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  • 144
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 165-165 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 145
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 151-160 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Given herein, in abbreviated form, is a discussion of the effects of element internal and edge node location in the finite element-Galerkin method. The solution dependencies on node placement of many numerical schemes are reviewed. Then, a transient linear one-dimensional heat conduction problem, solved using the finite element-Galerkin method, is used for illustration. Results show that, in contrast to many other numerical techniques, if the finite element-Galerkin method is strictly adhered to with respect to spatial integrations for a given number of nodes in an element, the solution is unaffected by shifting node locations as long as the specific shape of any given element remains unaltered. The reason for this invariance becomes readily apparent upon examining the orthogonality requirements imposed by this method.
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  • 146
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 211-243 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A mixed variational principle for the limit analysis of rigid-perfectly plastic continua is discussed, in which the nonlinear yield condition and the associated flow rule appear through a suitably defined ‘penalty’ function. A mixed finite element discrete formulation is derived and a sequential unconstrained minimization technique is devised, affording a complete (static and kinematic) solution. Several results are presented in both structural and soil mechanics, compared with previously available (exact and numerical) solutions.
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  • 148
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 311-313 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 149
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 445-465 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two 20-node quadratic displacement three-dimensional isoparametric elements are developed based on the hybrid-stress model. The elements differ in the stress interpolation used. In one case, the stress polynomials are selected to correspond approximately to the strain polynomials obtained from the displacement field, and a 57β stress field results. In the other element, complete cubic polynomials are used which are forced to satisfy the equilibrium equations and stress compatibility equations, and a 69β stress field results. Both elements possess correct rank, but only the 69β element is invariant. Results obtained using these two elements, and the corresponding 20-node assumed-displacement element, are compared and the 69β element is shown to be the better element. The 2 × 2 × 2 Gauss stations are also verified to be the optimal sampling points for these elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 583-589 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An algorithm is presented and discussed which gives 40 per cent reduction in the cost of the basic subspace iteration for eigenvalues.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 475-476 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 31-39 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 67-75 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Finite element models provide only approximate results under most loadings. A beam modelled by constant-strain triangles and loaded by pure moment is a case in point. Yet if the iterative method advanced by Loubignac et al.1 is applied to this model, the exact stress field will be generated. The iterative method derives from a parent formulation that can be solved without iteration.2 As shown in this paper, the parent formulation contains the sum of two stiffness matrices. One is produced by the customary finite element shape functions. The other is produced by finite difference expressions for strain gradients that are not contained in the shape functions.Loubignac's method produces a stress field that is continous across interelement boundaries. Other methods that seek to impose interelement continuity are noted in the concluding section.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 111-118 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of nonlinear partial differential equations plays a very important role in may areas of physics, engineering and biology. In many cases all that is desired is a moderately accurate solution at a few points whcih can be calculated rapidly.In this work, we present a simple and direct technique, the differential quadrature method, which can be applied in various classes of partial differential equations. It produces moderately accurate results for the points of interest, generally few in number, and eliminates the difficulties of programming complex algorithms for the computer, as well as excessive use of storage and computer time. We illustrate this technique with the solution of the model of isothermal reactors with axial mixing. The results are compared with the results obtained by using the finite difference method. It is shown that differential quadrature of order 9 (9 points) provides approximately the same accurate results as the finite difference method (480 points) does.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 161-164 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This note compares the use of numerical and closed form integration in computation of element stiffness matrices for axisymmetric finite element analysis. Only constant strain elements are considered. Results obtained with Gaussian quadrature and closed form integrators are compared mutually and with an exact solution obtained from classical methods. The FEM global equations estimate the force-displacement behaviour of an elastic continuum with an accuracy that depends on the integration method used. Selection of an integration order minimizing error is particularly critical in the presence of high stress gradients. Best results in the vicinity of the axis of revolution may be obtained with single-point integration rather than higher order approximations or exact integration of the element stiffness matrix. This phenomenon and its consequences are subsequently discussed.
