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  • 1990-1994  (524)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1990  (524)
  • Engineering General  (524)
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1299-1321 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A triangular mesh generator is presented which makes extensive use of side swapping and mesh smoothing to create a grid with few obtuse triangles. To perform the above task a data structure is presented which holds full adjacency information both for nodes and elements. It is shown how this data structure is employed in the process mesh generation, and how the methods of computational geometry such as region decomposition are used not only to decompose a complex region, but also to reflect the boundary grading into the interior the region. Algorithms are provided to show the mechanism of these processes and practical examples are given to support the approach.
    Additional Material: 26 Ill.
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1343-1358 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The method of characteristics is combined with the method of least-squares to solve the advection equation within the finite element framework. Fourier mode analysis shows that the numerical scheme is stable and accurate even when a linear basis function is used. However, in practical application, the involvement of using numerical quadrature in this method can produce numerical instability, depending on the value of the Courant number used. It is found that using C1 continuous Hermitian cubic basis functions in the scheme reduces the degree of instability significantly and produces high accuracy. When being used in a split-operator approach, this method combines naturally with the standard finite element method and results in a highly accurate scheme for advection-dispersion simulation.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 103
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1441-1454 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Conventional approaches for computational structural dynamics (CSD) relevant to time-integration methods involve first employing the classical Galerkin formulations for the spatial discretization to yield a set of ordinary differential equations in time and then employing finite difference approximations for deriving the appropriate step-by-step algorithms. And, almost all of the widely advocated (existing) step-by-step schemes for structural dynamics require an initial acceleration vector to be specified (evaluated) in addition to displacement and velocity vectors for starting the schemes. Unlike the above, in this paper we introduce new representations and architecture towards providing not only direct self-starting features with the elimination of acceleration computations but also for enhancing the computational architecture itself via several other inherent distinguishing characteristics. Thereby, a robust and effective methodology of computation is presented which is an extension of our previous efforts (see Tamma and Namburu3). In particular, to illustrate the basic concepts, in this paper we focus attention on the development of explicit time-integration formulations. The methodology involves expressing the governing dynamic equations of motion in conservation form, and firstly temporal discretization is accomplished in the spirit of Lax-Wendroff-type formulations. Therein, discretization in space is accomplished by introducing stress-based representations and employing the classical Galerkin scheme, and, quite naturally, we advocate employing finite elements as the principal computational tool because of its several inherent advantages. The stability and accuracy of the proposed formulations and the several added distinguishing features are briefly highlighted. Considerations on the effects of damping are additionally included and the introduction of general boundary conditions in a natural setting permits an effective generalized architecture for general applications. Numerical test models are presented to validate the overall developments for computational structural dynamics.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1501-1526 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper discusses the generation of unstructured triangular meshes by the advancing front technique. We also employ the technique to discretize surfaces. A simple and effective algorithm for the specification of element sizes is described. A similar idea is then applied to adaptive remeshing where a completely new mesh is created on the basis of the isolines of a certain important variable. The isolines are obtained from the FE-calculation based on the previous mesh. In this paper, attention is focused on the Poisson's equation. The optimal a priori error estimate for the problem is used to estimate the number of isolines needed for the remeshing. When the estimated error exceeds the tolerance in only a small part of the domain, the adaptive procedure is switched automatically to an adaptive refinement.
    Additional Material: 39 Ill.
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1551-1567 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the development of an automatic, two-dimensional, quadrilateral element mesh generator. The methodology is based on the looping algorithm developed in part by Dr M. L. C. Sluiter. Bezier curves are used to define the boundaries of the parts to be meshed. The required interaction by the user is reduced to specifying the boundary geometry, the preferred element size and the refinement coefficient. Transition elements are automatically generated between regions of varying element sizes. The ability to offset specified boundary curves insures well-conditioned elements along the boundary. Meshes for several sample geometries are presented to illustrate the versatility of the mesh generator.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1595-1638 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A three-field mixed formulation in terms of displacements, stresses and an enhanced strain field is presented which encompasses, as a particular case, the classical method of incompatible modes. Within this frame-work, incompatible elements arise as particular ‘compatible’ mixed approximations of the enhanced strain field. The conditions that the stress interpolation contain piece-wise constant functions and be L2-ortho-gonal to the enhanced strain interpolation, ensure satisfaction of the patch test and allow the elimination of the stress field from the formulation. The preceding conditions are formulated in a form particularly convenient for element design. As an illustration of the methodology three new elements are developed and shown to exhibit good performance: a plane 3D elastic/plastic QUAD, an axisymmetric element and a thick plate bending QUAD. The formulation described herein is suitable for non-linear analysis.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 107
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1701-1714 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The calculation of temperature distributions for systems exchanging radiation heat requires as a first step the determination of the heat fluxes caused by radiation at its surfaces. The functional of the variational principle is the starting point of a numerical solution method.By using finite element procedures a system of linear equations is derived, which supplies an approximation of the radiosity. Having the radiosity, the heat flux at the surfaces, which governs the boundary condition for the temperature distribution in the structure, can be calculated. A method of determining the view-factors using the concept of the finite element method is also given.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1797-1797 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 109
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an application of linear programming for the analysis of plane strain rigid-plastic flow. First, linear programming and the theory of a rigid-plastic material are briefly revised. The implementation of linear programming for rigid-plastic flow is then described. The method is to subdivide the material into rigid triangular blocks which may slide upon each other, dissipating energy at a rate proportional to the rate of sliding. Many different modes of deformation are possible; linear programming is used to select the mode that gives the least rate of total energy dissipation. The indentation of a strip by blunt-nosed indenters is used as an example. Results of the linear programming method are compared with the exact slip line field solutions.
