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  • 1995-1999  (2,110)
  • 1985-1989
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  • 1915-1919
  • 1995  (2,110)
  • General Chemistry  (1,656)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics  (370)
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  • 1995-1999  (2,110)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1980-1984
  • 1915-1919
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 107 (1995), S. 301-305 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Hair ; Opiates ; Drug monitoring ; Ultrastructure ; Environmental conditions ; Hair damage Cosmetic treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Hair samples were taken at autopsy from the head of 1 male and 1 female subject both known as drug abusers. Some of the strands were bleached by in-vitro cosmetic treatment. The bleached hair as well as the original hair samples were partly exposed to water or soil prior to further investigations and drug monitoring. The exposure times were 4 weeks or 6 months for water and 6 months for soil. The hair fibers were examined by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and by scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigations. The electron microscope studies confirmed that all experimental conditions had produced morphological alterations in the hair fibers. After exposure to water or to soil for 6 months as well as after storage of the clipped bleached hair in tap water at room temperature for 4 weeks, drug monitoring of formerly positive hair samples gave negative results. After storage of natural hair in soil or in water for 4 weeks the opiate levels had dramatically decreased. The samples were screened by fluorescence polarization immunoassay after enzymatic digestion. The results were confirmed by GC/MS.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Autoimmune myocarditis ; Cardiac myosin ; Dendritic cell ; Macrophage ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The precise mechanism of myosin-induced autoimmune myocarditis is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to define the immunohistological and ultrastructural characteristics of the infiltrating cells, especially in the initial phase of the myocarditis. It was demonstrated that OX6-positive dendritic cells first infiltrated the cardiocytes on day 13 after immunization. After day 17, OX6-positive cells, which possessed elongated irregular-shaped processes on the cell surface but contained few phago-lysosomes in the cytoplasm, were located at the margin of an inflammatory field and inserted their processes into the sarcoplasm of cardiocytes. The central portion of the inflammatory field was occupied by ED1-positive inflammatory macrophages, which were rich in phagosomes and which were in contact with degenerating cardiocytes. No evidence was obtained which suggested that lymphocytes directly injured the cardiocytes. These results demonstrated ultrastructural evidence that the type of infiltrating cell that first injures cardiocytes is the cardiac dendritic cell. Inflammatory macrophages thereafter serve as scavengers of degenerating cardiocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Hallervorden-Spatz disease ; Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy ; Axonal dystrophy ; Ultrastructure ; Cytoskeletal proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis of dystrophic axons (DAs) in the brain and peripheral nerve of a patient with familial infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) and in the brain of a patient with familial Hallervorden-Spatz Disease (HSD) revealed prevalent membrano-tubular or granulo-vesicular profiles with a graded pattern of evolution in INAD, while dense bodies, vesicles and amorphous material were pressent in HSD. DAs immunoreactivity with τ-protein and 200 kDa-neurofilament antibodies was stronger in HSD than in INAD. In both cases immunohistochemistry was positive for ubiquitin and negative for β-tubulin and β-amyloid. Distinct ultrastructural features and immunoreactivity pattern of cytoskeletal components suggest different pathogenetic mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Gastrointestinal autonomic nerve tumours ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) represent a heterogeneous group whose classification frequently requires ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies. In a retrospective study of the ultrastructural findings of 24 gastrointestinal stromal tumours, whose light microscopic study has yielded ambiguous results and in which accurate diagnosis had required ultrastructural support, seven were found to have the characteristics of gastrointestinal autonomic nerve (GAN) tumours. In all of them the diagnosis was based on the presence of dendritic processes with dense neuroendocrine granules. Immunohistochemically, the seven tumours were negative for smooth-muscle markers. All stained positively for vimentin. NSE, chromogranin, and synaptophysin were positive in most of them, while S-100 protein was positive only in two cases. We present the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of seven GANT against the background of the GISTs of our series. We conclude that GAN tumours cannot be diagnosed by light microscopy alone but this tumour group displays characteristic electron microscopic and immunohistochemical features and appears to represent a distinct type of GIST.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Alzheimer's disease ; Neurofibrillary ; tangles ; Amyloid ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Senile plaque and paired helical filament (PHF) formation are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, but the mechanisms leading to these lesions still remain unclear. To understand them better, we have performed different immunolabellings of amyloid protein and PHF. We describe a very specific immunodetection of PHF with AD2, a monoclonal antibody directed against a hyperphosphorylated epitope of PHF-tau, and use double immunolabelling to show that PHF and plaque amyloid are discretely labelled by different antibodies. We also discuss different mechanisms of PHF maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Familial amyloid polyneuropathy ; Transthyretin ; Ultrastructure ; Lectin histochemistry ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed extensive quantitative analyses of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of two siblings with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) caused by a transthyretin (TTR) Gly42 mutation. Pronounced amyloid deposition was found in the sympathetic ganglia (SyG), dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and throughout the length of the peripheral nerve fibers with some accentuation in the more proximal portion. There was severe neuronal loss in the SyG and DRG together with nerve fiber depletion in the nerve trunk, while only a small amount of amyloid deposition with mild fiber loss was seen in the spinal roots. Sprouts of regenerating axons were very scanty even in the spinal nerves or roots. A teased fiber study mainly showed demyelinating fibers, but axonal degeneration was also present throughout peripheral nerves. An electron microscopic study showed fine amyloid fibrils in direct contact with the axoplasmic membrane of demyelinated axons and destruction of axons in some areas. Amyloid deposition within the PNS in this type of FAP resembled that in type I FAP (TTR Met30). However, direct axonal damage by amyloid fibrils appeared to be more prominent in our cases than in type I FAP. Lectin histochemistry using Ulex europaeus agglutinin I demonstrated preferential depletion of small neurons in the DRG and their primary afferent fibers in the spinal dorsal horn. Primary axonal degeneration and ganglionopathy due to amyloid deposition appear to be the pathogenetic mechanisms for peripheral neuropathy in this type of FAP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 91 (1995), S. 23-30 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Protoplasmic astrocyte ; Secondary ; lysosome ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract By hybridizing mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from a BALB/c mouse immunized with the glial cell-rich fraction prepared from an autopsied human brain, we established a hybridoma that produces a monoclonal antibody to protoplasmic astrocytes (PA). The antibody, named PRAS-1, consistently labeled cytoplasm of PA with a granular pattern. In a few cases, the cytoplasmic processes of several astrocytes in gray and white matter were also stained. The immunoreactivity was lost after periodic acid treatment or methylation, showing that the epitope is composed of a carbohydrate. The cytoplasmic reaction was resistant to protease digestion and lost after incubation in an organic solvent, suggesting that a glycolipid is the antigen. On the other hand, the reaction in the processes disappeared upon protease digestion. Ultrastructurally, the immunoreaction was localized to secondary lysosomes. Cross-reactivity was noted on a small number of incidental neurons, corpora amylacea, hepatocytes and esophageal epithelial cells. A long period of formalin fixation did not deteriorate the antigenicity. PRAS-1 was demonstrated to detect PA immunohistochemically on paraffin sections, and may be applicable to further investigations into development or neoplasms of human astrocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Familial amyloid polyneuropathy ; Transthyretin ; Ultrastructure ; Lectin histochemistry ; Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We performed extensive quantitative analyses of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of two siblings with familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) caused by a transthyretin (TTR) Gly42 mutation. Pronounced amyloid deposition was found in the sympathetic ganglia (SyG), dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and throughout the length of the peripheral nerve fibers with some accentuation in the more proximal portion. There was severe neuronal loss in the SyG and DRG together with nerve fiber depletion in the nerve trunk, while only a small amount of amyloid deposition with mild fiber loss was seen in the spinal roots. Sprouts of regenerating axons were very scanty even in the spinal nerves or roots. A teased fiber study mainly showed demyelinating fibers, but axonal degeneration was also present throughout peripheral nerves. An electron microscopic study showed fine amyloid fibrils in direct contact with the axoplasmic membrane of demyelinated axons and destruction of axons in some areas. Amyloid deposition within the PNS in this type of FAP resembled that in type I FAP (TTR Met30). However, direct axonal damage by amyloid fibrils appeared to be more prominent in our cases than in type I FAP. Lectin histochemistry using Ulex europaeus agglutinin I demonstrated preferential depletion of small neurons in the DRG and their primary afferent fibers in the spinal dorsal horn. Primary axonal degeneration and ganglionopathy due to amyloid deposition appear to be the pathogenetic mechanisms for peripheral neuropathy in this type of FAP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Cerebellar degeneration ; Methylmercury ; intoxication ; Apoptosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This report deals with the mechanism involved in the cerebellar degeneration following experimental methylmercury poisoning of male Wistar rats. The cerebellar granule cells of animals that exhibited typical hind leg paresis were shrunken and displayed marked nuclear pyknosis. At the ultrastructural level, the nuclei of these cells were condensed and fragmented, features which are characteristic of apoptosis. In situ staining for DNA strand breaks revealed that the pyknotic nuclei were positively labeled. DNA fragmentation was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis; a ladder pattern of multiples of approximately 200-base pair fragments, typical of apoptosis, was observed with the cerebellar DNA of the methylmercury-treated animals. These observations suggest that the degeneration of cerebellar granule cells by alkyl mercury compounds involves an apoptotic process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Alzheimer's disease ; Neurofibrillary tangles ; Amyloid ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Senile plaque and paired helical filament (PHF) formation are characteristic of Alzheimer's disease, but the mechanisms leading to these lesions still remain unclear. To understand them better, we have performed different immunolabellings of amyloid protein and PHF. We describe a very specific immunodetection of PHF with AD2, a monoclonal antibody directed against a hyperphosphorylated epitope of PHF-tau, and use double immunolabelling to show that PHF and plaque amyloid are discretely labbeled by different antibodies. We also discuss different mechanisms of PHF maturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Cytoskeleton ; Accessory nuclei ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oocytes of hymenopterans are equipped with peculiar organelles termed accessory nuclei. These organelles originate from the germinal vesicle (oocyte nucleus) and gather preferentially at the anterior pole. To gain insight into the mechanism of uneven (asymmetrical) distribution of accessory nuclei, the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the oocytes of two hymenopterans Chrysis ignita and Cosmoconus meridionator has been studied. It is shown that during late previtellogenesis two networks of microtubules are present along the contact zone between the oocyte and enveloping follicular epithelium. The external one is associated with belt desmosomes connecting neighbouring follicular cells. The internal network is composed of randomly orientated microtubules and separates transparent, organelle-free periplasm from the endoplasm. All cellular organelles and the germinal vesicle are localized in the endoplasm. Accessory nuclei are accumulated in the anterior endoplasm; they always lie in direct contact with the subcortical network. Treatment with colchicine results in the disappearance of the periplasm as well as in the redistribution of cellular organelles including accessory nuclei. Presented findings suggest that subcortical microtubules play an important role in the positioning of accessory nuclei throughout the ooplasm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Pathologe 16 (1995), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hämatopoietische Stammzellen ; CD 34+-Progenitorzellen ; Morphologie ; Ultrastruktur ; Antigenität ; Funktion ; Key words Haematopoietic stem cells ; CD 34+ progenitor cells ; Morphology ; Ultrastructure ; Antigen expression ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Pluripotential haematopoietic stem cells and their progeny, the so-called committed precursor cells, i. e., progenitor cells which are already lineage-restricted, may be identified by the membrane-bound expression of CD 34. In accordance with this peculiar property it became possible to enrich and characterize primitive precursor cells by using different methods of cell separation techniques, which involved fluorescence staining or ferro-magnetic particles bound to CD 34 antibodies. Recently conducted studies demonstrate that CD 34-positive (CD 34+) stem cells of the peripheral blood represent a relatively uniform cell population with almost round nuclei, a finely dispersed chromatin pattern and a small portion of weakly basophilic cytoplasm. From the cytological viewpoint they resemble so-called large stimulated lymphocytes (virocytes). Ultrastructural studies are compatible with a paucity of organelles and a lymphoid character of these progenitors. In comparison, the stem cell population, derived from the bone marrow consists of more heterogeneous elements. These are generally larger and reveal an admixture of fairly immature as well as more differentiated cells, sharing bean-shaped or indented nuclei with prominent nucleoli and a more extended cytoplasm. CD 34+ progenitors from the peripheral blood and those from the bone marrow display a co-expression of CD 43 (MT1) and CD 45 (LCA). Furthermore, different subpopulations exhibit – dependent on their origin (blood/bone marrow) and to a various extent – lineage-restricted markers like CD 33, CD 38, CD 61, CD 20, CD 11a/c, glycophorin C und CD 15 (LeuM 1). The recently developed immuno- and ferromagnetic enrichment methods for CD 34+ progenitor cells are considered innovative tools for modern oncology. These techniques play an important role in the treatment of haematological malignancies and advanced tumours in the context of autologous and, although so far rarely applied, heterologous stem cell transplantation procedures.