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  • 1995-1999  (2,720)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1860-1869
  • 1995  (2,720)
  • General Chemistry  (1,656)
  • Engineering General  (737)
  • Genetics  (327)
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  • 1995-1999  (2,720)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1860-1869
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 15 (1995), S. 89-93 
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: SLE Lupus ; BBV transformation ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epstein-Barr-virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid B-cell lines were generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 55 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 44 healthy relatives. All donors have previously been extensively characterized with regard to clinical, serologic, and genetic parameters. Here, peripheral blood lymphocytes and lines were characterized for cell surface antigens. Furthermore, autoantibody production and proliferation rate of the cell lines were monitored. A significant difference between patients and relatives was the lower proliferation rate of EBV-transformed cell lines of the SLE patients. All SLE cell lines are available for interested researches and can be obtained from the European Cell Bank, Salisbury, UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Adrenergic receptors ; Human genetics ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; Chromosome mapping ; Linkage ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have genetically mapped the genes encoding four human adrenergic receptors (ARs) of subtypes α1C, α2A, α2B, and β1, which are prototypic G protein coupled receptors that mediate the physiological effects of neurotransmitters, hormones, and drugs. We placed these genes onto the Cooperative Human Linkage Center (CHLC) and Genethon framework maps, within confidence intervals with greater than 1000∶1 odds. With multipoint analysis the α1C gene (locus ADRA1C) mapped to the interval between NEFL and D8S283; α2-C4, the gene encoding the α2C AR (locus ADRA2C), mapped to the interval between D4S126 and D4S62; and the α2-C10 (α2A AR)/β1 haplotype (loci ADRA2A/ ADRB1) mapped to the interval between D10S259 and D10S187. A fifth AR gene, β2, yielded significant LOD scores with markers on the long arm of chromosome 5; however, this locus (ADRB2) could not be mapped to any specific interval with odds of greater than 1000∶1. The two AR genes that are completely linked, α2-C10 and β1, were oriented on their shared 225-kb genomic fragment relative to the direction of transcription, with β1 being 5′ to α2-C10. The positioning of these genes on high-density framework maps allows them to be tested as candidates in a spectrum of diseases that might involve AR dysfunction.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis ; Hypertension ; Type 2 diabetes ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the search for new risk factors for diabetic macroangiopathy the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene was studied in 237 consecutive patients (125 men and 112 women) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The female population showed an excess of ischemic electro-cardiographic changes or definite myocardial infarctions in the patients homozygous for the deletion [D/D; odds ratio (OR) 2.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–5.3] and in the insertion/deletion heterozygotes (I/D; OR 1.8; CI 1.1–3.1) compared with the patients homozygous for the insertion (I/I). In the total series coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and claudication were more often observed in the patients with I/D (OR 1.5; CI 1.0–2.2) or the D/D genotype patients (OR 1.7; CI 1.1–2.6) than in those with the genotype I/I. The systolic blood pressure was lower in patients with genotype I/I (138±19 mmHg) than in those with the genotype I/D (149±22 mmHg) or D/D (150±21 mmHg; P〈0.02). The prevalence of hypertension and the median urinary albumin excretion rate also tended to be lowest in the I/I genotype patients. Multiple logistic analysis revealed that in women the angiotensin-converting enzyme D/D genotype is independently associated with coronary heart disease. Our findings suggest that variation at the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene locus is one of the factors involved in the predisposition of diabetic patients to the development of arterial disease and hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Primitive neuroepithelial tumor ; Desmoplastic small cell tumor ; Brain tumor of infancy Immunocytochemistry ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a case of a desmoplastic brain tumor which was initially resected from the right fronto-temporal region in a 2 year-old boy. This nodular, calcified tumor was vascularized by the internal carotid artery and the middle meningeal artery branches. Grossly, it contained several mucoid cysts. Light microscopy showed cords or nests of small cuboidal cells surrounded by a loose connective tissue and desmoplasic areas containing fibers and spindle cells. The cuboidal cells expressed epithelial, neuronal and neuroendocrine markers. Some foci of spindle cells showed glial differentiation. The tumor recurred 16 months later and displayed some characteristics of the small cell neuroepithelial component, mitoses being conspicuous. Electron microscopy revealed undifferentiated clear cells, some containing neurosecretory granules. Karyotyping demonstrated the following formula: 〈 15 〉 46, t(8;11) (a13; q11). The chromosome 11 breakpoint was different from that described in Ewing's sarcoma. This isolated translocation has not been previously reported to our knowledge. These unusual features lead us to report this case and to discuss its pathogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 129-132 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Sex control ; Disomic segregation ; Dioecy Kiwifruit ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sex segregation ratio was checked in bi-parental families of Actinidia deliciosa (2n=6x=174) obtained by crossing four females (A12, Mo3, Br4, Hw1) with two males (T2, M1) and one fruiting male (M3h, subandroecious) according to a factorial mating design. The M3h fruiting male was also selfed. The sex ratio was checked in maternal families of A. kolomikta (2n=2x) and A. chinensis (2n=2x) as well as in A. deliciosa. Seedlings of both diploid species took 3–4 years to progress beyond juvenility, whereas a noticeable number of seedlings from biparental crosses of A. deliciosa involving A12 and Hw1 as seed parents were still non-flowering after seven growing seasons. Open-pollinated families of both diploid and hexaploid species as well as most families from biparental crosses showed a sex segregation ratio approaching 1∶1. Subandroecious lines with different degrees of ovary and pistil development appeared in proportions of 0–4.2%, depending on the cross, but only 6 of the 2567 male vines checked were capable of setting fruit. No case of self-fertility or apomixis was detected among 1866 bagged female vines. Selfed M3h progenies gave only female and male phenotypes in a ratio of 1 female to 3 males. No off-type vines were found among these progenies. The same disomic sex segregation ratio seems to be operating at different ploidy levels in the genus Actinidia. Since selfed fruiting males produced both female and male individuals, the male sex appears to be the heterogametic one. Such evidence indicates that a monofactorial system based on one or more linked genes or on an X/Y chromosome set must be controlling sex expression. How a monofactorial sex-determining mechanism could operate in polyploids to give a 1∶1 female: male ratio is discussed. Minor modifying gene(s) seem to be responsible for the feminization of males, and their expression appears enhanced by environmental conditions. Masculinizing gene(s) seem to be lacking in female genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Opioid ; Genetics ; Self-administration ; CXBK/ByJ ; Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is commonly thought thatμ-receptors play an important role in the reinforcing effects of opioids. In the present study, inbred strains widely divergent in CNS opiate receptor densities were used to investigate the influence of genetic variation in receptor concentration on opioid-reinforced behavior. In particular, the CXBK/ByJ mice were used as an investigative tool because of their significantly lower number of CNSμ opioid receptors. The behavioral pharmacology of opioids in theμ-deficient CXBK/ByJ mice was compared to other commonly used inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ, and the opiate receptor rich CXBH/ByJ mice. Operant opioid reinforced behavior, opioid-induced locomotor stimulation, analgesia and respiratory depression were investigated in all four inbred strains. To assess the acquisition and maintenance of opioid reinforced behavior, oral self-administration of the potent benzimidazole opioid, etonitazene, was determined using an operant fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement (FR 8). Acquisition of etonitazene-reinforced behavior was established in all four strains including theμ-deficient CXBK/ByJ mice. However, there were significant genetic differences in the amount of drug intake during the maintenance of opioid-reinforced behavior and extinction behavior following vehicle substitution. For example, drug intake was significantly greater in the BK versus BH mice during the maintenance phase and an extinction burst was seen in the BH but not the BK mice following vehicle substitution. Thus,μ-receptor density may not account for individual variability in the acquisition of opioid-reinforced behavior under these conditions. Sensitivity to etonitazene-induced respiratory depression, stimulation of locomotor activity and analgesia were unrelated to drug intake during self-administration sessions across these four inbred strains. These data indicate that inherited differences in CNSμ-opiate receptor concentrations do not affect acquisition of etonitazene-reinforced behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Quantitative trait loci ; Seizure ; Recombinant inbred strains ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among inbred mice, genetic factors mediate differences in sensitivity to the convulsant properties of cocaine; however, the gene(s) underlying cocaine's effects have not been identified. To help elucidate the gene(s) responsible for cocaine seizure susceptibility, we used recombinant inbred-quantitative trait loci (RI-QTL) analyses to identify chromosomal loci associated with cocaine-induced seizures. RI-QTL analyses seek to identify associations between a quantitative measure of a particular phenotype and one or more previously mapped marker genes across a panel of RI strains. This report describes an RI-QTL analysis of cocaine seizure susceptibility among 26 BXD RI strains. These strains showed a skewed, bimodal range of seizure susceptibility which could be the result of one or more modifying genes acting in concert with a major gene to influence cocaine sensitivity. Correlating the percent seizures displayed by each strain following 60 mg/kg cocaine with chromosomal marker data for these strains revealed a number