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  • 110
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 99-113 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Procedures for extending the useful scope of the finite difference method in solid mechanics applications are presented. The improvements centre around the introduction of the physical nature of the deformations into the equations used to formulate the approximate solution. This is accomplished by evaluating the coefficients of Taylor series expansions for the displacement approximations in terms of rigid body motions, strains and derivatives of strains. This procedure is demonstrated with plane stress applications. The ability to interpret the derivative approximations physically allows the fictitious nodes typical of the finite difference method to be rationally incorporated into the model as a means of enforcing traction boundary conditions. An example problem is solved using both regular and irregular meshes. The displacements and stresses compare well with finite element solutions.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 111
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 201-205 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 112
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 207-231 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new stiffness matrix for geometrically non-linear analysis of three-dimensional beam-columns with bisymmetrical, thin-walled, I-type cross-sections is presented. The displacement field is described in terms of natural and rigid-body displacements and both Cartesian and natural matrices are derived. A novelty of the resulting method is the use of this dual description in all aspects of the analysis including the computer implementation. A companion paper1 that introduces the plastic behaviour of the material also justifies the need for this dual approach as a means to separate nodal forces from stress resultants in the cross-section of the 3D beam-column element. The current development uses the updated Lagrangian formulation and corrections in the element matrix are made to properly consider the behaviour under finite rotation. It is shown that accuracy and convergence of the solution process can be improved if the natural matrices derived here are used in a new force recovery process that is insensitive to rigid-body displacements.
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  • 113
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 291-306 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A combined spectral finite element method is devised for use in finding the thermal and thermoelastic dynamic response of truss structures to time-periodic loading. The thermal problem is strongly non-linear due to the presence of heat radiation. The problems considered are typical in the analysis of space structures. In the method proposed, the spatial domain is first discretized using a consistent finite element formulation. Then the resulting semi-discrete equations in time are solved analytically by using a spectral method that is symbolically coded. Some numerical examples are presented which demonstrate the performance of the method and its ability to identify some key characteristics in space structure problems.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 114
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 349-361 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The calculation of pressures when the penalty function approximation is used in finite element solutions of laminar incompressible flows is addressed. A Poisson equation for the pressure is formulated that involves third derivatives of the velocity field. The second derivatives appearing in the weak formulation of the Poisson equation are calculated from the C0 velocity approximation using a least squares method. The present scheme is shown to be efficient, free of spurious oscillations, and accurate. Examples of applications are given and compared with results obtained using mixed formulations.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 115
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 363-370 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a new element based method through a treatment of a one dimensional model problem. The case solved in this work is of a rod with variable cross-sectional area, supported along its length by variable stiffness elastic foundation, and loaded with variable axial load. The variations of all the quantities are taken as general polynomials. Using this method the exact terms in the stiffness matrix are found using the solution for the differential equation (up to any desired accuracy). The exact solution is obtained using one element for each segment with continuously varying properties, and the displacements and stresses are exact all along the rod.
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  • 116
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 419-430 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new formulation of an eighteen-degrees-of-freedom higher-order triangular plate bending element using triangular area co-ordinates is presented. The displacement function w is taken as the complete fifth-order polynomial in area co-ordinates. The normal slope along an edge of the triangle is constrained to vary cubically. The twenty-one constants are expressed explicity in terms of eighteen degrees of freedom. The element stiffness matrix is expressed as a product of component matrices for which explicit expressions are developed and presented. No numerical inversion or integration is necessary. The formulation is expected to be useful specially for microcomputers.
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  • 117
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 431-443 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Curved beams in civil engineering applications call for out-of-plane bending and torsion under the action of out-of-plane transverse shear loads. The design of a quadratic displacement curved beam element capable of representing shear deformation as in the Timoshenko beam theory requires special attention to the manner in which the shear strain is represented. Field-inconsistent representations of the out-of-plane transverse shear strain will result in a loss of efficiency and introduce spurious oscillations in the bending moment, torsional moment and shear force. The optimal field-consistent assumed strain interpolation for shear is derived and it is demonstrated to posses very high accuracy which is free from spurious force and moment oscillations.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 118
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 505-516 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an advanced BEM formulation for the solution of stationary problems of thermoelasticity taking into consideration the thermally induced non-homogeneity. An iterative scheme is used to determine the displacement fields because the formulation contains a domain-type integral with displacements. As compared with the existing BEM formulation, this one does not contain a domain integral of the temperature field and, furthermore, the integral representation of stresses is written in the regularized from. Consequently, all the integrals can be computed numerically by using the regular Gaussian quadrature.
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  • 119
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 569-571 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 120
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 541-564 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new finite element formulation aimed at the solution of problems involving strain localization is presented. The proposed formulation incorporates displacement interpolated embedded localization lines. Results are shown to converge to an ‘exact solution’ when the mesh is refined and also to be quite insensitive to mesh distortions.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 121
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 573-577 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 122
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. iii 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 123
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 601-613 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: After having finished the FE computer run and determined the temperature vector of a heat conducting body the question arises how to present these results in an easily understood way. The only tool to manage this task satisfactorily is the application of graphics. This paper reflects the due historical roots and gives an overlook of the relevant developments. Recently, there have been special advantages concerning finite element results presentations of temperature fields. This concerns the temperature field colouring, which can be considered as an indirect method of contouring, and the direct method of contouring, which means finding and connecting points of equal temperature. In the 3-D case these features are to be combined with hidden surface or hidden line removal techniques to give easily perceptible pictures. Sometimes, not just the temperatures but the heat fluxes attract the main interest. An adequate method is the drawing of heat flux arrows. This is taken into account, too. With 2-D problems, the presentations of temperature distributions by mountains is popular.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 629-646 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes the use of field and zone modelling techniques in studying the behaviour of LPG tanks when subjected to accidental fire conditions. The field modelling approach is used to determine the free convective flows and heat transfer in both the vapour and the liquid regions, and also the heat transfer through the tank wall. Zone modelling techniques are employed to calculate the fire heat flux and the radiation heat transfer from the vapour wetted wall to the liquid/vapour interface. The model is verified by comparing predicted results with full scale experimental data obtained by the Health and Safety Executive, U.K.1 The comparisons indicate that the model can accurately predict the tank pressure and time to first valve opening. The model is used to investigate the effect of fire exposure level on the tank behaviour.
