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  • 1985-1989  (3,552)
  • 1985  (3,552)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (3,130)
  • Engineering  (422)
  • Engineering General  (422)
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  • 1985-1989  (3,552)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A4 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 102
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A7 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperaturwechselverhalten hochfester ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe - Kenndaten, Gefügeeinfluß, VerbesserungTeil I: Kenndaten des Temperaturwechselverhaltens hochfester ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe.Aufbauend auf den Kriterien zur Verbesserung des Thermoschockverhaltens werden zwei Gefügeaspekte diskutiert: Der Einfluß des Gefüges auf das Thermoschockverhalten und die Verbesserung des Thermoschockverhaltens auf der Basis mikrostruktureller Überlegungen. In diesem Rahmen weden zunächst einmal Kenndaten des Temperaturwechselverhaltens (für Thermoschockbeanspruchung und für zyklische thermische Langzeitbeanspruchung) verschiedener hochfester ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe präsentiert.Anhand der zwei Werkstoffe, dichtes und poröses reaktionsgesintertes Si3N4, wird der Einfluß verschiedener Gefügeparameter auf die mechanischen und thermischen Eigenschaften, die das Thermoschockverhalten bestimmen, diskutiert und de Zusammenhang mit dem Thermoschockverhalten dargestellt. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, wie das Thermoschockverhalten durch Gefügeoptimierung verbessert werden kann. Einige Beispiele für die Verbesserung des Thermoschockverhaltens durch die Entwicklung von Verbundwerkstoffen werden gegeben.Die Arbeit ist in 3 Teile gegliedert: Teil I Kenndaten des Temperaturwechselverhaltens hochfester ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe. Teil II: Einfluß des Gefüges auf das Thermoschockverhalten hochfester ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe. Teil III: Verbesserung des Temperaturwechselverhaltens hochfester ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe.
    Notes: Based on the criteria for the improvement of thermal shock resistance mainly two microstructural aspects of thermal stress resistance are discussed: First, the influence of microstructure on thermal shock resistance to fracture initiation, and second, the improvement of thermal shock resistance on the basis of microstructural considerations. In this connection, data of thermal stress resistance (thermal shock and thermal cycling) of various engineering ceramic materials are presented. Using laboratory grades with well-defined microstructures the interdependence between various microstructural variables and the mechanical and thermal properties, which control the thermal shock resistance, is discussed and the relation to thermal shock resistance is outlined by the example of the two materials, dense and porous reaction-bonded Si3N4. Moreover, the improvement of thermal shock resistance by microstructural optimization is demonstrated. Some examples of the improvement of thermal stress resistance by developing advanced composite materials are given.The paper is divided into three parts: Part I: Data of Thermal Stress Resistance of High-Strength Engineering Ceramics Part II: Influence of Microstructure on Thermal Shock Resistance of High-Strength Engineering Ceramics Part III: Improvement of Thermal Stress Resistance of High-Strength Engineering Ceramics.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 104
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A15 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 105
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Temperaturwechselverhalten hochfester ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe - Kenndaten, Gefügeeinfluß, Verbesserung Teil II: Einfluß des Gefüges auf das Thermoschockverhalten hochfester ingenieurkeramischer WerkstoffeIm Teil I dieser Arbeit wurden zunächst grundlegende Kriterien zur Verbesserung des Thermoschockverhaltens ingenieurkeramischer Werkstoffe zusammengefaßt. Weiterhin wurden Kenndaten des Thermoschockverhaltens und der zyklischen thermischen Langzeitbeanspruchung aufgeführt. Im Teil II dieser Arbeit wird der Einfluß des Gefüges auf das Thermoschockverhalten diskutiert. Dieser Punkt beinhaltet auch die Diskussion des Einflusses verschiedener Gefügeparameter auf die mechanischen und thermischen Eigenschaften, die im wesentlichen das Thermoschockverhalten bestimmen. Diese Zusammenhänge werden für Al2O3, insbesondere aber am Beispiel des dichten und porösen reaktionsgesinterten Si3N4 aufgezeigt. Zusätzlich werden einige andere Faktoren, die das Thermoschockverhalten beeinflussen, erläutert: Der Einfluß der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Eigenschaften auf die Gefügeabhängigkeit des Thermoschockverhaltens, sowie der Einfluß der Streuung der Ausgangsfestigkeit auf das Festigkeitsverhalten nach dem Thermoschock.
    Notes: In part I of this paper basic criteria for the improvement of thermal shock resistance of engineering ceramics were summarized. Moreover, data were presented about thermal shock resistance to fracture initiation and about thermal cycling behaviour of high-strength engineering ceramics. In this part the influence of microstructure on thermal shock resistance to fracture initiation is discussed. This subject also includes the discussion of the influence of various microstructural variables on the mechanical and thermal properties which mainly control the thermal shock resistance to fracture initiation. These relations are demonstrated with Al2O3, but in particular by the example of dense and porous reactionbonded Si3N4. Furthermore, some other factors affecting thermal shock resistance are outlined: the influence of temperature dependence of properties on the microstructural effects on thermal shock resistance, and the influence of data scatter of the initial strength on the strength behaviour after thermal shock.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 106
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 73-73 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 107
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A26 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 88-94 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of Heat Treatment on the Fatigue Behaviour of 6005A Aluminium AlloyThe influence of industrial heat treatment on the fatigue behaviour of 6005A Aluminium alloy has been investigated.By variation of the cooling rate from solution temperature and holding time at room temperature the size of precipitates improving strength and the width of precipitation free zones at grain boundaries may be altered independently from each other. Increasing the size of precipitates and the width of the precipitation free zones will decrease the tensile properties. In the high cycle fatigue region minor fatigue properties result from a significant broadening of the precipitation free zones, which enhance deformation and crack initiation at the grain boundaries. Coarsening the precipitates has no influence on fatigue behaviour, before crack initiation has taken place, but reduces fatigue crack propagation rate and by this improves the total lifetime.
    Notes: An der aushärtbaren Aluminiumlegierung AlMgSi 0,7 wird der Einfluß betriebsüblicher Wärmebehandlungsbedingungen auf das Ermüdungsverhalten gezeigt.Durch Variation der Abkühlgeschwindigkeit vom Lösungsglühen und der Zwischenlagerungsdauer bei Raumtemperatur lassen sich die Größe der festigkeitssteigernden Ausscheidungen und der ausscheidungsfreien Säume an den Korngrenzen nahezu unabhängig voneinander beeinflussen. Eine Vergrößerung der Ausscheidungen und der ausscheidungsfreien Säume wirkt auf alle Kenngrößen des Zugversuchs negativ. Auf das Dauerschwingverhalten im unteren Zeitfestigkeitsgebiet wirkt sich eine signifikante Verbreiterung der ausscheidungsfreien Säume aufgrund einer erleichterten Verformbarkeit und Rißbildung an den Korngrenzen negativ aus. Eine Vergröberung der Ausscheidungen läßt das Verhalten bis zur Bildung von Ermüdungsanrissen unbeeinflußt, wirkt jedoch in der Rißausbreitungsphase mindernd auf die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der Ermüdungsrisse und führt deshalb zu einer Erhöhung der Lebensdauer.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 110
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 101-112 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fatigue Strength under Nonsynchronous Multiaxial StressesIn [1] various multiaxial criteria for synchronous stresses as well as for combined and alternating stresses have been reviewed. This paper discusses various criteria for nonsynchronous stresses, e. g. out-of-phase stresses, nonsinusoidal stress time functions and different frequencies between stress components. The criteria aim at the predictions of high cycle fatigue only.Two groups of multiaxial criteria are considered:  - critical plane criteria that means fatigue failure is governed by stresses on certain critical planes and - criteria of integral straining (Anstrengung) that means the stresses in all interference planes of a volume element effect the fatigue behaviour.Only the last groups, i. e. Effective Shear Stress Criteria [8, 32], Shear Stress Intensity Hypothesis (SIH) [10] allow a reliable fatigue evaluation both for constant and changing direction of principal stresses. An extensive comparison between test results (phase difference, different frequencies, complex stress time functions) and prediction, according to the SIH, shows good agreement.