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hämatopoietische Stammzellen, d. h. Progenitorzellen, die bereits in Richtung einer bestimmten Zellreihe festgelegt sind, lassen sich immunzytochemisch durch Nachweis der membranständigen Expression von CD 34 darstellen. Aufgrund dieser Eigenschaft ist es möglich geworden, Vorläuferzellen durch unterschiedliche Zellseparationsverfahren anzureichern und genauer zu charakterisieren. Neuere Untersuchungen zeigen, daß CD 34-positive (CD 34+-) Stammzellen des Blutes einer relativ uniformen Zellpopulation angehören. Zytologisch deuten sie in Routinefärbungen Aspekte sog. lymphoider Reizformen bzw. Virozyten an. Ultrastrukturelle Untersuchungen bestätigen den relativ organellenarmen Charakter der Progenitorzellen. Vergleichsweise stellt sich die entsprechende Zellpopulation aus dem Knochenmark als wesentlich heterogeneres Zellgemisch dar. Sowohl die CD 34+-Stammzellen des Blutes wie des Knochenmarks weisen eine Expression von CD 43 (MT1) und CD 45 (LCA) auf. Weiterhin zeigen Subpopulationen in Abhängigkeit von ihrem Vorkommen (Peripherie/Knochenmark) und in unterschiedlicher Ausprägung linienspezifische Marker. Die kürzlich entwickelten, v. a. immunomagnetischen Anreicherungsverfahren für CD 34+-Stammzellen stellen bedeutende Perspektiven für die moderne Onkologie dar. Sie sind insbesondere für die Therapie hämatologischer Neoplasien und fortgeschrittener maligner Tumoren im Rahmen von Stammzelltransplantationen, von größter klinischer Bedeutung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 197-204 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Apomixis ; Apospory ; Aposporous initial ; Aposporous embryo sac ; Ultrastructure ; Panicum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nucellar ultrastructure of apomictic Panicum maximum was analyzed during the meiocytic stage and during aposporous embryo sac formation. At pachytene the megameiocyte shows a random cell organelle distribution and sometimes only an incomplete micropylar callose wall. The chalazal nucellar cells are meristematic until the tetrad stage. They can turn into initial cells of aposporous embryo sacs. The aposporous initials can be recognized by their increased cell size, large nucleus, and the presence of many vesicles. The cell wall is thin with few plasmodesmata. If only a sexual embryo sac is formed, the nucellar cells retain their meristematic character. The aposporous initial cell is somewhat comparable to a vacuolated functional megaspore. It shows large vacuoles around the central nucleus and is surrounded by a thick cell wall without plasmodesmata. In the mature aposporous embryo sac the structure of the cells of the egg apparatus is similar to each other. In the chalazal part of the egg apparatus the cell walls are thin and do not hamper the transfer of sperm cells. Structural and functional aspects of nucellar cell differentiation and aposporous and sexual embryo sac development are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris L. ; Aluminium ; Nutrients ; Mycorrhiza ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aluminium chloride (AICI3) treatments (50 and 150 mg/l) on 3-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were studied in a sand culture during 2 growing periods in an open field experiment. Even by the end of the first growing period, a decline was observed in the concentrations of Ca, Mg and P within the needles, and of Ca and Mg in the roots. After the second growing period, increased N and K concentrations were observed in the needles of Al-treated seedlings. Both the needles and roots of Al-treated seedlings showed, after the second growing period, a decline in growth and increased concentrations of AI as the amount of AICI3 in the nutrient solution increased. Al-induced changes in needle structure were found to be symptomatic of a nutrient imbalance, particularly of Mg and P. Al-stress did not result in any observable changes in root anatomy or in the number of mycorrhizas. Scots pine proved to be rather resistant to Al-stress, indicating that direct Al-injuries are not likely in the field, though Al-stress may be a contributing factor in the formation of nutrient imbalances.
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: JVS mouse ; Systemic carnitine deficiency ; Mitochondrial abnormality ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A mouse with juvenile visceral steatosis (the JVS mouse) has been recognized as a novel animal model for systemic carnitine deficiency. We examined cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle cells in JVS and control mice by light and electron microscopy. Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells of these mice at 4 weeks of age exhibited a ragged-red appearance after trichrome staining. Electron microscopy, demonstrated increased numbers of mitochondria and lipid droplets in the cells. Compression or distortion of the myofibril bundles, primarily due to the increased number of mitochondria, suggests the possible existence of a functional disturbance of the cardiac and skeletal muscle. In the urinary bladder, only one or two large lipid droplets and slightly increased number of mitochondria were recognized in the perinuclear region of the smooth muscle cells. At 8 weeks of age, the mouse enzyme histochemistry specific for mitochondria, such as cytochrome c oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase, and oil red O staining, confirmed further increases in the number of mitochondria and lipid droplets in the heart. However, the accumulation of these organelles in the skeletal and smooth muscle cells was no greater than that noted in JVS mice at 4 weeks of age. In the cardiac muscle cells, autolysosomes or autophagic vacuoles containing electron-dense membranous, lamellar or whorled structures closely associated with mitochondria and pseudoinclusion bodies in the nucleus were recognized, and bundles of myofibrils were buried under numerous mitochondria, suggesting the existence of disturbed contractile function in the heart of JVS mice. These results indicate that this murine strain associated with systemic carnitine deficiency exhibits a generalized mitochondrial abnormality in the muscle system especially in the heart.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 427 (1995), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Niemann-Pick disease ; Mouse ; Lung ; Electron microscope ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical and morphological aspects of BALB/c mice with many features of the Niemann-Pick disease type C in man (NP-C mouse) have been studied extensively. However, the pulmonary pathology has not been studied extensively and we describe here some unique ultrastructural features of the lung in the NP-C mouse. Ultrastructurally, macrophages in younger mice contained osmiophilic dense granules and annulolamellar structures, but larger multilamellar concentric structures increased in the macrophages of older mice. In contrast, endothelial cells and type I pneumocytes showed membrane-bound bodies with dense granules and vesicular or vesiculogranular structures as well as amorphous materials. Type II pneumocytes were unremarkable throughout. Our study suggests that endothelial cells and type I pneumocytes are the major site of metabolic derangement resulting in pronounced morphological changes with granular and round membranous structures in the lungs of NP-C mouse. Alveolar macrophages with multilamellar concentric structures may be a result of disturbed disposal of surfactant material from type II pneumocytes rather than that from storage material of type I pneumocyte.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Axo-axonal synapse ; Neuromuscular synapse ; Motoneuron ; Ultrastructure ; Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A pair of antagonistic motoneurons, one excitatory and one inhibitory, innervates the distal accessory flexor muscle in the walking limb of the crayfish Pro- cambarus clarkii. The number and size of synapses formed by these two axons on the muscle fibers (neuromuscular synapses) and on each other (axo-axonal synapses) were estimated using thin-section electron microscopy. Although profiles of nerve terminals of the two axons occur in roughly equal proportions, the frequency of occurrence of neuromuscular synapses differed markedly: 73% were excitatory and 27% were inhibitory. However, inhibitory synapses were 4–5 times larger than excitatory ones, and consequently, the total contact areas devoted to neuromuscular synapses were similar for both axons. Axo-axonal synapses were predominantly from the inhibitory axon to the excitatory axon (86%), and a few were from the excitatory axon to the inhibitory axon (14%). The role of the inhibitory axo-axonal synapse is presynaptic inhibition, but that of the excitatory axo-axonal synapse is not known. The differences in size of neuromuscular synapses between the two axons may reflect intrinsic determinants of the neuron, while the similarity in total synaptic area may reflect retrograde influences from the muscle for regulating synapse number.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Stem cells ; Testis ; PGP 9.5 ; Ultrastructure ; Tubular whole-mounts ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The spermatogonial stem cell line in prepubertal and adult bovine testis was studied by electron microscopy and protein gene product 9.5 immunohistochemistry. Three successive spermatogonia precursor cell configurations were observed. Small basal stem cells were found to possess a spherical shape and nuclei with two to three nucleoli. They were observed in prepubertal testes (25 and 30 weeks) and in low numbers during all the stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in the adult. Aggregated spermatogonia precursor cells are the dominating germ cell type in the 25-week-old and 30-week-old calf. In the adult seminiferous epithelium, they cause expansion of the basal tubular compartment as they form dense groups containing up to 15 cells. These groups are observed concomitantly with cycling A-spermatogonia and preleptotenes at the beginning of spermatocytogenesis. At the end of A-spermatogonia propagation, the aggregated spermatogonia precursor cells separate and intermingle with cycling A-spermatogonia. The spermatogonia precursor cells can later be found together with I-spermatogonia as members of an interconnected cellular network of medium-sized cells. When the I-spermatogonia divide to form the smaller B-spermatogonia, the precursor cells, which stay connected with the cycling spermatogonial population, pass through a growth phase. They can now be considered as committed spermatogonia precursor cells and are continuously being transformed into A1-spermatogonia to start a new round of spermatocytogenesis. Ultrastructurally, all members of the precursor cell line are similar. However, a number of features have been found to show a quantitative increase (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria) or to exhibit a rising degree of complexity (nucleolus) during the progression from basal stem cells to committed spermatogonia precursor cells.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 249-259 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stem cells ; Testis ; PGP 9.5 ; Ultrastructure ; Tubular ; Whole-mounts ; Bovine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The spermatogonial stem cell line in prepubertal and adult bovine testis was studied by electron microscopy and protein gene product 9.5 immunohistochemistry. Three successive spermatogonia precursor cell configurations were observed. Small basal stem cells were found to possess a spherical shape and nuclei with two to three nucleoli. They were observed in prepubertal testes (25 and 30 weeks) and in low numbers during all the stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in the adult. Aggregated spermatogonia precursor cells are the dominating germ cell type in the 25-week-old and 30-week-old calf. In the adult seminiferous epithelium, they cause expansion of the basal tubular compartment as they form dense groups containing up to 15 cells. These groups are observed concomitantly with cycling A-spermatogonia and preleptotenes at the beginning of spermatocytogenesis. At the end of A-spermatogonia propagation, the aggregated spermatogonia precursor cells separate and intermingle with cycling A-spermatogonia. The spermatogonia precursor cells can later be found together with I-spermatogonia as members of an interconnected cellular network of medium-sized cells. When the I-spermatogonia divide to form the smaller B-spermatogonia, the precursor cells, which stay connected with the cycling spermatogonial population, pass through a growth phase. They can now be considered as committed spermatogonia precursor cells and are continuously being transformed into A1-spermatogonia to start a new round of spermatocytogenesis. Ultrastructurally, all members of the precursor cell line are similar. However, a number of features have been found to show a quantitative increase (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria) or to exhibit a rising degree of complexity (nucleolus) during the progression from basal stem cells to committed spermatogonia precursor cells.