of significant correlations clustered in two regions on chromosomes 12 and 6. This is the first identification of putative chromosomal loci associated with a cocaine-related phenotype and should facilitate identification of the gene(s) underlying cocaine toxicity and other cocaine-related phenotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Osteogenesis imperfecta ; Collagen I ; Mosaicism ; Genetics ; Recurrence risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a dominantly inherited connective tissue disorder, is usually caused by defects in collagen I. There is growing evidence for parental mosaicism that results in affected children born to unaffected parents. This situation poses a difficult task for the geneticist because a mosaic parent may appear clinically healthy while carrying the mutation in a fraction of her or his gonadal cells. To illustrate this problem, we report a Swiss couple whose first child was affected with severe OI. The unexpected recurrence of the disorder in the second child raised the suspicion of a recessive trait or, rather, of parental mosaicism. We identified the responsible collagen mutation in the COL1A2 gene (Gly688Ser in the α2(I)-chain) in both children and demonstrated the father to be a somatic mosaic for this mutation and to have subtle clinical signs such as soft skin and short stature that may be a result of his mosaic state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Floating-Harbor syndrome ; Growth retardation ; Dysmorphology ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abstract The Floating-Harbor syndrome is a growth retardation syndrome with delayed bone age, speech development, and typical facial features. The face is triangular with deep-set eyes, long eyelashes, bulbous nose, wide columella, short philtrum, and thin lips. We present an additional patient and review 16 cases from the literature. The possible phenotype in the patient's mother suggests a dominant mode of inheritance for the syndrome. Conclusion The Floating Harbor syndrome is a growth deficiency syndrome characterized by proportionate short stature, characteristic face and delayed speech development. Inheritance is possibly autosomal dominant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 654-657 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Fetal development ; Brain diseases ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report two female siblings with the fetal brain disruption sequence. Extensive investigation of both children failed to define a definitive aetiology but clinical and laboratory findings are consistent with a hitherto unknown storage disease. We postulate that the accumulation of a neurotoxic metabolite may be responsible for the disease phenotype observed. This is the first report of recurrence of the fetal brain disruption sequence and supports the existence of a genetic form of this condition. Previous reports have emphasized possible environmental aetiologies. Infants with fetal brain disruption sequence should be investigated exhaustively and, in the absence of definitive evidence of an environmental cause, the possibility of a genetic aetiology should be considered. In some families the recurrence risk may be as high as one in four.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 654-657 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Fetal development ; Brain diseases ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report two female siblings with the fetal brain disruption sequence. Extensive investigation of both children failed to define a definitive aetiology but clinical and laboratory findings are consistent with a hitherto unknown storage disease. We postulate that the accumulation of a neurotoxic metabolite may be responsible for the disease phenotype observed. This is the first report of recurrence of the fetal brain disruption sequence and supports the existence of a genetic form of this condition. Previous reports have emphasized possible environmental aetiologies. Infants with fetal brain disruption sequence should be investigated exhaustively and, in the absence of definitive evidence of an environmental cause, the possibility of a genetic aetiology should be considered. In some families the recurrence risk may be as high as one in four.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Floating-Harbor ; syndrome ; Growth retardation ; Dysmorphology ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Floating-Harbor syndrome is a growth retardation syndrome with delayed bone age, speech development, and typical facial features. The face is triangular with deep-set eyes, long eyelashes, bulbous nose, wide columella, short philtrum, and thin lips. We present an additional patient and review 16 cases from the literature. The possible phenotype in the patient's mother suggests a dominant mode of inheritance for the syndrome. Conclusion The Floating Harbor syndrome is a growth deficiency syndrome characterized by proportionate short stature, characteristic face and delayed speech development. Inheritance is possibly autosomal dominant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 242 (1995), S. 508-511 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Dystonia ; Torticollis ; Blepharospasm ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of focal dystonias was investigated in 43 families containing 43 index cases with torticollis (n = 21), blepharospasm (n = 18) and writer's cramp (n = 4). They generated a potential population of 235 first-degree relatives, and 168 out of 179 living first-degree relatives were examined. Ten relatives with dystonia were identified in ten families. Another two parents from two of the same group of ten families were affected according to the family history. The majority of the secondary cases (six patients, five siblings, and one child) were not aware of any dystonia. The tendency for affected relatives to have the same type of dystonia as index patients was observed only for torticollis. Overall, 23% of index patients had relatives with dystonia. Segregation analysis suggested the presence of an autosomal dominant gene or genes with reduced penetrante underlying focal dystonia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Hautarzt 46 (1995), S. 394-399 
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Malignes Melanom ; Genetische Instabilität ; Genetik ; Syndrom der dysplastischen Nävi ; Xeroderma pigmentosum ; Key words Malignant melanoma ; Genetic instability ; Genetics ; Dysplastic nevus syndrome ; Xeroderma pigmentosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet irradiation is an important risk factor for the development of malignant melanoma, with UVA possibly playing an important role. Hereditary factors are also relevant. In the dysplastic nevus syndrome a genetic instability has been shown by different methods. In xeroderma pigmentosum the DNA repair defect is thought to be responsible for the high incidence of malignant melanoma. Frequent and non-random changes in certain chromosomes have been demonstrated in melanoma cells. These might contain sequences that control melanoma growth or melanoma suppressor genes. Especially the short arm of chromosome 9 is thought to contain one of these genes. This hypothesis is supported by a genetic linkage analysis in melanoma families and the demonstration of a germ line deletion of the locus 9p21 in a patient with eight primary melanomas. Changes in known tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes have also been reported in melanoma, but no consistent sequence of genetic events is known.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Exposition der Haut mit ultravioletten Strahlen ist ein wichtiger Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung eines malignen Melanoms. Möglicherweise spielt hierbei UVA-A eine besondere Rolle. Daneben sind hereditäre Faktoren von Bedeutung. Während beim Syndrom der dysplastischen Nävi eine genetische Instabilität mit verschiedenen Methoden nachgewiesen wurde, wird bei Xeroderma pigmentosum der DNA-Reparaturdefekt für die hohe Melanominzidenz verantwortlich gemacht. In Melanomzellen sind überzufällig häufig karyotypische Veränderungen in bestimmten Chromosomen gefunden worden. Diese enthalten möglicherweise Melanomwachstumsregulierende Sequenzen oder Melanom-Suppressorgene. Insbesondere der kurze Arm des Chromosoms 9 steht in Verdacht, eines dieser Gene zu enthalten. Diese Hypothese wird auch unterstützt durch eine genetische Kopplungsanalyse an Melanomfamilien und dem Nachweis einer Keimbahndeletion des Lokus 9p21 bei einer Patientin mit 8 primären Melanomen. Veränderungen an bereits bekannten Tumorsuppressorgenen oder Onkogenen sind ebenfalls in Melanomen beschrieben worden, ohne daß jedoch eine konsistente Reihenfolge von genetischen Ereignissen bekannt wäre.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 11 (1995), S. 453-455 
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Myotonic ; Dystrophy ; Muscle disease ; Genetics ; Case report
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A large Sicilian kinship in which myotonic dystrophy (DM) affected spanning four generations is presented. The pedigree clearly illustrates the phenomenon of anticipation, and illustrates that this phenomenon is more marked when transmission occurs through an affected female rather than an affected male. The pedigree is interpreted in light of recent genetic advances in DM. Neurosurgeons and neurologists should consider a diagnosis of DM when asked to evaluate a floppy infant with enlarged lateral ventricles, and should be aware of special features regarding its inheritance pattern.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) ; Genetics ; Diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic linkage studies of families with earlyonset type 2 diabetes have facilitated the identification of diabetes-susceptibility genes. In order to assess the feasibility of using linkage approaches to identify genes responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese subjects, we examined our clinical records for multigenerational families suitable for genetic studies. We identified 16 families in which at least one subject was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes before 25 years of age. Seven of these families had a pattern of inheritance consistent with a diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and nine families showed a complex pattern of inheritance of type 2 diabetes with transmission of diabetes-susceptibility genes from both parents. The glucokinase and mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) genes were screened for mutations in at least one affected subject from each family in order to assess the contribution of mutations in these genes to the development of the diabetes. No mutations were found, which suggests that the diabetes in these families resulted from mutations in other genes.