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  • 1990-1994  (524)
  • 1990  (524)
  • Engineering General  (524)
  • Nuclear reactions
  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1527-1537 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper we present a method for numerically solving the Schrödinger equation for the problem of electron transmission through a quantum device defined on a two-dimensional domain. An important aspect of our formulation is the treatment of the boundary conditions at the contact-device interfaces, allowing the problem to be discretized on the device domain only. With the FEM aproach that we employ, the nature of the potential field does not effect the computational expense (for smoothly varying fields). We examine a sample problem of a symmetric cavity in a wave-guide structure.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 102
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 103
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1653-1679 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a realistic analysis of thin-walled steel frames the warping of beam-columns of open cross-section must be considered. To model the behaviour of these structures up to collapse load, the plasticity of the material also has to be included in the analysis. This work presents the derivation of a new finite element for three-dimensional non-linear analysis of steel frames with bi-symmetrical cross-sections that models warping and elastic-plasticity. The displacement field is described by the Principle of Sectorial Areas and is modelled with Hermitian functions. For the material non-linearity the Incremental Plasticity Theory in a concentrated plasticity model has been used. The yield surfaces based on the natural stress resultants which include torsion and bimoment are used in the formulation of the element. The matrices of the proposed element are derived explicitly and implemented in a computer program which uses the Natural Approach. The implemented stress recovery process is insensitive to rigid-body motions. The accuracy of the finite element and the efficiency of the implementation are illustrated through examples.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 104
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 223-244 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A quantitative method of a posteriori error estimation based on finite element solutions is developed. The proposed method can estimate the error of solutions obtained by the finite element method for two-dimensional elastic problems with 4-node elements. Since the error is estimated element by element, the proposed method does not require a large memory or long computing time. Not only rectangular elements but also arbitrarily shaped 4-node elements can be used in this method for estimating the error in the finite element computation with high accuracy. The finite element solutions are improved by adding the estimated errors onto the original solutions. The proposed method can be utilized for any type of linear problem if an isoparametric finite element method is used.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
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  • 105
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A generalized explicit one step alogorithm developed in Part I of this paper is presented in the form of a predictor-corrector scheme suitable for arbitrary non-linear analyses of structural dynamics problems. Convergence results are checked through practical calculations on linear and non-linear systems. The generalized algorithm proposed is compared with other recently developed higher order one step algorithms. The slight amount of additional computational effort compared to second order methods pays off in linear and weakly non-linear systems. The behaviour of the methods is also tested on extreme stiffening and softening systems to investigate reliability and robustness of the algorithm.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 106
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 337-356 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The dynamic stiffness method is extended to large amplitude free and forced vibrations of frames. When the steady state vibration is concerned, the time variable is replaced by the frequency parameter in the Fourier series sense and the governing partial differential equations are replaced by a set of ordinary differential equations in the spatial variables alone. The frequency-dependent shape functons are generated approximately for the spatial discretization. These shape functions are the exact solutions of a beam element subjected to mono-frequency excitation and constant axial force to minimize the spatial discretization errors. The system of ordinary differential equations is replaced by a system of non-linear algebraic equations with the Fourier coefficients of the nodal displacements as unknowns. The Fourier nodal coefficients are solved by the Newtonian algorithm in an incremental manner. When an approximate solution is available, an improved solution is obtained by solving a system of linear equations with the Fourier nodal increments as unknowns. The method is very suitable for parametric studies. When the excitation frequency is taken as a parameter, the free vibration response of various resonances can be obtained without actually computing the linear natural modes. For regular points along the response curves, the accuracy of the gradient matrix (Jacobian or tangential stiffness matrix) is secondary (cf. the modified Newtonian method). However, at the critical positions such as the turning points at resonances and the branching points at bifurcations, the gradient matrix becomes important. The minimum number of harmonic terms required is governed by the conditions of completeness and balanceability for predicting physically realistic response curves. The evaluations of the newly introduced mixed geometric matrices and their derivatives are given explicitly for the computation of the gradient matrix.
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  • 107
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 517-539 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An improved boundary element formulation (BEM) for two-dimensional non-homogeneous biharmonic analysis of rectilinear plates is presented. A boundary element formulation is developed from a coupled set of Poisson-type boundary integral equations derived from the governing non-homogeneous biharmonic equation. Emphasis is given to the development of exact expressions for the piecewise rectilinear boundary integration of the fundamental solution and its derivatives over several types of isoparametric elements. Incorporation of the explicit form of the integrations into the boundary element formulation improves the computational accuracy of the solution by substantially eliminating the error introduced by numerical quadrature, particularly those errors encountered near singularities. In addition, the single iterative nature of the exact calculations reduces the time necessary to compile the boundary system matrices and also provides a more rapid evaluation of internal point values than do formulations using regular numerical quadrature techniques. The evaluation of the domain integrations associated with biharmonic forms of the non-homogeneous terms of the governing equation are transformed to an equivalent set of boundary integrals. Transformations of this type are introduced to avoid the difficulties of domain integration. The resulting set of boundary integrals describing the domain contribution is generally evaluated numerically; however, some exact expressions for several commonly encountered non-homogeneous terms are used. Several numerical solutions of the deflection of rectilinear plates using the boundary element method (BEM) are presented and compared to existing numerical or exact solutions.
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  • 108
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 109
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 579-599 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A coupled finite element model is developed to simulate the metal casting process. We present a new method for capturing the solidification zone and obtaining the corresponding rate of phase change. The latent energy release is predicted by the heat conduction rate and introduced by following the enthalpy-temperature curve. The influence of mould-metal contact is considered in calculating the heat flux through the mould-metal interface. A viscoplastic model is employed to predict the gap opening and evolution of plastification.Four examples are presented to demonstrate certain numerical aspects and the capability of the model for industrial applications.
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  • 110
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 211-215 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 111
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 219-222 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 112
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 533-557 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Simulation of turbulent swirling flows has been carried out to provide insight on streamline curvature effects. Numerical calculations were based on the control-volume method. Turbulence effects were represented by two-equation turbulence models. The analysis of steady flow between two concentric rotating cylinders showed that the most promising model which incorporates curvature effects is that based on mixing energy developed by Wilcox and Chambers, as opposed to the ad hoc modification to the standard k-∊ model. This model has also been used to simulate the decay of turbulent swirling flow in a short cylinder. A comparison between calculations and experimental results for such flow fields has been presented.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 113
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 619-632 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three parallel iterative schemes to solve banded systems of equations are presented in this study. The techniques are special implementations of the theory of matrix multisplitting. The resulting algorithms are implemented on a Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) grid architecture using 16 Transputer processors. Parametric analyses are performed to develop convergence criteria and examine the speed-up of solution. It is concluded that the algorithms make very efficient use of the parallel computer architecture, especially if this consists of a large number of nodes.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 114
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 665-678 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A mixed finite-element formulation is applied to solve the quasi-geostrophic equations in a two-layer ocean domain enclosed by solid boundaries. A combination of leap-frog and θ-schemes is used to integrate the equations in time. Wood's formula of the wall vorticity is derived in our formulation for the case of square elements adjacent to the boundaries. Long-term computations with and without lumping have been carried out.