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Mab 6.17 ; Reactive astrocyte ; Diencephalon ; Spinal cord ; Confocal microscopy ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. A specific monoclonal antiserum (Mab 6.17) inducing a strong immunostaining of the neuromuscular junction has been used to detect the possible occurrence of the corresponding antigen throughout the intact or lesioned central nervous system of adult rats. In intact animals, 6.17-immunolabeling was essentially detected in astrocyte-like structures located in white matter fasciculi of the brain, such as the optic tract, corpus callosum, fornix, and in the white matter of the spinal cord. The astroglial nature of such 6.17-immunolabeled profiles was verified by performing double or triple immunofluorescent labeling with Mab 6.17 and with specific antisera against astrocytic markers, such as S100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. In the white matter, all the structures reactive to Mab 6.17 were also reactive to antibodies against S100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. On the other hand, astrocytes of the grey matter that were immunoreactive to S100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein but negative to vimentin, were devoid of 6.17-immunoreactivity. After lesions including stab wound through the diencephalon or transection of the spinal cord, a marked increase of 6.17-immunostaining was noted in the regions surrounding the lesions. In these regions, 6.17-immunolabeling was associated with S100-, GFAP- and vimentin-positive astrocytes constituting the glial scar. The ultrastructural localization of 6.17-immunoreactivity indicated that, similar to glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin, the recognized antigen was mainly associated with gliofilaments. These observations indicate that, in the central nervous system of adult rats, Mab 6.17 recognizes a molecule associated with gliofilaments, which is essentially associated to reactive astrocytes expressing high levels of vimentin.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Intestine ; small ; Intraepithelial lymphocytes ; Microcinematography ; Ultrastructure ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In previous ultrastructural studies we have shown that at the tip of intestinal villi in guinea pigs, effete enterocytes are separated into two portions: a thin apical cytoplasm to be exfoliated into the lumen and a major basal portion to be ingested by lamina propria macrophages. During this process, intraepithelially disposed, large granular lymphocytes interdigitate with enterocytes in a complex manner. In the present study, the relation between the enterocytes and the lymphocytes in the villous epithelium of the guinea pig small intestine is described by use of transmission and scanning electron microscopy in an attempt to visualize the roles and activities of the lymphocytes more clearly. The lymphocytes project numerous pointed processes into effete enterocytes, even piercing them. Enterocytes are deeply indented or perforated, probably as a result of the encroaching lymphocyte processes. Some enterocytes are separated into apical and basal portions by numerous large excavations in the cytoplasm. These findings indicate that repeated perforating penetration of the lymphocytes induces cell cleavage. Supporting this supposition, our microcinematographic observations demonstrate the alternate protrusion and withdrawal of processes of lymphocytes. The processes advance with a pointed end, and subsequently, retract with a rounded end in a cycle of 8–18 seconds.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Myenteric plexus ; Smooth muscle ; Organotypic culture ; Ultrastructure ; Intestine ; small ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. External muscle and myenteric plexus from the small intestine of adult guinea-pigs were maintained in vitro for 3 or 6 days. Myenteric neurons and smooth muscle cells from such organotypic cultures were examined at the electron-microscopic level. An intact basal lamina was found around the myenteric ganglia and internodal strands. Neuronal membranes, nuclei and subcellular organelles appeared to be well preserved in cultured tissues and ribosomes were abundant. Dogiel type-II neurons were distinguishable by their elongated electron-dense mitochondria, numerous lysosomes and high densities of ribosomes. Vesiculated nerve profiles contained combinations of differently shaped vesicles. Synaptic membrane specializations were found between vesiculated nerve profiles and nerve processes and cell bodies. The majority of nerve fibres were well preserved in the myenteric ganglia, in internodal strands and in bundles running between circular muscle cells. No detectable changes were found in the ultrastructure of the somata and processes of glial cells. Longitudinal and circular muscle cells from cultured tissue had clearly defined membranes with some close associations with neighbouring muscle cells. Caveolae occurred in rows that ran parallel to the long axis of the muscle cells. These results indicate that the ultrastructural features of enteric neurons and smooth muscle of the guinea-pig small intestine are well preserved in organotypic culture.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liver ; Ultrastructure ; Antifreeze ; Proteins ; Secretion ; Lipid ; Flounder, Pleuronectes americanus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Liver tissue was sampled from flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) throughout the year with the intention of documenting changes in the ultrastructure coincident with the production and secretion of antifreeze proteins. In the winter, hepatocytes are dedicated to the production of these proteins and, in the female, also reproductive proteins. In both sexes, liver cells in the summer contain abundant lipid and glycogen stores. In the female, there is a conspicuous hepatocyte transformation from a fat-filled cell in the summer to one with well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in the winter. Large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum (11.2 mg/gm) were recovered after subcellular fractionation of female wintertime liver. The increased appearance of secretory organelles and the high number of nucleolar profiles observed in winter animals is consistent with the elevated demand for protein secretion and synthesis in both sexes. The fractional volumes occupied by lipid droplets and mitochondria were different when comparisons were made between sex and season. Females contained a greater volume of lipid than did males, and summer animals contained more lipid than those in winter.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 473-483 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Glycosaminoglycans ; Cupromeronic Blue ; Lung ; Connective tissue ; Ultrastructure ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are essential components of the extracellular matrix contributing to the mechanical properties of connective tissues as well as to cell recognition and growth regulation. The ultrastructural localization of GAGs in porcine lung was studied by means of the dye Cupromeronic Blue in the presence of 0.3 M MgCl2 according to Scott’s critical electrolyte concentration technique. GAGs were observed in locations described as follows. Pleura: Dermatan sulphate (DS) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) attached in the region of the d-band of collagen fibrils, interconnecting the fibrils; heparan sulphate (HS) at the surface of elastic fibers and in the basement membrane of the mesothelium and blood vessels. Bronchial cartilage: Abundant amounts of GAGs were observed in three zones: pericellular, in the intercellular matrix and at the perichondrial collagen. By enzyme digestion a superficial cartilage layer with predominantly CS could be distinguished from a deep zone with CS and keratan sulphate. The structure of the large aggregating cartilage proteoglycan was confirmed in situ. Airway epithelium: HS at the whole surface of cilia and microvilli and in the basement membrane of the epithelial cells. Alveolar wall: CS/DS at collagen fibrils, HS at the surface of elastic fibers and in the basement membranes of epithelium and endothelium.
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 281 (1995), S. 473-483 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycosaminoglycans ; Cupromeronic Blue ; Lung ; Connective tissue ; Ultrastructure ; Pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are essential components of the extracellular matrix contributing to the mechanical properties of connective tissues as well as to cell recognition and growth regulation. The ultrastructural localization of GAGs in porcine lung was studied by means of the dye Cupromeronic Blue in the presence of 0.3 M MgCl2 according to Scott's critical electrolyte concentration technique. GAGs were observed in locations described as follows. Pleura: Dermatan sulphate (DS) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) attached in the region of the d-band of collagen fibrils, interconnecting the fibrils; heparan sulphate (HS) at the surface of elastic fibers and in the basement membrane of the mesothelium and blood vessels. Bronchial cartilage: Abundant amounts of GAGs were observed in three zones: pericellular, in the intercellular matrix and at the perichondrial collagen. By enzyme digestion a superficial cartilage layer with predominantly CS could be distinguished from a deep zone with CS and keratan sulphate. The structure of the large aggregating cartilage proteoglycan was confirmed in situ. Airway epithelium: HS at the whole surface of cilia and microvilli and in the basement membrane of the epithelial cells. Alveolar wall: CS/DS at collagen fibrils, HS at the surface of elastic fibers and in the basement membranes of epithelium and endothelium.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Muscle growth ; Hypertrophy ; Hyperplasia ; Histochemistry ; Fish ; Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fibre-type differentiation of the lateral musculature has been studied in Sparus aurata (L.) and Dicentrarchus labrax (L.) during larval development. Histochemical and ultrastructural techniques show two presumptive muscle layers and two germinative zones of presumptive myoblasts. At hatching, myotomal muscle consists of a monolayer of thin undifferentiated cells near the skin (first germinative zone) overlying another mono-layer of small diameter fibres extending hypaxially and epaxially away from the transverse septum. Below this, there is a much thicker, deep layer of fibres, generally large in diameter and polygonal in shape. The presumptive myoblasts are located between these two layers of fibres in the second germinative zone. Initially, the superficial and deep muscle fibres show high and low myosin ATPase activity, respectively. Both layers grow by generating new fibres from the two mentioned germinative zones. At the end of larval life, the superficial layer changes its histochemical profile from high to low myosin ATPase activity and, at the same time, intermediate or pink muscle fibres can be observed by oxidative activity (the NADH-TR reaction). Morphometric analysis shows a significant increase in mean fibre diameter during successive ages, as shown by the Student's t-test (hypertrophic growth). Skewness and kurtosis values of fibre diameters point to the generation of a new fibre population from the germinative zones (hyperplastic growth).
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intestine, small ; Intraepithelial lymphocytes ; Microcinematography ; Ultrastructure ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In previous ultrastructural studies we have shown that at the tip of intestinal villi in guinea pigs, effete enterocytes are separated into two portions: a thin apical cytoplasm to be exfoliated into the lumen and a major basal portion to be ingested by lamina propria macrophages. During this process, intraepithelially disposed, large granular lymphocytes interdigitate with enterocytes in a complex manner. In the present study, the relation between the enterocytes and the lymphocytes in the villous epithelium of the guinea pig small intestine is described by use of transmission and scanning electron microscopy in an attempt to visualize the roles and activities of the lymphocytes more clearly. The lymphocytes project numerous pointed processes into effete enterocytes, even piercing them. Enterocytes are deeply indented or perforated, probably as a result of the encroaching lymphocyte processes. Some enterocytes are separated into apical and basal portions by numerous large excavations in the cytoplasm. These findings indicate that repeated perforating penetration of the lymphocytes induces cell cleavage. Supporting this supposition, our microcinematographic observations demonstrate the alternate protrusion and withdrawal of processes of lymphocytes. The processes advance with a pointed end, and subsequently, retract with a rounded end in a cycle of 8–18 seconds.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Myenteric plexus ; Smooth muscle ; Organotypic culture ; Ultrastructure ; Intestine, small ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract External muscle and myenteric plexus from the small intestine of adult guinea-pigs were maintained in vitro for 3 or 6 days. Myenteric neurons and smooth muscle cells from such organotypic cultures were examined at the electron-microscopic level. An intact basal lamina was found around the myenteric ganglia and internodal strands. Neuronal membranes, nuclei and subcellular organelles appeared to be well preserved in cultured tissues and ribosomes were abundant. Dogiel type-II neurons were distinguishable by their elongated electron-dense mitochondria, numerous lysosomes and high densities of ribosomes. Vesiculated nerve profiles contained combinations of differently shaped vesicles. Synaptic membrane specializations were found between vesiculated nerve profiles and nerve processes and cell bodies. The majority of nerve fibres were well preserved in the myenteric ganglia, in internodal strands and in bundles running between circular muscle cells. No detectable changes were found in the ultrastructure of the somata and processes of glial cells. Longitudinal and circular muscle cells from cultured tissue had clearly defined membranes with some close associations with neighbouring muscle cells. Caveolae occurred in rows that ran parallel to the long axis of the muscle cells. These results indicate that the ultrastructural features of enteric neurons and smooth muscle of the guinea-pig small intestine are well preserved in organotypic culture.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Liver ; Ultrastructure ; Antifreeze ; Proteins ; Secretion ; Lipid ; Flounder ; Pleuronectes americanus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Liver tissue was sampled from flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) throughout the year with the in-tention of documenting changes in the ultrastructure coincident with the production and secretion of antifreeze proteins. In the winter, hepatocytes are dedicated to the production of these proteins and, in the female, also reproductive proteins. In both sexes, liver cells in the summer contain abundant lipid and glycogen stores. In the female, there is a conspicuous hepatocyte transformation from a fat-filled cell in the summer to one with well- developed rough endoplasmic reticulum in the winter. Large amounts of rough endoplasmic reticulum (11.2 mg/gm) were recovered after subcellular fractionation of female wintertime liver. The increased appearance of secretory organelles and the high number of nucleolar profiles observed in winter animals is consistent with the elevated demand for protein secretion and synthesis in both sexes. The fractional volumes occupied by lipid droplets and mitochondria were different when comparisons were made between sex and season. Females contained a greater volume of lipid than did males, and summer animals contained more lipid than those in winter.