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 639-646 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gene introgression ; Genetics ; Linkage ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wild tetraploid (2n=28) oat species Avena magna and A. murphyi have been domesticated by having been transferred from the common oat, A sativa (2n=42), the characteristics of non-shedding spikelets glabrous and yellow lemma, and reduced awn formation. Domestication has been achieved by crossing the common oat with either of the tetraploid species and then backcrossing the pentaploid hybrids with pollen of the tetraploid wild parent. Among the BC plants obtained only a few produced some seeds. Fertile tetraploids exhibiting the domesticated syndrome have been selected for in the F2 generation. Although morphologically they were almost indistinguishable from the common oat, they were tetraploids. Wild x domesticated A. magna hybrids were vigorous and fertile. They retained their spikelets at maturity, lemma color and pubescence were intermediate between the parental lines, and awns were formed only on the lower floret of the spikelet. Each of these characteristics segregated in a 3∶1 fashion, indicating single gene control, as in the common oat. These four characteristics formed a linkage group in one F2 family and two linkage groups in the other two families. The usefulness of the domesticated tetraploids for oat research and production has been discussed. Taxonomically, the domesticated tetraploids were ranked as subspecies: A. magna ssp. domestica, and A. murphyi ssp. rigida.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 707-713 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mineral stress ; Nutrient efficiency ; Aluminium tolerance ; Inheritance ; Genetics ; Breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Brazilian tropical adapted soybeans contains, in addition to superior morphological characters, genetic factors for tolerance to cultivation in acidic, mineral-stressed soils. However, the selection process for these hindrances has been empirical, and information on the genetics of mineral element uptake by the plant is necessary. The objective of this investigation was to identify the mode of inheritance for the absorption of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminium, manganese, zinc and copper in a 9 × 9 diallel cross. General combining ability (GCA) was higher than specific combining ability (SCA), with the exception of copper, manganese and zinc, indicating predominantly additive effects. The ratios of GCA/SCA varied between 3.4 (calcium) and 8.5 (magnesium). The regression of covariance (Wr) on variance (Vr) showed that the additive-dominance model explained the genetic differences in this germ plasm. However, the detection of overdominance could be related to possible heterozygosity in the parental varieties for mineral absorption. Broad-sense heritability values were higher than narrow sense heritability values for aluminium, iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium, being in the range of 67.9–86.9% and 42.0–56.6%, respectively. This is an indication that soybeans can be further improved to efficient utilisation of nutrients and to tolerate toxic factors in the soil.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 146-149 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Capsicum chinense ; Resistance gene ; Genetics ; Pepper ; Tomato spotted wilt virus ; Tospoviruses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) has been reported to be an important reservoir of resistance genes to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The genes for TSWV resistance present in three C. chinense lines (‘PI 152225’, ‘PI 159236’ and ‘Panca’) were investigated for allelism. All resistant lines were crossed with each other. Parents, F1, backcrosses and F2 populations (including reciprocals) developed from those crosses were mechanically inoculated with a highly virulent TSWV isolate. Susceptible C. annuum cv ‘Magda’ was used to check inoculum virulence. Fifty plants of the F1 hybrids; ‘Magda’ x ‘PI 152225’, ‘Magda’ x ‘PI 159236’, and ‘Magda’ x 'Panca, were also inoculated with the TSWV isolate. The resistance response in all C. chinense sources was associated with a localized, hypersensitive-like reaction that was phenotypically expressed as a prompt formation of large local lesions accompanied by premature leaf abscission. All F1 generations presented a final score of resistant; indicating that the expression of resistance to TSWV is conditioned by a dominant gene regardless of the source. The absence of segregation for resistance to TSWV that was observed in all generations of the crosses between C. chinense lines indicated that either a tightly linked group of genes exists or that the resistance is governed by the same single major gene (probably the already described Tsw gene). Previous reports have indicated that the Tsw gene is not effective against tospovirus members of serogroup II, i.e. tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and groundnut ring spot virus (GRSV). In the assay described here, all of the C. chinense lines showed, after mechanical inoculation, an identical susceptibility response to the TCSV and GRSV isolates.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 380-388 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Breeding ; Sorghum bicolor Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to use restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) to determine the genetic location and effects of genomic regions controlling plant height in sorghum. F2 plants (152) from the cross CK60 x PI229828 were used. Genomic and cDNA clones (106) identified 111 loci distributed among ten linkage groups covering 1299 cM. Interval mapping identified four regions, each in a separate linkage group. These regions may correspond to loci (dw) previously identified by alleles with qualitative effects. Also, these regions identified in sorghum may be orthologous to those previously reported for plant height in maize. Gene effects and gene action varied among genomic regions. In each region, PI229828 alleles resulted in increased plant height. Each region accounted for 9.2–28.7% of the phenotypic variation. Positive, additive effects ranged from 15 to 32cm. Tallness was dominant or overdominant and conferred by alleles from PI229828 for three quantitative trait loci (QTL). At the fourth QTL, PI229828 contributed to increased plant height, but short stature was partially dominant. One digenic interaction was significant. The presence of a PI229828 allele at one region diminished the effects of the other region. A multiple model indicated that these four regions collectively accounted for 63.4% of the total phenotypic variation. The utility of this information for germplasm conversion through backcross breeding is discussed.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1995), S. 355-364 
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Transformation ; Fungi ; Yeast ; Genetics ; Biotechnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The genetic investigation of fungi has been extended substantially by DNA-mediated transformation, providing a supplement to more conventional genetic approaches based upon sexual and parasexual processes. Initial transformation studies with the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae provided the model for transformation systems in other fungi with regard to methodology, vector construction and selection strategies. There are, however, certain differences betweenS. cerevisiae and filamentous fungi with regard to type of genomic insertion and the availability of shuttle vectors. Single-site linked insertions are common in yeast due to the high level of homology required for recombination between vectored and genomic sequences, whereas mycelial fungi often show a high frequency of heterologous and unlinked insertions, often in the form of random and multiple-site integrations. While extrachromosomally-maintained or replicative vectors are readily available for use with yeasts, such vectors have been difficult to construct for use with filamentous fungi. The development of vectors for replicative transformation with these fungi awaits further study. It is proposed that replicative vectors may be inherently less efficient for use with mycelial fungi relative to yeasts, since the mycelium, as an extended and semicontinuous network of cells, may delimit an adequate diffusion of the vector carrying the selectable gene, thus leading to a high frequency of abortive or unstable transformants.
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  • 22
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    Environmental biology of fishes 43 (1995), S. 1-27 
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Conservation ; Extinction ; Rarity ; Biodiversity ; Breeding guilds ; Endemism ; Speciation ; Habitat degradation ; Environmental management ; Invasive fishes ; Genetics ; Ecology ; Stenotopy ; Captive propagation ; Legislation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The conservation status and factors threatening fishes worldwide are reviewed in order to introduce a series of one-page articles on ‘Threatened fishes of the world’, and to encourage the incorporation of information on threatened fishes into international conservation programmes. Information on fish extinction and threat rates are compared with those of other animal groups, and the unique characteristics of fish conservation problems are highlighted. At present 979 species of fishes are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List and at least 36 species and three subspecies are listed as recently extinct. It is argued that these figures are probably gross underestimates and that they may mislead conservation authorities and resource users about the seriousness of the situation. Freshwater fishes may be the most threatened group of vertebrates after the Amphibia. Urgent action is required to save many narrowly endemic, stenotopic species from extinction, especially in Africa, Asia and South America. The conservation of common species that drive essential ecological processes is also important. Anthropogenic pressures, especially habitat degradation, the introduction of invasive species and pollution, on inland and coastal waters are particularly severe and many major fish communities are threatened with elimination throughout the world. The conservation of marine fishes is complicated by the fact that it is difficult to ascertain their rarity. The importance of the retention of genetic variation is highlighted, and both orthodox and innovative conservation measures are encouraged. Further research on minimum viable populations, genetics, and the factors that cause fishes to become vulnerable to extinction, is urgently required.
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  • 23
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    Theoretical medicine and bioethics 16 (1995), S. 347-373 
    ISSN: 1573-1200
    Keywords: Genetics ; human research ; adolescence ; child ; informed consent ; decision making ; medical ethics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The participation of adolescents in genetic research engenders unusual problems concerning the nature of their informed consent. In this study we analyze 70 consent documents collected from genetics investigators in the United States who conduct research with children and adolescents. We find that many consent documents do not reflect either the current or the developing ethical and legal standards for research with adolescents and that in many cases the documents are simply confusing or unclear. We make recommendations for change to reflect more adequately the changing perspective concerning the autonomous decision-making capacity of adolescents.