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  • 156
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 181-194 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper we discuss and expand the direct-iterative method proposed originally by Wilson.1 First we introduce several simple numerical examples to illustrate the basic idea of this method before we proceed to prove the convergence of the direct-iterative method. We then discuss the methods for selecting the transformative matrix (Q) to be used in transforming an ill-conditioned matrix into a well-conditioned matrix in the direct-iterative method. There are two methods used to choose the matrix Q, namely the rigid body movement method and the imaginary element method. From examples 1-3 we can see that the imaginary element mesh is optional, and the finite element mesh is not necessary. The imaginary element method is a generalization of the mesh refinement method development in Reference 3. Because instead of local rotation angle we only choose displacements of nodes to represent rigid body movement, the rigid body movement method is an improvement of the method in Reference 2. The advantage of these two methods is that, in order to obtain well-conditioned matrices, only a few changes in the stiffness matrices are required even with general ill-conditioned stiffness matrices, and then convergency is achieved rapidly under SOR iteration. Finally, the examples for computing each type of the ill-conditioned matrix in three-dimensional finite element analysis are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the direct-iterative method in solving the large bandwidth problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 273-289 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: To reduce the manual work involved in the application of the FEM in practice, preprocessors can be applied for the construction of network structures, which are complicated in generation strategy and do not form any optimum discrete structure. The time necessary for generation can be minimized even more by the application of only one element type within the whole network structure. A technique for the automatic generation of 3D-network structures with tetrahedron elements is presented in this paper. In this proposed technique, the nodal points of the network structure must be defined manually before the generation procedure, since a random positioning of points is usually undesirable for FEM calculation. The nodal points are connected by a program to a network structure consisting of tetrahedron elements which have optimum form for the numerical computation of the element matrices. After the generation, the element sides forming any part of the boundary surface of the network structure can be automatically identified. If necessary, the network structure can be automatically refined.
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  • 160
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    Notes: The author's recent work on thermodynamically consistent numerical methods for the simulation of inviscid, adiabatic flow is extended to handle transonic flow problems of practical interest. The basic Singhal-Spalding scheme is developed and tested on two problems. The first one is the standard transonic nozzle flow. The computational results are shown to be in good agreement with the analytical solution. The second problem is a flow situation studied experimentlly by Sieverding. The inviscid results are in surprisingly good agreement with the principal qualitative features of the real folws. There are important quantitative discrepancies which are believed to be due to the inadequacies of the inviscid model rather than failings of the scheme itself. Arguments in support for this view are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 623-628 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 631-631 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1112-1114 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1153-1178 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Eight-node hybrid-stress elements are developed for the analysis of plates ranging from arbitrarily thin to moderately thick. The displacement behaviour is characterized by a transverse displacement and independent cross-section rotations, which are interpolated using the 8-node Serendipity shape functions. All components of stress are included; alternative elements are developed which differe in the form of the inplane distribution of the stresses. Elements are sought for whic the stiffiness is invariant and of correct rank, and whic show on signs of deterioration in the thin-plate limit. A discussion of the prospects for developing a 4-node element with these characteristics is also presented. Example problems are used to compare the performance of the 8-node elements including convergence behaviour, intraelement stress distributions and optimal sampling locations, and range of applicability in terms of plate thickness ratio.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1213-1230 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A mixed variational principle is developed and utilized in a finite element formulation. The procedure is mixed in the sense that it is based upon a combination of modified potential and complementary energy principles. Compatibility and equilibrium are satisfied throughout the domain a priori, leaving only the boundary conditions to be satisfied by the variational principle. This leads to a finite element model capable of relaxing troublesome interelement continuity requirements. The nodal concept is also abandoned and, instead, generalized parameters serve as the degrees-of-freedom. This allows for easier construction of higher order elements with the displacements and stresses treated in the same manner. To illustrate these concepts, plane stress and plate bending analyses are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1253-1259 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In order to detect geometric anomalies in 3D boundary element mesh or to obtain the contour plotting of stresses on a plane intersecting the 3D mesh, a computer program PP3D-COUPE has been developed to generate the contours on the intersection plane. The automatic mesh M2D is used to discretize the surfaces bounded by the contours for further computations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 829-843 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A computational algorithm utilizing the free vibration modes of a structure is presented for calculating receptances. The usual eigensystem computed for large structural models is incomplete; hence the receptances are approximate. The formulae developed here increased receptance accuracy compared to classical spectral representations. Receptances are used extensively in eigensolution reanalysis, design and synthesis and also for forced harmonic response studies. In these areas receptance approaches offer a popular alternative to Rayleigh-Ritz subspace type methods. Structural models represented by nonsymmetric mass, damping and stiffness matrices, which occur frequently in rotating structures, may be treated using the receptance formulae presented. The receptance matrix derived is applicable to general, second-degree, square lambda matrices. This generalizes the receptance matrix commonly associated with matrix pencils.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 897-907 