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 517-527 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Avian brain ; Preoptic nucleus ; Sexual behaviour ; Ultrastructure ; Sexual dimorphism ; Coturnix japonica (Aves ; Phasianiformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The medial preoptic nucleus is a sexually dimorphic structure whose cytoarchitecture, afferent and efferent connections, and functions have been previously described. No detailed ultrastructural study has, however, been perfomed to date. Here we describe the ultrastructural organization of this important preoptic structure of the male quail. Neuronal cell bodies of the medial preoptic nucleus generally show extensive development of protein-synthesis-related organelles (rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes), and of secretory structures (Golgi complexes, secretory vesicles, dense bodies). Previous morphometrical studies at the light-microscopical level have demonstrated the presence of a medial and a lateral neuronal population distinguished by the size of their cell bodies (the medial neurons are smaller than the lateral neurons). The present ultrastructural investigation confirms the difference in size, but no difference has been observed in the ultrastructural organization of the neurons. In both the medial and the lateral part, the nucleus is characterized by a large variety of cell bodies, including some that, on the basis of their ultrastructure, can be considered as putative peptidergic neurons. Close contacts are frequently observed between adjacent cell bodies that are normally arranged in clusters. Various types of synaptic endings are also present, suggesting a rich supply of nerve fibers. A few glial cells are scattered within the nucleus. In view of the crucial role of this region in regulating quail sexual behavior, the large heterogeneity of neurons and of afferent nervous fibers suggest that this region might have an important role in the integration of information arriving from different brain regions.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Small intestine ; Pacemaker ; Interstitial cell ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two types of interstitial cells have been demonstrated in close association in the deep muscular plexus of rat small intestine, by electron microscopy. Cells of the first type are characterized by a fibroblastic ultrastructure, i.e. a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and absence of the basal lamina. They form a few small gap junctions with the circular muscle cells and show close contact with axon terminals containing many synaptic vesicles. They may play a role in conducting electrical signals in the muscle tissue. Cells of the second type are characterized by many large gap junctions that interconnect with each other and with the circular muscle cells. Their cytoplasm is rich in cell organells, including mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. They show some resemblance to the smooth muscle cells and have an incomplete basal lamina, caveolae and subsurface cisterns. However, they do not contain an organized contractile apparatus, although many intermediate filaments are present in their processes. They also show close contacts with axon terminals containing synaptic vesicles. These gap-junction-rich cells may be regular components of the intestinal tract and may be involved in the pacemaking activity of intestinal movement.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Serotonin ; Ultrastructure ; Immunogold label ; Mucosal nerves ; Goldfish ; Carassius auratus ; Tilapia ; Oreochromis mossambicus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. In order to establish a possible role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and serotonin as (neuro)transmitters involved in the regulation of fish intestinal epithelium, we studied the presence of VIP and serotonin at the ultrastructural level in the intestinal mucosa of tilapia and goldfish. A low percentage of varicosities near the basal membrane of the tilapia intestinal epithelium was found to label for VIP or for serotonin, whereas in the goldfish, this percentage was much higher. The varicosities usually contained large granular and small clear vesicles. Immunogold labeling indicated that serotonin and VIP were localized in the large granular vesicles. Unlabeled large granular vesicles and small clear vesicles were usually also present in varicosities with serotonin- or VIP-labeled vesicles. In the goldfish, the serotonin-labeled varicosities were close to the epithelial cells, and direct contacts between serotonin-labeled nerve fibres and epithelial cells could sometimes be visualized. However, synaptic membrane specializations were never observed. In tilapia, the distance between the VIP- or serotonin-labeled varicosities and the epithelial cells was large (more than 2 μm).
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Small intestine ; Pacemaker ; Interstitial cell ; Ultrastructure ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Two types of interstitial cells have been demonstrated in close association in the deep muscular plexus of rat small intestine, by electron microscopy. Cells of the first type are characterized by a fibroblastic ultrastructure, i.e. a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and absence of the basal lamina. They form a few small gap junctions with the circular muscle cells and show close contact with axon terminals containing many synaptic vesicles. They may play a role in conducting electrical signals in the muscle tissue. Cells of the second type are characterized by many large gap junctions that interconnect with each other and with the circular muscle cells. Their cytoplasm is rich in cell organells, including mitochondria, granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. They show some resemblance to the smooth muscle cells and have an incomplete basal lamina, caveolae and subsurface cisterns. However, they do not contain an organized contractile apparatus, although many intermediate filaments are present in their processes. They also show close contacts with axon terminals containing synaptic vesicles. These gap-junction-rich cells may be regular components of the intestinal tract and may be involved in the pacemaking activity of intestinal movement.
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  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 513-518 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Axo-axonal synapse ; Neuromuscular synapse ; Motoneuron ; Ultrastructure ; Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A pair of antagonistic motoneurons, one excitatory and one inhibitory, innervates the distal accessory flexor muscle in the walking limb of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii. The number and size of synapses formed by these two axons on the muscle fibers (neuromuscular synapses) and on each other (axo-axonal synapses) were estimated using thin-section electron microscopy. Although profiles of nerve terminals of the two axons occur in roughly equal proportions, the frequency of occurrence of neuromuscular synapses differed markedly: 73% were excitatory and 27% were inhibitory. However, inhibitory synapses were 4–5 times larger than excitatory ones, and consequently, the total contact areas devoted to neuromuscular synapses were similar for both axons. Axo-axonal synapses were predominantly from the inhibitory axon to the excitatory axon (86%), and a few were from the excitatory axon to the inhibitory axon (14%). The role of the inhibitory axo-axonal synapse is presynaptic inhibition, but that of the excitatory axo-axonal synapse is not known. The differences in size of neuromuscular synapses between the two axons may reflect intrinsic determinants of the neuron, while the similarity in total synaptic area may reflect retrograde influences from the muscle for regulating synapse number.
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  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 405-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: NADPH-diaphorase ; Nitric oxide ; Thymic medulla ; Ultrastructure ; Chick
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase positive cells in the chick thymus were studied at the electron-microscopic level. The formazan, a marker for the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, labelled cystic, undifferentiated, endocrine-like and myoid cells in the medulla. Some lymphoid and reticulo-epithelial cells were also lightly labelled. The reaction product was predominantly bound to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in all the cells labelled and also to the nuclear envelope and outer membrane of mitochondria. The Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane were free of the reaction product.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 405-409 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: NADPH-diaphorase ; Nitric oxide ; Thymic medulla ; Ultrastructure ; Chick
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase positive cells in the chick thymus were studied at the electron-microscopic level. The formazan, a marker for the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, labelled cystic, undifferentiated, endocrine-like and myoid cells in the medulla. Some lymphoid and reticulo-epithelial cells were also lightly labelled. The reaction product was predominantly bound to the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum in all the cells labelled and also to the nuclear envelope and outer membrane of mitochondria. The Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane were free of the reaction product.
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 517-527 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian brain ; Preoptic nucleus ; Sexual behaviour ; Ultrastructure ; Sexual dimorphism ; coturnix japonica (Aves, Phasianiformes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The medial preoptic nucleus is a sexually dimorphic structure whose cytoarchitecture, afferent and efferent connections, and functions have been previously described. No detailed ultrastructural study has, however, been perfomed to date. Here we describe the ultrastructural organization of this important preoptic structure of the male quail. Neuronal cell bodies of the medial preoptic nucleus generally show extensive development of protein-synthesis-related organelles (rough endoplasmic reticulum, polysomes), and of secretory structures (Golgi complexes, secretory vesicles, dense bodies). Previous morphometrical studies at the light-microscopical level have demonstrated the presence of a medial and a lateral neuronal population distinguished by the size of their cell bodies (the medial neurons are smaller than the lateral neurons). The present ultrastructural investigation confirms the difference in size, but no difference has been observed in the ultrastructural organization of the neurons. In both the medial and the lateral part, the nucleus is characterized by a large variety of cell bodies, including some that, on the basis of their ultrastructure, can be considered as putative peptidergic neurons. Close contacts are frequently observed between adjacent cell bodies that are normally arranged in clusters. Various types of synaptic endings are also present, suggesting a rich supply of nerve fibers. A few glial cells are scattered within the nucleus. In view of the crucial role of this region in regulating quail sexual behavior, the large heterogeneity of neurons and of afferent nervous fibers suggest that this region might have an important role in the integration of information arriving from different brain regions.
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Estradiol receptor ; Breast cancer cells ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The distribution of estradiol receptor in serial sections of estradiol-deprived and estradiol-stimulated MCF7 cells was studied by using mouse monoclonal antibodies reacting with different domains of the receptor and goat-antimouse IgG/6 nm gold. In the nucleus and the cytoplasm of estradiol-deprived cells, the receptor was detected by all three monoclonals (13H2, HT 65 and MA1-310). The antibodies 13H2 and MA1-310 detected receptor associated to the microfilament bundles in the cytoplasm. Higher densities of antireceptor attachment to the nuclear areas were accompanied by a reduction in the attachment to the cytoplasm after estradiol stimulation of the cells. The results confirm earlier observations on the presence of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in estradiol-deprived cells and support the premise of an es- tradiol-induced translocation of this ligand-dependent transcription regulator.
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 279 (1995), S. 445-452 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Estradiol receptor ; Breast cancer cells ; Cell culture ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of estradiol receptor in serial sections of estradiol-deprived and estradiol-stimulated MCF7 cells was studied by using mouse monoclonal antibodies reacting with different domains of the receptor and goat-antimouse IgG/6 nm gold. In the nucleus and the cytoplasm of estradiol-deprived cells, the receptor was detected by all three monoclonals (13H2, HT 65 and MA1-310). The antibodies 13H2 and MA1-310 detected receptor associated to the microfilament bundles in the cytoplasm. Higher densities of antireceptor attachment to the nuclear areas were accompanied by a reduction in the attachment to the cytoplasm after estradiol stimulation of the cells. The results confirm earlier observations on the presence of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor in estradiol-deprived cells and support the premise of an estradiol-induced translocation of this ligand-dependent transcription regulator.
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Pinealocytes ; Secretory rudimentary photoreceptors ; Ultrastructure ; Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report the presence of atypical pinealocytes as components of epiphyseal follicles in the adult South American opossum Didelphis albiventris. Their main characteristic is a bulbous-shaped apical cytoplasmic extension which protrudes towards the follicular lumen among the microvilli and cilia of neighbouring ependymal cells. They resemble the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes of sauropsids and developing photoreceptors in the retina of newborn mammals. Morphological characteristics enable us to classify them as cells of the receptor line.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 282 (1995), S. 363-366 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pineal organ ; Pinealocytes ; Secretory rudimentary photoreceptors ; Ultrastructure ; Didelphis albiventris (Marsupialia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We report the presence of atypical pinealo-cytes as components of epiphyseal follicles in the adult South American opossum Didelphis albiventris. Their main characteristic is a bulbous-shaped apical cytoplasmic extension which protrudes towards the follicular lumen among the microvilli and cilia of neighbouring ependymal cells. They resemble the photoreceptor-like pinealocytes of sauropsids and developing photoreceptors in the retina of newborn mammals. Morphological characteristics enable us to classify them as cells of the receptor line.
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 108 (1995), S. 149-159 
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Botrychium ternatum ; Rhizome ; Ultrastructure ; Vascular cambium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vascular cambium ofBotrychium ternatum rhizome varied according to age, position and season was studied by light and electron microscopy. Cambium at the 6th internode (6-year-old cambium) had the greatest number of active cambial cells in August and September, thus it was in the most active stage. The active cells were characterized by the presence of a large vacuole, few storage materials such as starch grains within plastids or lipid droplets, a thin tangential wall; and various cell organelles in the thin peripheral layer of cytoplasm. When the 6-year-old cambium reached its dormant season after November, the dormant cells were filled with numerous storage materials and had few cell organelles. Our observations suggested that the initiation and cessation of cambial activity may be correlated with the annual life cycle of this plant: the vegetative and reproductive leaves began to emerge in June and July, respectively, and the sporophyll withered in November after the spore dispersal. Most cambial cells at the 10th internode, which remained in a dormant state throughout the year, were filled with numerous storage materials. Our results indicated that the activity of vascular cambium in the 10th internode was determinate.