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  • 125
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 661-677 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Several iterative procedures have been used to solve the non-linear heat diffusion equation taking into account radiation across internal cavities. Quasi-Newton methods are compared with Picard iteration and Newton-Raphson methods. Among them, the rank-one quasi-Newton update seems to be the most effective, specially in time-dependent cases.
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 711-728 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Application of the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) method to study solidification problems reveals some drawbacks. At the interface between different-materials, temperature oscillations may be recorded at the simulation start which eventually may cause instability. The problems originate from the explicit temperature calculation. Shortcomings may be eliminated by substituting the explicit temperature calculation by an implicit one which is carried out on a limited number of adjacent elements. Results of real solidification problems show that the modified method behaves better than the original ADI method. The new procedure, which is formulated in terms of the finite volume method, eliminates the occurrence of physically incorrect temperature calculations and oscillations initially present in the vicinity of the interface between different materials. When applied to the three-dimensional solidification problem of the sand coated die, simulation results are in good agreement with experimental data.
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 729-766 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Although it is now well known that first-order convection schemes suffer from serious inaccuracies attributable to artificial viscosity or numerical diffusion under high-convection conditions, these methods continue to enjoy widespread popularity for numerical heat-transfer calculations, apparently owing to a perceived lack of viable high-accuracy alternatives. But alternatives are available. For example, non-oscillatory methods used in gasdynamics, including currently popular ‘TVD’ schemes, can be easily adapted to multidimensional incompressible flow and convective transport. This, in itself, would be a major advance for numerical convective heat transfer, for example. But, as this paper shows, second-order TVD schemes form only a small, overly restrictive, subclass of a much more universal, and extremely simple, non-oscillatory flux-limiting strategy which can be applied to convection schemes of arbitrarily high-order accuracy, while requiring only a simple tridiagonal ADI line-solver, as used in the majority of general-purpose iterative codes for incompressible flow and numerical heat transfer. The new universal limiter and associated solution procedures form the so-called ULTRA-SHARP alternative for high-resolution non-oscillatory multidimensional steady-state high-speed convective modelling.
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 779-801 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Induction heating of large steel slabs can be described by a coupled system of non-linear evolution equations of Stefan type represnting the temporal and spatial distribution of the induced magnetic field and the generated temperature within the slab. Discretizing these equations implicitly in time and by finite differences in space, at each time step the solution of a system of difference inclusions is required. For the solution of that system two multi-grid algorithms are given which, combined with a nested iteration type continuation strategy to proceed in time, result in computationally highly efficient schemes for the numerical simulation of the induction heating process.
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 821-831 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Numerical tools for simulating the casting process are employed in an increasing manner by foundry engineers in order to understand and improve casting techniques. The correct simulation of metal flow and temperature profiles during filling is an important part of an overall numerical simulation kit which includes solidification and residual stress evaluations.In this study, we develop a two-dimensional finite element model for studying metal flow and temperature fields during filling of mould cavities. A proper choice of turbulent/laminar model, correct tracking of metal free surface and evaluation of temperature to include metal-air-sand interaction are some of the essential features of the model.
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  • 130
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 833-858 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite shell element for layered fibre reinforced composite shells has been developed. The degeneration principle is used in combination with specific kinematic assumptions. The thermo-elastic material is either described by the behaviour of the local components, i.e. fibre and matrix material laws and geometrical configuration in each layer, or by the overall orthotropic layer material laws.Thickness integration for obtaining the different contributions to the shell element's stiffness matrix is performed analytically and prior to the numerical in-plane integration. This leads to a considerable saving in computer time during the incremental-iterative analysis.Geometrical non-linearities in terms of large deformations and material non-linearities in terms of layer craccking are taken into account. Accompanying eigenvalue analyses allow the determination of the - sometimes rather complicated - buckling behaviour with non-linear prebuckling deformations.
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  • 131
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 875-898 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The aim of this paper is to categorize the major fixed grid formulations and solution methods for conduction controlled phase change problems. Using a two phase model of a solid/liquid phase change, the basic enthalpy equation is derived. Starting from this equation, a number of alternative formulations are obtained. All the formulations are reduced to a standard form. From this standard form, finite element and finite volume discretizations are developed. These discretizations are used as the basis for a number of fixed grid numerical solution techniques for solidification phase change systems. In particular, various apparent capacity and source based enthalpy methods are explored.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 899-914 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical study of three-dimensional natural convection with phase change in a rectangular parallelepiped is described. The fluid has temperature-dependent variable properties. The governing equations are approximated by finite differences, second order in space and first order in time. A boundary-fitted co-ordinate system is implemented to predict the shape and the movement of the solid-liquid interface. Preliminary results have been obtained for freezing of water in a cube for Rayleigh numbers in the range of about 105-106.