    Notes: Behandelt werden Festigkeitshypothesen für die Dauerschwingfestigkeit duktiler Werkstoffe für den ebenen Spannungszustand, wobei beliebige periodische Beanspruchungs-Zeitabläufe (Phasenverschiebung, unterschiedliche Frequenzen der Komponenten, nichtsinusförmige Abläufe usw.) betrachtet werden. Die „Methoden der kritischen Schnittebene“ sind nur anwendbar bei Beanspruchungsfällen mit konstanter Hauptspannungsrichtung während eines Schwingspiels. Dagegen erfüllen die „Methoden der integralen Anstrengung“ die Invarianzforderungen für eine Festigkeitshypothese bei veränderlichen Hauptspannungsrichtungen: Unabhängigkeit der Vergleichsspannung vom ortsfesten und vom Hauptspannungskoordinatensystem.Experimentell ermittelte und nach der Schubspannungsintensitätshypothese SIH berechnete Dauerfestigkeitswerte zeigen gute Übereinstimmung. Die Treffsicherheit ist somit bei Phasenverschiebung, unterschiedlichen Frequenzen der Komponenten, nichtsinusförmigen Abläufen und komplexen Beanspruchungsfällen ähnlich wie bei synchronen Beanspruchungen, vergl. [1].Nicht behandelt wird der Einfluß der mehrachsigen Beanspruchung bei endlicher Lebensdauer, d. h. auf Betriebsfestigkeit, LCF und Rißfortschritt.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 111
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A32 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 112
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A40 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 113
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 129-134 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Composites and Compound Parts by Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP)The technique of diffusion bonding by hot isostatic pressing, gas pressure bonding, is presented. The optimization of the HIP-parameters temperature, pressure and time is necessary to get a good bonding. The properties of the compounds, especially the strength, depend on the kind of materials bonded together. The possibilities of this technique are demonstrated by examples.
    Notes: Das Verfahren des Diffusionsschweißens durch heißisostatisches Pressen, das Gasdruckdiffusionsschweißen, wird vorgestellt. Für einen guten Verbund ist eine Optimierung der HIP-Parameter Temperatur, Druck und Haltezeit notwendig. Die Eigenschaften des Verbundes, insbesondere die Festigkeit, hängen stark von der Art der Werkstoffkombination ab. An Hand von Beispielen werden die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten dieser Technik demonstriert.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 114
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 39-44 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The Estimation of the Size-Effect of Parts under Random LoadingThe scatter of the number of cycles N to initiate a crack in randomly loaded specimens can be described by the Weibull-formula (Eq. 1) where PB is the probability of crack initiation, Nv and m are constants and A/A0 is the magnification factor.Notched specimens of different size (Fig. 1) were tested either under a Gaussian type or under a flight-by-flight random sequence. The elastic stress-concentration factor of the geometrically enlarged specimens was Kt = 2.5. In each case of test conditions only four specimens were used to determine the scatter of the number of cycles to crack initiation. On the basis of the test results of one specimen size the constants Nv and m of the Weibull-formula (Eq. 1) were determined. If the magnification factor of another specimen size is inserted into Eq. (1) a prediction of the distribution of N can be made.In practice the prediction is often necessary on the basis of a smaller test piece. The test results of the smaller specimens (size I or II) were therefore used to predict the test results which were obtained with the larger specimens. The comparison of the predicted values with the corresponding test results shows a relatively good agreement although there were used only four test results for the prediction.
    Notes: Geometrisch ähnliche Lochstäbe unterschiedlicher Größe wurden einer Gaußschen Zufallsbelastung bzw. einer Einzelflugbelastung unterworfen. Die Versuche wurden mit dem Stahl StE 47 und der Al-Legierung AlCuMg 2 auf jeweils zwei Mittelspannungshorizonten durchgeführt. Es wurde die Anrißlastspielzahl ermittelt, wobei je Versuchspunkt vier Probestäbe zur Verfügung standen.Die Umrechnung der an verschieden großen Proben ermittelten Anrißlastspielzahl wurde mit Hilfe der zweiparametrigen Weibull-Verteilung vorgenommen. Zur Bestimmung des Weibullexponenten standen jeweils nur vier Einzelergebnisse zur Verfügung, so daß dessen Wert nur sehr unsicher bestimmt werden konnte. Trotzdem konnten die Versuchsergebnisse tendenziell richtig umgerechnet werden.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 115
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Systematic Analysis of Microplastic Strain Components in Uniaxial Tensile Deformation of Ferritic Cast IronsIn order to analyse the microplastical strain components of cast iron, four ferritic cast irons with similar chemical compositions but different graphite shapes as well as the graphite-free base alloy have been tested in uniaxial tension. Graphite shape changings from nodular over vermicular to lamellar shape reduce the proof stresses at very small strains much more than the 0,2% proof stresses. Also, the relationships between lateral contractions and longitudinal strains are strongly changed. As a consequence of three graphite-induced strain components at any given stress, the plastic strains of the cast irons are greater than the plastic strain of the graphite-free base alloy: i( plastic matrix-deformation, caused by the notch effect of graphite particles; ii) plastic matrix-deformation, caused by integral stress rise in the matrix due to the presence of graphite, and (iii) volume changes, caused by cracking in the graphite particles as well as decohesion at the graphite/matrix interface. In the case of coarse flake graphite cast irons, very pronounced volume changes occur, which strongly influence the stress, strain behaviour.
    Notes: An vier ferritischen Gußeisen mit praktisch gleicher chemischer Zusammensetzung, aber unterschiedlicher Graphitausbildung und an der graphitfreien Basislegierung wurde das mikroplastische Verformungsverhalten unter Zugbeanspruchung untersucht. Beim Übergang von der globularen zur vermicularen und lamellaren Graphitform werden die Feinstdehngrenzen wesentlich stärker als die 0,2%-Dehngrenzen abgesenkt. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Querkontraktion und Längsdehnung werden dabei stark verändert. Die im Vergleich zur graphitfreien Basislegierung bei gegebener Nennspannung größeren plastischen Dehnungen der Gußeisen beruhen auf plastischen Matrixverformungen aufgrund der inneren Kerbwirkung des Graphits und der integralen Spannungsanhebung wegen der geringen Spannungsaufnahme des Graphits sowie auf Volumenvergrößerungen aufgrund von Rißbildung im Graphit und Ablösungen an den Grenzflächen Graphit/Matrix. Die Volumenvergrößerungen sind bei Gußeisen mit groblamellarem Graphit besonders stark und kontrollieren das mikroplastische Verformungsgeschehen in entscheidender Weise.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 116
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 74-74 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 117
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A24 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 118
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A27 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 119
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 120
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A33 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 121
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 122-128 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
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  • 122
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 123
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 151-156 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress Intensity Factors for Long Axial Surface Cracks in Pipes Under Thermal LoadingThe stresses occurring in the pipes of the primary loop in the case of an emergency cooling may be described conservatively by a thermal shock problem. The influence of these thermal stresses on a long axially orientated surface crack is studied in this paper. By means of the weight function method stress intensity factors are calculated for this loading case.
    Notes: Mit einem Thermoschockproblem lassen sich die Vorgänge in den Primärkreisrohren bei einer Notkühlung konservativ beschreiben. Die entstehenden Wärmespannungen werden hier als Belastung für einen langen axialen Oberflächenriß eingesetzt. Mit Hilfe der Gewichtsfunktionsmethode werden Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren für diesen Lastfall berechnet.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Integration of Fracture Mechanics Test Techniques into Toughness Test Programs for Components of Chemical PlantsFracture mechanics test methods provide the material data necessary for a quantitative assessment of crack-like defects. Some of these techniques are well established and should be incorporated in toughness test programs for components of chemical plants. This article describes a proposal, that has proved useful by practical application.
    Notes: Bruchmechanische Methoden der Zähigkeitsprüfung und die dadurch ermöglichte quantitative Bewertung scharfkantiger Materialfehler haben einen Stand erreicht, der ihre Anwendung im Apparatebau wünschbar macht. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt einen Vorschlag zum Einbau bruchmechanischer Prüfungen in den Zähigkeitsnachweis, der sich in der Praxis bewährt hat.
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  • 125
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 126
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 187-193 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fretting Fatigue Testing with a Fretting Bridge Equipment- Two Dimensional Stress Analysis and Amplitudes of SlipThe typical damage of specimens loaded in a fretting fatigue test leads to the conclusion, that the fracturing of these specimens is mainly due to the local stresses occuring in the fretting test.Regarding the possible slipping and gaping of the joint in the contact system of specimen and fretting bridge, two-dimensional stress calculations have been carried out using the „Finite-Element-Method“.The results of the F-E-calculations show that at the location of fracture a maximum of stresses as well as the maximum amplitudes of slip are to be expected.The demands to be made on the finite element mesh and the reliability of the calculations are determined by a preliminary investigation. If residual stresses due to shotpeening or milling are superimposed on the calculated specimen stresses, a clear dependence of the fretting fatigue strength corresponding to 107 cycles on the stresses and the amplitudes of slip is evident.Regarding the distribution of slip in the contact area of specimen and fretting bridge shows, that the fretting bridge test can be used well for achieving very small amplitudes of slip within the range of 1 … 10 μm.