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Embryogenesis ; In vitro culture ; Isolated pollen ; Nicotiana tabacum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We used electron microscopical techniques to study ultrastructural changes during the acquisition of embryogenic competence in immature pollen grains ofNicotiana tabacum, isolated at the early- or mid-bicellular stage and cultured in vitro under starvation conditions. Cytoplasmic and nuclear changes during the starvation treatment are reported. Dedifferentiation of plastids, dilation of the wall of the generative cell, the appearance of a large vacuole, loss of nuclear pores in the vegetative nucleus, changes in chromatin and nucleolar structure, and a decrease in the size of the nucleolus were observed. We suggest that these events are the first step in the switch from generative to vegetative generation during pollen embryogenesis.
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Metabolite accumulation ; Vismia guianensis ; Callus cultures ; Plant regeneration ; Ultrastructure ; Histochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The accumulation and tissue localization of antitumoral vismione A in the in vitro regenerated plants ofVismia guianensis DC. were investigated. Chemical and light and electron-microscope analyses revealed that vismione A, detected as phenolic black globules in the vacuoles, was accumulated in the leaf, mainly in the palisade, and in small amounts in the primary body of the stem (epidermis and first cortical layer). Vismione A is neither present in the secretory cavities and ducts of the leaf nor in the secretory ducts of the stem. In the leaves of the regenerated plants, the amount of vismione A reached 0.5% FW, compared to 0.1% in the leaves of the parent plant. The optimization of the in vitro regeneration of plants was obtained in MS medium enriched with BAP (1 ppm). The best results for the rooting of regenerated plants were achieved with MS medium containing half-strength salts and 10−5 MIBA.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: LDL ; Rat heart ; Ultrastructure ; Coronary vasculature ; Contractile function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the present study we examined the action of native and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) on coronary vascular and cardiac function and ultrastructure in rat hearts perfused isovolumically in the Langendorff mode. Responses of the coronary resistance vessels to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, histamine, and the endothelium-independent vasodilator, NaNO2, were measured together with contractile function (rate-pressure product) before and after perfusion for 20 min with native — or oxidized-LDL at a concentration of 100 µg protein/ml. Ultrastructural damage was assessed via electron microscopy of perfusion-fixed heart specimens. When compared to findings in untreated, control hearts, both native and oxidized LDL significantly reduced the responsiveness of the coronary resistance vessels to histamine and NaNO2, by about 50%. The rate-pressure product was decreased more by oxidized-LDL (41%) than by native-LDL (26%). Electron microscopy showed no ultrastructural abnormalities in the vasculature or myocytes of control hearts. The administration of both native- and oxidized-LDL caused distortion of endothelial cells, increased levels of pinocytotic vesicles in both endothelial and smooth muscle cells, detachment of blood vessels from surrounding tissue, and some regions of myocyte injury with evidence of mitochondrial injury and fluid accumulation. Our results show that both native- and oxidized-LDL are toxic to the isolated heart preparation. They inhibit coronary vascular responsiveness to vasodilators, reduce contractile function, and produce damage to cardiac ultrastructure.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1615-2573
    Keywords: Sarcoidosis ; Heart ; Endomyocardial biopsy ; Epithelioid cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 49-year-old man with cardiac sarcoidosis is presented. He suffered from congestive heart failure, and left ventricular asynergy and reduced function was evident by echocardiogram and left ventriculogram. A light microscopic examination of the endomyocardial biopsy revealed nonspecific myocarditis without giant cells or noncaseating granulomas. Under an electron microscope, however, several epithelioid cells were found in the specimen. The serum level of lysozyme was elevated. The patient had a past history of sarcoidosis of the eyes and lungs 22 years previously. Cardiac diseases presenting epithelioid cells other than sarcoidosis were clinically ruled out. Thus, the diagnosis of cardic sarcoidosis was made based on both clinical and ultrastructural findings, and corticosteroid therapy was initiated. In the second biopsy, performed 4 months later, a noncaseating granuloma was found. Generally, the incidence of histological diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis by light microscopy is relatively low in endomyocardial biopsy specimens. The present case suggests that the addition of an ultrastructural examination may improve the diagnostic usefulness of the endomyocardial biopsy in cardiac sarcoidosis, since electron microscopy can clearly identify the presence of even one epithelioid cell.
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  • 47
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    Protoplasma 185 (1995), S. 93-105 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Embryo sac ; Embryogenesis ; Megasporogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes taking place during megasporogenesis of a mistletoe (Viscum minimum) were examined at both light and electron microscopy levels. No distinct ovules, integuments, or ovarian cavity are present at any stage of development. The multicellular archesporium originates in the center of a solid ovary. Several functional megasporocytes are developed from the archesporial cells, either adjacent to each other or separated by unspecialized cells. The megasporocyte is much larger than surrounding cells, is invested by a thick wall, and possesses a large nucleus and amyloplasts. Although plasmodesmata are absent even between the adjacent megasporocytes, cells enter meiosis simultaneously. Following meiosis a linear tetrad is formed. Double and treble linear tetrads are frequently observed. The development of the embryo sac conforms to the monosporic or Polygonum type of megasporogenesis. However, the bisporic or Allium type of development is occasionally observed in preparations. Factors determining the pattern of development are discussed. As in other plant species which follow the monosporic type of development, only one functional megaspore cell undergoes further development while others degenerate. Unlike the healthy functional megaspore cell, the degenerating cells have large starch grains and electron-dense cytoplasm. At a later stage of development, the degraded cells are absorbed by the surrounding tissue.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Allergenic protein ; Oleaceae ; Pollen ; Endoplasmic reticulum ; Immuno-localization ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of mature pollen grains of several Oleaceae species (Olea europaea, Fraxinus excelsior, Syringa vulgaris, Ligustrum vulgare, andForsythia suspensa) was studied and the immunolocalization of Ole e I, the major allergen of olige pollen, was determined by immunogold labelling. The five Oleaceae pollens studied here showed different intensities of labelling. The Ole e I allergen was localized throughout the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The absence of gold particles in other cell compartments, such as nuclei, pastids, mitochondria, dictyosomes, lipid bodies, and cell wall, as well as the absence of labelling in control preparations, indicate the specificity of immunolocalization. We conclude that endoplasmic reticulum of the mature pollen grain is a storage site for allergenic proteins and is probably also involved in their synthesis.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Pieris canidia ; Nosema mesnili ; Microsporidia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of a microsporidiumNosema mesnili found in the Malpighian tubules ofPieris canidia is described. The life cycle includes meronts, sporonts, sporoblasts, and spores, with typical diplokaryon in each stage. The first two stages are amorphous forms with the former having a thinner cell wall. The spore has 11 coils of the polar filament. This protozoan is a chronic pathogen to its insect host and might have potential as a biological control agent.
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  • 50
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Microgametogenesis ; Microsporogenesis ; Pollen development ; Tapetal cells ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The process of microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis was studied at the ultrastructural level in wild-typeArabidopsis thaliana ecotype Wassilewskija to provide a basis for comparison with nuclear male-sterile mutants of the same ecotype. From the earliest stage studied to mature pollen just prior to anther dehiscence, microsporocyte/microspore/pollen development follows the general pattern seen in most angiosperms. The tapetum is of the secretory type with loss of the tapetal cell walls beginning at about the time of microsporocyte meiosis. Wall loss exhibits polarity with the tapetal protoplasts becoming located at a distance from the inner tangential walls first, followed by an increase in distance from the radial walls beginning at the interior edge and progressing outward. The inner tangential and radial tapetal walls are completely degenerated by the microspore tetrad stage. Unlike other members of the Brassicaceae that have been studied, the tapetal cells ofA. thaliana Wassilewskija also lose their outer tangential walls, and secretion occurs from all sides of the cells. Exine wall precursors are secreted from the tapetal cells in a process that appears to involve dilation of individual endoplasmic reticulum cisternae that fuse with the tapetal cell membrane and release their contents into the locule. Following completion of the exine, the tapetal cell plastids develop membranebound inclusions with osmiophilic and electron-transparent regions. The plastids undergo ultrastructural changes that suggest breakdown of the inclusion membranes followed by release of their contents into the locule prior to the complete degeneration of the tapetal cells.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Carrot hypocotyl explant ; Flow cytometry ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cellular events occurring in carrot hypocotyl explants during long-term and pulse treatment with 2,4-D were followed using different techniques (light and transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, PCNA staining). Different morphogenetic pathways were induced under the various experimental conditions. Nevertheless, in the explants the activated cells were the same (provascular cells) and they showed very similar structural and ultrastructural changes. The long-term treatment with 2,4-D induced rapid re-activation of the cell cycle.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Brassica napus ; Embryogenesis ; Heat shock ; Induction ; Microspore embryogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Brassica napus cv. Topas microspores, isolated and cultured near the time of the first pollen mitosis and subjected to a heat treatment of 24 h, can be induced to develop into haploid embryos. This is a study of microspore structure during induction and embryo determination. Early during the 32.5 °C incubation period the nucleus moved away from the edge of the cell, and granules, 30 to 60 nm in diameter, appeared in the mitochondria and as a cluster in the cytoplasm. Cells divided symmetrically and at the end of the heat treatment, acquired the features of induced bicellular structures described previously. The features persisted as the cells divided randomly within the exine for 4–7 days following heat induction. Multicellular structures released from the exine underwent periclinal divisions resulting in protoderm differentiation of the globular embryo, thus determining embryo development. The cytoplasm of early heart-stage embryos contains abundant polyribosomes. Non-embryogenic development was indicated by large accumulations of starch and/or lipid and thickened cell walls or an unorganized pattern of cell division following release of the multicellular structures from the exine. Embryogenesis is discussed in terms of induction, embryo determination and development.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cyclopiazonic acid ; Golgi apparatus ; Micrasterias ; Secretory pathway ; Tunicamycin ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Both tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation of proteins, and cyclopiazonic acid, which inhibits the Ca2+-dependent ATPase in the ER, influence the secretory pathway at the ER level and lead to a cessation of cell growth inMicrasterias. Electron microscopical investigations reveal that the mode of action of the two inhibitors differs. While tunicamycin treatment results in a disintegration of the Golgi bodies into small vesicles, cyclopiazonic acid prevents products being supplied from the ER, resulting in the dilatation of ER cisternae and a reduction in the number of Golgi cisternae, combined with a loss of dictyosomal activity. The disturbed cell wall formation under tunicamycin indicates that N-linked glycosylation of proteins is required for normal cell growth inMicrasterias. Moreover, our studies reveal that changes in cytoplasmic free calcium concentration, as a consequence of ATPase inhibition in the ER by cyclopiazonic acid, may inhibit wall material secretion by interrupting the normal ER-dictyosome association.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: Turfgrass snow mold ; Typhula ishikariensis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed thatTyphula ishikariensis penetrated into bentgrass leaves either through cuticles or stomata either by single hyphae or infection cushions formed on host surfaces. Time course study on infected leaves showed that penetration through stomatal subsidiary cells and their adjacent cells seemed to occur earlier than that through epidermal cells located farther from stomata. More than 30% of epidermal cells were infected by 10 days after inoculation. When hyphae penetrated through an intact cuticle of epidermal cells, they seemed to dissolve host cell walls enzymatically at penetration sites. Physical pressure also seemed to be involved in penetration.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Gonadogenesis ; Early germ cell ; Teleost ; Ultrastructure ; Fish
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis Heterosexual gonad development in a sparid species, Lithognathus mormyrus, was studied by histological and cytological examination, during the first three years of life. Gonad bisexuality is achieved after two months of development, according to the cytological dynamics known in sparids. In one-year-old fishes, a variability in the gonad morphology of the juvenile is shown: three different types of ovotestis have been identified within the same cohort: ovotestes with testicular prevalence (25%), testicular and ovarian equivalence (20%), and ovarian prevalence (55%). This morphological variability of the juvenille ovotestes was consistent with the histological analysis of the sexual structure of the adult stock at the first sexual maturity, which constituted 55.5% of functional males (stemming from the first types of ovotestis) and 44.5% of primary females (from the third type). The plasticity of sexual expression in sparids is emphasized, revealing the potentialities of the ovotestis.