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  • 133
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 859-873 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Radiative ignition studies wre carried out on vertical 2.54 cm circular fabric pairs, and single fabrics of 2.54 cm diameter and 15.2 × 15.2 cm. These fabrics were exposed to a time invariant radiative heat flux using the Large Ignition test Apparatus (LITA) and the Radiative Ignition Time Apparatus (RITA). A model has been developed which uses a quasi-steady-steady-state approximation for the gas pahse. The transient effects and the thermal interaction between the plne-parallel fabrics are accounted for through the variation of the fabric temperature with time. Ignition is considered to occur when the gas phase pyrolysate reaction rate is equal to the rate of pyrolysis. The predicted ignition times are compared with measured values and they show excellent agreement. Ignition times were found to depend strongly on heat flux, fabric size, interface spacing and oxygen concentration. IN the presence of a back fabric, the ignition time of the front fabrics decreases and this reduction is more pronounced at lower radiative heating intensities. Strong thermal interaction between the fabrics was also observed and it is expected that such interactions are responsible for the reduction of ignition time of the front fabric. No evidence of chemical interaciton has been observed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 915-917 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 135
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990) 
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  • 136
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 953-963 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper studies the non-linear heat conduction problem of spontaneous ignition of a reactive solid by using the dual reciprocity formulation of the boundary element method. First, critical values of the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter δ are computed for some common geometrical shapes. Then, transient analyses are carried out for values of δ below and above δc, producing the expected behaviour, with ignition occurring for δ 〉 δc.
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  • 137
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 965-980 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A mathematical/computational model for the approximate prediction of ice accretion on a conductor of finite torsional stiffness is constructed. The model, which is adapted to allow for the attachment of counterweights along the span, is three-dimensional and time-dependent. In the absence of counterweights, axial growth is predicted near the anchors, and cylindrical-sleeve growth at the centre of the conductor span. The latter is caused by eccentric ice loading on the windward side of the conductor which then induces the conductor to rotate.The ‘icing-clock’ model, based on the use of the large relaxation time approximation for particle impaction, yields an upper bound to the mass of ice accreted. At the end of each deposit time the torque density along the conductor span due to ice loading is calculated. On solving the non-linear torsion equation for the conductor the rotation of the conductor and location of the evolving ice surface as a function of the distance from the tower and the accretion time are then deduced.Numerical results are given for conductor with varying mechanical properties, which are represented in terms of a single dimensionless torque parameter, with and without the attachment of counterweights. For a specific case illustrative results are given for the mass of ice accreted and conductor rotation when one, two, three and four counterweights are attached per span.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1013-1028 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The sensitivity of the closed-loop eigenvalues and eigenvectors of actively controlled flexible structures with distinct eigenvalues is considered. The sensitivity information is essential in the optimization of large space structures with stability/performance robustness, closed-loop eigenvalues or damping ratios treated as objective or constraint functions. The efficiency of the analytical expressions derived for the rates of change of the closed-loop eigenvalues with respect to structural design variables is demonstrated through two numerical examples. The utility of the sensitivity of the closed-loop eigenvalues and eigenvectors in evaluating the derivatives of the stability and performance robustness indices is also indicated and illustrated through numerical examples.
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  • 139
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 981-1011 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Plate bending finite elements based on the Reissner/Mindlin theory offer improved possibilities to pursue reliable finite element analyses. The physical behaviour near the boundary can be modelled in a realistic manner and inherent limitations in the Kirchhoff plate bending elements when modelling curved boundaries can easily be avoided. However, the boundary conditions used are crucial for the quality of the solution. We identify the part of the Reissner/Mindlin solution that controls the boundary layer and examine the behaviour near smooth edges and corners. The presence of boundary layers of different strengths for different sets of boundary conditions is noted. For a corner with soft simply supported edges the boundary layer removes the singular behaviour of Kirchhoff type from the stress resultants. We demonstrate the theoretical results by some numerical studies on simple plate structures which are discretized by an accurate, higher-order plate element. The results provide guidance in choosing efficient meshes and appropriate boundary conditions in finite element analyses.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1029-1049 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new triangular plate bending element based on the Reissner-Mindlin theory is developed through a mixed formulation emanating from the Hu-Washizu variational principle. A main feature of the formulation is the use of a linear transverse shear interpolation scheme with discrete constraint conditions on the edges. The element is shown to avoid shear locking, converge to the Kirchhoff plate theory as the plate thickness approaches zero, and generally exhibit excellent behaviour on a series of standard problems and tests.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1091-1094 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1051-1062 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A hermite interpolation based formulation is presented for the boundary element analysis of two-dimensional potential problems. Two three-noded Hermitian Cubic Elements (HCE) are introduced for the modelling of corners or points with non-unique tangents on the boundary. These elements, along with the usual two-noded HCE, are used in numerical examples. The results obtained show that faster convergence can be achieved using HCE compared with using Lagrange interpolation type Quadratic Elements (QE), for about the same amount of computing resources.