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    Notes: A discrete approach using the B-spline functions and the concept of the point least square is presented. The general procedure, in which trial functions satisfy neither governing differential equations nor boundary conditions, is used in solving solid mechanics problems. No numerical integration is required in the formulation and the resulting matrix has the advantage of always being symmetrical.To demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of the present method, vibration of beams, skew plate problems, thick plates and a non-self-adjoint problem are analysed. A good accuracy is obtained with increase in the number of fitting points and of knots of B-spline functions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 949-953 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1045-1054 
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    Notes: A finite element analysis of a class of non-stationary random diffusion problems is considered. By using the one-dimensional heat equation with random initial condition and random external excitation, the statistical numerical formulation is presented. Two typical numerical examples are given for somewhat simplified problems by which the validity of the finite element scheme is discussed. The results obtained by the finite difference scheme are also shown.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1077-1089 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper a new explicit expression of the stiffness matrix of the 9 degrees-of-freedom plate-bending triangular element called DKT in Reference 1 is presented. Some additional interesting numerical results assessing the behaviour of this element are presented and discussed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1104-1111 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method has been applied to the steady-state fully developed magnetohydrodynamic channel flow of a conducting fluid in the presence of transverse magnetic field. Simple elements have been used to obtain the numerical values of velocity and induced magnetic field. To test the efficiency of the method, three different geometries, viz., rectangle, circle and triangle, are taken as the section of the pipe whose walls are non-conducting. Comparison is made with those cases in which exact solutions are available. Apart from giving good results, the FEM makes it possible to solve the problem for a pipe with arbitrary cross-section which was not possible by the other methods.
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  • 175
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Notes: Nonlinear problems are widely acknowledged as being more difficult to solve numerically than linear problems. Various kinds of errors contribute to this difficulty and in this paper some of these errors will be described and illustrated by solving certain large displacement problems using eight-noded isoparametric brick elements in space and an explicit integration method in time. First, approximation errors in time integration are illustrated, with violation of energy conservation being used as an indicator of the increased difficulties encountered in solving large displacement problems. Next, round-off errors and order of operations are discussed and illustrated for the case of a cube that is impulsively set in rotation about its centre of mass. Simple tests of invariance with respect to translation and rotation are shown to be interesting and potentially useful. Finally, approximation errors in spatial discretization, especially those associated with incomplete or inconsistent integration over the element volume, are illustrated for a large deflection beam problem.
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  • 176
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1231-1244 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical stress analysis technique using the displacement discontinuity method (DDM) is used to evaluate surface breaking and near surface flaws. DDM is described briefly, with the main body of the work devoted to exploring the use of DDM in a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) program. DDM is a subset of boundary element method technique, and it requires that only the boundaries of the problem be described. Two smooth subsurface voids are investigated. Results for two-dimensional circular and elliptical holes are presented. Comparisons with experimental and theoretical work are shown. The method of uneven element spacing is explored. The results are examined in the context of providing information for NDE inspection requirements and the definition of acceptable flaws. DDM is very well suited for examining the stress field around a surface crack. Surface cracks can be very dangerous and good NDE inspection techniques are required. A method of obtaining the stress intensity factors is developed and illustrated on angular surface breaking cracks. The results are compared with limited experimental and numerical results and interpreted in terms of NDE inspection requirements.
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  • 177
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1260-1263 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 178
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1271-1295 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 179
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1337-1347 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A family of hierarchical algorithms for nonlinear structural equations are presented. The algorithms are based on the Davidenko-Branin type homotopy and shown to yield consistent hierarchical perturbation equations. The algorithms appear to be particularly suitable to problems involving bifurcation and limit point calculations. An important by-product of the algorithms is that they provide a systematic and economical means for computing the stepsize at each iteration stage when a Newton-like method is employed to solve the systems of equations. Some sample problems are provided to illustrate the characteristics of the algorithms.