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  • 56
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 252 (1995), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Salivary gland tumors ; Inverted ductal papilloma ; Ultrastructure ; Cytokeratin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural features and cytokeratin expression of inverted ductal papillomas of minor salivary gland origin were studied. Under the electron microscope, an increased number of desmosomes and mucus-like granules in some cells were the most striking features. Immuno-histochemical study revealed that tumor cells displayed strongly positive reactions with cytokeratins 13 and 14, and less strong reactions with cytokeratins 7, 8, 18 and 5D3. These results support the hypothesis that an inverted ductal papilloma can be derived from the proximal portion of a salivary gland excretory duct.
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  • 57
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    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 252 (1995), S. 30-34 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Keywords: Cartilage grafting ; Cryopreservation ; Cell biology ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Although transplantation of preserved cartilage has assumed a role of great importance in reconstructive surgery, there are many divergent and contradictory opinions with regard to the outcome of cryopreserved cartilage. This study was formulated to assess the functional state of chondrocytes after cryopreservation. Freeze injury and survival were studied using the trypan blue dye exclusion test, functional assay for cell adhesion and transmission electron microscopy. The methods applied clearly proved that a greater part of the cartilage cells was irreversibly damaged by cryopreservation. Findings demonstrated that cryopreserved cartilage remained non-viable and was not ablt to originate new cartilage. Thus, such cartilage will be reconstruction of parts of the skeleton subject to mechanical stress. The feasibility of cryopreservation techniques for providing vital cartilage substitutes needs further evaluation.
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  • 58
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 88-94 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Breast cancer ; Spindle cell carcinoma ; Ultrastructure ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A spindle cell carcinoma of the breast was investigated by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Histologically, the tumor was composed of an admixture of carcinomatous parts and sarcomatoid element composed of atypical spindle cells. Ultrastructurally, carcinomatous cells had numerous tonofilaments and desmosomes, and occasional intracytoplasmic lumina. In contrast, spindle cells possessed numerous intermediate filaments and a few weak junctions. Immunohistochemically, carcinomatous cells showed positive reactions for epithelial markers, but spindle cells for vimentin, only. Thus, the carcinomatous cells had characteristics of epithelial cells, but the spindle cells had characteristics of mesenchymal cells. These features were distinguishable by both electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry.
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  • 59
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Atypical meningioma ; Anaplastic meningioma ; Ultrastructure ; Brain invasion ; Recurrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To clarify the cytologic features of atypical and anaplastic meningiomas, 11 tumors from 4 patients were examined by electron microscopy and compared to 10 classic meningiomas. Although all of the classic meningiomas had oval nuclei, many cytoplasmic organelles, typical regular interdigitation of cell processes, and many well-developed desmosomes with many intermediate filaments, atypical meningiomas showed irregularlyindented nuclei, poorly-developed interdigitation of irregular cell processes, and a decreased number of desmosomes. Anaplastic meningiomas were composed of immature cells with scant cytoplasm and poorly-developed cell processes. Mitoses were occasionally observed. The intercellular spaces were obvious, and immature desmosomes with small amounts of filaments were rarely found. A high recurrence rate and metastases can be predicted from the presence of loose contacts between tumor cells and frequent mitoses in atypical and anaplastic meningiomas.
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  • 60
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 126-129 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Ki-1 ; B-cell lymphoma ; Giant cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A 55-year-old woman had complained of swelling on the left side of the neck for 3 weeks. The tumor involved lateral cervical, and inguinal lymph nodes and the faucial tonsil on the left side. The histological diagnosis was Ki-1 positive, non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma, with diffuse large cells and bizarre giant cells. Under electron microscopic examination, the tumor cells contained markedly cleaved nuclei, many mitchondria and lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum. This is the fourth case of Ki-1 positive B-cell lymphoma reported in Japanese literature.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Adenoid cystic carcinoma ; Esophagus ; Ultrastructure ; Carcinogenesis ; Immunohistochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Immunohistochemical and electron microscopic findings of a primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the esophagus from a 71-year-old male patient are described. An oval tumor in the middle intrathoracic esophagus was resected. The tumor appeared similar to a submucosal tumor and was histologically diagnosed as primary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the esophagus. The patient has survived for 10 years postoperatively with no evidence of recurrence. Histologically, the tumor showed a cribriform, tubular or solid pattern. A small focus of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was found independently. Immunohistochemical results for keratin groups, S-100 protein and smooth muscle actin (αSMA) revealed similar profiles in the ACC tumor tissues and small ducts of the normal esphageal glands. By electron microscopy, tumor cells were found markedly similar to the small duct cells of the normal esophageal gland. These findings. indicate that ACC may originate from the esophageal glands, especially from cells of the small duct including intercalated duct.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Heart transplantation ; Cyclosporin ; Atrial natriuretic peptide ; Allograft rejection ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined ultrastructural changes and did immunohistochemical studies of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in biopsied samples obtained from the heart of a 16-year-old Japanese boy with dilated cardiomyopathy and from the transplanted donor heart. In the right ventricle of the diseased heart, a small number of atrial granules containing ANP were found in the perinuclear area of the cardiomyocytes and near areas lacking some myofibrils. Although no evidence of rejection was seen in the right ventricle of the transplanted donor heart under the light microscope, electron microscopy revealed moderate degeneration of cardiomyocytes and injuries to capillary endothelial cells. We did not find atrial granules, although the serum ANP level was elevated. These data suggest that the ultrastructural changes in the transplanted heart were related to a mild rejection, the effects of cyclosporin, or the effects of a domino heart transplantation from a patient with cystic fibrosis. Because of the absence of atrial granules in the right venticle, it is postulated that the high serum ANP level may be attributed to merely an increased secretion of ANP from atrial granules in the atria, without secretion of ANP in the ventricles.
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  • 63
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    Medical molecular morphology 28 (1995), S. 200-209 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Rat ; Endometrium ; Eosmophil ; Macrophage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Dynamic changes in the endometrial stroma during the following 5 stages of the estrous cycle in normal rats were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Diestrus: Macrophages migrated into the endometrial stroma from blood vessels. Proestrus: Eosinophils migrated into the endometrial stroma from blood vessels. They possessed specific crystalloid granules and small granules. Estrus: The endometrial stroma was swollen and stromal cells degenerated. Eosinophils contained a few or no crystalloid granules, while the number of small granules increased. Metestrus-1: Epithelial projections protruded through the basal lamina and established focal adhesions to stromal cells. Stromal cells also adhered to one another. Metestrus-2: Most eosinophils were engulfed by macrophages. In this report, we discuss the interaction of epithelial cells with endometrial stromal cells during the normal estrous cycle.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: chlorine complexes ; ethene complexes ; intermediates ; rotational spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A complex of ethene and Cl2 has been characterised in the gas phase. Rotational spectra of the isotopomers C2H4…35Cl2, C2H4…35Cl37Cl and C2H4…37Cl35Cl were recorded by using a fast-mixing nozzle in an FT microwave spectrometer. Rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants and Cl nuclear quadrupole coupling constants. χgg (Cl) are reported in each case. The complex is of the π-donor-acceptor type and has a C2v geometry in which Cl2 lies along the C2 axis perpendicular to the plane of the C2H4 nuclei. The binding is weak, and only small changes in the χgg (Cl) attend complex formation. A simple model attributes these changes to a transfer of around 0.02e from the inner to the outer Cl nucleus, thus confirming that the complex is of the Mulliken outer type. Similarities in the properties of C2H4… Cl2 and C2H4… HCl indicate that the angular geometry is in both cases determined mainly by the electrostatic part of the interaction. The distance from the π-bond midpoint to Cl decreases from C2H4… HCl to C2H4… Cl2; this suggests that Cl2 is “snub-nosed”.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 65
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 68-73 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: porphyrinoids ; Rothemund synthesis ; sapphyrin ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Rothemund-type condensation of pyrrole and benzaldehyde yields, apart from 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPH2) and inverted tetraphenylporphyrin 2-aza-21-carba-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (CTPPH2), a unique pentapyrrolic macrocyclic molecule with the aromatic nucleus of sapphyrin, namely, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylsapphyrin (TPSH3). Its unorthodox structural skeleton with an inverted pyrrole ring lying opposite to the bipyrrole unit accounts for the spectroscopic properties of the novel sapphyrin. The diprotonation of TPSH3 acts as a trigger for a structural transformation involving a flip of the pyrrole units, which relocates the 27-NH pyrrolic nitrogen from the periphery into the center of the macrocycle. The formation of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylsapphyrin proves that the pentapyrrolic product is accessible by the mechanism of the Rothemund synthesis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: charge transfer ; EPR spectroscopy ; organometallic compounds ; platinum compounds ; spectroelectrochemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In spite of their very similar cyclic voltammograms, absorption spectra, and solvatochromic behavior, the two 1,4-diazabutadiene title complexes exhibit markedly different photoreactivities and underlying electronic structures, as evident from absorption and EPR spectra of the persistent anion radical forms. The lowest excited state of the nonphotoreactive PtII system [(CyN=CH—CH=NCy)-PtMe2] has MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge-transfer, 5d → π*) character, and the EPR spectrum of the corresponding anion radical at 〈g〉 = 2.016 exhibits sizable metal/ligand orbital mixing. On the other hand, the structurally characterized PtIV complex [(CyN=CH—CH=NCy)-PtMe4] (C2/c; a = 2021.6(2), b = 805.3(1), c = 1254.2(1) pm; β = 111.05(1)°; V = 1905.7(4) × 106 pm3; Z = 4) has a lowlying photoreactive LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer, σPt—C → π*) excited state in which the axial Pt—C bonds are activated, as already suggested by the longer Pt—C(ax) bonds (214.0(8) pm) relative to Pt—C(eq) in the ground state (204.5(5) pm). The anion radical of the PtIV complex has lost the long-wavelength absorption band in the visible; it shows a well-resolved EPR spectrum at 〈g〉 = 1.9945 with π-ligand and 195Pt hyperfine structure and a small g anisotropy. A qualitative MO scheme is presented to account for the similar frontier-orbital energy differences despite dissimilar underlying electronic structures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 67
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: alkyne complexes ; carbon networks ; macrocycles ; platinum compounds ; tetraethynylethene ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of the first organometallic mono- and dinuclear platinum complexes bearing the tetraethynylethene unit as an η1-ligand are reported. Structural characterization of two of the trans σ-bis(acetylide) derivatives by X-ray crystallography reveals coplanarity of the acetylenic π-ligands and indicates possible electronic delocalization across the metal center. This notion is further supported by comparing the electronic absorption spectra of the platinum-containing compounds with those of related tetraethynylethene derivatives without metals. The solidstate structure of a dinuclear complex with two iodoplatinum fragments attached to one set of geminal acetylenes of tetraethynylethene was also investigated by X-ray diffraction. Hay coupling of a mononuclear species leads to the incorporation of the σ-bis(acetylide) moiety into a diplatinated metallacycle. This macrocyclic compound represents a novel structural motif in the design of a transition metal linked carbon network based on tetraethynylethene.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric syntheses ; azomethine ylides ; chiral auxiliaries ; cycloadditions ; pyrrolidines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Upon treatment with triethylamine or DBU in the presence of LiBr, aromatic and aliphatic imines of amino acid esters are converted to N-metalated azomethine ylides. These 1,3-dipoles undergo highly stereoselective cycloadditions with N-acryloyl-(S)-proline esters in THF at -78 to -40°C to afford highly substituted pyrrolidines with complete regiocontrol and good to excellent diastereomeric ratios. The chiral auxiliary groups can readily be removed from the cycloadducts by simple acid hydrolysis. To rationalize the observed stereoselectivity a transition-state model is proposed in which the lithium cation is coordinated to both the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 69