    Notes: Das typische Schadensbild von im Reibkufenversuch beanspruchten Proben läßt den Schluß zu, daß das Bruchverhalten solcher Proben entscheidend durch die im Versuch auftretenden lokalen Spannungsverhältnisse beeinflußt wird.Unter Berücksichtigung der in der Paarung Probe-Reibkufe möglichen Rutsch- und Klaffbewegungen wurden zweidimensionale Spannungsberechnungen mit Hilfe der Finit-Element-Methode durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse der F-E-Berechnungen zeigen, daß im Ort des Bruches sowohl die größten Spannungswerte als auch die maximalen Reibwegamplituden zu erwarten sind.Die an das F-E-Netz zu stellenden Anforderungen und die Aussage-fähigkeit der Rechenergebnisse wurden im Rahmen einer Voruntersuchung geklärt. Überlagert man den berechneten Spannungswerten jene Eigenspannungen, die an gefrästen und kugelgestrahlten Probestäben gemessen worden sind, so zeigen sich charakteristische Einflüsse von Spannungen und Reibwegen auf die Schwingverschleißfestigkeit. Eine Betrachtung der Schlupfverteilung in der Kontaktfläche von Probe und Reibkufe zeigt weiterhin, daß der Reibkufenversuch für bestimmte Belastungsverhältnise gute Voraussetzungen bietet, um schr kleine Schlupfbeträge im Bereich von 1 … 10 μm gezielt sicher einzustellen.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
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  • 127
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 128
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A106 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 129
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A108 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 130
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A110 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 131
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 407-413 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Der Kontrast zwischen verschiedenen Gefügebestandteilen von Verbundwerkstoffen ist die wichtigste Voraussetzung ihrer Gefügeanalyse. Seine Erzeugung bzw. Steigerung durch Gasätzung - oder Gaskontrastierung - wird im vorliegenden Bericht zusammenfassend beschrieben. Er beginnt mit der Erläuterung zum Aufbau der Gaskontrastierkammer und des Vorganges der Gaskontrastierkammer und des Vorganges der Gaskontrastierung. Danach werden gaskontrastierte Gefüge vorgestellt. Abschließend wird die durch Gasätzung erzeugte Farbkontrastierung auf der Grundlage der optischen Theorie interferenzfähiger Schichten gedeutet.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 132
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 426-430 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Comments on Failure Criteria and Component Strength in CeramicsDespite a high level of knowledge on the mechanical properties of ceramic materials it can be stated that experiences, which can be put to a test, are still not available today in order to formulate failure criteria for the constructive design. The influences of component volume, surface condition, and scattering of the values for mechanical strengths on the fatigue strength being dependent on the design are discussed.
    Notes: Trotz eines hohen Kenntnisstandes über die mechanischen Eigenschaften keramischer Werkstoffe fehlen heute noch ausreichend belastbare Erfahrungen, um Versagenskriterien für den konstruktiven Entwurf zu formulieren. Die Einflüsse von Bauteilvolumen, Oberflächenbeschaffenheit und Streuung der Werte für mechanische Festigkeit auf die Gestaltsfestigkeit werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 133
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 422-426 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Stress Intensity Factors for Semi-Elliptical Circumferential Surface Cracks in a Pipe Loaded by Internal Pressure and BendingPipes are often loaded by superposed tensile and bending stresses. Flaws in circumferential direction, for example at welded joints, may be caused by these stresses to grow. In this paper, semi-elliptical circumferential surface cracks in a pipe are studied. By means of the weight function method stress intensity factors at the deepest point and at the surface points of the cracks are evaluated in dependence on crack length and crack depth. The application of the weight function method in the form used here requires that the half crack length measured by the angle of circumference is not greater than 15 degrees. Longer cracks should be studied by the finite element method.
    Notes: Rohrleitungskomponenten werden häufig durch überlagerte axiale Zug- und Biegespannungen belastet. Hierdurch kann es zur Vergrößerung von Fehlern in Umfangsrichtung, z. B. an Schweißnähten kommen. Im folgenden werden halbelliptische Oberflächenumfangsrisse in einem Rohr betrachtet. Mit Hilfe der Gewichtsfunktionsmethode werden Spannungsintensitätsfaktoren am tiefsten Punkt sowie an den Oberflächenpunkten der Risse in Abhängigkeit von Rißlänge und -tiefe berechnet. Voraussetzung für die Anwendbarkeit der Gewichtsfunktionsmethode ist in diesem Fall, daß die halbe Rißlänge, gemessen mit dem Umfangswinkel, 15° nicht wesentlich überschreitet. Längere Risse sollten mit Hilfe der FEM behandelt werden.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 134
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. 25-30 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Influence of the Manufacturing Process of Double V-Notches of the Test SpecimensIn connexion with DIN 53 753 „Impact bending test on a test specimen with a hole-notch or double V-notch“ tests were carried out on test specimen whose notches had been manufactured by different procedures (by planing and by placing the notches into the injection mould). Four different thermoplastics - some of them short-glassfiber reinforced-were used. Proof was gained that all specimens with a notch radius of 0.5 mm will break and that hardly any differences between „planed“ and „injected“ notches will exist. With the possibility of selecting one particular radius it has become feasible to draw comparisons between the individual plastics as to their impact strengths. Microtome cuts, SEM-micrographs of the area of fracture and orientation measurements with the aid of a micropolariscope complete the investigations.
    Notes: Im Zusammenhang mit DIN 53 753 „Schlagbiegeversuch an Probekörpern mit Loch- oder Doppel-V-Einkerbung“ wurden Versuchen an Probekörpern mit unterschiedlichen Kerbradien (0,1; 0,2; 0,5 mm) durchgeführt und an Proben mit unterschiedlicher Herstellung der Kerben (durch Hobeln und durch Einbringen von Kerben in die Spritzgießform). Es wurden vier verschiedene Thermoplaste, zum Teil mit Kurzglasfaser verstärkt, eingesetzt. Es zeigte sich, daß bei der Verwendung von 0,5 mm Kerbradius alle untersuchten Proben brechen, und daß kaum Unterschiede zwischen „gehobelten“ und „eingespritzten“ Kerben bestechen. Durch die Wahl eines Radius sind Vergleiche zwischen einzelnen Kunststoffen hinsichtlich ihrer Schlagzähigkeit möglich geworden. Mikrotomschnitte, REM-Aufnahmen der Bruchfläche und Orientierungsmessungen unter dem Polarisierungsmikroskop ergänzen die Untersuchungen.
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  • 135
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    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 16 (1985), S. A12 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 136
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Bestimmung der Tiefe von Oberflächenrissen mit Hilfe der Gleichstrom-PotentialmethodeIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Rißtiefenbestimmung von Oberflächenrissen mit Hilfe des Gleichstrompotentialverfahrens untersucht. Die Versuche wurden an plattenförmigen Zugproben aus verschiedenen Aluminium-Legierungen mit mittig eingebrachtem Oberflächenriß unter Ermüdungsbeanspruchung durchgeführt, wobei Rißtiefe-Potential-Eichkurven mit Hilfe einer Bruchflächen-Markierungstechnik ermittelt wurden. Die Meßempfindlichkeit des Gleichstrompotentialverfahrens ist bei Oberflächenrissen relativ gering. Daher wurden auf experimentellem Wege die Versuchsparameter wie Stromeinleitung, Potentialabgriffspunkte und Stromstärke sowie die Meßsignalauswertung mit dem Ziel möglichst genauer und reproduzierbarer Rißtiefenmessung optimiert. Mit Hilfe der vorgestellten Meßtechnik konnte die Rißtiefe von Oberflächenrissen mit einer Genauigkeit von ± 1% der Probendicke bestimmt werden.