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  • 180
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1385-1399 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A computational method of flux analysis is applied to the study of the swirling flow of different regimes through a diffuser pipe. The flux analysis method is an iterative procedure to construct a system of orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates consisting of stream-surface and normals following the flow. Examples of the inviscid swirling flow of an incompressible fluid are calculated, and deformations of vortices in a diffuser pipe are studied. For a simple vortex with rigid rotation the deceleration of flow is remarkable on the axis, where the total energy has the lowest level. For a Burgers type vortex, provided the circulation number exceeds a critical value, the rate of deceleration of flow along the axis become more pronounced for only a slight increase of swirl strength, and ultimately a stagnation point appears on the axis. The present method, however, may not be applied to the flow with stagnation point.
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  • 181
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 18 (1982), S. 1420-1423 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 182
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    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 183
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    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 87-100 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In an attempt to determine the role in the immune responses of the typhlosole, a hematopoietic tissue along the ventral wall of the larval lamprey Lampetra reissneri, scanning and transmission electron microscopic observations were made on ammocoetes hyperimmunized with sheep red blood cells. Besides including the cells of the erythrocyte series, this tissue also contained the following leucocytes forming an amorphous parenchyma: the cells of the granulocyte series, the most predominant cell type, possessing a markedly lobed nucleus and membrane-bounded granules of various sizes; the macrophages possessing primary and secondary lysosomes and long lamellipodia on the cell surface; the lymphocytes of a large nucleocytoplasmic ratio with a number of long, spiky microvilli, constituting a major type of rosette-forming (antigen-binding) cells; and the plasma cells possessing highly extended cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticula that are characteristic of the higher vertebrates. The immunoperoxidase technique, which employs rabbit antibodies against lamprey immunoglobulin, proved that these plasma cells do contain immunoglobulin. These results strongly indicate that the typhlosole of the larval lamprey, besides functioning as a hematopoietic tissue, is actively involved in the antibody responses. It is also stressed that the plasma cell occurs in the most primitive vertebrates as an immunologically competent cell.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 129-135 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The regenerative capacity of limbs was investigated by amputation of limbs at the zeugopodium in postmetamorphic froglets and adults of various sizes in four species of Japanese frogs, all of which showed some regeneration at these ages. In Hyla arborea japonica and Rana brevipoda porosa most young froglets regenerated their limbs well; however, the rate of regeneration decreased with the age of amputation, and the limb became nonregenerative in adults. Limbs of adults in Rana rugosa and R. japonica, on the other hand, exhibited good regeneration. All of the regenerates in the four species were heteromorphic, consisting histologically of well-developed cartilaginous rods surronded by connective tissue and skin. Limited development of muscle was appartment in regenerates of the three ranid species. The relations between body size, innervation of limbs, and regenerative capacity are discussed.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 283-312 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The structure and mechanism involved in jaw movements are described for an inertial high-speed suction feeding fish, Chaetodon miliaris. Jaw biomechanics were studied by (1) manipulation of live and fresh-killed specimens, (2) electrical muscle stimulation of anesthetized live specimens, (3) connective tissue severance experiments of fresh-killed and live anesthetized specimens, and (4) cine photography of live unimpaired and surgically impaired specimens.Three couplings appear to be involved in jaw opening: a levator operculi-opercular-interopercular-mandible coupling; and epaxial complex and/or hypaxial/sternohyoideus complex-hyoid apparatus-uncontracted protractor hyoideus-mandible coupling. Jaw opening, protrusion, closing of the protruded mouth, and jaw retraction occur in 60-110 msec. Jaw protrusion coincides with mandible depression during opening of the mouth. Closure of the protruded mouth is apparently the result of contractions of pars A1 and A2 of the adductor mandibulae muscle. Pars A3 and Aw may induce retraction of the jaws in the closed-protruded state. Jaw closure in the retracted, nonprotruded state may involve all branches of the adductor mandibulae.The importance of these findings is discussed in light of previous studies as are some proposed functions of jaw protrusion in this species.