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  • 143
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1083-1089 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An unsymmetric block Lanczos algorithm has been employed for the dynamic analysis of a large system which has arbitrary damping and/or repeated (or closely spaced) eigenvalues. In the algorithm development, the right and left Lanczos vectors are all theoretically biorthogonal to each other. However, these vectors may lose the biorthogonality owing to cancellation and roundoff errors. For the unsymmetric case there can be a breakdown, even without numerical errors. This paper describes computational techniques which have led to a robust unsymmetric block Lanczos algorithm.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1063-1082 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Hydrated soft tissues of the human musculoskeletal system can be represented by a continuum theory of mixtures involving intrinsically incompressible solid and incompressible inviscid fluid phases. This paper describes the development of a mixed-penalty formulation for this biphasic system and the application of the formulation to the development of an axisymmetric, six-node, triangular finite element. In this formulation, the continuity equation of the mixture is replaced by a penalty form of this equation which is introduced along with the momentum equation and mechanical boundary condition for each phase into a weighted residual form. The resulting weak form is expressed in terms of the solid phase displacements (and velocities), fluid phase velocities and pressure. After interpolation, the pressure unknowns can be eliminated at the element level, and a first order coupled system of equations is obtained for the motion of the solid and fluid phases. The formulation is applied to a six-node isoparametric element with a linear pressure field. The element performance is compared with that of the direct penalty form of the six-node biphasic element in which the pressure is eliminated in the governing equations prior to construction of the weak form, and selective reduced integration is used on the penalty term. The mixed-penalty formulation is found to be superior in terms of tendency to lock and sensitivity to mesh distortion. A number of example problems for which analytic solutions exist are used to validate the performance of the element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1095-1098 
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  • 146
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1129-1145 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1099-1114 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper addresses the formulation of a set of constitutive equations for finite deformation metal plasticity. The combined isotropic-kinematic hardening model of the infinitesimal theory of plasticity is extended to the large strain range on the basis of three main assumptions: (i) the formulation is hyperelastic based, (ii) the stress-strain law preserves the elastic constants of the infinitesimal theory but is written in terms of the Hencky strain tensor and its elastic work conjugate stress tensor, and (iii) the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient is adopted. Since no stress rates are present, the formulation is, of course, numerically objective in the time integration. It is shown that the model gives adequate physical behaviour, and comparison is made with an equivalent constitutive model based on the additive decomposition of the strain tensor.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1115-1128 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Using the perturbation method, the non-linear exterior fluid-structure interaction problem is separated into first- and second-order problems. With the finite element method for the structure and the finite-infinite element method for the fluid, we obtain a first-order coupled matrix system and a second-order coupled matrix system. By determining the frequencies of resonance of the structure, comparison of numerical results for a vertical cylinder and a horizontal floating cylinder shows the validity of the presented method for the resolution of three-dimensional exterior hydroelastic problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1147-1161 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Direct and indirect approximations using sets of non-singular, complete Trefftz functions, i.e. the complete systems of solutions, have been successfully applied to harmonic problems.1 In this paper, the procedure is applied to a more complex situation - plane elasticity problems.The examples show that the present method can avoid the difficulties relating to singular integration and has good accuracy compared with traditional boundary elements.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1163-1179 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A system of differential equations that describe the growth of a forest fire front in time for variable fuel, weather and topographical conditions is derived. The system is first order, non-linear and contains parameters that can be obtained from forestry data. A finite difference solution is presented, together with its inherent problems and their solution. Results are presented for a variety of situations that include variable fuel, wind and fire breaks. It is found that the equations and their solution efficiently produce simulations for complex problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1181-1194 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Transport of a chemical species through a viscous fluid with reaction at an interface is modelled by a quasi-static process in which the transient behaviour is dominated by motion of the reactive surface. The reaction is accompanied by a molar volume change which leads to motion of the free surface. A decoupled stream function-vorticity formulation is introduced in conjunction with a moving finite element method. This also permits convenient treatment of the free and reactive surface boundary conditions. The model is applied to the growth of oxide films on silicon surfaces and reveals the effect of surface curvature on film growth.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1213-1228 
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    Notes: The use of multiobjective optimization techniques, which may be regarded as a systematic sensitivity analysis, for the selection and modification of system parameters is presented. A minimax multiobjective optimization model for structural optimization is proposed. Three typical multiobjective optimization techniques - goal programming, compromise programming and the surrogate worth trade-off method - are used to solve such a problem. The application of multiobjective optimization techniques to the selection of system parameters and large scale structural design optimization problems is the main purpose of this paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1195-1212 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The governing equations for the interaction of two immiscible fluids within a deforming porous medium are formulated on the basis of generalized Biot theory. The displacement of the solid skeleton, the pressure and saturation of wetting fluid are taken as primary unknowns of the model. The finite element method is applied to discretize the governing eqations in space. The time domain numerical solution to the coupled problem is achieved by using an unconditionally stable direct integration procedure. Examples are presented to illustrate the performance and capability of the approach.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1229-1232 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. ii 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1233-1262 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The effect of the rotary inertia on the non-linear dynamics of plates that undergo a large reference displacement is examined in this paper. An assumed displacement field that accounts for the coupling between the stretching and bending of the plate as the result of considering the effect of the rotary inertia is used to identify the configuration of the plate. Furthermore, the coupling between the stretching and bending of the plate as the result of finite rotation is also considered in this investigation. Based on the assumed displacement field that accounts for the effect of the rotary inertia, a non-linear finite element formulation is developed for the large displacement analysis of plates. The element equations of motion are expressed in terms of a set of element invariants that depend on the assumed displacement field as well as the rotary inertia. The use of the formulation presented in this paper is demonstrated using numerical examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1263-1274 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two sets of strain definitions for analysis of curved Mindlin beams and axi-symmetric shells are examined. Their conventional finite element implementations are shown to be unsuitable. The parameter used as a nodal degree of freedom in the first conventional method to describe the cross section rotation is in general a discontinuous function and has no clear physical meaning. The second conventional method has relied on an incorrect differentiation for its successful use in finite element analysis. A new approach which overcomes these problems is presented. Examples are given to illustrate the incorrect results that can be obtained from the two conventional methods and to show that the new approach provides accurate solutions to general curved beam and axi-symmetric shell problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1301-1320 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Owing to an increased interest in numerical (finite element and finite difference) simulation of solidification in commercial investment castings, there is a need for proper evaluation of candidate codes. This paper presents a systematic selection of several benchmark problems designed to test modelling