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  • 115
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 207-231 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new stiffness matrix for geometrically non-linear analysis of three-dimensional beam-columns with bisymmetrical, thin-walled, I-type cross-sections is presented. The displacement field is described in terms of natural and rigid-body displacements and both Cartesian and natural matrices are derived. A novelty of the resulting method is the use of this dual description in all aspects of the analysis including the computer implementation. A companion paper1 that introduces the plastic behaviour of the material also justifies the need for this dual approach as a means to separate nodal forces from stress resultants in the cross-section of the 3D beam-column element. The current development uses the updated Lagrangian formulation and corrections in the element matrix are made to properly consider the behaviour under finite rotation. It is shown that accuracy and convergence of the solution process can be improved if the natural matrices derived here are used in a new force recovery process that is insensitive to rigid-body displacements.
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  • 116
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1065-1077 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this study procedures for overcoming limit and bifurcation points in large-scale structural analysis problems are described and evaluated. The methods are based on Newton's method for the outer iterations, while for the linearized problem in each iteration the preconditioned truncated Lanczos method is employed. Special care is placed upon line search routines for accelerating the convergence properties and enhancing the stability of the outer method. The proposed methodology retains all characteristics of an iterative method by avoiding the factorization of the current stiffness matrix. The necessary eigenvalue information is retained in the tridiagonal matrix of the Lanczos approach.
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  • 117
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 118
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1135-1158 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new general purpose boundary element method for domains with cracks has been recently developed. This technique avoids the use of a multi-domain decomposition by including an additional integral equation expressing the boundary condition on the crack. The principal requirement of this technique is the analytic determination of certain hypersingular integrals of the Green's function which arise from this equation. In order to establish the applicability of this method for fracture, these integrals are evaluated herein for the Kelvin solution of the three-dimensional Navier equations of linear elasticity. Numerical results for fracture problems using the single-domain boundary element analysis are also presented.
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  • 119
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1205-1218 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The dispersive and spurious oscillation properties of one-dimensional uniform finite element meshes are investigated using the information provided by the frequency response functions of the finite element meshes. The modal superposition method, in which the effects of temporal discretization are eliminated, is employed to integrate the discretized equations of motion. Compared with the commonly used complex variable method, this approach reveals more clearly the physical essence of the dispersion and spurious oscillation phenomena. A series of interesting results is obtained.
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  • 120
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1271-1279 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An effective method is presented for generating three-dimensional boundary-fitted grids. The technique is based on a two-step procedure involving the solution of differential equations and algebraic interpolations. A coarse grid with an arbitrarily given point distribution at all the boundaries is first generated by solving the Poisson equations, with the forcing functions being automatically adjusted during the grid generation to achieve orthogonality at the boundaries. A fine grid with a desired concentration of grid lines is then obtained by fitting tricubic spline functions on the coarse grid. A primary feature of the method is that the mesh spacing can be quickly and explicitly changed while retaining the smoothness over the entire field and the boundary orthogonality. Applications to a variety of geometries demonstrate the performance of the method.
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  • 121
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1359-1363 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 122
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1365-1391 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper describes a study of incremental-iterative solution techniques for geometrically non-linear analyses. The solution methods documented are based on a modified Newton-Raphson approach, meaning that the tangent stiffness matrix is computed at the commencement of each load step but is then held constant throughout the equilibrium iterations. A consistent mathematical notation is employed in the description of the iterative and load incrementation strategies, enabling the simple inclusion of several solution options in a computer program. The iterative strategies investigated are iteration at constant load, iteration at constant displacement, iteration at constant ‘arc-length’, iteration at constant external work, iteration at minimum unbalanced displacement norm, iteration at minimum unbalanced force norm and iteration at constant ‘weighted response’. The load incrementation schemes investigated include strategies based on the number of iterations required to achieve convergence in the previous load step, strategies based on the ‘current stiffness parameter’ and a strategy based on a parabolic approximation to the load-deflection response. Criteria for detecting when the applied external load increment should reverse sign are described.A challenging example of a circular arch exhibiting snap-through (load limit point) behaviour and snap-back (displacement limit point) behaviour is solved using several different iterative and load incrementation strategies. The performance of the solution schemes is evaluated and conclusions are drawn.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 123
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1473-1485 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents numerical simulations for the prediction of thermal-stress and deformation fields resulting from phase change in solidifying bodies employing new finite element representations. The formulations developed in this paper provide different perspectives and physical interpretation for the modelling/analysis of thermo-mechanical problems and possess several inherent advantages. In comparison to traditional approaches for solving similar problems, the paper employs new computational architectures in conjunction with flux/stress based representations to enhance the overall effectiveness. Comparative numerical applications validate applicability of the formulations for predicting the temperature induced deformations and stresses resulting from effects due to phase change.
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  • 124
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1539-1549 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper is concerned with the improvement of the efficiency and accuracy of the usual numerical integration procedures for the finite element method. A modified numerical integration scheme based on both the symbolic manipulation system and the numerical integration formula is proposed. Its efficiency for the integration of complicated rational or irrational expressions is demonstrated through several numerical examples. To verify its effectiveness in the calculation of the finite element stiffness matrix, a simple numerical example is also presented.
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  • 125
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1569-1587 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper provides a finite element methodology (FEM) for the solution of several one-dimensional inverse solidification problems. In particular two design related problems will be addressed. The first one uses an inverse technique to calculate the boundary heat flux history that will achieve a specified velocity and flux at the freezing front. This front velocity and flux history can be appropriately selected so that the cast structure is controlled. The second problem is the calculation of the boundary heat flux and freezing front position, given appropriate estimates of the temperature field in a specified number of sensor locations (thermocouples) inside a solidifying body.Front fixing and front tracking FEM techniques are used for the solution of the first problem, while a fixed domain finite element formulation (enthalpy method) is used for the solution of the second one. The ‘future information technique’ is employed in both problems. A detailed analysis of the effect on the solution of the error in the data, amount of future information used, time step, number of sensors and their location and of other parameters in the solution will be examined via several numerical tests. Finally, further applications of such inverse methodologies on the control of casting processes will be mentioned.