    Notes: The direct current potential drop method is used to determine the depth of surface cracks in laboratory crack growth experiments. In the present paper calibration tests are described which were done on tensile loaded flat plates containing centrally located surface cracks. The cracks were propagated by fatigue loads and the load shedding technique was used to obtain beach marks on the fracture surface which were needed to calibrate the potential drop readings. Since the resolution of the direct current potential drop method is very low in the case of surface cracks the experimental parameters were optimized such that the accuracy of the crack depth determination can be about ± 1 per cent of the specimen thickness.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 137
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 138
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 139
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Kohlenstoffaserverstärkter Kohlenstoff - eine inverse Verbundkörper-StrukturKohlenstoffaserverstärkte Kohlenverbundkörper (CFC) sind ein Werkstofftyp, welcher die refraktären Eigenschaften des Kohlenstoffes mit den hohen Festigkeiten und Steifigkeiten der Kohlenstoffaser verbindet. Obwohl durch eine Kombination von Kohlenstoffmatrix mit Kohlenstoffasern keine Verstärkungswirkung erwartet werden sollte, besitzen diese Verbundkörper hohe Festigkeiten und Steifigkeiten. Auch zeigt dieser Verbundkörpertyp ein pseudoplastisches Bruchverhalten, trotz seiner keramischen Natur. Erklärungen für dieses im Vergleich zu anderen Verbundkörpern inverse Verhalten werden aufgezeigt. Ebenfalls werden industrielle Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der kohlenstoffaserverstärkten Kohlenstoffverbundkörper vorgestellt.
    Notes: Carbon/carbon composites are a type of material, which combines the refractory properties of carbon with the high strength and stiffness of carbon fibres. Although one could not expect a reinforcement by the combination of a carbon matrix with carbon fibres the fibre properties can be used. Additionally the material shows a pseudoplastic fracture behaviour in spite of its ceramic nature. Explanations for this inverse behaviour in comparison to other composite structures will be presented including mechanical viewpoints, interactions at the interface between fibre and matrix, their influence to the fracture characteristics and micromechanical behaviour as well as the interactions between modulus and microstructure. Furtheron examples for some industrial applications are described.
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  • 140
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 35-43 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of γ-irradiation on the performance of wet cellulose acetate membranes in the dose range of 2.5-10 Mrads was investigated using a 60Co source. Changes in transport properties and inherent viscosity of the membranes suggested continued degradation as a result of irradiation. Solubility and specific gravity changes accompanying irradiation indicated some sort of structural aggregation occuring at higher doses. Consumption of dissolved oxygen during irradiation and the extent of deacetylation of the membrane polymer were determined to study the kinetics of the degradative process. Analysis of the end products of irradiation was attempted by UV spectroscopy. ESR spectra of membrane polymer after irradiation were analyzed to identify the free radicals generated. A tentative mechanism of radiolytic degradation causing the observed performance failure is proposed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 141
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 83-94 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A modification process of some commercial brominated epoxy resins by reacting them with phosphoric or poly(phosphoric acid) is described. The influence of the reactants ratio on the thermal stability of the modified resins was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The resin obtained from complete esterification of phosphoric acid showed the highest thermal stability. In addition, the resins prepared by reacting phosphoric acid with brominated epoxy resins of different molecular weight were thermally characterized by DSC and TGA. Most of the modified resins were thermally more stable than the corresponding unmodified resins. The chemical reactions that possibly take place during the process are discussed. Furthermore, the structure of the modified resins was investigated by Fourier-transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 142
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 135-141 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Methyl methacrylate (MMA) has been graft copolymerized onto Himachali wool in an aqueous medium by using chromium acetyl acetonate in the presence of perchloric acid at 45, 55, 65, and 75°C for various reaction periods. Percentage of grafting has been determined as functions of various reaction variables. Tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) was found to influence grafting of MMA. Rate of grafting (Rp) and induction period (Ip) of MMA towards graft copolymerization were determined as function of total initial monomer concentrations. In the absence of TBHP, Rp does not change markedly with the increase in monomer concentration. When the graft copolymerization was carried out in the presence of TBHP, an increase in Rp and a decrease in Ip were observed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 143
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 205-219 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: There is a disagreement about the order of reaction of transesterification of DMT with EG. The reactivity of the two ester groups is not compared yet. The transesterification of DMT and MHET is studied to establish the kinetics of the process. Attempts are made to treat the kinetic data on a mathematical model for third-order reaction.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 144
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 355-362 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The influence of solvents on the branching degrees G (the ratio of intrinsic viscosities) and g (the ratio of radii of gyration), and on the branching exponent b in equation G = gb has been estimated using the recently reported equations for branched polymers. The following relations have been found: G 〈 ḡ0, ḡx, = ḡx0, and b 〉 b0, where subscripts 0 and x denote the unperturbed (or theta) conditions and the type of average value for polydisperse polymers, respectively. Hence the expansion coefficients of branched and linear macromolecules are related by αη,br 〈 αη,lin and αsbr = αs,lin.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 146
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 487-496 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The states in the surface and the bulk phases of Na ion-sensitive polymeric membranes based on a synthetic carrier were investigated using SEM, IR, 13C-NMR, and GC. The 13C-NMR study revealed that conformation change of the carrier took place when the carrier was incorporated into the membrane phase. From SEM, IR, and 13C-NMR experiments with a deteriorated membrane, the conformation change of the carrier was proposed as one of the deterioration factors other than the decrease in the diffusion coefficient of the carrier in the membrane phase.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 147
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 571-580 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nigeria natural rubber concentrates in a newly synthesized antioxidant were added as conventional additives for normal natural rubber. The natural weathering, thermal and photooxidative protective performance of the adduct were examined by measurement of the carbonyl index and induction periods. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the addition of this new antioxidant in the form of masterbatch appears to be a better practical way of incorporating it into natural rubber simply by dilution of natural rubber. The bound stabilizers were found to be resistant to leaching.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 148
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 621-645 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adhesion between matrix and inclusions (fibers or particulates) in a composite material is one of principal factors characterizing the mechanical and physical behavior of the modern composite materials. All theoretical models describing these substances neglect to consider the influence of the boundary layer developed between phases during the preparation of the composite. In this paper, two versions of a theoretical model were introduced for the evaluation of this mesophase layer. It had been shown that this thin layer influences considerably the physical properties of the composite. It was assumed that the physical properties of the mesophase unfold from those of the hard-core fibers to those of the softer matrix. Thus, a multicylinder model was assumed, improving the classical two-cylinder model introduced by Hashin and Rosen for the representative volume element of the composite. Based on thermodynamic phenomena appearing at the glass transition temperatures of the composite and concerning the positions and the sizes of the heat-capacity jumps there, as well as on the experimental values of the longitudinal elastic modulus of the composite, the extent of the mesophase and the mechanical properties of the composite may be accurately evaluated. These versions of model are based on a previous one concerning a multilayer model, but they are considerably improved, in order to take into consideration, in a realistic manner, the physical phenomena developed in fiber-reinforced composites.
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  • 149
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 695-707 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The pore size for a fine porous freeze-dried cellulose acetate membrane was evaluated by gas separation methods, where the Present-deBethune equation was applied. Separation coefficients were referred to the calculated value for each pore size from this equation. Nuclepore, Millipore VS, and Millipore VC, whose pore sizes were already known by bubble point method, were tested for this method. Pore diameters for this cellulose acetate membrane, thus determined, were about 25 and 40 Å from Ar-Kr and N2-Kr separation systems, respectively, which agreed well with the results from electron microscope (50 Å) and N2 gas permeability (50 Å). However, it is impossible to apply this method to He gas separation, since He gas permeability is higher than the expected value as Knudsen flow, which indicates that some channels are existing in this membrane, where He gas is more permeable than the other gases.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 150
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 731-740 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The chain entanglement states in high density, linear low density, and low density polyethylenes (HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE) have been modified by recovering the polymers from solutions in trichlorobenzene (TCB) and p-xylene. In the thermodynamically good solvent, TCB, the entanglement density is assumed to be sharply reduced, a condition which is carried over to the corresponding solids. These display transient, but large increments in tensile moduli, slight changes in stress at rupture, and decreases in dynamic mechanical parameters and in elongation at rupture. Scanning calorimetry also shows these solids to have reduced crystallinity. Much smaller property modifications are noted in corresponding samples recovered from p-xylene. This liquid is a poorer solvent, particularly for HDPE and LLDPE. The results indicate that property modifications due to deliberate changes in the entanglement states of the polymers are a general phenomenon in the polyethylenes, and the magnitude of property changes depends on parameters of the molecular weight distribution. Chain branching does not seem to be a leading factor in the sensitivity of properties to modifications in the entanglement states. The property modifications produced by the present solution treatments are viewed as guides to the magnitude and duration of shear refining effects to be expected in HDPE, LLDPE, and LDPE polymers.