of latent heat release in pure metals and superalloys, thermal resistance at the metal/mould interface, temperature dependent material properties and far field radiation. For purpose of demonstration, these problems were analysed with a 2-dimensional finite element code, TOPAZ, available in the public domain; one problem was analysed with its 3-dimensional counterpart, TOPAZ3D, also. The numerical experimentation in the course of this study resulted in several findings of practical value, which are highlighted in the paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1275-1299 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper describes a model which can predict the temperatures on the cavity surfaces of a die. The time varying boundary conditions are averaged so that the process can be modelled as a steady state problem. Since the model considers only thin components, it is reasonable to assume that the melt has totally solidified before ejection, and therefore the quantity of heat energy entering the die over the casting cycle can be estimated. This and other assumptions relating to the boundary conditions also enable the value of thermal resistance between the melt and the die to be estimated.Under certain conditions, subcooled nucleate boiling takes place in the cooling channels of the die. An iterative procedure is used to take account of this, which involves the repeated calculation of global heat transfer coefficients for the cooling channels, with the criteria that the total energy transferred through the channels is equal to that transferred due to boiling and convection.The boundary element method is used to predict the cavity temperatures. In die casting, only the temperatures on the cavity surfaces are of interest since the surface quality of a component is related significantly to the temperature distribution over the cavity. Since only thin components are considered herein, it is not necessary to model the solidifcation process and discretize the cast. These factors make the BEM ideally suited for the work described in this paper.To verify the model, the predicted temperatures for two components are compared with experimental values measured using thermocouples and a thermal imaging camera. It was found that there is fairly good agreement between the two sets of results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1321-1339 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new superconvergence recovery technique for finite element solutions is presented and discussed for one dimensional problems. By using the recovery technique a posteriori error estimators in both energy norm and maximum norm are presented for finite elements of any order. The relation between the postprocessing and residual types of energy norm error estimators has also been demonstrated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1341-1354 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This work presents a three-dimensional rigid plastic finite element formulation. The workpiece is discretized with eight node hexahedral isoparametric elements. Friction is included in the formulation by means of a shear stress depending on the relative velocity between the workpiece and the tool. Special attention is given to the contact problems, and a three-dimensional contact algorithm based on a discretization of the tool surface with triangular elements is presented.Finally, some selected examples are solved, in order to show the capabilities of the formulation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1355-1356 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1356-1357 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1360-1362 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1357-1357 
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  • 168
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1358-1359 
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  • 169
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1363-1366 
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  • 170
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990) 
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  • 171
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1367-1367 
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  • 172
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1369-1383 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A flow analysis of non-Newtonian fluids inside co-rotating tangential twin-screw extruders is presented with the emphasis on mixing phenomena. A new simplified approach was proposed in modelling the flow, i.e. the flow in twin-screw extruders was considered as a sequence of flows in two regions: (i) the translation region (T-region), similar to a single-screw extruder; and (ii) the mixing region (M-region), representing the central part of twin-screw extruders. The flow has been assumed to be isothermal, steady-state and creeping. Furthermore, it was assumed that the velocity field does not change significantly in one co-ordinate (i.e. the down-channel direction in the case of the T-region and the axial direction in the case of the M-region) as compared with the other co-ordinate directions. Accordingly, a quasi-three-dimensional finite element method has been developed to analyse the flows in both regions. The mixing mechanisms inside the T - and M-regions were analysed and the inter-channel mixing in the M-region was quantified. The residence time distribution and performance characteristic of a single screw with a self-wiping profile were also calculated.
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  • 173
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1385-1401 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element algorithm is developed to predict the strain distribution of sheet forming parts and to evaluate their formability at the design stage. The algorithm is simply called the inverse approach since we know the positions of the material points on the final product and we determine the positions of the corresponding material points in the initial blank. This is also a direct algorithm which avoids the path dependent incremental procedure of plasticity and contact. This paper presents some theoretical aspects related to the large logarithmic strains with membrane triangular elements, the deformation theory of plasticity, the isotropic and anisotropic material properties of metal sheets and the non-linear solution techniques. Some particular problems are also studied, such as the influence of friction forces under the punch and blankholders, the ‘optimization’ of the initial blank's contour and the deep drawing in several steps. The results are compared with those obtained by experiments and by the more classical incremental approach.
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  • 174
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1403-1413 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new algorithm for free surface corrections in Eulerian finite element computations is presented and applied to a steady state bar rolling process to predict lateral spread. A variety of rolling geometries are examined, including differing height to width ratios and reductions. The bulge profiles, as well as the maximum and mean bulge amounts, are compared in detail with experiments.
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  • 175
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1415-1430 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Elastic-plastic finite element calculations have been carried out to analyse sheet forming processes such as hydrostatic bulging of circular and rectangular blanks and the axisymmetric stretching of sheets (with different punch radii). The results, partly obtained by different finite element models, are compared with experimental data. It could be shown that, regarding the examples considered, experiments and calculations fit well and that a more sophisticated modelling of the contact boundary conditions improves the accuracy of the results. As a first attempt to handle more complex sheet forming operations, the deep drawing of a rectangular cup has been analysed. A summary of the theoretical background as well as some comments on the solution method and the implementation are given.
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  • 176
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1431-1440 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method for simulating three-dimensional steady-state deformation in shape rolling with grooved rolls by the rigid-plastic finite element method is proposed. For the three-dimensional element mesh, contact of the nodal points with the roll surface and detachment from the surface are judged in each step of calculation. The boundary conditions of metal flow along the curved roll surface and of friction between the roll and the workpiece are dealt with at each node over the interface. Complex steady-state deformation in shape rolling is simulated by using the non-steady-state scheme and the remeshing technique. As examples of simulation, rolling processes of bars and beams with grooved rolls are chosen. The deforming shape, the rolling torque, the roll separating force and the distributions of stress and strain in the workpiece are computed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1459-1469 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two finite element thermal models of the flat rolling process are presented. The first gives a steady-state convective-diffusion solution in the centre plane and the other a non-steady-state solution in the plane perpendicular to the strip axis. To account for mechanical events the models use a rigid-plastic finite element approach. The predictions of both models are compared with temperature measurements carried out in laboratory conditions during hot rolling of low carbon steel and cold rolling of aluminium. The models are also tested against temperature measurements in the seventh stand of a production type continuous hot strip mill. Conclusions are drawn regarding the adequacy of both two-dimensional models for various kinds of flat rolling processes.