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  • 126
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1681-1699 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new concept for complex structural optimization problems is presented. Based on investigation of the mechanical nature of the studied problem, a set of basic mechanical characteristics can be introduced as the generalized variables. A high-quality explicit first-level approximate problem FA is formed by first-order Taylor series expansion of the behaviour constraints in terms of the generalized variables. The FA is explicit but highly non-linear with respect to design variables. Therefore, a second-level approximation is introduced to solve the FA by considering a sequence of second-level approximate problems SA in the design variable space. This approach is a Two-Level Approximation Concept. Its application to space frame synthesis shows its good grasp of the mechanical nature of the problem. The computational results for several examples show that the method presented in this paper is very efficient.
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  • 127
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 271-290 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The iterated θ-methods employing residue smoothing for finding both steady state and time-accurate solutions of semidiscrete hyperbolic differential equations are analysed. By the technique of residue smoothing the stability condition is considerably relaxed, so that larger time steps are allowed which improves the efficiency of the method. The additional computational effort involved by the explicit smoothing technique used here is rather low when compared with its stabilizing effect. However, in the case where time-accurate solutions are desired, the overall accuracy may be decreased. This paper investigates the effect of residue smoothing on both the stability and accuracy, and presents a number of explicitly given methods based on the iterated implicit midpoint rule (θ = 1/2). Numerical examples confirm the theoretical results.
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  • 128
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 307-330 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For the linear diffusion-convection model problem, this paper develops the numerical analysis of two classes of three-time-level second order finite difference schemes: weighed schemes similar to two-step schemes for differential equations and LF schemes based on the classical conservative approximation of the wave equation. As in our paper devoted to two-level schemes, Fourier Analysis is an essential tool which yields several key properties (stability, dissipation, numerical diffusion and dispersion). It also permits the analysis of parasitic solutions characteristic of three-level schemes and their control in terms of the starting scheme.The analysis is completed by giving results on the accuracy, positivity and parabolicity of the numerical schemes.The main conclusions are the expected superiority of these schemes over two-level schemes when the diffusion phenomenon is not negligible (cell Reynolds number less than 1) and the very limited possibilities of obtaining satisfactory numerical results (even with upstream differencing) when convection is strongly predominating.
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  • 129
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 859-873 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Radiative ignition studies wre carried out on vertical 2.54 cm circular fabric pairs, and single fabrics of 2.54 cm diameter and 15.2 × 15.2 cm. These fabrics were exposed to a time invariant radiative heat flux using the Large Ignition test Apparatus (LITA) and the Radiative Ignition Time Apparatus (RITA). A model has been developed which uses a quasi-steady-steady-state approximation for the gas pahse. The transient effects and the thermal interaction between the plne-parallel fabrics are accounted for through the variation of the fabric temperature with time. Ignition is considered to occur when the gas phase pyrolysate reaction rate is equal to the rate of pyrolysis. The predicted ignition times are compared with measured values and they show excellent agreement. Ignition times were found to depend strongly on heat flux, fabric size, interface spacing and oxygen concentration. IN the presence of a back fabric, the ignition time of the front fabrics decreases and this reduction is more pronounced at lower radiative heating intensities. Strong thermal interaction between the fabrics was also observed and it is expected that such interactions are responsible for the reduction of ignition time of the front fabric. No evidence of chemical interaciton has been observed.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 915-917 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 131
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 132
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 953-963 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper studies the non-linear heat conduction problem of spontaneous ignition of a reactive solid by using the dual reciprocity formulation of the boundary element method. First, critical values of the Frank-Kamenetskii parameter δ are computed for some common geometrical shapes. Then, transient analyses are carried out for values of δ below and above δc, producing the expected behaviour, with ignition occurring for δ 〉 δc.
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  • 133
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 965-980 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A mathematical/computational model for the approximate prediction of ice accretion on a conductor of finite torsional stiffness is constructed. The model, which is adapted to allow for the attachment of counterweights along the span, is three-dimensional and time-dependent. In the absence of counterweights, axial growth is predicted near the anchors, and cylindrical-sleeve growth at the centre of the conductor span. The latter is caused by eccentric ice loading on the windward side of the conductor which then induces the conductor to rotate.The ‘icing-clock’ model, based on the use of the large relaxation time approximation for particle impaction, yields an upper bound to the mass of ice accreted. At the end of each deposit time the torque density along the conductor span due to ice loading is calculated. On solving the non-linear torsion equation for the conductor the rotation of the conductor and location of the evolving ice surface as a function of the distance from the tower and the accretion time are then deduced.Numerical results are given for conductor with varying mechanical properties, which are represented in terms of a single dimensionless torque parameter, with and without the attachment of counterweights. For a specific case illustrative results are given for the mass of ice accreted and conductor rotation when one, two, three and four counterweights are attached per span.
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  • 134
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1013-1028 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The sensitivity of the closed-loop eigenvalues and eigenvectors of actively controlled flexible structures with distinct eigenvalues is considered. The sensitivity information is essential in the optimization of large space structures with stability/performance robustness, closed-loop eigenvalues or damping ratios treated as objective or constraint functions. The efficiency of the analytical expressions derived for the rates of change of the closed-loop eigenvalues with respect to structural design variables is demonstrated through two numerical examples. The utility of the sensitivity of the closed-loop eigenvalues and eigenvectors in evaluating the derivatives of the stability and performance robustness indices is also indicated and illustrated through numerical examples.
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  • 135
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1181-1194 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Transport of a chemical species through a viscous fluid with reaction at an interface is modelled by a quasi-static process in which the transient behaviour is dominated by motion of the reactive surface. The reaction is accompanied by a molar volume change which leads to motion of the free surface. A decoupled stream function-vorticity formulation is introduced in conjunction with a moving finite element method. This also permits convenient treatment of the free and reactive surface boundary conditions. The model is applied to the growth of oxide films on silicon surfaces and reveals the effect of surface curvature on film growth.
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  • 136
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1195-1212 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The governing equations for the interaction of two immiscible fluids within a deforming porous medium are formulated on the basis of generalized Biot theory. The displacement of the solid skeleton, the pressure and saturation of wetting fluid are taken as primary unknowns of the model. The finite element method is applied to discretize the governing eqations in space. The time domain numerical solution to the coupled problem is achieved by using an unconditionally stable direct integration procedure. Examples are presented to illustrate the performance and capability of the approach.
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  • 137
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1229-1232 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 138
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990) 
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  • 139
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1301-1320 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Owing to an increased interest in numerical (finite element and finite difference) simulation of solidification in commercial investment castings, there is a need for proper evaluation of candidate codes. This paper presents a systematic selection of several benchmark problems designed to test modelling of latent heat release in pure metals and superalloys, thermal resistance at the metal/mould interface, temperature dependent material properties and far field radiation. For purpose of demonstration, these problems were analysed with a 2-dimensional finite element code, TOPAZ, available in the public domain; one problem was analysed with its 3-dimensional counterpart, TOPAZ3D, also. The numerical experimentation in the course of this study resulted in several findings of practical value, which are highlighted in the paper.