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  • 151
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 769-780 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: This article deals with the method of determination of a threshold volume fraction of the conductive phase within perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer Nafion. Experiments have been performed with the commercial Nafion-120 and Nafion-427 membranes equilibrated with concentrated sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide solutions at 353 K. It has been stated that the insulator-to-conductor transition in membranes occurs at the critical volume fraction of the conductive phase (Vc) equal to 0.1. The same Vc has been estimated for a geometrical cluster-network model. Lower than the theoretical Vc for a classical dense-packed-hard-sphere model (Vc = 0.15), the volume fraction for the membranes is caused mainly by channels connecting the ionic clusters. The critical exponent t has been calculated for both membranes and found to be equal to 1.6 for Nafion-120 and 1.5 for Nafion-427. Both these constants correspond to those theoretically predicted for 3D systems. The ratios of sodium ion mobility in the internal membrane solution to its mobility in the equilibrating NaCl or NaOH solutions (u+/u+) are below unity, and they are dependent on the nature and concentration of the electrolyte.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 152
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 805-814 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends of elastomers with the proper concentration of appropriate low molecular weight resins exhibit performance as pressure sensitive adhesives. Viscoelastic properties, which may be related to adhesive performance, were measured on 1:l blends of rubber and resin using a mechanical spectrometer. Significant differences in viscoelastic properties were observed depending upon the resin structure. On plots of G′ and tan δ vs. temperature, the addition of a compatible resin produces a pronounced shift of the tan δ peak to a higher temperature and reduces the modulus in the rubbery plateau. An incompatible resin results in a minor shift in the tan δ peak of the elastomer along with the appearance of a second peak at higher temperature, attributed to a second phase which is predominantly resin. Also, the modulus is increased in the rubbery plateau. A polystyrene resin, Mw about 900, is shown to be incompatible with natural rubber but compatible with styrene-butadiene rubber. A cycloaliphatic poly(viny1 cyclohexane) resin, Mw about 650, prepared by hydrogenating the polystyrene resin, is compatible with natural rubber, but incompatible with styrene-butadiene rubber. An alkyl-aromatic poly(tert-butylstyrene) resin, Mw about 850, which is intermediate in aromaticity between the aromatic polystyrene resin and the cycloaliphatic poly(viny1 cyclohexane) resin, is compatible with both natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber. Therefore, the structure of the resin is very important in adjusting the viscoelastic properties of a rubber-resin blend to achieve pressure sensitive adhesive performance.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 153
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 855-873 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of Thioped, a liquid polysulfide polymer based on dichloroethyl formal, was studied using pyrolysis-GC-MS. The nature and composition of the products of pyrolysis at 358 and 485°C are given. A striking feature of the product analysis is the presence of several disulfide compounds only at the higher decomposition temperature. The pyrolysis-GC of other liquid polysulfide polymers (LP-2, LP-32, LP-3, and LP-33) showed that molecular weight had only marginal effect on the product composition. Ionic and radical mechanisms were considered to account for the product formation. Isothermal and dynamic thermogravimetric studies were carried out to differentiate between the two mechanisms. The results were found to be in agreement with a free radical mechanism, with cleavage of the formal C—O linkage as the preferred mode of initiation. The overall activation energy for the decomposition was found to be 190 kJ mol-1.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 154
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 915-924 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gelatin graft copolymers of different compositions were tested for microbial susceptibility in a synthetic medium with pure cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Serratia marcescens. The percent weight losses were recorded over 6 weeks of incubation period in nitrogen-free and nitrogen-rich media. The relationship between [log(rate)] during the first week of the test period and composition of the grafted samples showed a linear behavior. There was no difference in the aggressivity of these bacterial strains. Nitrogen analysis data and pH measurements of the media seem to reinforce our earlier observations. Soil burial tests also indicate degradation of polymer samples under natural weathering conditions. This article also summarizes the salient features of our series of investigations.
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  • 155
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 985-996 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Three polystyrene (PS)-polyoxyethylene (POE) block copolymers were synthesized: S-114 and S-123 as copolymers of POE-PS-POE type, and S-61-10 as that of type. Although the copolymers themselves did not remove nonionic surfactant, polyethylene glycol mono-p-nonylphenyl ether (NP, n = 10), in water, the copolymers, which were supported on activated alumina, removed the surfactant. The removal rates of NP by the copolymers supported on the alumina were compared. The effect of initial concentration of NP and the effect of the amount of supported copolymer on the amount of NP removed were studied. The Freuindlich adsorption isotherm was observed between the residual concentration of NP and the amount of NP removed. In the three copolymers supported on the alumina, the amount of removal per unit mass was the greatest for the S-61-10.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 156
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1049-1063 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Curing reaction of elastomers with triazine thiols and sulfen amides in the presence of ZnO and stearic acid was investigated for curing parameters and curing mechanism. The curing parameters such as curing rate, induction period, and curing efficiency were influenced by the pKa of thiol groups in triazine thiols and amines corresponding in sulfen amides, by the steric hinderance of 6-substituted groups in triazine thiols and on amino groups in sulfen amides, by the molar ratio of sulfen amides to triazine thiols, and by the reacting positions and the properties of elastomers. Triazine thiols acted as curing agents. Sulfen amides played two important roles in curing elastomers with triazine thiols. They gave poly(triazinyl disulfide) which is a curing precursor. Curing activators are formed in the reaction of the precursors, sulfen amides, and ZnO. The activators react with elastomers to give crosslinks, pendants and triazine dithiols or triazinyl disulfide oligomers. The pendants react with sulfen amides to give the crosslinks. The triazine thiols or triazinyl disulfide oligomers react with sulfen amides to reproduce the curing precursors. The structure of crosslinks is estimated to be
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 157
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1095-1112 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydroxyl terminated natural rubber (HTNR) was prepared by the depolymerization of masticated natural rubber in the presence of H2O2 in toluene. Probable mechanisms leading to the formation of side reaction products are proposed based on the analytical data. A comparative study of some formulation variables was made for their effect in improving the flow characteristics and mechanical properties of an aluminized polyurethane (PU) propellant system based on HTNR. This PU system has also been compared for its theoretical performance characteristics with some other state-of-the-art systems.
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  • 158
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 755-760 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A series of 1,2-polybutadiene networks was prepared either by endlinking reaction of telechelic liquid precursors or/and by crosslinking with disilyl compounds. Transparent materials were obtained and used as adhesives in glass assembly mainly. The shear resistance at break was found to be higher compared to conventional vulcanized elastomers.
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  • 159
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 781-788 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Porous bead copolymers of di(methacryloyloxymethyl)naphthalene and methyl methacrylate have been synthesized using a mixture of isooctane and toluene as a diluent of the monomer system. The copolymers obtained exhibit similar specific surface areas and enhanced specific pore volume as compared to those prepared in the presence of dodecane and toluene. Their submicroscopic structure is visualized as first-order organization of microglobules similarly to PPS-type styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers.
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  • 160
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1837-1846 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Vulcanization of silicon rubber compound based on polysiloxanes containing vinyl and Si-H groups catalyzed by [RhCl(CO)2]2, [RhCl(C2H4)2]2, [RhCl(1,5-COD)]2, [RhCl(NBD)]2, RhCl[P(C6H5)3]3, and Rh(acac)3 (1,5-COD = 1,5-cyklooktadiene, NBD = norbornadiene, acac = acetylacetonate) has been studied in dependence on the catalyst, solvent, and reaction conditions. The course of vulcanization as well as the crosslinking density of the vulcanizate and the content of sol indicate that the above catalysts are comparable to and in some cases even better than the widely used hexachloroplatinic acid.
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  • 161
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1875-1891 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Our limited success in toughening methylene dianiline (MDA)-cured Epon 828, using varying rubber types, led to a study of the role of the matrix viscoelasticity in the toughening process. Two rubber types, with different interfacial bonding capabilities, poly(n-butyl acrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile/2 wt % acrylic acid and poly(n-butylacrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile, were incorporated into systems containing varying amine concentrations to control crosslink density. Impact strengths of controls and rubber-modified compositions increased with excess amine concentrations up to 70%. The impact strengths for the poly(n-butyl acrylate)/15 wt % acrylonitrile/2 wt % acrylic acid rubber-modified compositions were greater than their equivalent controls, with the effect being greater at a lower crosslink density. This study confirmed that the matrix viscoelasticity is the controlling parameter in the toughening process. The degree of rubber-epoxy interfacial bonding is also an important parameter to consider, if the matrix viscoelasticity permits toughening. A modified stress response model was used to explain the toughening phenomenon.