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  • 178
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1441-1457 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A review is given of a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian finite element method for simulation of forming processes. This method permits incremental adaptation of nodal point locations independently from the actual material displacements. Hence numerical difficulties due to large element distortions, as may occur when the updated Lagrange method is applied, can be avoided. Movement of (free) surfaces can be taken into account by adapting nodal surface points in a way that they remain on the surface. Hardening and other deformation path dependent properties are determined by incremental treatment of convective terms. A local and a weighed global smoothing procedure is introduced in order to avoid numerical instabilities and numerical diffusion. Prediction of contact phenomena such as gap openning and/or closing and sliding with friction is accomplished by a special contact element. The method is demonstrated by simulations of an upsetting process and a wire drawing process.
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  • 179
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1503-1525 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An automatic remeshing scheme has been developed to enable finite element simulation of complicated forming processes. In order to avoid the tedious procedures of interrupting the analysis, performing rediscretization, mapping of current state variables and preparing the new set of boundary conditions, a fully automatic remeshing method is described. The different steps of this method are presented with the help of one industrial example.
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  • 180
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1471-1502 
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    Notes: Implementation of the 3-D finite element method (FEM) of sheet forming operations has proceeded slowly. In particular, describing the arbitrary tool surfaces in an accurate and smooth manner, with well behaved first and second derivatives, has been a major obstacle. A new geometric method, suitable for representing any rigid tool surface, has been developed and shown to be superior to the usual schemes. The new method relies on the described tool surface for position data only. The spatial derivatives are obtained by considering only the sheet mesh nodal positions. This new scheme has been implemented with a rigid-viscoplastic FEM program using general surface descriptions based on B-splines and linear inter-polation. Analytic representations of a hemispherical and rounded square punch were also compared. the comparisons show that the proposed method offers several advantages over other general formulations.1. The new representation is the proper one for formulating the equilibrium condition. Alternate forms can produce spurious results.2. The proposed method introduces inherently smooth surface derivatives that improve numerical stability, even with crude surface resolution. Suitable test problems show covergence with the new method far past the divergence points of the simulations using the standard general surface description.3. The method is reasonably efficient, with a time penalty of approximately 30-50 per cent (unoptimized) with respect to analytic surface descriptions.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1527-1553 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents the ‘flow formulation’ approach applicable to both compressible and incompressible forming analysis. Appropriate error estimates and adaptive remeshing schemes are described for updated co-ordinate analysis. Several numerical examples are given. These are backward-forward extrusion and thermally coupled extrusion of pore-free materials, followed by cylinder upsetting, and tapered die extrusion of porous materials. The simulation of the deformation is shown as well as the distribution of effective strain and density at different time stages. The procedures are automatic and are incorporated in a general purpose code FEMMETA.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1555-1567 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An unstructured mesh generator is integrated in a finite element solver for the adaptive solution of non-Newtonian fluid flows. An a posteriori error estimate for the equations of motion is presented and is shown to behave according to theoretical convergence rates. The estimate is used to drive the refinement process, and the resulting iterative remeshing algorithm leads to reduction of the error level in the case of an axisymmetric contraction. Original data structures used to speed-up remeshing and interpolation between unstructured grids are also presented.
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  • 183
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1577-1593 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper the possibilities of the viscous voided shell approach for deriving bending/membrane finite elements for sheet metal forming problems are presented. These elements can be selectively used for membrane or full bending analysis of some parts of the sheet according to the nature of the deformation. Numerical aspects of this approach are discussed and some examples of application are also given.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1595-1608 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical analysis for the assessment of wrinkle formation tendencies in sheet metals is presented. A doubly-curved thin shell element under biaxial plane stress states is considered, and the critical stress values for wrinkling are determined. The analysis is based on plastic bifurcation theory for the buckling of thin shells in short-wavelength shallow modes. The effects of the various material and geometric parameters on wrinkling are investigated.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1609-1617 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A computer aided simulation technique based on the upper bound theorem is developed in order to analyse three-dimensional metal flows of workpieces in various extrusion processes. The developed method is applied to simulations of forward extrusions of tubes through bridge dies. The effects of die geometry on extrusion pressure, geometries of dead zone and plastic zone and three-dimensional flow of workpiece are calculated. The results are compared with experimental measurments and fairly good agreement between them is found.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1569-1576 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A numerical method for analysing an axisymmetric injection moulding process is presented. A consistent approximation to pressure is applied for a penalty function formulation of Galerkin's finite element method. To analyse the moving free surface and visualize the transient flow pattern, marker particles are introduced. An axisymmetric abrupt cavity, which is filled with a generalized Newtonian fluid, is solved to verify the scheme. As a practical example problem, the transient flow through moulds of a memory disc is analysed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1619-1632 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A succinct derivation of a rate equilibrium equation is presented. An Eulerian finite element flow formulation is then developed for the direct solution of the steady state velocity field and Cauchy stress field within an elasto-plastic material. The formulation is used for the analysis of strip drawing.
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  • 188
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1633-1647 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 189
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1649-1674 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 190
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1675-1697 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A formulation for numerical simulation of complex forming processes with generally shaped tools is developed. Special attention is drawn to the accuracy, efficiency and robustness. An incremental displacement approach based on Lagrangian formulation as well as an elastic-viscoplastic material model with Hill's cross-anisotropy, power law hardening and strain rate sensitivity are assumed. An implicit integration of the constitutive equations is derived. Frictional contact conditions yield additional constraint relations which, together with equilibrium equations, form the basis for derivation of the consistent tangent matrix. To further increase efficiency and accuracy, application of the adaptive remeshing procedures for sheet forming is investigated. The performance of the proposed algorithm is shown by comparison of the numerical results with the analytical solution for an in-plane stretching test and with the experimental measurements from 3-D sheet forming pressings where materials, radius and wall dimensions used are similar to those from industrial applications.