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  • 24
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 13-23 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: mass transport problems ; error estimation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In order to make an exact estimation of discretization error for finite/infinite element methods, it is necessary to develop analytical solutions for some transient mass transport problems in infinite media. These transient mass transport problems may be viewed as the benchmark problems for the discretization error estimation of a new numerical method so that they generally have the following characteristics: (1) their initial and boundary conditions can be exactly modelled by the finite/infinite element method; (2) their solutions can be rigorously expressed in a closed form. In this paper, several of the aforementioned problems have been constructed and solved mathematically for transient mass transport problems in both 1D and 2D infinite media.
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  • 25
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Riccati equation ; transmission line modelling ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this communication, the application of the transmission line modelling (TLM) technique to the solution of the differential Riccati equation is described. A comparison is made between the TLM, fourth-order Runge-Kutta and the first-order Gear methods, for the case where one is applying the Kalman filter to the estimation of a voltage in a passive analogue circuit. In the particular example studied, the state equation is second-order. It is found that, when the system is underdamped, the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method has the best performance, followed by the TLM method. When the system is overdamped and stiff, the TLM method yields results that are closest to the analytical solution. Finally, a discussion is presented of the effects of errors in the TLM solution of the Riccati equation on the accuracy of the solution to the continuous Kalman filter estimation equation.
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  • 26
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 49-58 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: gears ; fracture mechanics ; service life ; fatigue process ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper describes the influence of contact area on the service life of dynamically loaded gears with a crack in a tooth root. Numerical results obtained with the finite element method using the program package BERSAFE are compared with the experimental results obtained on the universal testing machine INSTRON 1255. Numerical and experimental results are in good agreement. The analysis shows that the contact area directly influences the speed and direction of the crack propagation and the service life of the gear with a crack in a tooth root.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 27
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 41-47 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: shear correction ; laminates ; cylindrical bending hypothesis ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Mindlin-type plate and shell finite elements are the most widely used ones in the analysis of laminated composite structures. In the commercially available finite element programs, the transverse shear correction factors for these elements are usually the same as for structures made of isotropic materials. In the paper the shear correction factors are determined using energy principles for general laminates in cylindrical bending. Results for various materials and laminates are presented.
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  • 28
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: RLW equation ; finite elements ; splines ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A B-spline finite element method is used to solve the regularized long wave equation numerically. This approach involves a Galerkin method with quadratic B-spline finite elements so that there is continuity of the dependent variable and its first derivative throughout the solution range. Time integration of the resulting system of ordinary differential equations is effected using a Crank-Nicolson approximation. Standard problems are used to validate the algorithm, which is then used to model the smooth development of an undular bore.
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  • 29
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 69-72 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element method ; thermoplasticity ; internal dissipation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In the paper, a simple modification of the internal dissipation term in coupled thermoplastic finite element equations is presented. A modified form of the heat capacity and the thermomechanical coupling matrices are derived. These modifications are based on a decomposition of the internal dissipation term into two parts, which depend on the total strain rate and the rate of temperature change, respectively.
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  • 30
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 91-92 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 93-94 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 32
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 179-185 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite elements ; fluid flow ; open boundaries ; Sommerfield boundary conditions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We examine a method to impose boundary conditions on arbitrary boundaries, introduced to make domains of infinite extent finite for the purpose of numerical calculations, when a finite element discretization based on linear, bilinear or trilinear elements is used, in one, two or three dimensions, respectively. In particular, we look at the so-called ‘free’ boundary condition, which consists in retaining the boundary integrals generated by the weighted-residuals formulation along the open boundaries and adding them to the stiffness matrix. We show that this procedure is exactly equivalent to imposing on the boundary nodes a Sommerfeld radiation condition in one dimension, and a slightly modified form of the Sommerfeld boundary condition in two and three dimensions. We also show that the procedure is not applicable to the purely elliptic case.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 189-190 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 34
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 187-188 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 35
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995) 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 36
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 191-198 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: triangulations ; mesh relaxation ; computational geometry ; planar mesh generation ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Recent advances in planar mesh generation of arbitrary domains incorporate methods for placing points as well as connecting them into a triangulation. Postprocessing techniques such as Laplacian smoothing and mesh relaxation enhance the shape of triangles in these meshes but do not address the construction of meshes near boundaries or provide a criterion to determine the number of interior points of the initial triangulation. The paper addresses these issues by investigating the construction of degree-6 triangulations, the primary goal of the mesh relaxation method.
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  • 37
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite element analysis ; distributed computing ; structures ; client-server model ; remote procedure calls ; structural mechanics ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a distributed computing approach for concurrent finite element analysis of truss structures. The client-server model of distributed computation is applied to the plane frame finite element algorithm and implemented on SUN workstations. The remote procedure call combined with the ability to create threads of computation allows one to efficiently implement distributed and concurrent programs. The present approach is demonstrated through a typical truss structure to illustrate the details of the implementation. This approach can be used for very large finite element systems.
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  • 38
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 199-211 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: SUPG ; Petrov-Galerkin methods ; finite elements ; explicit scheme ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This work is devoted to the simulation by finite elements of nearly incompressible inviscid flows in real 3D geometries, by means of an Euler code based on the SUPG (streamline upwind Petrov-Galerkin) method, explicit forward Euler pseudo-temporal time integration and periodic and absorbing boundary conditions, among other features. The main goal is the application to flow around turbomachinery, with special emphasis on the performance analysis of a given machine, that involves several numerical computations at different operation points. Finally, these results are summarized in the form of characteristic curves.
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  • 39
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 213-226 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: a posteriori error estimates ; asymptotic exactness ; finite elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A posteriori error estimation for typical Euler-Bernoulli beam bending problems is developed using a recovery operator based on a smoothing technique that is applied in the context of one-dimensional fourth-order problems. The development exploits a discrete superconvergence property of the ‘bending moments’ of the trial space interpolant of a polynomial solution of sufficiently low degree at certain Gauss points, and the superconvegence property of the energy norm difference of the trial space interpolant (of the weak solution) and the finite element approximation. An asymptotically exact error estimator is developed.
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  • 40
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 243-254 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: fracture ; boundary elements ; superposition ; stress intensity factor ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We discuss a two-step superposition method for calculating linear elastic stress intensity factors. The procedure requires the solution to the full cracked problem and the solution to a problem on the same mesh assuming the singularity due to a crack tip in an infinite region. We show that this is equivalent to the well known subtraction of singularity method if the two solutions are characterized by crack tip stress. The advantages of our procedure are that no modifications need to be made to a standard computer program and that once one singular solution is available on a given cracked mesh, solutions with different boundary conditions on the same mesh may be obtained in one step without including any singular crack effects. The mesh required to represent the singular crack tip field may also be studied independently of the complete problem. The additional computational cost of a two-step procedure is minimal since the solution matrix from step one may be reused with a new right-hand side. Numerical experiments using the boundary element method demonstrate the high accuracy and simplicity of the superposition approach.
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  • 41
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: upwinding ; iterative methods ; convection-diffusion ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The effect of upwinding on iterative performance of convection-diffusion problems is investigated. An analysis of the iterative method considered here leads to a criterion for selecting the optimal upwinding parameter to improve iterative performance for a class of two-dimensional convection-diffusion problems. Supporting numerical experiments are presented.
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  • 42
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 267-279 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: dynamic interaction ; rigid wheel ; flexible beam ; contact force ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical method is presented for the analysis of dynamic interaction between rigid wheel and flexible beam. In contrast to traditional approaches, the wheel nominal motion as well as the contact force are considered here as unknowns. The correct contact force between the wheel and the beam is computed by iteratively reducing the constraint error towards zero, and a simple time integration is employed for the solution of equations of motion. Convergence of the iterative scheme is analysed, and numerical simulations are conducted to demonstrate the accuracy of the solution.
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  • 43
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 255-265 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: boundary element method ; error estimation ; hp-version ; Galerkin BEM ; numerical results ; elasticity ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper investigates the convergence of the h-, p- and hp-versions of a variational symmetric boundary element method (BEM) in plane elasticity by numerical experiments. The study discusses mixed boundary value problems on polygonal domains, i.e. problems for which the exact solution is analytic except in a finite number of points. The convergence of the error in energy norm is displayed for all versions of the BEM. All results are also compared with those obtained by the corresponding finite element methods. The theoretically predicted asymptotic convergence rates for all versions of the method can be observed in the numerical experiments. A comparison of computer times is given as well.