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  • 162
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1949-1961 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of isothermal etching of isotactic polypropylene samples having different thermal treatment was studied using a mixture of concentrated sulfuric or 85% o-phosphoric acid with various amount of potassium permanganate. The course of etching was confronted with morphological features of the etched surface. It was shown that on a macroscopical scale the etching proceeds in an indiscriminate way, whereas on a scale of the basic structural elements - lamellae - it proceeds through stages of selective etching. Selective etching of isotactic polypropylene using mentioned etchants was successfully applied for morphology investigation of various kinds of surfaces.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 163
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1999-2008 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The determination of the effectiveness of lead (Pb) and mercaptotin (MT) stabilizers on the useful service life of poly(vinyl chloride) PVC in outdoor applications, necessitates testing the mechanical properties of the polymer before and after weathering, to learn its behavior in the outdoor environment. Artificial weathering was used, and four mechanical tests were carried out, namely tensile, flexure, impact, and fracture toughness tests. The Pb stabilizer system used gave better fracture toughness and impact strength after exposure. The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of MT-stabilized specimens increased significantly after exposure, unlike Pb-stabilized specimens. Brittleness in unplastisized PVC can be attributed to a number of factors, such as unsaturation, carbonyl group concentration, stabilized concentration, crystallinity, and extent of dehydrochlorination. The tensile strength and modulus of elasticity increase in tin mercaptide stabilizers significantly with increased UV exposure, while the increase in Pb specimens is less significant. There is a continuous diminution of the percent of elongation at break in both types of Pb or MT specimens, with increased exposure. The ductility of Pb may be accounted for by PbO and Pb stearate (C17H35COO)2Pb. One of the possible causes for the brittleness of tin mercaptide stabilized specimens is antiplasticization.
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  • 164
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2041-2049 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It was found that the cationic ring-opening polymerization of δ-valerolactone (VL), ε-caprolactone (CL), and β-propiolactone (PL) was initiated by carbon black containing CO+ClO4- groups, which were introduced by the reaction of COCl groups with AgClO4. The polyester was propagated from CO+ClO4- groups and effectively grafted onto carbon black surface. The polymerizability of these lactones by CO+ClO4- groups decreased in the following order: VL 〉 CL 〉 PL. The increasing temperature of the polymerization caused an increase in the rate of the chain transfer reaction of the growing chains and brought about the decrease of grafting ratio of polyester onto carbon black.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2419-2429 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two coupling agents based on trichloro-s-triazine with different terminal unsaturated groups were synthesized in order to improve the bonding between cellulose fibers and an unsaturated polyester matrix. The products of the reactions between hydroxyl groups of cellulose and reactive species of coupling agents were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and by elemental microanalyses. ESCA was used for surface characterization of treated fibers. The coupling agents were found to be concentrated on the fiber surface. Polymerization of styrene was carried out in the presence of treated fibers. That the unsaturated groups of the treated fibers were able to copolymrize with styrene was shown by FTIR. Further evidence of the presence of grafted polystyrene on the surfaces of the cellulose fibers was provided by ESCA measurements.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2457-2474 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The tensile properties and impact strength were measured of the three blend systems, nylon 6/CXA 3101, nylon 6/Plexar 3, and nylon 6/EVA, which had been prepared using a twinscrew compounding machine. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of the fracture surfaces show that the domain size of the dispersed phase is much smaller in the nylon 6/CXA 3101 blends or nylon 6/Plexar 3 blends than in the nylon 6/EVA blends. This is attributed to the presence of a graft copolymer, formed by chemical reactions between carboxyl or anhydride groups present in the CXA 3101 (or Plexar 3) and the amino end groups of the nylon 6, at the boundaries of the dispersed and continuous phases. The SEM analysis of the fracture surfaces shows that no discrete particles are exposed on the fracture surface of either the nylon 6/CXA 3101 blends or nylon 6/Plexar 3 blends, supporting the theory that a graft copolymer, formed during melt blending, helped the discrete particles adhere to the continuous matrix.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2527-2549 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of moisture absorption, desorption, and thermal spiking on the physical/mechanical properties of TGDDM/DDS epoxy resin was investigated and compared to the Gr/Ep composite. The mechanism of moisture diffusion in the neat resin was described on the morphological level. The diffusion rate of moisture in epoxy resin was found to depend on the mobility of molecular chains within an inhomogeneous epoxy network. Two well-known concepts of plasticization of amorphous polymers, the lubricity theory and the gel theory, were invoked to describe the interactions between the absorbed moisture and the resin network. Slight permanent changes in properties of the neat resin were observed after one absorption-desorption cycle. In the thermal spiking experiment, only the spiking temperature above the glass transition of the moisture saturated epoxy resins changed their internal structure and produced very small (thin) microcracks. By comparison with the neat epoxy resin, the Gr/Ep composites contain the reinforcement-matrix boundary region, characterized by the highest restrictions to molecular mobility. The absorbed moisture during the static hygrothermal fatigue cannot effectively plasticize this region. But during thermal spiking, the formation of microcracks is observed within the reinforcement-matrix boundary region as well as an increase in the moisture content.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 1399-1406 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A kinetic study of the graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto jute fiber using KMnO4-malonic acid redox initiator system has been made. Effects of the concentrations of malonic acid, monomer, and KMnO4 on graft yield have been studied. Besides, the effects of temperature, acid, and reaction medium, some inorganic salts on graft yield have been investigated. The most remarkable features of the investigation include the proposition of a mechanism, derivation of rate expression for the grafting process, and characterization of the grafted fiber by thermogravimetric analysis.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2401-2411 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Two similar polyimide systems were synthesized and characterized. The only structural difference was a sulfide linkage in the anhydride-derived portion of the first system vs. a sulfone linkage in the second. Their physical, mechanical, melt-flow and thermal properties, and their resistance to some of the more common solvents were determined. The flow properties of these polyimides indicate a potential for melt processability.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2367-2388 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: All natural rubbers are likely to contain some long chain fatty acids or their esters. The individual effect of the four C18 fatty acids (stearic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acid) present in the guayule resin on the degradation of guayule rubber has been investigated concurrently by stress-relaxation of radiation cured rubber networks and by gel permeation chromatography studies on the raw rubber in the temperature zone 70-125°C. C18 unsaturated fatty acids enhance the degradation of rubber several fold. The rate of degradation follows the order: rubber ≤ rubber + stearic acid 〈 rubber + oleic acid 〈 rubber + linoleic acid 〈 rubber + linolenic acid. The thermal degradation is slower than the thermooxidative. The rate of degradation monotonically increased with the number of conjugated double bonds and is first order with respect to acid concentration. The activation energy for the chain scission for both thermal and thermooxidative degradation has been found to be 95 ± 10 kJ/mol. The mechanism of degradation of guayule rubber in the presence of fatty acids is discussed.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2485-2504 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: To deformation and fracture behavior of several polypropylene (PP) and rubber-modified PP materials have been investigated. Plastic deformation mechanisms of these systems depend upon the test rate and temperature with high rates and low temperatures being in favor of crazing. The ductility and toughness of these materials are explained in light of the competition between crack formation and the degree of plastic deformation through crazing and shear yielding. The second phase morphology with smaller average rubber particle diameter D appears to be more efficient than that with larger D in toughening PP. Theoretical calculations indicate that the stresses imposed upon the rubber particles due to volume shrinkage of PP during crystallization are sufficient to compensate for the stresses due to differential thermal contraction in cooling from solidification temperature to end-use temperature. The difference between these two is small, and therefore they provide very little contribution to interfacial adhesion between rubber particle and PP matrix, the adhesion being insufficient for the rubber particles to be effective in controlling craze propagation. The rubber particles, in addition to promoting crazing and shear yielding, can also improve the fracture resistance of PP by varying the crystalline structure of PP (e.g., reducing the spherulite dimensions).
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  • 172
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2505-2525 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Certain mixtures of TFE/CHCl3 were found to be excellent solvents for aliphatic polyamides such as nylon-6, nylon-66, nylon-11, nylon-12, nylon-69, nylon-610, and nylon-612. Intrinsic viscosities were measured and Mark-Houwink coefficients determined for nylon-6/TFE/CHCl3, indicating TFE-rich mixtures to be better solvents than TFE alone. Similar results were obtained for TFE/CH2Cl2. Four ternary phase diagrams were constructed for nylon-6/TFE/chloroalkanes, of which the ones with CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 are the most interesting. In the nylon-6/TFE/CHCl3 diagram higher nylon-6 solubility in TFE-rich mixtures and a biphasic region in the CHCl3-rich compositions are evident. In the TFE/CH2Cl2 system, the higher dissolution of nylon-6 is observed, but no biphasic regions are detected. In certain solvent compositions and/or polymer concentrations the polymer is incompletely soluble, making the phase diagrams rather complicated. Observed thermodynamic excess properties appear to relate to the quality of TFE/chloroalkanes as solvents for nylon-6. Studies on swelling of nylon-6 networks immersed in TFE/CHCl3 show a behaviour previously described by Krigbaum and Carpenter for a general case where the formation of contracts between molecules of the two solvents is discouraged and their preferential solvation of the polymer is, therefore, encouraged. The phenomena observed in this work can be qualitatively explained as arising from antagonistic interaction of TFE molecules with chloroalkane ones. The presence of the polyamides in solution reduces such contacts, enchancing the dissolution of the polymer in the (TFE-rich) solvent mixtures.