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  • 140
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1431-1440 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method for simulating three-dimensional steady-state deformation in shape rolling with grooved rolls by the rigid-plastic finite element method is proposed. For the three-dimensional element mesh, contact of the nodal points with the roll surface and detachment from the surface are judged in each step of calculation. The boundary conditions of metal flow along the curved roll surface and of friction between the roll and the workpiece are dealt with at each node over the interface. Complex steady-state deformation in shape rolling is simulated by using the non-steady-state scheme and the remeshing technique. As examples of simulation, rolling processes of bars and beams with grooved rolls are chosen. The deforming shape, the rolling torque, the roll separating force and the distributions of stress and strain in the workpiece are computed.
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  • 141
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1459-1469 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Two finite element thermal models of the flat rolling process are presented. The first gives a steady-state convective-diffusion solution in the centre plane and the other a non-steady-state solution in the plane perpendicular to the strip axis. To account for mechanical events the models use a rigid-plastic finite element approach. The predictions of both models are compared with temperature measurements carried out in laboratory conditions during hot rolling of low carbon steel and cold rolling of aluminium. The models are also tested against temperature measurements in the seventh stand of a production type continuous hot strip mill. Conclusions are drawn regarding the adequacy of both two-dimensional models for various kinds of flat rolling processes.
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  • 142
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1441-1457 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A review is given of a mixed Eulerian-Lagrangian finite element method for simulation of forming processes. This method permits incremental adaptation of nodal point locations independently from the actual material displacements. Hence numerical difficulties due to large element distortions, as may occur when the updated Lagrange method is applied, can be avoided. Movement of (free) surfaces can be taken into account by adapting nodal surface points in a way that they remain on the surface. Hardening and other deformation path dependent properties are determined by incremental treatment of convective terms. A local and a weighed global smoothing procedure is introduced in order to avoid numerical instabilities and numerical diffusion. Prediction of contact phenomena such as gap openning and/or closing and sliding with friction is accomplished by a special contact element. The method is demonstrated by simulations of an upsetting process and a wire drawing process.
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  • 143
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1503-1525 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An automatic remeshing scheme has been developed to enable finite element simulation of complicated forming processes. In order to avoid the tedious procedures of interrupting the analysis, performing rediscretization, mapping of current state variables and preparing the new set of boundary conditions, a fully automatic remeshing method is described. The different steps of this method are presented with the help of one industrial example.
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  • 144
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1609-1617 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A computer aided simulation technique based on the upper bound theorem is developed in order to analyse three-dimensional metal flows of workpieces in various extrusion processes. The developed method is applied to simulations of forward extrusions of tubes through bridge dies. The effects of die geometry on extrusion pressure, geometries of dead zone and plastic zone and three-dimensional flow of workpiece are calculated. The results are compared with experimental measurments and fairly good agreement between them is found.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 57-72 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Axisymmetric contact problems of an elastic layer are studied in this paper. The lower surface of the layer is either bonded to or in smooth contact with a rigid base. The upper surface is in tensionless smooth contact with a rigid flat cylinder, a rigid sphere, an elastic sphere or a circular plate, respectively. A general method is developed so that all these related problems are treated in a straightforward and like manner. In comparison to the other methods used in previous papers, the simplicity and high numerical accuracy are the major advantages of this method. The convergence is proved by comparing the numerical values to some available analytical solutions. Extensive numerical results for contact radii, displacements and contact pressures are provided.
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  • 146
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 679-682 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 147
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1-14 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Analytical solutions for displacements and stresses in composite laminates are developed using the laminate plate theory of Reddy. The theory accounts for a desired degree of approximation of the displacements through the laminate thickness, allowing for piecewise approximation of the inplane deformation through individual laminae. The solutions are compared with the 3-D elasticity solutions for the simply supported case and excellent agreement is found. Analytical solutions are also presented for other boundary conditions. The results indicate that the generalized shear deformation plate theory predicts accurate stress distributions in thick composite laminates.
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  • 148
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 105-121 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The paper compares the overall performance of a wide range of numerical procedures that can be used to integrate through the thickness of plates and shells. Results are presented for the accuracy of the calculations when there are discontinuities in the stress through the depth of the plate, and the available methods are ranked according to their accuracy.
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  • 149
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 161-179 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM) developed by Hromadka for the solution of potential problems in simply connected domains is extended to the solution of heat conduction problems in doubly connected domains. A cut is made in the doubly connected domain, and it was found that the complex potentials along the cut do not cancel out but result in a complex stream function that plays the role of perturbation in the nodal equations. Cauchy-Riemann conditions are used to derive additional equations which relate the stream functions and the boundary heat fluxes and potentials when Neumann and Robin conditions are imposed on the boundaries. The resulting nodal equations are expressed in matrix form, and coding rules and methods for checking the matrix elements are developed. Three solution methods (implicit, explicit and hybrid) are described, and by means of examples, the efficacy of these methods is discussed and compared.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 217-218 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 151
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 245-261 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The generalized boundary element method is presented for the numerical solution of Burgers' equation. The new method is based on the set of boundary integral equations derived for each subdomain by using the fundamental solution for the linearized differential operator of the equation. The resulting system of quasi-non-linear equations is solved implicitly with use of a simple iterative procedure. The adaptability and the accuracy of the proposed method are demonstrated by three examples and a comparison of the numerical results with the exact solution or other existing solutions is shown for the first example.