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  • 44
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 281-282 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 45
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 283-284 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 46
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 285-286 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 47
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 48
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 287-296 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: eigenvalues ; integral transforms ; analytical methods ; convection ; Sturm-Liouville system ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The integral transform method is employed in the analytical solution of the non-classical eigenvalue problem that appears in connection with the analysis of forced convection in ducts, including the effect of fluid heat diffusion in the axial direction. The related eigenfunctions are expanded in terms of eigenfunctions from a simpler auxiliary eigenvalue problem, and the original eigenvalues are determined from the associated matrix eigensystem analysis. Convergence rates of the proposed solutions are illustrated and reference results established for different values of the governing parameters.
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  • 49
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 355-362 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: permanent heavy waves ; circular shaped channels ; conformal mapping ; Fatou's method ; Levi-Civita's decomposition ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Because of the earth's curvature, all existing channels have a curvature. E. Zeidler gave an existence and uniqueness proof for permanent heavy and capillar-heavy waves in such circular shaped channels. Based on this proof and on a general computational method for constructing the solutions numerically, the case of permanent heavy waves in circular-shaped channels is considered in this work.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 373-374 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 375-377 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 379-381 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 54
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 363-371 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: matrix multisplitting ; relaxed method ; convergence ; divergence ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper, I discuss the convergence and divergence rates for a class of generalized matrix multisplitting relaxation methods in a detailed manner. In particular, when the coefficient matrix is an L-matrix, I obtain several sufficient and necessary conditions ensuring the convergence of these methods.
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  • 55
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 383-390 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: finite elements analyses ; global and local analyses ; multiregion ; interfaces ; interpolation functions ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An independent refinement and integration procedure is developed to couple together independently modelled (global and local) regions in a single analysis. The finite element models can have different levels of refinement and the nodes along the interface between them need not coincide with one another. A spline interpolation function that satisfies the linear isotropic plate-bending differential equation is used to relate the local model interface nodal displacements to the global model interface displacements. The proposed independent refinement and integration procedure is validated by applying it to problems involving in-plane and out-of-plane deformations.
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  • 56
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 391-401 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: boundary element method ; two-dimensional potential problems ; logarithmic kernel ; derivative kernal ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Both the logarithmic and derivative kernel integrations for potential problems, solved with quadratic isoparametric boundary elements, contain quartic functions of the integration parameter. It is shown that such functions can be written as the product of two quadratic functions with real coefficients. The derivative kernel integration is then represented as the sum of two integrals, which can be evaluated analytically. The logarithmic kernel integration can be similarly split but needs a Taylor series expansion of the Jacobian of the integration to enable analytical integration. The use of this Taylor series expansion means that the method presented is limited to problems involving weakly curved elements.
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  • 57
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 403-407 
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    Keywords: finite element method ; residual bending flexibility ; convergence ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: In this paper I re-examine the mechanics of the residual bending flexibility correction and show that it is an extravariational trick.
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 417-426 
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    Keywords: discrete elements ; dynamic analysis ; impact ; impulsive loads ; elastoplastic response ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The determination of the dynamic response of plate and shell structures is carried out employing a discrete representation of the continuum, associated with an explicit integration scheme in the time domain. Comparisons with experimental results certify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed method.
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  • 59
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995) 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 60
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 547-548 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 61
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 563-573 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: constraints ; boundary conditions ; rigid inclusions ; inextensibility ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Constraints arise naturally in the context of rigid inclusions, incompressibility, inextensible fibres and deformed finite elements. Typical methods for handling constraints in the governing matrix equation include Lagrange multipliers, penalty weights and elimination of variables. Each procedure has a particular undesirable feature. Proposed here is an approach in which each constraint is handled directly and sequentially through a modification of the rows and columns of the governing matrix and force vector. Positive definiteness, symmetry and the dimensions of the matrix remain unchanged. Elementary examples involving both the static and dynamic response of a bar are given to illustrate the procedure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 62
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 549-562 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: plate problem ; Reissner-Mindlin ; finite elements ; hierarchic elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The focus of the present work is directed towards the construction of a family of special finite elements for the numerical solution of the Reissner-Mindlin plate problem. The model describes the deformation of a plate when transverse shear deformation is taken into account. The model is widely used for thin to moderately thick plates. Despite its simple formulation, the numerical approximation is not straightforward. When standard low-order finite elements are used for the approximation the solution degenerates very rapidly for small thickness (locking phenomenon). To overcome such behaviour, non-standard formulations of the problem are usually combined with low-order finite elements to weaken or possibly eliminate the locking of the numerical solution.In recent years high-order finite elements have been introduced and successfully applied in several fields. Previously we have constructed a family of hierarchic high-order finite elements to solve the Reissner-Mindlin problem in its plain formulation. The locking was strongly reduced but was still active for very thin plates. Meanwhile some mixed-interpolated finite elements have been developed and shown to be locking free. In this paper we combine the two approaches, namely, the hierarchic high-order elements and the mixed-interpolated elements. The result is a family of special finite elements that exhibits both properties of convergence and robustness.
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  • 63
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 629-629 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 64
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 631-632 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 65
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 981-993 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: boundary element method ; boundary geometry ; smooth modelling ; Lagrange elements ; Overhauser elements ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper reveals the conditions under which the approximations of the normal vector and global coordinates of interior points of two segments on a smooth contour can fail using the C1-continuous Overhauser elements. A new continuous modelling of the normal vector is developed using the standard Lagrange elements. The derivation is consistent with the assumptions employed in the boundary element method formulations of potential problems. Test numerical examples are considered in order to analyse the accuracy of the approximations based on the use of standard C0-continuous elements, Overhauser C1-continuous elements and the proposed ‘smooth’ C0 elements.
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  • 66
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    Communications in Numerical Methods in Engineering 11 (1995), S. 1039-1045 
    ISSN: 1069-8299
    Keywords: pure advection ; Lagrangian treatment ; control volume ; QUICKEST scheme ; large Courant numbers ; accuracy ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper describes a new numerical algorithm for pure advection at large Courant numbers. The DISCUS scheme uses an accurate and proven control volume algorithm (QUICKEST) within a Lagrangian treatment of advection. By being in sympathy with the information flow dictated by characteristic lines, the scheme performs exceedingly well at Courant numbers greater than one. In contrast to existing Lagrangian schemes which use the characteristics to determine the grid points from which concentrations are interpolated, in DISCUS the characteristics are used to determine the appropriate location for the control volume. The scheme is of comparable accuracy to Eulerian schemes at Courant numbers less than one, but it increasingly outperforms them as the Courant number increases. Indeed, the results reported illustrate the futility of using an Eulerian scheme at high Courant numbers.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: chlorine complexes ; ethene complexes ; intermediates ; rotational spectroscopy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A complex of ethene and Cl2 has been characterised in the gas phase. Rotational spectra of the isotopomers C2H4…35Cl2, C2H4…35Cl37Cl and C2H4…37Cl35Cl were recorded by using a fast-mixing nozzle in an FT microwave spectrometer. Rotational constants, centrifugal distortion constants and Cl nuclear quadrupole coupling constants. χgg (Cl) are reported in each case. The complex is of the π-donor-acceptor type and has a C2v geometry in which Cl2 lies along the C2 axis perpendicular to the plane of the C2H4 nuclei. The binding is weak, and only small changes in the χgg (Cl) attend complex formation. A simple model attributes these changes to a transfer of around 0.02e from the inner to the outer Cl nucleus, thus confirming that the complex is of the Mulliken outer type. Similarities in the properties of C2H4… Cl2 and C2H4… HCl indicate that the angular geometry is in both cases determined mainly by the electrostatic part of the interaction. The distance from the π-bond midpoint to Cl decreases from C2H4… HCl to C2H4… Cl2; this suggests that Cl2 is “snub-nosed”.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 68