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  • 186
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    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 41-56 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: We have studied the comparative anatomy of arterial plexuses (retia mirabilia) related to supply of the central nervous system in two closely related species of toothed whales - narwhal (Monodon monoceros) and beluga Delphinaterus leucas). In both species, retia originate from major vessels in the neck, thorax, and lumbar regions, then extend into the neural canal and cranium to supply the spinal cord and brain. The system generally consists of arteries embedded in á matrix of fatty connective tissue. Constituent vessels are only occasionally reated to veins or venous sinuses. Though retial anatomy is similar in the two species, there are two related features that appear species specific: (1) amount of retia originating from the supreme intercostal arteries and (2) thoracic retial size. Both are larger in the narwhal, as are values for hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration, which, in this study, we use as indices of diving ability. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the retia are in some way linked to diving ability. The nature of this link is not known; however, we discuss our results in the context of the most popular hyotheses of retial function.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 141-147 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The reduced bone resorption characteristic of osteopetrosis is accompanied in the incisors-absent (ia) rat mutation by a significant increase in osteoclasts of inactive (mutant) phenotype. Restoration of bone resorption in ia rats by transfer of spleen cells from normal littermates is preceded by a transformation of osteoclasts from mutant to normal phenotype.In this investigation the proportions of osteoclasts of normal phenotype have been determined by light microscopy in untreated ia and normal rats and in ia rats treated with various cell populations from normal rats. Significant increases in numbers of osteoclasts of normal phenotype were seen in the mutant skeleton soon after cell treatments that eventually restored bone resorption and cured the disease. No changes in osteoclast phenotype were seen after cell transfers that did not cure the disease.These data establish transformation of osteoclast phenotype as an early event in the recovery from osteopetrosis and suggest that determination of osteoclast phenotype is a reliable predictor of the success of normal cell populations to restore bone resorption in this mutation.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 169-184 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The gross morphology, histology, and ultrastructure of Liolaemus gravenhorsti gonads prior to and after differntiation are described. Special emphasis has been given to characterization and changes of the germ cell line throughout intrauterine development and 3 days postpartum.During the pregonadal stage, the primordial germ cell migrates toward gonadal rudiments by way of the mesenchyme. These cells can easily be identified by their great size, voluminous and lobulated nucleus, great quantities of yolk platelets, microtubules, and numerous lipid inclusions. In the undifferentiated gonad, the germ cells (type 1 gonocytes) have an ovoid or spherical shape and autodigestion of yolk platelets, great development of Golgi complex, and mitochondrial aggregation, though fewer liposomes, pseudopodes, and microtubules were noted. Concomitantly with the beginning of mitosis, a third type of germ cell appears, the type 2 gonocytes, which are smaller, with poorly defined membranous systems in various degrees of involution. The seminiferous cords are organized when somatic cells of the medullar portion of the gonad surround type 1 gonocytes. Germinal cells are centrally localized in the cords. Near birth many gonocytes migrate toward the basal lamina of cords and differentiate into spherical prespermatogonia, with few organoids. Sertoli cells eparate them from the basal lamina. In advanced pregnancy, Leyding cells become numerous with morphology typical of androgen-producing cells.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 217-236 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A forebrain atlas and stereotaxic neurosurgical techniques were developed for use in anatomical and behavioral experiments on the green anolis lizard (Anolis carolinensis). Green anoles are convenient and robust experimental subjects with a rich behavioral repertoire, the social components of which are partly under hormonal control.The technique and atlas were devised to conduct neuroethological investigations of the effect of lesions on species-typical display behavior. The atlas consists of 12 transverse sections from an average size adult male. The figures (4-15) are based on Nissl material and supplemented with fiber-stained material from adjacent sections. They appear at the end of the article. Limitations on the accuracy of stereotaxic coordinates are discussed and tables of correlative nomenclature for principal telencephalic and diencephalic nuclei are provided.