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  • 152
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 391-405 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: With the advent of computer aided design (CAD), the development of fully or semi-automated procedures by which a solution warranting the specified accuracy can most efficiently be reached has become a necessity. It is now of utmost interest to investigate finite element (FE) formulations offering a simple form of adaptivity, easy to implement.The present study (which is a sequel to an earlier paper1 on error estimation by the authors) identifies as a particularly promising approach of attaining this goal the p-method associated with the so-called hybrid-Trefftz FE model.2 Based on a simple stress error estimator1 and prior knowledge of the convergence rate, the solution warranting specified stress accuracy may be reached in a single trial by suitably respecifying just one parameter in the input data. The reported approach has successfully been implemented into the general purpose FE program SAFE3 and its high efficiency is illustrated in the paper through practical applications involving corner singularities and stress concentrations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990) 
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  • 154
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 579-598 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The finite element method is used in calculating accurate collapse loads. The behaviour of granular materials is described by the non-associated Mohr-Coulomb model. The load-displacement path is traced up to and beyond limit points using an accelerated initial stiffness method. The convergence properties of this method are examined, both for associated and non-associated plasticity.Step sizes in the incremental iterative procedure are adapted during the iteration process, depending on an estimated number of iterations. The automatic step size control thus obtained proves to be robust and particularly appropriate for non-associated plasticity. Some soil collapse calculations are discussed to demonstrate the practical application of the method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 633-645 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A method is presented that may be used to empirically establish the type of relationship that is present between a response variable and its influencing factors, by fitting a mathematical model to three dimensional scattered data. The generated response surface is composed of continuous triangular planes that are fitted to the corresponding data in the least squares sense. The method may be easily implemented. It requires some fairly large number of scattered data, two initial boundary conditions and a desired accuracy for the band-wise partitioning of the data. The proposed surface fitting technique has been successfully applied to solar radiation modelling for a number of different data combinations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 739-753 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The performance of the multigrid algorithm is investigated by solving some large, practical, three dimensional solid mechanics problems. The convergence of the method is sensitive to factors such as the amount of bending present and the degree of mesh non-uniformity, as was also observed in Part I for two dimensional problems. However, in contrast to Part I, no proportionality is observed between the total number of operations to convergence and the problem size. Despite such behaviour, the multigrid algorithm proves to be an effective matrix equation solver for solid mechanics poblems. It is orders of magnitude faster than a direct factorization method, and yields converged solutions several times faster than the Jacobi preconditioned conjugate gradient method.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 785-800 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The numerical solution of problems in elastodynamics involving infinite media calls for the use of discrete techniques such as the boundary element method and the finite element method. These techniques can, in turn, be formulated in the time or frequency domains, and have each relative merits and drawbacks. This paper presents a comparative study of the accuracy and limitations of three different implementations of these methods.The problem studied is that of transient loads on the surface of homogeneous elastic halfspaces, and of finite depth strata. In each case, the response is computed first for an uninterrupted (continuous) medium, and then for a medium that includes a trench (or cavity).Three independent computer programs were used that incorporated the following methods: (i) frequency domain boundary element method (FD-BEM), using a discrete fundamental solution; (ii) time domain boundary element method (TD-BEM) using an analytical fundamental solution; and (iii) a coupled time domain boundary element-finite element model (BEM/FEM).It is found that for convex domains (halfspace or stratum without a trench) the three independent implementations are in excellent agreement, while for non-convex domains (trench in the path of the waves), numerical errors associated with non-causal behaviour become evident in some cases.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 833-846 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A non-Jacobian numerical quadrature is proposed for evaluating improper integrals over a semi-infinite range. The quadrature first transforms the semi-infinite integration limit into a finite limit between - 1 and 1. Standard numerical integration procedures such as Gauss-Chebyshev or Gauss-Legendre schemes can then be used to obtain the integral value. Unlike traditional methods using Laguerre or Hermite polynomials, numerical results show that no specific weight function is required for the proposed quadrature to converge as long as the integral exists. The transformation also includes a scale parameter which effectively expands the numerical-integration sampling points along its original semi-infinite integration path. Numerical examples shows that selection of the scale parameter is rather flexible and convergence can always be achieved within a wide range of parameter values. Several applied mechanics problems are also illustrated to validate the proposed numerical scheme. The quadrature can be easily incorporated into finite element or boundary element schemes for the evaluation of semi-infinite integrals.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 881-908 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This article describes a formulation of the finite element method and its implementation on a data parallel computing system. The Connection Machine® system, CM-2, has been used as the model architecture. Data structures, storage requirements, communication and parallel arithmetic complexity are analysed in detail for the cases when a processor represents an unassembled finite element and when a processor is assigned to an unassembled nodal point. Data parallel algorithms for the grid generation, the evaluation of the elemental stiffness matrices and for the iterative solution of the linear system are presented. The algorithm for evaluating the elemental stiffness matrices computes the matrix elements concurrently without communication. This concurrency is in addition to the inherent parallelism present among different finite elements. A conjugate gradient solver with diagonal pre-conditioner is used for the solution of the resulting linear system. Results from an implementation of the three-dimensional finite element method based on Lagrange elements are reported. For single-precision floating-point operations, the measured peak performance is approximately 2·4 G flops s-1 for evaluating the elemental stiffness matrices and approximately 850 M flops s-1 for the conjugate gradient solver. On a Connection Machine system with 16K physical processors, the time per conjugate gradient iteration for an application with 400 000 degrees of freedom is approximately 0·13 s for double-precision floating-point operations.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 969-984 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new fixed grid finite element technique for modelling phase-change effects in steady-state conduction-advection problems is described. The method is appropriate for materials that transform at a fixed critical temperature and is based on the assumption that the enthalpy experiences a jump discontinuity at this temperature, yielding a singular specific heat. This singularity is described using a Dirac delta function and the appropriate finite element matrix equations are developed for isoparametric elements. A simple first order upwinding scheme is used to avoid numerical oscillations in advection dominated problems. The utility of the method is illustrated through the solution of a one-dimensional test problem using eight-node hexahedral isoparametric finite elements. The technique may be applied to a wide range of finite element types and offers a number of advantages over other schemes for modelling phase-change effects.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1033-1047 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper the finite element method (FEM) is used to analyse general, multiconductor transmission-line systems of arbitrary cross-section. The per-unit-length matrices of capacitance, inductance, conductance and resistance, which characterize a multiconductor transmission line, are obtained from the FEM analysis. Numerical results are presented and compared both with experimental results and other available data.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1131-1134 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 163
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. ii 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1193-1203 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general formulation is presented for the tangent constitutive matrices of rate-independent material models which assume that the strain increment consists of two components. One component is related to the stress increment through a known constitutive matrix, while the other component results from deformation mechanisms not reflected in the constitutive matrix. The procedure to modify the known matrix for these additional strains is specified. The formulation is a generalization of the well-known procedure used in plasticity to modify the elastic constitutive matrix for plastic deformation. Application to both the classical and endochronic theories of plasticity and to a smeared crack theory is illustrated.
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  • 165
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1247-1269 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper a new approach to the development of a posteriori error indicators for the direct boundary element method (BEM) is presented. It takes advantage of a unique opportunity offered by the collocation BEM, that is the possibility of obtaining more than one numerical solution from a given boundary element mesh. Unlike other approaches, the error indicator introduced in the present paper does not require any explicit evaluation of the residual of the approximate solution. In order to test the capability of the proposed error indicators to actually control a selective mesh refinement process, an h-adaptive refinement strategy is also described, together with the criteria for refinement and for the termination of the adaptive process. Full details on the whole numerical implementation for two-dimensional problems are provided. In particular, there is described a direct method for the numerical evaluation of Cauchy principal value integrals. Numerical examples show that pointwise convergence is always obtained in a few steps and the final meshes look nearly as if they were designed by an expert analyst.