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 68-73 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: porphyrinoids ; Rothemund synthesis ; sapphyrin ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Rothemund-type condensation of pyrrole and benzaldehyde yields, apart from 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPH2) and inverted tetraphenylporphyrin 2-aza-21-carba-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (CTPPH2), a unique pentapyrrolic macrocyclic molecule with the aromatic nucleus of sapphyrin, namely, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylsapphyrin (TPSH3). Its unorthodox structural skeleton with an inverted pyrrole ring lying opposite to the bipyrrole unit accounts for the spectroscopic properties of the novel sapphyrin. The diprotonation of TPSH3 acts as a trigger for a structural transformation involving a flip of the pyrrole units, which relocates the 27-NH pyrrolic nitrogen from the periphery into the center of the macrocycle. The formation of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylsapphyrin proves that the pentapyrrolic product is accessible by the mechanism of the Rothemund synthesis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: charge transfer ; EPR spectroscopy ; organometallic compounds ; platinum compounds ; spectroelectrochemistry ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In spite of their very similar cyclic voltammograms, absorption spectra, and solvatochromic behavior, the two 1,4-diazabutadiene title complexes exhibit markedly different photoreactivities and underlying electronic structures, as evident from absorption and EPR spectra of the persistent anion radical forms. The lowest excited state of the nonphotoreactive PtII system [(CyN=CH—CH=NCy)-PtMe2] has MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge-transfer, 5d → π*) character, and the EPR spectrum of the corresponding anion radical at 〈g〉 = 2.016 exhibits sizable metal/ligand orbital mixing. On the other hand, the structurally characterized PtIV complex [(CyN=CH—CH=NCy)-PtMe4] (C2/c; a = 2021.6(2), b = 805.3(1), c = 1254.2(1) pm; β = 111.05(1)°; V = 1905.7(4) × 106 pm3; Z = 4) has a lowlying photoreactive LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer, σPt—C → π*) excited state in which the axial Pt—C bonds are activated, as already suggested by the longer Pt—C(ax) bonds (214.0(8) pm) relative to Pt—C(eq) in the ground state (204.5(5) pm). The anion radical of the PtIV complex has lost the long-wavelength absorption band in the visible; it shows a well-resolved EPR spectrum at 〈g〉 = 1.9945 with π-ligand and 195Pt hyperfine structure and a small g anisotropy. A qualitative MO scheme is presented to account for the similar frontier-orbital energy differences despite dissimilar underlying electronic structures.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 70
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 111-117 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: alkyne complexes ; carbon networks ; macrocycles ; platinum compounds ; tetraethynylethene ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses of the first organometallic mono- and dinuclear platinum complexes bearing the tetraethynylethene unit as an η1-ligand are reported. Structural characterization of two of the trans σ-bis(acetylide) derivatives by X-ray crystallography reveals coplanarity of the acetylenic π-ligands and indicates possible electronic delocalization across the metal center. This notion is further supported by comparing the electronic absorption spectra of the platinum-containing compounds with those of related tetraethynylethene derivatives without metals. The solidstate structure of a dinuclear complex with two iodoplatinum fragments attached to one set of geminal acetylenes of tetraethynylethene was also investigated by X-ray diffraction. Hay coupling of a mononuclear species leads to the incorporation of the σ-bis(acetylide) moiety into a diplatinated metallacycle. This macrocyclic compound represents a novel structural motif in the design of a transition metal linked carbon network based on tetraethynylethene.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric syntheses ; azomethine ylides ; chiral auxiliaries ; cycloadditions ; pyrrolidines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Upon treatment with triethylamine or DBU in the presence of LiBr, aromatic and aliphatic imines of amino acid esters are converted to N-metalated azomethine ylides. These 1,3-dipoles undergo highly stereoselective cycloadditions with N-acryloyl-(S)-proline esters in THF at -78 to -40°C to afford highly substituted pyrrolidines with complete regiocontrol and good to excellent diastereomeric ratios. The chiral auxiliary groups can readily be removed from the cycloadducts by simple acid hydrolysis. To rationalize the observed stereoselectivity a transition-state model is proposed in which the lithium cation is coordinated to both the 1,3-dipole and the dipolarophile.
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  • 72
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 161-164 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: block synthesis ; epoxidations ; glycosylations ; oligosaccharides ; selenoglycosides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Several suitable building blocks for the construction of the phytoalexin elicitor α-methyl-32, 34-di-β-D-glucopyranosylgentiopentaoside (2) were readily accessible by oxidative coupling of glucals. Block coupling of trimeric phenylseleno- and ethylthioglucosyl donors 17 and 18 with tetrasaccharide 16 in the presence of the thiophilic promoter N-iodosuccinimide and catalytic trifluoromethanesulfonic acid furnished the desired heptaglucan 2 in high overall yield.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 73
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 74
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 75
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric syntheses ; enol ethers ; Fischer carbenes ; Michael additions ; syn diastereoselectivity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Michael addition reactions of ketone and ester lithium enolates to optically active Fischer vinylcarbene complexes derived from (-)-8-phenylmenthol take place with high syn selectivity and high levels of asymmetric induction. The initial Michael adducts can be further elaborated through diastereoselective addition of organometallic reagents to ketones and aldol reactions. Removal of the metal fragment and chiral auxiliary group leads to cyclic enol ethers with three or five contiguous stereogenic centers and of high enantiomeric purity.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: amphiphiles ; C-glycosides ; cryptates ; fullerenes ; ionophores ; Langmuir-Blodgett films ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of the first fullerene cryptate 7 with a sodium ion bound to a benzo[2.2.2]cryptand covalently attached to a methanofullerene[60] is described. The amphiphilic properties of 7 as well as of a variety of other covalent fullerene derivatives with polar functional groups and the ability of these compounds to form Langmuir monolayers at the air-water interface were investigated in a systematic study. Among these derivatives are Diels-Alder adducts of C60 and methanofullerenes, four of which are fullerene C-glycosides. The films at the water surface were characterized by their surface pressure versus molecular area isotherms, compression and expansion cycles, and optical light microscopy. UV/Vis spectroscopy and small-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXS) were employed for LB film characterization on solid substrates. Parameters influencing the spreading and monolayer character include (a) polarity, (b) balance of hydrophobicity to hydrophilicity, (c) size and bulkiness of the polar groups attached to the fullerene, and (d) presence of aromatic residues in these groups.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: diarylethenes ; molecular devices ; nonlinear optics ; photochromes ; redox switches ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organic photochromic systems represent a starting point for the elaboration of light-triggered molecular switching devices. The novel bispyridinium and bispyridine compounds 12+ and 6 were synthesized as their uncyclized isomers from 3,5-dibromo-2-methylthiophene in overall yields of 43 and 44%, respectively. The diarylethene photochromes 2 and 10-13, substituted with electron donors and acceptors, were prepared from 5-methylthiophene-2-carboxaldehyde in 21-32% overall yield. All of the compounds were found to exhibit pronounced photochromic properties. Irradiation with UV light resulted in essentially complete photocyclization of the open forms to the intensely coloured closed isomers which could, in turn, be reconverted back to the open state with visible light of γ〉600 nm. The absorption maxima of the described compounds in their closed forms are shifted far towards, and even into, the near-IR region. Whereas no thermochromic properties were observed for the open isomers, the rates of thermal decolouration of the cyclized forms was found to be highly dependent on the nature of the substituents on the thiophene rings. It was demonstrated that reversible photochemical interconversion between the two photochromic states could be used to effectively switch a number of physical properties. Thus, the molecules 12+ and 12 represent two kinds of redox switches, the former in reduction and the latter in oxidation, in which electron conduction is switched on in the closed state and off in the open state. Compound 12 may also be considered to be a photoswitchable analogue of tetrathiafulvalene type substances. On the other hand, compound 2 displays a marked increase in nonlinear optical activity on conversion from the open to the closed form. Such systems are prototypes of photoswitchable molecular wires where electron conduction and push-pull interaction can be reversibly modulated by an external stimulus, namely, irradiation by light.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: diarylethenes ; electrochromes ; molecular devices ; optical memory ; photochromes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bisphenolic dithienylethene molecules 1a and 1b were synthesized in overall yields of 45% from 4-bromoanisole and 44% from 2.6-di-tert-butyl-4-iodophenol, respectively. The corresponding extended quinones 3a and 3b were also prepared. Photochemical studies showed that compounds 1 are photochromic; the open forms 1 could be converted with UV light of 312nm to the closed coloured forms 2 with photostationary states lying at essentially complete conversion (〉 98%). The 1a-2a system was found to exhibit good resistance to photofatigue and thermal stability for both photoisomers. Cyclic voltammetry studies involving the 2/3 couples showed that whereas 2b undergoes irreversible oxidation at + 0.85 V (vs. SCE in THF), the hydroquinone 2a is reversibly oxidized at an E1/2 of + 0.72V (in MeCN, quasi-reversibly in THF at + 0.81 V); this reflects the differences in deprotonation behaviour of the generated QH2/2+ species. The large difference in oxidation potential between 1a and 2a allows the photochemical switching of redox properties. In a complementary fashion, redox switching of the photochromic properties within the 2a-3a pair is possible since 3a is stable to visible light. Owing to this unique behaviour, the triad consisting of 1-3a represents a novel molecular device with mutually regulating photo- and electrochromic behaviour. In addition, the ability to interconvert between the three stable states makes the system well-suited as the basis for an optical memory system with multiple storage and nondestructive readout capacity through a write-lock-read-unlock-erase cycle.