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  • 190
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Notes: Dissection and a variety of absorption and fluorescent cytochemical methods have demonstrated that Antrodiaetus unicolor females have only one type of silk gland and spigot and, consequently, the simplest silk production system of any spider yet investigated histochemically. The small spherical to pear-shaped glands are grouped into four clusters, each cluster serving one of the four spinnerets. The spigots are long, slender, and slightly bent distally. Although all gland cells are structurally similar, each gland simultaneously produces two different secretory products, the secretion of the distal hemisphere being rich in basic protein and sulfhydryl groups, and the proximal hemisphere secretion being an acidic protein containing a high concentration of histochemically demonstrable C-terminal carboxyl groups. The two products remain segregated as they pass through the duct, where the acidic protein forms a thin outer layer around a core of basic protein. It is suggested that this segregation may persist in the silk strand after it exits from the spigot and that the outer acidic protein may be an adhesive agent.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Morphology 174 (1982), S. 335-348 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The organization of the vestibulolateral lobe of the cerebellum is described in electroreceptive and closely related nonelectroreceptive teleost fishes. The vestibulolateral lobe includes an eminentia granularis and a lobus caudalis. The eminentia granularis is a lateral line-recipient, granule cell zone which in weakly electric fish (i.e., electroreceptive fish with an electric organ) has anterior and posterior divisions associated respectively with a mechanoreceptive medial medullary nucles and an electroreceptive lateral line lobe. A lobus caudalis includes a separate granule cell zone - the pars medialis, a molecular layer, and large Purkinje-like cells. Compared with weakly electric mormyrids, the pars medialis is hypertrophied in weakly electric gymnotoids and electroreceptive silurids. However, the pars medialis is also hypertrophied in nonelectroreceptive teleosts, suggesting it is a granule cell zone not associated with electroreception and perhaps the lateral line system.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 313-322 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of the fat body of the higher termite king and queen has been studied both in species with (Macrotermes bellicosus, M. subhyalinus) and without (Cubitermes fungifaber) tracheal rosettes. There is a very pronounced sexual dimorphism. The adipocytes of the queen are highly specialized for protein synthesis and secretion; they store only a small quantity of reserves. The adipocytes of the king are not specialized in protein synthesis, but accumulate large amounts of reserve substances. The previously proposed different functions of the termite queen's fat body are discussed; it appears to be mainly concerned with vitellogenesis.
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  • 193
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    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 1-16 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, together with dissection and light microscopy, have produced heretofore unavailable structural detail of the ovary of Fundulus heteroclitus. Structural and functional interrelationships among developing follicles and other histological elements, particularly as they might relate to vascularization of follicles, oocyte development, and ovulation, are described and discussed. Mature eggs, ovulated into the ovarian lumen, accumulate in the posterior “ovisac” region of the ovary prior to oviposition. This “ovisac” region is thin-walled and apparently nongerminal. The temporary retention of ovulated eggs permits cyclical oviposition even though oogenesis and ovulation are asynchronous. The histological differences between the ovisac and the anterior ovigerous of the ovary are described. The lumenal epithelium of the ovisac displays a localized population of unusual cells with long cytoplasmic extensions. The ultrastructure of these cells suggests that they might function in the transport of ovulated eggs into the oviduct and/or in secreting the substance (“jelly”) which forms the surface coat of extruded eggs.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 43-72 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A scanning electron microscopy study was made of the male setiferous sex patches and analogous structures in 11 families of Coleoptera (Anthribidae, Bruchidae, Ciidae, Cleridae, Coccinellidae, Dermestidae, Leiodidae, Ptinidae, Staphylinidae, Tenebrionidae, and Ostomatidae). These secondary sexual characters appear to have several features in common including relatively long, often ridged, setae, cuticular ducts (frequently cribriform pore plates), and the production of a secretion. It is suggested that these structures may all be concerned with the production, release, and dissemination of pheromones.
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  • 195
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  • 196
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    Journal of Morphology 173 (1982), S. 159-177 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Single esophageal and paired cheliceral, palpal, pedal (I-IV), and opisthosomal nerves enter the synganglion and form specific neuropilar ganglia. The ganglia are integrated by a complex series of commissures and connectives. Eighteen paraldehyde-fuchsin-positive neurosecretory regions, which vary greatly in size and amount of granular neurosecretory material, are each associated (one or more) with neuropilar ganglia. Presumably transport of neurosecretory materials to target tissues occurs through axonal pathways, perineurial-neural lamella associations, and the neurohemal retrocerebral organ complex.