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  • 166
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1323-1341 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: With the aid of Muskhelishvili's complex plane elasticity solution representation compatible displacement and stress fields are constructed. The complex functions in these formulas are represented by Cauchy integrals, which are discretized along the boundary with the aid of complex shape functions for each boundary element. The constructed displacement and stress functions satisfy the Navier equations and the equilibrium equations, respectively. The use of fifth order complex basis functions with continuous second complex derivatives gives numerical results of high accuracy.
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  • 167
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. ii 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 168
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 15-35 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The field-boundary-element method naturally admits the solution algorithm in the incompressible regimes of fully developed plastic flow. This is not the case with the generally popular finite-element method, without further modifications to the method such as reduced integration or a mixed method for treating the dilatational deformation. The analyses by the field-boundary-element method for geometric and material non-linear problems are generally carried out by an incremental algorithm, where the velocities (or displacement increments) on the boundary are treated as the primary variables and an initial strain iteration method is commonly used to obtain the state of equilibrium. For problems such as buckling and diffused tensile necking, involving very large strains, such a solution scheme may not be able to capture the bifurcation phenomena, or the convergence will be unacceptably slow when the post-bifurcation behaviour needs to be analysed. To avoid this predicament, a full tangent stiffness field-boundary-element formulation which takes the initial stress-velocity gradient (displacement gradient) coupling terms accurately into account is presented in this paper. Here, the velocity field both inside and on the boundary are treated as primary variables. The large strain plasticity constitutive equation employed is based on an endochronic model of combined isotropic/kinematic hardening plasticity using the concepts of material director triad and the associated plastic spin. A generalized mid-point radial return algorithm is presented for determining the objective increments of stress from the computed velocity gradients. Numerical results are presented for problems of diffuse necking, involving very large strains and plastic instability, in initially perfect elastic-plastic plates under tension. These results demonstrate the clear superiority of the full tangent stiffness algorithm over the initial strain algorithm, in the context of the integral equation formulations for large strain plasticity.
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  • 169
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1727-1735 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Several formulations of the Boundary Element Method (BEM) are examined herein in the context of heterogeneous media. A strong singularity develops at re-entrant interzonal corners and its effect is made more acute by large differences in the material properties. The effects of this singularity on the performance of the various BEM formulations are illustrated with examples. It is concluded that the direct BEM, either in the collocation or Galerkin formulations, is unable to give good results in zones of low conductivity. On the other hand the indirect BEM does not adequately reproduce the behaviour of the flow field near boundaries. A multi-step version of the direct BEM is formulated to eliminate the difficulties introduced by the interzonal singularities.
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  • 170
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 13-26 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: We construct a set of polynomials ϕn(x,ζ) which are orthogonal with respect to w(x)/(x - ζ)2, where w x is a weight function. These polynomials can be used for the definition of a Gauss quadrature formula for the finite part integral The process is exactly the same as the one used for the extraction of the classical Gauss formula for the Riemann integrals. Three different methods are derived.The first and most accurate quadrature formula is successfully tested in some numerical examples. The proposed quadrature formulas have many applications in problems of mathematical physics, mechanics, etc.
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  • 171
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 77-97 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A general treatment is presented for modelling the dynamics of a flexible multibody system, using a lumped mass finite element approach. The system topology considered here is defined as an arbitrary combination of both rigid and flexible bodies, connected together by joints that permit translation and compliance, in a general tree configuration. An extension to handle closed loop kinematic chains is also indicated. Kane's theory of generalized speeds, which is based on the Lagrange-D'Alembert principle, is used to derive the equations of motion, and this results in a very efficient computer oriented methodology for solving the dynamics of such large mechanical systems. To facilitate numerical computations, these dynamical equations are transformed into a system of first-order differential equations for an explicit formulation of the problem. The accuracy of the proposed formulation is assessed via three examples with known solutions. The results obtained indicate the method is accurate, efficient and versatile for the analysis of a general, flexible multibody system.
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  • 172
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 133-154 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A quasi-steady-state, integrated system model describing high temperature heat transfer, solidification and the action of capillarity in the Czochralski crystal growth process is solved by a finite element/Newton method. The numerical analysis couples the calculation of the temperature field in all phases and the determination of the melt/crystal and melt/gas interfaces and the crystal radius free boundaries. The analysis includes conductive heat transfer in the melt, crystal, crucible, pedestal, heater and the surrounding insulation and diffuse-grey radiation, which couples the heat transfer between surfaces, the crystal radius and the melt/gas free boundary through the view factors. Finite element approximations are used to reduce the entire problem to a coupled set of non-linear algebraic equations. These are solved simultaneously by Newton's method with the Jacobian matrix computed by a combination of closed form expressions and finite difference approximations. Quadratic convergence of the Newton iteration is demonstrated along with a factor of four increase in computational efficiency over a successive iteration procedure that decouples the calculation of radiation from the rest of the heat transfer model.
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  • 173
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 615-627 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a numerical method of radiant environment analysis in a complicated enclosure containing human bodies and furniture. An arbitrary configuration expressed in a three-dimensional co-ordinate system can be treated by this method. A unique space index and another surface index are proposed to specify the geometry of solid body and surface in the enclosure. The Monte Carlo method is used to determine direct interchange areas, which are then transformed into total exchange areas using the zone method. Energy balance equations accounting for thermal radiation, convection, wall conduction and air ventilation are then formulated for each solid surface segment in the enclosure. A human body model with skin temperatures and clothing is also proposed to simulate its heat release and to predict local thermal sensation around the body. As a practical application, this method is applied to the analysis of the radiant environment in a floor-heated meeting room with eight people seated around a table.
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  • 174
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 647-659 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The governing equations and the boundary conditions of steady incompressible magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) problems are adapted to the case of steady MHD flow in simply connected cross sections with arbitrary wall conductance. The problem is then solved numerically by means of the finite element method based on the weighted residual approach, and solutions for industrially relevant Hartmann numbers and non-symmetric kinetic fields are presented.