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  • 191
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1719-1737 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Superplastic forming is a manufacturing process whereby titanium or aluminium sheet is blow formed into a die to produce very light and strong aerospace components. Of crucial importance is the prediction of the final thickness distribution and the pressure cycle necessary to maintain superplasticity. This paper discusses a finite element based solution to these problems and presents examples for typical components including diffusion bonding effects.
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  • 192
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1699-1718 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A transient, thermomechanical model, METFORM, based on viscoplasticity and heat and mass transport theories has been developed specifically for the prediction of the flow behaviour of metals during hot rolling. The coupling of metal flow, heat transport and microstructural changes is discussed and a framework to account for the coupling behaviour is formulated. The model is partially verified by experiments and is applied to the hot strip mill roughing process, with the focus of interest on skid mark effects and related difficulties frequently observed in hot rolling. Methods for overcoming these difficulties are proposed based on the results obtained from the model. The coupling between microstructure development and the variations of local strain, strain gradient and temperature is confirmed by the predicted strain/strain gradients and micrographs obtained from a hot rolling experiment.
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  • 193
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1739-1758 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper discusses several aspects of the simulation of sheet forming processes using finite elements. We begin with a brief description of the class of problems treated, emphasizing the main deformation modes present. The choice of finite element type for modelling the sheet - continuum, shell, membrane, or special purpose - is discussed in realation to the geometrical simplifications made with respect to deformation. We pay particular attention to the kinematic implementation of membrane (plane stress) deformation. Modelling problems associated with the interaction between the sheet and dies are then discussed: in particular, problems related to rigid surface representation and friction. A simplified model of drawbeads is described, which allows for macro-representation of this die detail. Some practical application examples are included to illustrate these points. The paper concludes with a general discussion of developments which we believe to be desirable for this type of simulation.
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  • 194
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1-14 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Analytical solutions for displacements and stresses in composite laminates are developed using the laminate plate theory of Reddy. The theory accounts for a desired degree of approximation of the displacements through the laminate thickness, allowing for piecewise approximation of the inplane deformation through individual laminae. The solutions are compared with the 3-D elasticity solutions for the simply supported case and excellent agreement is found. Analytical solutions are also presented for other boundary conditions. The results indicate that the generalized shear deformation plate theory predicts accurate stress distributions in thick composite laminates.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 105-121 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper compares the overall performance of a wide range of numerical procedures that can be used to integrate through the thickness of plates and shells. Results are presented for the accuracy of the calculations when there are discontinuities in the stress through the depth of the plate, and the available methods are ranked according to their accuracy.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 217-218 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 699-717 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Finite Element Iterative Method (FEIM) is extended to the analysis of asymptotic fields of materials with non-linear behaviour. It is used in the investigation of the asymptotic field of an interfacial crack of power law hardening materials. The material is assumed to deform according to the total deformation theory of plasticity. The results of the analysis provide evidence to support the hypothesis that the asymptotic field can be cast in the form of the HRR-singularity multiplied by a function of the product form. This function can be written as a series of oscillatory functions, similar to those encountered in an elastic field, each of which is valid over a substantial range of the process zone. The real part of these terms depends on the loading mode, process zone size as well as material properties; it is, however, very small compared to the HRR-singularity. The imaginary part which gives the phase shift is much smaller than the elastic value and is a weak function of the hardening power and the size of the process zone of interest; it eventually vanished at extremely small distances.
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  • 198
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 775-783 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Force fields computed directly from strains calculated in a displacement type finite element description of a structural element of varying sectional rigidities show extraneous oscillations. The origin of these oscillations is traced to the fact that the displacement type finite element procedure determines strains derived from the displacement field in a least squares correct sense and that force resultants computed using these strain fields and the actual sectional rigidities result in unwanted oscillations. It is necessary to introduce the concept of redistributed assumed force resultant fields that maintain a ‘consistent’ relationship to the strain fields and also are orthogonal to these strain functions. In this paper, the Hu-Washizu theorem is invoked to justify the introduction of an orthogonally correct reconstituted assumed force resultant field which will then be free of extraneous oscillations. The quadratic isoparametric tapered bar element serves to illustrate the underlying principles.It follows that the extremely general Hu-Washizu principle is the most practical procedure of implementing an assumed force resultant, assumed strain displacement type formulation to introduce consistency and thereby remove problems associated with field-inconsistency (such as cause locking in constrained media elasticity) and force resultant oscillations due to varying sectional properties.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 801-809 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: New 8-node solid elements with two parallel faces and one traction-free cylindrical surface are derived using the assumed stress hybrid model. Six new expressions of stress components are developed by using four stress functions and cylindrical co-ordinates, so that the normal stress σz on the plane perpendicular to the two parallel faces varies as a parabola, and the assumed stress field satisfies the equilibrium equations as well as the traction-free conditions over the cylindrical boundary. The assumed stress field also satisfies the compatibility conditions when the new element is degenerated into the 2-dimensional case. Examples have clearly demonstrated that these present special elements are far superior in predicting the stress concentration factors, the distributions of circumferential stresses and the normal stress σz.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 259-270 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Stiffness and consistent mass matrices for tapered bars and shafts are derived with the aid of static displacement functions. Moreover, the corresponding dynamic stiffness matrices are developed in the Laplace transform domain from the exact solutions of axial/torsional governing equations. Power series expansions of the Bessel functions comprising the dynamic stiffness influence coefficients show that the stiffness and consistent mass matrices can be mathematically derived from the dynamic stiffness matrices. A discussion on the convergence of the power series expansions is also presented. The developments provide further insight into the approximations present in conventional consistent mass formulations of frameworks with tapered members.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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