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  • 79
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: asymmetric syntheses ; alkenylations ; SAMP/RAMP hydrazones ; selenyl aldehydes ; sphingosine ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: L-threo-sphingosine and its D-erythro isomer (1) are subunits of many glycosphingolipids, gangliosides and ceramides. This paper describes the highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of both isomers (de, ee 〉 98%). The key steps in the synthesis are the aldol reaction of the SAMP hydrazone (S)-2 with racemic α-phenylselenylpentadecanal 3, the diastereoselective triacetoxyborohydride reduction of ketone 5 and exclusive (E) C—C double bond formation in the elimination of hydroxyl and selenyl moieties promoted by methanesulfonyl chloride. Mesylate 8 was then readily converted via the 1,3-O-acetonide-protected azidosphingosine 9 to L-threo-sphingosine. Conversion to the known 1-O,2-N-diacetyl-protected sphingosine 13 with subsequent Mitsunobu inversion of the C3—OH centre afforded the D-erythro-sphingosine epimer.
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  • 81
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 403-413 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: conjugation ; ferromagnetism ; helices ; magnetic properties ; polymers ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electronic structures of conjugated polymers containing methyl radicals, carbenes, and nitrogen-based radicals coupled in various ways through benzene rings are examined, employing band-structure calculations in the extended Hückel approximation. The structural and electronic properties of polymers with a para-phenylene or meta-phenylene coupling unit are compared. In the polymer with methyl radicals coupled through a para-phenylene unit, a pairing or Peierls distortion occurs to remove the degeneracy at the Fermi level. The resulting bandgap is nevertheless relatively small; we conclude that such polymers are likely to exhibit high electrical conductivity upon doping, very much like polyacetylene. On the other hand, in the polymers with a meta-phenylene coupling unit, striking symmetry-determined, halfoccupied narrow bands appear at the Fermi level and contribute to the stability of the ferromagnetic state. The relation of a potential ferromagnetic state to metallic, CDW, and SDW states is discussed from the viewpoint of orbital interactions in extended systems. We suggest novel 3- and 4-fold helical structures for the meta-phenylene-coupled polymers.
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  • 82
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 423-429 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: kinetics ; peroxyl radicals ; pulse radiolysis ; radicals ; superoxide radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Hydroxyl radicals were generated radiolytically and reacted with a number of benzene derivatives (PhH). In the presence of oxygen, the hydroxycyclohexadienyl radicals thus formed were converted into their corresponding peroxyl radicals. Pulse radiolysis has shown the oxygen addition (forward reaction, f) to be reversible (reverse reaction, r) [Eq. (1)]. The peroxyl radicals can eliminate HO2· to yield phenols, alongside some ring-fragmentation products (product-forming reaction, p). The rate constants for the forward and reverse reactions (kf and kr) and the corresponding stability constants K (= kf/kr) were determined for the hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radicals derived from anisole, toluene, fluorobenzene, benzene, chlorobenzene, benzyl chloride, benzoate ion, phenylalanine, and terephthalate ion. The constants kf lie between 8 × 108 (anisole) and 1.6 × 107 dm3 mol-1 s-1 (terephthalate ion), and kr between 7.5 × 104 (toluene) and 3.4 × 103 s-1 (terephthalate ion). The stability constants lie between 2.6 × 104 (benzene) and 3.3 × 103 dm3 mol-1 (phenylalanine). The rate constants for the product-forming reactions kp are between 5.5 × 103 (anisole) and 3.4 × 102 s-1 (benzoate). For the peroxyl radical derived from phenylalanine, a bond dissociation energy of 5.5 kcal mol-1 has been derived. A number of hydroxy-cyclohexadienyl radicals (e.g., those derived from benzoic acid, ethylbenzoate, benzonitrile, and nitrobenzene) react too slowly to allow the equilibrium constant to be determined by means of pulse radiolysis. These reactions have rate constants kf in the order of 5 × 106 dm3 mol-1 s-1, except for nitrobenzene where the reaction is too slow for measurement. The rate constants kr are below 500 s-1, and the product-forming reaction is too slow to be detected by pulse radiolysis. γ-Radiolysis of N2O/O2(4:1)-saturated aqueous solutions of benzonitrile gave dimeric compounds (e.g., dicyanobiphenyls) in low yield, alongside the three isomeric phenols; this again proves the low reactivity of its hydroxycyclohexadienyl radical toward oxygen.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: allylhydrazines ; cadmium compounds ; catalysis ; photochemistry ; zinc compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Suspensions of zinc or cadmium sulfide powders in a protic solvent catalyse the linear addition of enol ethers and olefins to 1,2-diaryl- and 1-aryl-2-alkyl-1,2-diazenes, producing allylhydrazine derivatives. Relative quantum yields decrease sharply when the 1,2-diazene is more difficult to reduce, while their relationship to the oxidation potential of the enol ether/olefin is complicated. Reduction to 1,2-diarylhydrazine and concomitant dehydrodimerization of the enol ether occurs as a side reaction. It is favoured by increasing light intensity and becomes the major reaction path when platinized (5 mol%) photocatalysts are employed. It is proposed that the photogenerated electron-hole pair in a proton-coupled electron transfer reduces the diazene to a hydrazyl radical and oxidizes the olefin/enol ether to a radical cation. The allylic radical obtained from the latter by deprotonation then undergoes C—N coupling with the hydrazyl radical to afford the allylhydrazine. Diarylhydrazine formation occurs by disproportionation of the hydrazyl radical or by a successive proton-coupled reduction. Thus photoaddition can be classified as a 1 e-/1 h+ process while 2e-/2h+ are necessary for the reduction.
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  • 84
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    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 85
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A general method for the homologation of aldehydes to α-amino aldehydes (aminohomologation) has been developed, which employs nitrones as iminium derivatives of the aldehydes. Key operations include a) the addition of a thiazole metalated at C-2 to the N-benzylnitrone derived from the aldehyde, b) the reductive dehydroxylation of the resultant thiazolyl N-benzylhydroxylamine, and c) the unmasking of the formyl group from the thiazole ring. The homologation sequence was studied by employing nitrones derived from various chiral polyalkoxy aldehydes and dialdoses. The addition of 2-lithiothiazole to these nitrones was syn-selective, whereas the reaction with the same nitrones precomplexed with Lewis acids was anti-selective. Hence, from each nitrone a pair of diastereoisomeric hydroxylamines was obtained. These compounds were then converted by the above sequence into α-epimeric α-amino aldehydes. Model elaborations of some of these products afforded the amino sugars D-glucosamine, D-mannosamine, D-nojirimycin, and advanced intermediates for the synthesis of destomic acid and lincosamine.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: alkenyl ; Fischer-Tropsch synthesis ; labelling studies ; rhodium compounds ; vinyl ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Results consistent with the participation of vinyls in the initiation and of alkenyl species in the propagation steps of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction are reported. Substantial incorporation of 13C2 into the alkene and alkane (C3-C7) hydrocarbon products occurred when doubly labelled vinyls (13C2H3Br. (13C2H3)4Si, or 13C2H4) were added as molecular probes to the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide over rhodium/ceria/silica catalysts (1 atm, 220°C). There was, by contrast, no significant incorporation of 13C1 into any of the organic products; thus cleavage of the C2 probe did not occur. The degree of 13C2 incorporation decreased with increasing molecular mass of the hydrocarbon; this indicates that the probe molecule initiated but did not propagate. A mathematical model based on polymerisation of surface methylenes initiated by a vinyl, propagated by alkenyls and terminated by reaction with a surface hydrogen or by coupling has been developed to explain the 13C2 incorporation data. Under the conditions of the experiments, the relative ability of the probes to initiate is: vinyl bromide (60%)〉tetravinylsilane (30%)〉ethene (15%). Substantial formation of 13C4 products also occurred when vinyl bromide or tetravinylsilane were used as probes; this arises from a dimerisation of the vinyl on the surface, a process which has been modelled in homogeneous systems and also by other workers in studies on single crystal surfaces. There was no significant 13C incorporation into the oxygenates (methanol, ethanol, acetaldehyde); these products are formed by a different path.