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  • 175
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 697-709 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper, a generally applicable version of an algorithm, for multidimensional phase change conduction, is presented which bridges the gap between ‘full enthalpy’ and ‘equivalent heat capacity’ methods. In the text the problem is formulated first with reference to the three-time-level method for the FE analysis of non-linear heat conduction. Then the suggested algorithm is utilized as a ‘corrector’ which can be activated for the analysis of isothermal phase change problems. In the corrector step the enthalpy balance is recovered from the standard formulation, and temperatures are post-calculated by means of the inverse temperature vs. enthalpy function. The algorithm is verified in one-dimensional situations by comparing the results obtained with available analytical and numerical solutions for boundary conditions of the first kind (temperature) and of the third kind (convection). Finally, as a 2-D test problem, a solution is presented for inward solidification in a cylinder, using Cartesian co-ordinates to demonstrate robustness with respect to space deformation of the mesh.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 679-696 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The numerical simulation of conduction heat transfer in arbitrarily-shaped regions is relevant to many engineering applications including the casting of plastics and metals, cold region problems and latent heat storage. This class of problem offers its particular challenges. The accurate computational simulation of conduction with thermally-dependent properties requires a solution technique with good conservation properties. The boundary-fitted co-ordinates of an arbitrary solution domain typically yield grids which are non-orthogonal and which, consequently, make energy conservation difficult to model.In the current article, a technique is described to simulate accurately the conduction heat transfer in materials of thermally-dependent properties in irregular domains. The method combines boundary-fitted co-ordinates with the finite volume method, FVM, to produce a numerical technique which will accurately solve this non-linear conduction problem using a grid which may be highly skewed. This capability is achieved through a unique treatment of the cross-derivative terms that arise when the heat conduction equation is transformed to a non-orthogonal grid. The cross-derivative terms represent the non-normal components of the heat fluxes into the skewed control volume. The tangent components of the heat fluxes are interpreted in a special way to produce finite difference expressions which accurately model the cross-derivative partial.The numerical procedure is validated by comparing it against a purely analytical mathematical method. Although the numerical results have been obtained using a highly skewed grid, they exhibit close agreement with the analytically-derived solution.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 263-273 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new boundary-integral formulation is proposed to analyse the heat transfer in complex three-dimensional geometries. One example of such geometry is the die sets in the injection moulding process. Networks of cooling conduits within the mould and the closely spaced die surfaces require special attention both in formulation and numerical treatment of the integral equations. The proposed formulation couples the boundary formula, the gradient of the boundary formula and the exterior formula. The derivation of the integral equations is presented here along with an efficient method for integration of some of the kernels in these equations and a semi-analytical procedure for the integration of the highly singular integrands which result from differentiating the boundary formula. Although the techniques introduced here are applied to a particular problem in heat transfer, their potential application is much broader.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1737-1757 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In practical applications, it is often necessary to determine the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a solid, in addition to the static response under a variety of loading conditions. This paper discusses the calculation of natural frequencies and mode shapes of three-dimensional solids using the boundary element method. The method developed is based on the use of particular integrals of the elastic equilibrium equations, and employs only real arithmetic. It represents an extension to three dimensions of work previously carried out for two-dimensional problems in References 1 and 15. The method has been incorporated, for multiregion analysis, in the BEST3D (Boundary Element Solution Technology - Three Dimensional) computer program.Much of the work described in this paper was carried out under the support of National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contract NAS3-23697, ‘3D Inelastic Analysis Methods for Hot Section Components’. The program managers at the NASA-Lewis Research Center are Dr C. C. Chamis and Mr Dale Hopkins. The program manager at Pratt & Whitney is Dr E. S. Todd Results of the boundary element calculations are compared with analytical, finite element and experimental results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 1787-1796 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The variationally consistent partial hybrid stress element proposed by the authors is extended to transient analysis of thick laminated composite plates in this paper. Through dividing six stress components into flexural (σx, σy, τxy, σz) and transverse shear (τxz, τyz) parts, the corresponding dynamic version of the modified Hellinger-Reissner principle is presented. By assuming stress parameters for transverse shear only, the partial hybrid stress element can be used to solve transient problems without any contradiction. The mass matrix derived is a simply consistent mass regardless of the assumed stress field. Comparisons are made with results available in the literature. Through thickness variations of all the six stress components for a dynamic version of Pagano's example are also presented for the first time. These results can serve as a reference source for future comparisons.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 27-55 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper reports on our experience in solving large-scale finite element transient problems on the Connection Machine. We begin with an overview of this massively parallel processor and emphasize the features which are most relevant to finite element computations. These include virtual processors, parallel disk I/O and parallel scientific visualization capabilities. We introduce a distributed data structure and discuss a strategy for mapping thousands of processors onto a discretized structure. The combination of the parallel data structure with the virtual processor mapping algorithm is shown to play a pivotal role in efficiently achieving massively parallel explicit computations on irregular and hybrid two- and three-dimensional finite element meshes. The finite element kernels written in C*/Paris have run with success to solve several examples of linear and non-linear dynamic simulations of large problem sizes. From these example runs, we have been able to assess in detail their performance on the Connection Machine. We show that mesh irregularities induce an MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) style of programming which impacts negatively the performance of this SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) machine. Finally, we address some important theoretical and implementational issues that will materially advance the application ranges of finite element computations on this highly parallel processor.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 115-131 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The boundary element formulation for three-dimensional problems of steady state (periodic) dynamic analysis has been cast into the generalized axisymmetric form by expressing the boundary tractions and displacements in terms of a Fourier series expansion. The resulting formulation has been developed for the dynamic analysis of axisymmetric geometries subjected to non-axisymmetric loading. The analysis has been implemented in a large general purpose analysis capable of analysing both finite as well as semi-infinite domains and a series of examples has been shown to demonstrate the versatility of the implementation.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 177-200 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper, we have attempted to provide new insights into the phenomenon of shear and membrane locking in a general quadratic curved beam element. Locking is seen to be accompanied by significant quadratic oscillations in the axial force and cubic oscillations in the shear force. The functional reconstitution technique is applied to derive accurate error estimates for the manner in which locking is relieved and for the magnitude of the stress oscillations. The orthogonally correct field-consistent interpolations are determined for the optimal form of the element using an elegant concept of expanding strain interpolations in terms of Legendre polynomials. The popular two-point Gaussian integrated version of the element is shown to be non-orthogonal, resulting in a cubic oscillation in the shear force that curiously vanishes at the Barlow points.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1029-1049 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A new triangular plate bending element based on the Reissner-Mindlin theory is developed through a mixed formulation emanating from the Hu-Washizu variational principle. A main feature of the formulation is the use of a linear transverse shear interpolation scheme with discrete constraint conditions on the edges. The element is shown to avoid shear locking, converge to the Kirchhoff plate theory as the plate thickness approaches zero, and generally exhibit excellent behaviour on a series of standard problems and tests.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1091-1094 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1051-1062 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A hermite interpolation based formulation is presented for the boundary element analysis of two-dimensional potential problems. Two three-noded Hermitian Cubic Elements (HCE) are introduced for the modelling of corners or points with non-unique tangents on the boundary. These elements, along with the usual two-noded HCE, are used in numerical examples. The results obtained show that faster convergence can be achieved using HCE compared with using Lagrange interpolation type Quadratic Elements (QE), for about the same amount of computing resources.