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: block synthesis ; epoxidations ; glycosylations ; oligosaccharides ; selenoglycosides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several suitable building blocks for the construction of the phytoalexin elicitor α-methyl-32, 34-di-β-D-glucopyranosylgentiopentaoside (2) were readily accessible by oxidative coupling of glucals. Block coupling of trimeric phenylseleno- and ethylthioglucosyl donors 17 and 18 with tetrasaccharide 16 in the presence of the thiophilic promoter N-iodosuccinimide and catalytic trifluoromethanesulfonic acid furnished the desired heptaglucan 2 in high overall yield.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 70
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 71
    Electronic Resource
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric syntheses ; enol ethers ; Fischer carbenes ; Michael additions ; syn diastereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Michael addition reactions of ketone and ester lithium enolates to optically active Fischer vinylcarbene complexes derived from (-)-8-phenylmenthol take place with high syn selectivity and high levels of asymmetric induction. The initial Michael adducts can be further elaborated through diastereoselective addition of organometallic reagents to ketones and aldol reactions. Removal of the metal fragment and chiral auxiliary group leads to cyclic enol ethers with three or five contiguous stereogenic centers and of high enantiomeric purity.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: amphiphiles ; C-glycosides ; cryptates ; fullerenes ; ionophores ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the first fullerene cryptate 7 with a sodium ion bound to a benzo[2.2.2]cryptand covalently attached to a methanofullerene[60] is described. The amphiphilic properties of 7 as well as of a variety of other covalent fullerene derivatives with polar functional groups and the ability of these compounds to form Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface were investigated in a systematic study. Among these derivatives are Diels-Alder adducts of C60 and methanofullerenes, four of which are fullerene C-glycosides. The films at the water surface were characterized by their surface pressure versus molecular area isotherms, compression and expansion cycles, and optical light microscopy. UV/Vis spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS) were employed for LB film characterization on solid substrates. Parameters influencing the spreading and monolayer character include (a) polarity, (b) balance of hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity, (c) size and bulkiness of the polar groups attached to the fullerene, and (d) presence of aromatic residues in these groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: diarylethenes ; molecular devices ; nonlinear optics ; photochromes ; redox switches ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organic photochromic systems represent a starting point for the elaboration of light-triggered molecular switching devices. The novel bispyridinium and bispyridine compounds 12+ and 6 were synthesized as their uncyclized isomers from 3,5-dibromo-2-methylthiophene in overall yields of 43 and 44%, respectively. The diarylethene photochromes 2 and 10-13, substituted with electron donors and acceptors, were prepared from 5-methylthiophene-2-carboxaldehyde in 21-32% overall yield. All of the compounds were found to exhibit pronounced photochromic properties. Irradiation with UV light resulted in essentially complete photocyclization of the open forms to the intensely coloured closed isomers which could, in turn, be reconverted back to the open state with visible light of γ〉600 nm. The absorption maxima of the described compounds in their closed forms are shifted far towards, and even into, the near-IR region. Whereas no thermochromic properties were observed for the open isomers, the rates of thermal decolouration of the cyclized forms was found to be highly dependent on the nature of the substituents on the thiophene rings. It was demonstrated that reversible photochemical interconversion between the two photochromic states could be used to effectively switch a number of physical properties. Thus, the molecules 12+ and 12 represent two kinds of redox switches, the former in reduction and the latter in oxidation, in which electron conduction is switched on in the closed state and off in the open state. Compound 12 may also be considered to be a photoswitchable analogue of tetrathiafulvalene type substances. On the other hand, compound 2 displays a marked increase in nonlinear optical activity on conversion from the open to the closed form. Such systems are prototypes of photoswitchable molecular wires where electron conduction and push-pull interaction can be reversibly modulated by an external stimulus, namely, irradiation by light.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: diarylethenes ; electrochromes ; molecular devices ; optical memory ; photochromes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bisphenolic dithienylethene molecules 1a and 1b were synthesized in overall yields of 45% from 4-bromoanisole and 44% from 2.6-di-tert-butyl-4-iodophenol, respectively. The corresponding extended quinones 3a and 3b were also prepared. Photochemical studies showed that compounds 1 are photochromic; the open forms 1 could be converted with UV light of 312nm to the closed coloured forms 2 with photostationary states lying at essentially complete conversion (〉 98%). The 1a-2a system was found to exhibit good resistance to photofatigue and thermal stability for both photoisomers. Cyclic voltammetry studies involving the 2/3 couples showed that whereas 2b undergoes irreversible oxidation at + 0.85 V (vs. SCE in THF), the hydroquinone 2a is reversibly oxidized at an E1/2 of + 0.72V (in MeCN, quasi-reversibly in THF at + 0.81 V); this reflects the differences in deprotonation behaviour of the generated QH2/2+ species. The large difference in oxidation potential between 1a and 2a allows the photochemical switching of redox properties. In a complementary fashion, redox switching of the photochromic properties within the 2a-3a pair is possible since 3a is stable to visible light. Owing to this unique behaviour, the triad consisting of 1-3a represents a novel molecular device with mutually regulating photo- and electrochromic behaviour. In addition, the ability to interconvert between the three stable states makes the system well-suited as the basis for an optical memory system with multiple storage and nondestructive readout capacity through a write-lock-read-unlock-erase cycle.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 76
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric syntheses ; alkenylations ; SAMP/RAMP hydrazones ; selenyl aldehydes ; sphingosine ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: L-threo-sphingosine and its D-erythro isomer (1) are subunits of many glycosphingolipids, gangliosides and ceramides. This paper describes the highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of both isomers (de, ee 〉 98%). The key steps in the synthesis are the aldol reaction of the SAMP hydrazone (S)-2 with racemic α-phenylselenylpentadecanal 3, the diastereoselective triacetoxyborohydride reduction of ketone 5 and exclusive (E) C—C double bond formation in the elimination of hydroxyl and selenyl moieties promoted by methanesulfonyl chloride. Mesylate 8 was then readily converted via the 1,3-O-acetonide-protected azidosphingosine 9 to L-threo-sphingosine. Conversion to the known 1-O,2-N-diacetyl-protected sphingosine 13 with subsequent Mitsunobu inversion of the C3—OH centre afforded the D-erythro-sphingosine epimer.
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  • 78
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 403-413 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: conjugation ; ferromagnetism ; helices ; magnetic properties ; polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electronic structures of conjugated polymers containing methyl radicals, carbenes, and nitrogen-based radicals coupled in various ways through benzene rings are examined, employing band-structure calculations in the extended Hückel approximation. The structural and electronic properties of polymers with a para-phenylene or meta-phenylene coupling unit are compared. In the polymer with methyl radicals coupled through a para-phenylene unit, a pairing or Peierls distortion occurs to remove the degeneracy at the Fermi level. The resulting bandgap is nevertheless relatively small; we conclude that such polymers are likely to exhibit high electrical conductivity upon doping, very much like polyacetylene. On the other hand, in the polymers with a meta-phenylene coupling unit, striking symmetry-determined, halfoccupied narrow bands appear at the Fermi level and contribute to the stability of the ferromagnetic state. The relation of a potential ferromagnetic state to metallic, CDW, and SDW states is discussed from the viewpoint of orbital interactions in extended systems. We suggest novel 3- and 4-fold helical structures for the meta-phenylene-coupled polymers.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 79
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 423-429 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: kinetics ; peroxyl radicals ; pulse radiolysis ; radicals ; superoxide radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydroxyl radicals were generated radiolytically and reacted with a number of benzene derivatives (PhH). In the presence of oxygen, the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals thus formed were converted into their corresponding peroxyl radicals. Pulse radiolysis has shown the oxygen addition (forward reaction, f) to be reversible (reverse reaction, r) [Eq. (1)]. The peroxyl radicals can eliminate HO2· to yield phenols, alongside some ring-fragmentation products (product-forming reaction, p). The rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions (kf and kr) and the corresponding stability constants K (= kf/kr) were determined for the hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radicals derived from anisole, toluene, fluorobenzene, benzene, chlorobenzene, benzyl chloride, benzoate ion, phenylalanine, and terephthalate ion. The constants kf lie between 8 × 108 (anisole) and 1.6 × 107 dm3 mol-1 s-1 (terephthalate ion), and kr between 7.5 × 104 (toluene) and 3.4 × 103 s-1 (terephthalate ion). The stability constants lie between 2.6 × 104 (benzene) and 3.3 × 103 dm3 mol-1 (phenylalanine). The rate constants for the product-forming reactions kp are between 5.5 × 103 (anisole) and 3.4 × 102 s-1 (benzoate). For the peroxyl radical derived from phenylalanine, a bond dissociation energy of 5.5 kcal mol-1 has been derived. A number of hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radicals (e.g., those derived from benzoic acid, ethylbenzoate, benzonitrile, and nitrobenzene) react too slowly to allow the equilibrium constant to be determined by means of pulse radiolysis. These reactions have rate constants kf in the order of 5 × 106 dm3 mol-1 s-1, except for nitrobenzene where the reaction is too slow for measurement. The rate constants kr are below 500 s-1, and the product-forming reaction is too slow to be detected by pulse radiolysis. γ-Radiolysis of N2O/O2(4:1)-saturated aqueous solutions of benzonitrile gave dimeric compounds (e.g., dicyanobiphenyls) in low yield, alongside the three isomeric phenols; this again proves the low reactivity of its hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical toward oxygen.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: allylhydrazines ; cadmium compounds ; catalysis ; photochemistry ; zinc compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Suspensions of zinc or cadmium sulfide powders in a protic solvent catalyse the linear addition of enol ethers and olefins to 1,2-diaryl- and 1-aryl-2-alkyl-1,2-diazenes, producing allylhydrazine derivatives. Relative quantum yields decrease sharply when the 1,2-diazene is more difficult to reduce, while their relationship to the oxidation potential of the enol ether/olefin is complicated. Reduction to 1,2-diarylhydrazine and concomitant dehydrodimerization of the enol ether occurs as a side reaction. It is favoured by increasing light intensity and becomes the major reaction path when platinized (5 mol%) photocatalysts are employed. It is proposed that the photogenerated electron-hole pair in a proton-coupled electron transfer reduces the diazene to a hydrazyl radical and oxidizes the olefin/enol ether to a radical cation. The allylic radical obtained from the latter by deprotonation then undergoes C—N coupling with the hydrazyl radical to afford the allylhydrazine. Diarylhydrazine formation occurs by disproportionation of the hydrazyl radical or by a successive proton-coupled reduction. Thus photoaddition can be classified as a 1 e-/1 h+ process while 2e-/2h+ are necessary for the reduction.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 81
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 82
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general method for the homologation of aldehydes to α-amino aldehydes (aminohomologation) has been developed, which employs nitrones as iminium derivatives of the aldehydes. Key operations include a) the addition of a thiazole metalated at C-2 to the N-benzylnitrone derived from the aldehyde, b) the reductive dehydroxylation of the resultant thiazolyl N-benzylhydroxylamine, and c) the unmasking of the formyl group from the thiazole ring. The homologation sequence was studied by employing nitrones derived from various chiral polyalkoxy aldehydes and dialdoses. The addition of 2-lithiothiazole to these nitrones was syn-selective, whereas the reaction with the same nitrones precomplexed with Lewis acids was anti-selective. Hence, from each nitrone a pair of diastereoisomeric hydroxylamines was obtained. These compounds were then converted by the above sequence into α-epimeric α-amino aldehydes. Model elaborations of some of these products afforded the amino sugars D-glucosamine, D-mannosamine, D-nojirimycin, and advanced intermediates for the synthesis of destomic acid and lincosamine.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: alkenyl ; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; labelling studies ; rhodium compounds ; vinyl ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Results consistent with the participation of vinyls in the initiation and of alkenyl species in the propagation steps of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction are reported. Substantial incorporation of 13C2 into the alkene and alkane (C3-C7) hydrocarbon products occurred when doubly labelled vinyls (13C2H3Br. (13C2H3)4Si, or 13C2H4) were added as molecular probes to the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide over rhodium/ceria/silica catalysts (1 atm, 220°C). There was, by contrast, no significant incorporation of 13C1 into any of the organic products; thus cleavage of the C2 probe did not occur. The degree of 13C2 incorporation decreased with increasing molecular mass of the hydrocarbon; this indicates that the probe molecule initiated but did not propagate. A mathematical model based on polymerisation of surface methylenes initiated by a vinyl, propagated by alkenyls and terminated by reaction with a surface hydrogen or by coupling has been developed to explain the 13C2 incorporation data. Under the conditions of the experiments, the relative ability of the probes to initiate is: vinyl bromide (60%)〉tetravinylsilane (30%)〉ethene (15%). Substantial formation of 13C4 products also occurred when vinyl bromide or tetravinylsilane were used as probes; this arises from a dimerisation of the vinyl on the surface, a process which has been modelled in homogeneous systems and also by other workers in studies on single crystal surfaces. There was no significant 13C incorporation into the oxygenates (methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde); these products are formed by a different path.