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  • 197
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The events associated with premolt reformation of the cuticularized ductule in the underdeveloped (immature) branchial rosette glands, which are common in the gills of small (14-18 mm, total length) grass shrimp, are described and contrasted with the events of ductule reformation in the fully developed (mature) resette glands most common in larger shrimp. In immature rosette glands, two ciliary processes emerge from each of the component secretory cells and ascend into the basal luminal region of the old ductule. Subsequently a new ductule is formed around the old ductule, and the ciliary processes disappear, either because of degeneration or retraction. The transitory ciliary processes appear to prevent the old ductule from collapsing during the formation of a new ductule. Such transitory ciliary processes, however, are not found in association with premolt ductule reformation in the mature rosette glands; in their place are seen a number of microvilli-like cytoplasmic processes, which emanate from the apices of the secretory cells and from the channels of the central cell. These cytoplasmic processes in mature glands, like the ciliary processes in immature glands, are transitory and appear to prevent the collapse of the old ductule.Cytoplasmic processes comparable to those in mature glands, but relatively few in number and originating only from the secretory cells, are seen together with ciliary processes in some immature glands. The relative abundance of cytoplasmic processes in the mature glands, coupled with the observation that transitory ciliary processes occur in immature glands but not in mature glands, suggests that, during glandular maturation, transitory ciliary processes are replaced by transitory cytoplasmic processes.
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  • 198
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    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 123-136 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The spermatozeugmata (sperm bundles lacking a distinct wall) from the spermathecae of Tubifex tubifex are composed of two different zones: an internal axial cylinder containing conventional spermatozoa and an external cortex composed of modified spermatozoa, tightly packed together. The conventional spermatozoa conform to the classical clitellate scheme: very long and thin with a complex acrosome, a filiform nucleus, small mitochondria, and a flagellum with Y links and β glycogen granules as accessory structures. The modified spermatozoa show “empty” acrosomes, degenerating nuclei, and tails which contain γ glycogen granules. The tails are helically wound around the spermatozeugma and are connected to each other by junctional complexes. The tips of the cortical tails are free and move with a metachronal wave. The presence of two sperm types in tubificids is discussed and a protective function for the modified cortical spermatozoa is proposed.
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  • 199
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    Journal of Morphology 171 (1982), S. 183-194 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The intraembryonic reticuloendothelial response to phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia was studied embryonic chicks (days 13-16) by light and electron microscopy and histochemical and biochemical assays for acid phosphatase. Phenylhydrazine was given on day 13 and tissue taken at 2, 5, and 10 h and at 1, 2, and 3 days after injections. The response varied in the three major reticuloendothelial organs. The spleen first demonstrated an increase in erythrophagocytosis that was accompanied by increased acid phosphatase levels. Erythrophagocytosis occurred primarily in the red pulp resulting in increased numbers of macrophages, increased size of macrophages, and retention of erythrocytes, which together combined to enlarge the spleens. By 2 days after phenylhydrazine injection, greatly enlarged macrophages began to migrate into the venous system, where some erythrophagocytosis continued to occur. The liver was also a major erythroclastic organ in which Kupffer cells became increasingly erythrophagocytic. However, erythrophagocytosis began later than in the spleen, and as measured by acid phosphatase levels, the liver was not as effective in removing damaged erythroid cells. Marrow erythrophagocytosis was only slightly enhanced; however, the marrow responded by increasing its production of red blood cells. Thus, the intraembryonic reticuloendothelial organs of the embryonic chick responded to phenylhydrazine-induced hemolytic anemia in much the same manner as might be expected of the adult bird.
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  • 200
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    Journal of Morphology 172 (1982), S. 5-22 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The siphuncle of the chambered nautilus (Nautilus macromphalus) is composed of a layer of columnar epithelial cells resting on a vascularized connective tissue base. The siphuncular epithelium taken from chambers that have not yet begun to be emptied of cameral liquid has a dense apical brush border. The great number of apical cell junctions (zonula adherens) compared to the number of nuclei suggests extensive interdigitation of these cells. The perinuclear cytoplasm of these preemptying cells is rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. The siphuncular epithelium of both emptying and “old” siphuncle (which has already completed emptying its chamber) both show little rough endoplasmic reticulum but do contain extensive systems of mitochondria-lined infoldings of the basolateral plasma membranes. Active transport of NaCl into the extracellular space of this tubular system probably entrains the water transport involved in the chamber-emptying process. Both emptying and old siphuncular epithelium also show large basal infoldings (canaliculi) continuous with the hemocoel, which appear to be filled with hemocyanin. The apical cell junctions of emptying and old siphuncular epithelium contain septate desmosomes that may help to prevent back-flow of cameral liquid into the chambers.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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