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1083-1089 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An unsymmetric block Lanczos algorithm has been employed for the dynamic analysis of a large system which has arbitrary damping and/or repeated (or closely spaced) eigenvalues. In the algorithm development, the right and left Lanczos vectors are all theoretically biorthogonal to each other. However, these vectors may lose the biorthogonality owing to cancellation and roundoff errors. For the unsymmetric case there can be a breakdown, even without numerical errors. This paper describes computational techniques which have led to a robust unsymmetric block Lanczos algorithm.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1063-1082 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Hydrated soft tissues of the human musculoskeletal system can be represented by a continuum theory of mixtures involving intrinsically incompressible solid and incompressible inviscid fluid phases. This paper describes the development of a mixed-penalty formulation for this biphasic system and the application of the formulation to the development of an axisymmetric, six-node, triangular finite element. In this formulation, the continuity equation of the mixture is replaced by a penalty form of this equation which is introduced along with the momentum equation and mechanical boundary condition for each phase into a weighted residual form. The resulting weak form is expressed in terms of the solid phase displacements (and velocities), fluid phase velocities and pressure. After interpolation, the pressure unknowns can be eliminated at the element level, and a first order coupled system of equations is obtained for the motion of the solid and fluid phases. The formulation is applied to a six-node isoparametric element with a linear pressure field. The element performance is compared with that of the direct penalty form of the six-node biphasic element in which the pressure is eliminated in the governing equations prior to construction of the weak form, and selective reduced integration is used on the penalty term. The mixed-penalty formulation is found to be superior in terms of tendency to lock and sensitivity to mesh distortion. A number of example problems for which analytic solutions exist are used to validate the performance of the element.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1095-1098 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1213-1228 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The use of multiobjective optimization techniques, which may be regarded as a systematic sensitivity analysis, for the selection and modification of system parameters is presented. A minimax multiobjective optimization model for structural optimization is proposed. Three typical multiobjective optimization techniques - goal programming, compromise programming and the surrogate worth trade-off method - are used to solve such a problem. The application of multiobjective optimization techniques to the selection of system parameters and large scale structural design optimization problems is the main purpose of this paper.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1555-1567 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An unstructured mesh generator is integrated in a finite element solver for the adaptive solution of non-Newtonian fluid flows. An a posteriori error estimate for the equations of motion is presented and is shown to behave according to theoretical convergence rates. The estimate is used to drive the refinement process, and the resulting iterative remeshing algorithm leads to reduction of the error level in the case of an axisymmetric contraction. Original data structures used to speed-up remeshing and interpolation between unstructured grids are also presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1577-1593 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper the possibilities of the viscous voided shell approach for deriving bending/membrane finite elements for sheet metal forming problems are presented. These elements can be selectively used for membrane or full bending analysis of some parts of the sheet according to the nature of the deformation. Numerical aspects of this approach are discussed and some examples of application are also given.
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  • 192
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1595-1608 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical analysis for the assessment of wrinkle formation tendencies in sheet metals is presented. A doubly-curved thin shell element under biaxial plane stress states is considered, and the critical stress values for wrinkling are determined. The analysis is based on plastic bifurcation theory for the buckling of thin shells in short-wavelength shallow modes. The effects of the various material and geometric parameters on wrinkling are investigated.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 193
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1633-1647 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 194
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1649-1674 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 195
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1675-1697 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A formulation for numerical simulation of complex forming processes with generally shaped tools is developed. Special attention is drawn to the accuracy, efficiency and robustness. An incremental displacement approach based on Lagrangian formulation as well as an elastic-viscoplastic material model with Hill's cross-anisotropy, power law hardening and strain rate sensitivity are assumed. An implicit integration of the constitutive equations is derived. Frictional contact conditions yield additional constraint relations which, together with equilibrium equations, form the basis for derivation of the consistent tangent matrix. To further increase efficiency and accuracy, application of the adaptive remeshing procedures for sheet forming is investigated. The performance of the proposed algorithm is shown by comparison of the numerical results with the analytical solution for an in-plane stretching test and with the experimental measurements from 3-D sheet forming pressings where materials, radius and wall dimensions used are similar to those from industrial applications.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 196
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1719-1737 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Superplastic forming is a manufacturing process whereby titanium or aluminium sheet is blow formed into a die to produce very light and strong aerospace components. Of crucial importance is the prediction of the final thickness distribution and the pressure cycle necessary to maintain superplasticity. This paper discusses a finite element based solution to these problems and presents examples for typical components including diffusion bonding effects.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 197
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1699-1718 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A transient, thermomechanical model, METFORM, based on viscoplasticity and heat and mass transport theories has been developed specifically for the prediction of the flow behaviour of metals during hot rolling. The coupling of metal flow, heat transport and microstructural changes is discussed and a framework to account for the coupling behaviour is formulated. The model is partially verified by experiments and is applied to the hot strip mill roughing process, with the focus of interest on skid mark effects and related difficulties frequently observed in hot rolling. Methods for overcoming these difficulties are proposed based on the results obtained from the model. The coupling between microstructure development and the variations of local strain, strain gradient and temperature is confirmed by the predicted strain/strain gradients and micrographs obtained from a hot rolling experiment.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 198
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 30 (1990), S. 1739-1758 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper discusses several aspects of the simulation of sheet forming processes using finite elements. We begin with a brief description of the class of problems treated, emphasizing the main deformation modes present. The choice of finite element type for modelling the sheet - continuum, shell, membrane, or special purpose - is discussed in realation to the geometrical simplifications made with respect to deformation. We pay particular attention to the kinematic implementation of membrane (plane stress) deformation. Modelling problems associated with the interaction between the sheet and dies are then discussed: in particular, problems related to rigid surface representation and friction. A simplified model of drawbeads is described, which allows for macro-representation of this die detail. Some practical application examples are included to illustrate these points. The paper concludes with a general discussion of developments which we believe to be desirable for this type of simulation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 199
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 303-314 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The combined application of the Laplace transform and the finite element method is used to analyse the transient response of circular pins. The present method removes the time-dependence terms from the governing differential equations and boundary conditions using the Laplace transform and then the eigenfunction expansion method is applied to reduce the two-dimensional boundary value problem to that of one dimension. Accordingly, the final transformed equation can easily be solved by the finite element method. The transformed temperature is inverted to the physical quantity numerically. The present results agree well with analytical solutions. In addition, it is seen that the results of axisymmetric transient heat conduction problems with the central node at r = 0 can accurately be obtained using the present method.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 200
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 29 (1990), S. 985-1001 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The free vibration of solids of revolution had never been solved by the Boundary Element Method (BEM) until a previous paper10 by the authors, in which the BEM was combined with the method of particular integrals to solve axisymmetric free vibration problems. In this paper the previously developed analysis is extended to study the non-axisymmetric free vibration of axisymmetric solids. The developed analysis has been implemented in a general purpose BEM system. Free vibrations of solid and hollow cylinders, a hyperbolic cooling tower and a gas turbine shell are used as examples, and their results are compared with those given by other methods. Except for low modes of very thin shells, good agreement can be seen.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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