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 594-597 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: electron microscopy ; gels ; helices ; self-assembly ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis, molecular structure, and properties of a new chiral gelforming agent 1 are described. Key structural features in 1 are a γ-alkoxybutyro-lactone tetralin moiety and an angular phenylsulphone unit. The new low molecular weight gelator 1 can reversibly form stable gels in low concentrations (e.g., 1:800 for n-hexane) with isopropanol and a variety of apolar organic solvents. The gels were studied with differential scanning calorimetry and a combination of electron microscopy techniques, which revealed a highly ordered three-dimensional network of entangled fibers. X-ray analysis showed that the aggregation of 1 leads to a helical structure in the solid state. Nonchiral analogues 2 and 3 were unable to initiate gel formation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 3-3 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 56-67 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: amethyrin ; orangarin ; porphyrinoids ; terpyrroles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new, general synthesis of the first β-substituted tetra- and hexaalkyl terpyrroles is described. Also described are two new classes of expanded porphyrins derived from the hexaalkyl terpyrrole. The key step in the terpyrrole formation is the copper(II)-mediated oxidative coupling of the LDA-derived enolates of α-keto pyrroles. The first new expanded porphyrin reported here, the so-called “orangarin”, contains five pyrrolic subunits and two bridging carbon atoms, and is formally a 20π-electron nonaromatic macrocycle. The second new class of expanded porphyrins, the “amethyrins”, are 24π-electron nonaromatic macrocycles containing six pyrrole units. Both of these new macrocycles, as well as one of the new terpyrrolic precursors have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 100-100 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 118-123 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: antiferromagnetic exchange ; crystal structure ; indium compounds ; Jahn-Teller distortion ; titanium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dark green crystals of In3Ti2Br9 have been synthesized from elemental Ti and molten InBr3 at 450°C. The X-ray diffractional characterization by means of single-crystal and powder Rietveld refinement reveals a hexagonal crystal structure (a = 738.2(2), c = 1813.9(3) pm; P63/mmc, Z = 2) of Cs3Cr2Cl9 type, containing Ti2Br3-9 dimers and univalent indium cations. Self-consistent, semiempirical band structure calculations show the structural distortions of the two monovalent indium cations to arise from a second-order Jahn-Teller instability. The new compound's magnetic susceptibility and microscopic antiferromagnetic exchange are analyzed by using a Bleaney-Bowers ansatz.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 94
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: electrophilic additions ; N-pyrrolyl complexes ; rearrangements ; rhenium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reaction of [{Re}(OTf)] (1; {Re}  -  (η5-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3) and potassium pyrrolide gives the N-pyrrolyl complex 2, 88%). Reactions of 2 with (CF3CO)2O/N(C2H5)3 and CH3O2CC=CCO2CH3 give 3- and 2-substituted pyrrolyl complexes respectively (3, R/R′ = H/COCF3, 77%; 5, R/R′ = C(CO2CH3)=CHCO2CH3/H, 69-87%). Free pyrrole is much less reactive towards these reagents. Reactions of 2 and TfOH or HBF4·OEt2 give the 2H-pyrrole adducts +X- (7+X-; 89-83%). At 0-25°C in CH2Cl2, these rearrange to the carbon-ligated tautomers +X-(8+X-) and then +X-; (9+X-; 72-96 h, 90-96%). Reaction of 1 and pyrrole in refluxing toluene gives 8+TfO- and then 9-TfO- (92%). However, 1 and pyrrole react too slowly in CH2Cl2 to be intermediates in the conversion of 7+TfO- to 9+TfO-. Reaction of 9+ TfO- and KH gives the C-pyrrolyl complex (68%), which adds TfOH to give 9+TfO-. Mechanistic aspects of the preceding reactions are discussed. The crystal structures of 2 and 9+TfO- are determined, and the NC4Hx ligand conformations analyzed with extended Hückel MO calculations.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: rapamycin ; stannylethenes ; Stille coupling ; vinyl iodides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Details of the total synthesis of rapamycin (1) are reported. The synthesis required the preparation of intermediates 4 - 9 in nonracemic form; key coupling reactions included a chromium-mediated addition of vinyl iodide 8 to aldehyde 7 and an Evans aldol reaction to couple fragments 62 and 9. Intermediates 4 and 6 were joined through an amide bond formation to afford advanced intermediate 71. Swern oxidation of the diol in 71 was followed by a selective removal of the TES groups and a second Swern oxidation. Finally, removal of the remaining silyl protecting groups provided fully deprotected, penultimate intermediate 2 in which all carbons were in their proper oxidation state. Macrocyclization was achieved through a tandem inter/intramolecular palladium-mediated Stille coupling reaction between distannylethene 3 and bis(vinyl iodide) 2. This latter process accomplished in one step the installation of the remaining two carbons of the natural product and the completion of its total synthesis.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: ate complexes ; intramolecular coordination ; lutetium complexes ; organometallic compounds ; yttrium complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New complexes of lutetium and yttrium containing the monoanionic, terdentate ligand [2,6-(Me2NCH2)2C6H3]- (NCN) have been synthesized by substitution reactions starting from MCl3 (M = Lu, Y). Reaction of MCl3 (M = Y, Lu) with one equivalent of (NCN)Li affords the ate complexes [(NCN)MCl2(μ-Cl)(μ-Li(thf)2)]2) (M = Lu (1a), Y (1b)) in which the terdentate ligand is bound in mer fashion and all three chloride atoms are retained in the product. Crystals of 1a are monoclinic (space group P21/n, a =10.4559(4), b = 21.6150(9), c=12.1700(7) Å, β = 105.294(4)°, Z = 2, final R = 0.039 for 3695 observed reflections [I〉2.50σ(I)]). Attempted substitution of chloride in the yttrium complex 1b by Me3SiCH2- leads to decomposition. However, reaction of 1a with Me3SiCH2Li gives the monoalkyl complex [(NCN)Lu-(μ-Cl)(CH2SiMe3)]2 2, 30% yield), in which the terdentate ligand is bound in a pseudo-facial manner. Crystals of 2 are triclinic (space group P1, a = 9.8575(7), b = 10.0171(7), c = 11.1460(14) Å, α = 75.096(8). β = 78.092(8), γ =77.474(6)°, Z = 1, final R1 = 0.11 for 1361 reflections [I 2σ(I)]). Substitution of the chloride ions in 2 by Me3SiCH2- is possible and affords quantitatively the bisalkyl complex [(NCN)Lu(CH2SiMe3)2] (3). The lutetium complexes 2 and 3 are formally coordinatively unsaturated complexes, which are moisture-sensitive and thermally stable for several weeks when dissolved in aromatic solvents. However, they decompose rapidly in aliphatic solvents such as hexane, and a decomposition route involving the formation of carbene species is proposed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: biomineralization ; calcite ; crystal morphology ; mosaic structure ; symmetry reduction ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Organisms can exert a remarkable degree of control over crystal growth. One way of achieving this is by the adsorption of specialized macromolecules on specific planes of the growing crystals. With continued growth of the crystal, the macromolecules are incorporated inside the crystal bulk. Their presence does not change the crystal structure, but creates discontinuities in the perfect lattice. Here we study in detail three unusual cases of reduction in symmetry at the level of crystal domain shapes, induced by this controlled intercalation. We examined sponge spicules, which are single crystals of Mg-bearing calcite. They were specifically chosen for this study, because their morphologies do not reflect the hexagonal symmetry of calcite. Their crystal textures (coherence lengths and angular spreads) were characterized by high-resolution X-ray diffraction with well-collimated synchrotron radiation. The results are compared to analogous studies of synthetic calcite and Mg-bearing calcite. In all the selected spicules reduction in symmetry is observed in the coherence lengths among symmetry-related crystallographic directions. The reconstructed shapes of the domains of perfect structure closely match the specific spicule morphologies. The synthetic crystals show no such reduction in symmetry. Although the manner by which such exquisite control is achieved is not known, we envisage it involving a combination of oriented nucleation with either physical or stereochemically driven adsorption.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 430-435 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: amino acids ; asymmetric synthesis ; BNCT ; carboranes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two α-amino acids containing the 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane (12) cage, namely, 5-(1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran (12)-1-yl)-2-aminopentanoic acid (1) and 5-(2-methyl-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaboran (12)-1-yl)-2-aminopentanoic acid (2), were prepared by asymmetric synthesis (e.p. 〉 98%) by using the chiral glycine equivalent, imidazolidinone 3, introduced by Seebach, and Oppolzer's camphor-derived sultam derivative 4. The dextrorotatory enantiomers (sodium D line in methanol) of the amino acids 1 and 2 were both shown to have (S) configuration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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