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  • 173
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2787-2803 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Dicyclopentadiene was polymerized by reaction injection molding (RIM) using a catalyst system based on WCl6 and diethylaluminium chloride. Ring opening polymerization results in formation of a crosslinked polymer with a high crosslink density. The kinetics of the fast exothermic reaction was followed by the adiabatic temperature rise method. In addition to the “adiabatic” polymerization, isothermal reactions were carried out in a thin mold. The properties of the cured samples were determined by dynamic mechanical measurements, solgel analysis, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, DSC, and IR spectrometry. Gel fraction, glass transition temperature, content of the unreacted monomer, the modulus, and the degree of swelling were used to characterize the cured samples. The system shows very low critical conversion at the gel point (αc 〈 0.01) proving a chainwise mechanism of the polymerization. Possible participation of a cationic mechanism is discussed. We found the specific reaction temperature range (T = 100-140°C) for optimum properties of the cured samples. Deterioration of properties (decrease in the crosslinking density, etc.) at a high temperature is a result of a faster deactivation of catalytic centers and a reversibility of the exothermic ring opening polymerization. Reverse cyclodegradation is preferred at a higher temperature.
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  • 174
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2663-2674 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: As shown previously, a slight variation in the kinetic parameters (rate constant, activation energy) of the cure reaction has a pronounced effect on the vulcanization of rubber. The purpose of this work is to show that this effect is more important when the injection molding process is used and the temperature of injected rubber is higher. Experiments were performed using microcalorimetry for determining the kinetic parameters, and a heated mold pressing a 2 cm thick rubber sheet. The resulting variations in the temperature and state of cure at the midplane of sheets were calculated and compared for different temperatures of injected rubber ranging from 40 to 140°C, while the temperature of the mold was kept constant at 180°C.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2701-2705 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2721-2721 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 177
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2753-2759 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto natural rubber (NR) was carried out varying the concentration of monomer, initiator, thiourea, and silver nitrate over a wide range. The grafting reaction was temperature-dependent. From the Arrhenius plot, the overall energy of activation was computed. A suitable reaction scheme and rate expression for the rate of polymerization was suggested.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2761-2778 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Covalent binding of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone to hydrophylic biocompatible macromolecular carriers through hydrolizable carbonate linkage was investigated according to two complementary strategies. (a) Radical copolymerization of hydrocortisone-21C-vinylcarbonate with N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP,60°C), or N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]acrylamide (THMMA, 50°C) in dimethylacetamide solution: In spite of a nearly zero reactivity ratio for the steroid monomer which behaves as a degradative transfer agent - CT ∼ 5.7 × 10-2 and 6.8 × 10-3 for NVP and THMMA, respectively-this process may afford fairly high molecular weight polymers (M̄w ≃ 104-105) with high enough hydrocortisone content (0.03-0.10 mole.fraction). (b) Condensation of the hydrocortisone or dexamethasone-21C-chloroformates onto poly(oxyethylene glycol) (M̄n = 6220) or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC, M̄w = 1.35 × 105) in tetrahydrofuran solution (30°C): This straightforward process is of low efficiency (yields 〉50%), and only HPC derivatives show good chemical homogeneity.
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  • 179
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2821-2836 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical properties of a new class of ionomers comprising a semirigid polyphenylene ether backbone were investigated. The material was studied principally in the form of films of ca. 150 μm micrometers in thickness. The study focused on material of 600 equivalent weight. Torsion pendulum results showed a significant increase in the glass transition temperature of the ionomer relative to that of its ester precursor but gave no evidence of ionic clustering. Stress-strain studies performed both in water and in 20% KOH solution at 80°C indicated that the mechanical properties of the material remain stable under these conditions. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate both the high temperature behavior and the water uptake of the ionomer films. The behavior of this ionomer at high temperature and in an alkaline solution is of particular interest in view of the possible use of these films as separators in an alkaline electrolysis cell.
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  • 180
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2009-2020 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical properties, tensile strength, and elongation were investigated for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) samples mixed with dioctylphthalate (DOP) at concentrations from 0 to 100 parts per hundred parts PVC at 23°C. It was found that the tensile strength decreased with the increase of concentration, and the elongation was increased until a concentration of 30 DOP content, and then decreased. This leads to the suggestion that intermolecular plasticization is dominant until 30 DOP content, while interstructural plasticization is prevailing for higher concentrations. The permittivity ε′ and the dielectric loss factor ε″ of the same samples have been measured in the frequency range 102-105 Hz at temperatures from 3 to 96°C. Results show that as the DOP content increases in PVC, the dielectric absorption becomes broader, and the glass transition temperature Tg is lowered. The magnitude of the loss peak decreases with an increase of DOP content to a minimum at concentrations from 40 to 60 DOP content. At higher concentrations the loss peak is increased and Tg is unaltered. Another absorption was observed at 100 Hz and at high temperatures, which was attributed to Maxwell-Wagner effect or direct current conductivity or both of them. It was found that the sample containing 40 parts DOP in 100 parts PVC possesses the best mechanical and electrical properties.
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  • 181
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3023-3036 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new type of solution viscometer is described that measures the specific viscosity directly. This is accomplished with a balanced network of four capillaries arranged in a manner analogous to a Wheatstone bridge. A differential pressure transducer measures the increase in pressure across the bridge when a solution is injected into one of the capillaries while solvent flows continuously in the other three capillaries. The differential pressure is proportional to the specific viscosity of the solution. The differential viscometer is about 10 times more sensitive than a conventional glass tube viscometer, permitting precise measurements of specific viscosities of 0.01 or less. The measurements are also inherently fast, averaging about 3 min per sample. Precision is about 1% RSD. Accuracy was investigated by running standard solutions of sucrose in water, polystyrenes in toluene, and polyethylenes in decalin. The agreement was within 2-3% of the standard values in most cases.
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  • 182
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2105-2113 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and cellulose blends in film form were obtained by room temperature hydrolysis of PET/cellulose trifluoroacetate solution cast films. Evidence is presented indicating that the cellulose, or the water associated with it, nucleates the crystallization of the PET during differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) runs. At about the 50/50 composition, a phase inversion, from continuous PET to continuous cellulose appears. Hydrolysis and/or annealing in water at the boil yields a mixture of cellulose II and cellulose IV. The nature of the cellulose appears to be different in the case of the room temperature hydrolyzed structures. Hydrolysis appears to proceed more readily when the films are richer in the cellulose component.
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  • 183
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Several N-(phosphonomethyl) amides have previously been reported to act as particularly effective flame retardants for cellulose. It has also been demonstrated previously that the efficiency of a flame retardant on cellulose frequently parallels its ability to phosphorylate cellulosic hydroxyls at elevated temperatures. This study of the hydrolysis and alcoholysis reactions of N-(phosphonomethyl) amides establishes their unique reactivity. An explanation for this high reactivity is proposed on the basis of intramolecular assistance of the attack of water or alcohols at phosphorus by the carbonyl oxygen of the amide moiety.
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  • 184
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2343-2350 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The apparent density and the thermal conductivity of some samples of different wool/terylene blends were measured. It was shown that by increasing the terylene percentage, both the apparent density and the overall thermal conductivity increase to a maximum, and then decrease again. The blend consisting of 50% wool and 50% terylene has the maximum values of both thermal conductivity and apparent density.
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  • 185
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2475-2483 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The surface treatment of a sepiolite with two different titanate coupling agents has been studied. The results obtained from several chemical and physical analytical methods used for the organophylized surface characterization have shown a monolayer reaction has taken place. An attempt to relate the degree of organophylization to the specific surface decrease of filler has been made.