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  • 84
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 85
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 594-597 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: electron microscopy ; gels ; helices ; self-assembly ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis, molecular structure, and properties of a new chiral gelforming agent 1 are described. Key structural features in 1 are a γ-alkoxybutyro-lactone tetralin moiety and an angular phenylsulphone unit. The new low molecular weight gelator 1 can reversibly form stable gels in low concentrations (e.g., 1:800 for n-hexane) with isopropanol and a variety of apolar organic solvents. The gels were studied with differential scanning calorimetry and a combination of electron microscopy techniques, which revealed a highly ordered three-dimensional network of entangled fibers. X-ray analysis showed that the aggregation of 1 leads to a helical structure in the solid state. Nonchiral analogues 2 and 3 were unable to initiate gel formation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 86
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 87
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 56-67 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: amethyrin ; orangarin ; porphyrinoids ; terpyrroles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new, general synthesis of the first β-substituted tetra- and hexaalkyl terpyrroles is described. Also described are two new classes of expanded porphyrins derived from the hexaalkyl terpyrrole. The key step in the terpyrrole formation is the copper(II)-mediated oxidative coupling of the LDA-derived enolates of α-keto pyrroles. The first new expanded porphyrin reported here, the so-called “orangarin”, contains five pyrrolic subunits and two bridging carbon atoms, and is formally a 20π-electron nonaromatic macrocycle. The second new class of expanded porphyrins, the “amethyrins”, are 24π-electron nonaromatic macrocycles containing six pyrrole units. Both of these new macrocycles, as well as one of the new terpyrrolic precursors have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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  • 88
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 100-100 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 89
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 90
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 118-123 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: antiferromagnetic exchange ; crystal structure ; indium compounds ; Jahn-Teller distortion ; titanium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dark green crystals of In3Ti2Br9 have been synthesized from elemental Ti and molten InBr3 at 450°C. The X-ray diffractional characterization by means of single-crystal and powder Rietveld refinement reveals a hexagonal crystal structure (a = 738.2(2), c = 1813.9(3) pm; P63/mmc, Z = 2) of Cs3Cr2Cl9 type, containing Ti2Br3-9 dimers and univalent indium cations. Self-consistent, semiempirical band structure calculations show the structural distortions of the two monovalent indium cations to arise from a second-order Jahn-Teller instability. The new compound's magnetic susceptibility and microscopic antiferromagnetic exchange are analyzed by using a Bleaney-Bowers ansatz.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: electrophilic additions ; N-pyrrolyl complexes ; rearrangements ; rhenium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of [{Re}(OTf)] (1; {Re}  -  (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3) and potassium pyrrolide gives the N-pyrrolyl complex 2, 88%). Reactions of 2 with (CF3CO)2O/N(C2H5)3 and CH3O2CC=CCO2CH3 give 3- and 2-substituted pyrrolyl complexes respectively (3, R/R′ = H/COCF3, 77%; 5, R/R′ = C(CO2CH3)=CHCO2CH3/H, 69-87%). Free pyrrole is much less reactive towards these reagents. Reactions of 2 and TfOH or HBF4·OEt2 give the 2H-pyrrole adducts +X- (7+X-; 89-83%). At 0-25°C in CH2Cl2, these rearrange to the carbon-ligated tautomers +X-(8+X-) and then +X-; (9+X-; 72-96 h, 90-96%). Reaction of 1 and pyrrole in refluxing toluene gives 8+TfO- and then 9-TfO- (92%). However, 1 and pyrrole react too slowly in CH2Cl2 to be intermediates in the conversion of 7+TfO- to 9+TfO-. Reaction of 9+ TfO- and KH gives the C-pyrrolyl complex (68%), which adds TfOH to give 9+TfO-. Mechanistic aspects of the preceding reactions are discussed. The crystal structures of 2 and 9+TfO- are determined, and the NC4Hx ligand conformations analyzed with extended Hückel MO calculations.
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  • 92
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 93
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: rapamycin ; stannylethenes ; Stille coupling ; vinyl iodides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Details of the total synthesis of rapamycin (1) are reported. The synthesis required the preparation of intermediates 4 - 9 in nonracemic form; key coupling reactions included a chromium-mediated addition of vinyl iodide 8 to aldehyde 7 and an Evans aldol reaction to couple fragments 62 and 9. Intermediates 4 and 6 were joined through an amide bond formation to afford advanced intermediate 71. Swern oxidation of the diol in 71 was followed by a selective removal of the TES groups and a second Swern oxidation. Finally, removal of the remaining silyl protecting groups provided fully deprotected, penultimate intermediate 2 in which all carbons were in their proper oxidation state. Macrocyclization was achieved through a tandem inter/intramolecular palladium-mediated Stille coupling reaction between distannylethene 3 and bis(vinyl iodide) 2. This latter process accomplished in one step the installation of the remaining two carbons of the natural product and the completion of its total synthesis.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: ate complexes ; intramolecular coordination ; lutetium complexes ; organometallic compounds ; yttrium complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New complexes of lutetium and yttrium containing the monoanionic, terdentate ligand [2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]- (NCN) have been synthesized by substitution reactions starting from MCl3 (M = Lu, Y). Reaction of MCl3 (M = Y, Lu) with one equivalent of (NCN)Li affords the ate complexes [(NCN)MCl2(μ-Cl)(μ-Li(thf)2)]2) (M = Lu (1a), Y (1b)) in which the terdentate ligand is bound in mer fashion and all three chloride atoms are retained in the product. Crystals of 1a are monoclinic (space group P21/n, a =10.4559(4), b = 21.6150(9), c=12.1700(7) Å, β = 105.294(4)°, Z = 2, final R = 0.039 for 3695 observed reflections [I〉2.50σ(I)]). Attempted substitution of chloride in the yttrium complex 1b by Me3SiCH2- leads to decomposition. However, reaction of 1a with Me3SiCH2Li gives the monoalkyl complex [(NCN)Lu-(μ-Cl)(CH2SiMe3)]2 2, 30% yield), in which the terdentate ligand is bound in a pseudo-facial manner. Crystals of 2 are triclinic (space group P1, a = 9.8575(7), b = 10.0171(7), c = 11.1460(14) Å, α = 75.096(8). β = 78.092(8), γ =77.474(6)°, Z = 1, final R1 = 0.11 for 1361 reflections [I 2σ(I)]). Substitution of the chloride ions in 2 by Me3SiCH2- is possible and affords quantitatively the bisalkyl complex [(NCN)Lu(CH2SiMe3)2] (3). The lutetium complexes 2 and 3 are formally coordinatively unsaturated complexes, which are moisture-sensitive and thermally stable for several weeks when dissolved in aromatic solvents. However, they decompose rapidly in aliphatic solvents such as hexane, and a decomposition route involving the formation of carbene species is proposed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: biomineralization ; calcite ; crystal morphology ; mosaic structure ; symmetry reduction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organisms can exert a remarkable degree of control over crystal growth. One way of achieving this is by the adsorption of specialized macromolecules on specific planes of the growing crystals. With continued growth of the crystal, the macromolecules are incorporated inside the crystal bulk. Their presence does not change the crystal structure, but creates discontinuities in the perfect lattice. Here we study in detail three unusual cases of reduction in symmetry at the level of crystal domain shapes, induced by this controlled intercalation. We examined sponge spicules, which are single crystals of Mg-bearing calcite. They were specifically chosen for this study, because their morphologies do not reflect the hexagonal symmetry of calcite. Their crystal textures (coherence lengths and angular spreads) were characterized by high-resolution X-ray diffraction with well-collimated synchrotron radiation. The results are compared to analogous studies of synthetic calcite and Mg-bearing calcite. In all the selected spicules reduction in symmetry is observed in the coherence lengths among symmetry-related crystallographic directions. The reconstructed shapes of the domains of perfect structure closely match the specific spicule morphologies. The synthetic crystals show no such reduction in symmetry. Although the manner by which such exquisite control is achieved is not known, we envisage it involving a combination of oriented nucleation with either physical or stereochemically driven adsorption.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 430-435 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: amino acids ; asymmetric synthesis ; BNCT ; carboranes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two α-amino acids containing the 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane (12) cage, namely, 5-(1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran (12)-1-yl)-2-aminopentanoic acid (1) and 5-(2-methyl-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran (12)-1-yl)-2-aminopentanoic acid (2), were prepared by asymmetric synthesis (e.p. 〉 98%) by using the chiral glycine equivalent, imidazolidinone 3, introduced by Seebach, and Oppolzer's camphor-derived sultam derivative 4. The dextrorotatory enantiomers (sodium D line in methanol) of the amino acids 1 and 2 were both shown to have (S) configuration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 436-440 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: ab initio calculations ; copper compounds ; organometallic compounds ; tetrahydroborato ligand ; theoretical chemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: All-electron ab initio calculations (MP4/MP2 level) have been performed on [Cu(BH4)(PH3)n] (n = 1, 2, 3) complexes. Full-geometry optimizations were carried out in each case, and the stationary points were characterized by the diagonalization of the analytically calculated Hessian matrix. The η2 coordination mode, with a tetrahedral arrangement around the copper atom, is the most stable structure for n = 2, while for n = 3 a strongly nonlinear η1 coordination mode is preferred. These results are in agreement with the experimental data available on related complexes. For n = 1, for which there is no experimental data, the η3 structure turns out to be the most stable. The energy differences associated with some changes in the coordination mode (η1 → η2 for n = 3 and η3 → η2 for n = 1) are small. Finally, a mechanism for the exchange between terminal and bridging hydrogen atoms is proposed for each complex under study.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 454-466 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: antitumour agents ; balanol ; enzyme inhibitor ; natural product ; total synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The total synthesis of balanol, a potent protein kinase C inhibitor isolated from the fungus Verticillium balanoides, is described. The hexahydroazepine fragment was prepared from D-serine through a sequence of reactions including the diastereoselective allylboration of a derived amino aldehyde and a base-induced 7-exo-tet ring closure as key steps. The benzophenone fragment was secured through the initial coupling of the two functionalised aromatic components through an ester linkage, followed by intramolecular nucleophilic attack of an aryl lithium derivative to form the desired ketone bridge. After coupling of the two balanol domains, the adoption of benzylderived protecting groups for the latent functionalities then allowed the liberation of balanol in a single step by catalytic hydrogenolysis. Finally, the newly developed synthetic strategy was applied to the synthesis of a variety of designed balanol analogues for biological evaluation.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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