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  • 186
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3189-3223 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oxygen injection has been proposed as an effective control measure for limiting the rate of heat release and altering the rate of polymerization in emulsion processes. A detailed mathematical model is developed to describe the system behavior with and without oxygen injection. Because of the rapid penetration of dissolved oxygen into the polymer particles, growing radical chains are terminated prematurely, lowering product molecular weights. Moderate oxygen flows and moderate set point temperatures are found to give the optimal response without significant lowering of the final molecular weight.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3249-3265 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method to produce homopolymers of preestablished molecular weight distribution (MWD), through “living” anionic polymerizations carried out in homogeneous semibatch reactors is proposed and theoretically justified. In the direct form of the technique, very fast reactions are assumed, and the monomer and “killing” agent feed flows are obtained from the knowledge of the desired MWD, the system spreading function, the total reaction time, the initial reaction volume, and the reagent concentrations. Alternatively, by controlling a reactor outlet flow instead of the “killing” agent feed, an external deactivation of the “living” ends can be implemented. The method can be extended to slow reactions, to more elaborated mechanisms, and to take into account the unwanted deactivation of “living” ends by impurities in the monomer solution feed.
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  • 188
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3267-3281 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Aldonitrones are effective melt stabilizers for polypropylene, the most effective being benzaldonitrones containing a partially hindered 4-hydroxy group in the aromatic ring. They form nitroxyl radicals in the polymer during processing, and these and the related hydroxylamines are believed to be involved in a catalytic CB—A/CB—D antioxidant cycle during mechano- and photooxidation. During thermal oxidation (oven aging) they behave as stoichiometric CB-D antioxidants.
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  • 189
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2687-2688 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 190
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3767-3778 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: For the purpose of obtaining compounds which can remove nonionic surfactants in water, chloromethylated polystyrene (CMPS) was allowed to react with triethylene glycol monomethyl ether (3EGMME), tetraethylene glycol (4EG), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 200, 400, 600, 1000, and 1500. The amount of PEG groups combined with CMPS decreased with an increase in the molecular weight of PEG. The ability of the product to remove polyethylene glycol mono-p-nonyl phenyl ether (NP, n = 10), a nonionic surfactant, solutes in water was greater in the product with PEG of greater MW than that with PEG of smaller MW, and in the product with more PEG groups (mol/g prod.) than in that with less PEG groups. The removal behavior of the products conformed to Freundlich's adsorption formula. Constants of the formula, the effect of temperature on the constants, the effect of combined PEG groups on the removed amount, and the removal manner were studied.
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  • 191
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3801-3807 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: It is well known that the cotton fiber consists of microfibrils which in turn do have crystalline and amorphous regions. The crystallites are arranged in the form of helices, and with stress the helical configuration changes. This paper examines the configurational changes that occur in the helix and makes it clear that the amorphous regions of the microfibrils are the source of these changes.
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  • 192
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3841-3856 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oxygen injection has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated as an effective control measure for limiting the rate of heat release and altering the rate of polymerization in emulsion processes. A detailed mathematical model has been previously developed to describe the system behavior with and without oxygen injection. A simple lab scale apparatus was constructed and run extensively. Only trace quantities of oxygen are needed to inhibit the reaction completely. The facile response makes this method attractive for fast temperature control. However, because of the rapid penetration of dissolved oxygen into the polymer particles, growing radical chains are terminated prematurely, lowering product molecular weights. To minimize this detrimental effect, pulsed oxygen control is used and extensive experimental work was performed to determine the effects of controller set points on molecular weight. Moderate oxygen flows and moderate set point temperatures are found to give the optimal response without significant lowering of the final molecular weight. Injected quantities agree well with the order-of-magnitude sparging calculations needed to completely stop initiation. However, complete agreement between model simulations and experimental results was not reached due to an unmeasured loss of monomer from the reactor. Chain transfer to monomer is found to be important in modeling the polymer molecular weight. It has, however, a negligible effect on the reaction rate.
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  • 193
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3857-3866 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Surface characteristics of styrene/acrylamide copolymer latex particles prepared without emulsifier were investigated as a function of acrylamide fraction in charged monomers. The presence of swelling or water-soluble polymer layer at the particle surface was suggested, and its thickness increased with increasing acrylamide fraction. The surface charge densities by conductometric and potentiometric titrations wer about half that of polystyrene latex particles at low pH and they increased slightly with increasing pH. Regarding the heterocoagulation between styrene/acrylamide copolymer latex particles and polystyrene latex particles, the critical coagulation concentration of KCI decreased with increasing acrylamide fraction. The consideration in terms of the interaction due to electrostatic and van der Waals forces also suggested that the swelling or water-soluble polymer layer at the particle surface plays an important role.
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  • 194
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3493-3504 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Proton spin-spin relaxation time has been measured by the pulsed NMR technique for the bound rubbers extracted from both silica-filled polyisoprene and polybutadiene composites. Two relaxation times T2t (short) and T2l (long) are observed for all samples. They are ascribed, respectively, to the relaxation of the tightly and loosely bound rubber components. When the silica filled polybutadiene composite is heat treated at 120°C, loosely bound rubber is preferentially formed, which leads to the increase in the total bound rubber fraction in the composite. During the heat treatment of silica-filled polyisoprene composite, a part of the loosely bound rubber phase is transformed into tightly one, and simultaneously the chain mobilities of both phases become more constrained state. These changes are accompanied by the degradation of polyisoprene molecules probably due to the strong chemical interaction of silanol group and rubber molecules. At a prolonged heat treatment, the fraction of total bound rubber in the composite decreases as a result of the degradation of the loosely bound rubber molecules.
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  • 195
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3505-3514 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 196
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2837-2846 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The sorption and transport properties of newly developed aromatic carboxylate polymers have been investigated in the context of their application as membrane separators for water electrolyzers. Conductance measurements of aromatic carboxylates of various equivalent weights have been performed as a function of current density, temperature, and electrolyte environment. Results have been compared with those for Nafion 117. The sorption results in dilute and concentrated solution show large water and electrolyte uptake for the aromatic carboxylate films. Furthermore, relatively large sodium ion self-diffusion coefficients have been found in both dilute and concentrated solution environments. The results of these measurements are characteristic of microporous films. The de conductance behavior of the aromatic carboxylate ionomers is quite different from that found for nonporous 1150 equivalent weight Nafion membranes. This difference is caused primarily by the microporous structure of the aromatic carboxylates, which results in large membrane specific conductances.
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  • 197
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2907-2920 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: N,N,N′,N′-tetraglycidyl-4,4′-diaminodiphenylalkane epoxy resins with alkyl substituents on the methylene carbon were synthesized and characterized. The thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of these resins when cured with diaminodiphenylsulfone were compared with those of the cured unsubstituted epoxy resin. Although the resins have similar structures, the cured resin from the unsubstituted epoxy has the higher polymer decomposition temperature and glass transition temperature. The substituted epoxy resins have higher dynamic Young's moduli and loss moduli.
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  • 198
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    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 2921-2939 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Elelectrically conducting polymers have been synthesized from completely conjugated bisphthalonitrile monomers. The monomers melt and are thermally polymerized at 260-300°C in air and then are converted into conductive materials by further processing at elevated temperatures in an inert atmosphere. Because the monomers remain in a liquid stage for 1-2 h, depending on the cure conditions, moldings, castings, and pre-pregs can be fabricated using conventional processing techniques. The conductivity can be varied from that of an insulator to approximately 10+2(Ωh cm)-1. For example, after a 600°C treatment, the conductivity is approximately 1(Ω cm)-1. Since reactive dopants are not used, the material and conductivity are stable in ambient as well as more aggressive environments, allowing them to function at 300°C and above. The monomers are well characterized, but the structure of the cured and postcured polymers are not yet well defined because of their high stability and intractability in the cured state.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3051-3057 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Hydrolysis of cellulose fiber in the presence of 12-tungstosilicic acid was investigated, and the acid was found to show a higher catalytic activity than did hydrochloric acid at the same concentration of acid, although the ratio of the activities of 12-tungstosilicic acid to hydrochloric acid depended on the concentration. The influence of the ionic strength on the reaction rates was examined, and it was believed that the difference in the ionic strength between 12-tungstosilicic acid and hydrochloric acid at the same concentration of acid was one of reasons for the higher catalytic activity of 12-tungstosilicic acid. From the examinations of change in degree of polymerization of the cellulose fiber with the hydrolysis and adsorption behavior of 12-tungstosilicic acid by the cellulose, fiber, it was found that 12-tungstosilicic acid, in spite of its bulky structure, easily penetrated into the amorphous region of the cellulose fiber, as does hydrochloric acid, and catalyzed the hydrolysis of glucoside bond there.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30 (1985), S. 3107-3111 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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