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  • 1995-1999  (485)
  • 1985-1989
  • 1860-1869
  • 1995  (485)
  • Genetics  (327)
  • crystal structure  (158)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    α-Iminohydroxylamine-α-aminonitrone tautomerism: a 1∶1 mixture of two tautomeric forms in crystals of N-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-N-phenyl-hydroxylamine (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 813-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Tautomerism ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Crystals consisting of two distinct chemical entities, tautomers of each other, in exact 1∶1 ratio, have been obtained and their structure determined by X-ray analysis. The crystals of C9H11N3·C9H11N3 are monoclinic,P21/c,a=15.674(3),b=17.085(3),c=13.758(3)Å, β=90.78(2)°,Z=8. There are two hydroxylamine and two aminonitrone molecules in the asymmetric unit. Hydrogen bonds connect those molecules into chiral layers. Layers of opposite chirality alternate andthe crystal is centrosymmetric as a whole. Within those layers chains of tautomers joined by very strong O−H... O and strong N−H... N bonds can be recognized. Proton transfer along those chains with simultaneous rearrangement of π-bonds within the molecules would result in interconversion of tautomers and would affect chirality of the layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01671076
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dialkylimidazolium-sodium chloroaluminate ternary salt system: phase diagram and crystal structure (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: phase diagram ; buffered chloroaluminate ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The phase diagram of the buffered neutral aluminum chloride + 1-ethyl-3-methyl-1H-imidazolium chloride + sodium chloride (AlCl3-EMIC-NaCl) ternary melt system can be represented by a binary phase diagram composed of (EMI)AlCl4 and NaAlCl4. In the binary phase diagram, the salts are liquid at, or near, room temperature for a wide range of compositions. At the 1∶1 composition, the congruently melting compound (EMI)(Na)(AlCl4)2 with m.p.=36.7°C is formed. Crystals of this mixed organic-inorganic salt were grown for single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. The compound crystalizes in the space group $$P\bar 1$$ with lattice parametersa=10.321(1) Å,b=10.895(3) Å,c=9.284(4) Å, α=98.31(2)°, β=100.83(4)°, γ=101.95(3)°. Data collected at −120°C gave final residuals ofR=0.037 andR w=0.045 using 2713 observed reflections. The packing diagram reveals Na+ ion zig-zag chains running along thea-axis with each Na+ surrounded by four AlCl 4 − units, reminiscent of NaAlCl4. The AlCl 4 − ions form a distorted square planar coordination sphere around Na+ at an average Na−Al distance of 3.76(4) Å. Using a sodium ionic radius of 1.16 Å, a new AlCl 4 − ionic radius of 2.60 Å is calculated. This radius is 0.21 Å shorter than the reported thermodynamic radius.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01667037
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antifungal copyrine alkaloids: crystal structure of 3-methylsampangine (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 223-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Antifungal alkaloids ; 3-methylsampangine ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract 3-Methylsampangine, C16H10N2O, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c witha=7.260(3),b=10.697(5),c=15.342(6) Å, and β=102.69(4). All nonhydrogen atoms of this potent antifungal agent are planar to within 0.082 Å. The title compound exhibits potentin vitro antifungal activity againstC. neoformans, C. albicans andA. fumigatus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665173
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Crystal structure of decacalcium tetrapotassium hexakis (pyrophosphate) nonahydrate (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 219-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Calcium phosphate ; calcium pyrophosphate ; calcium potassium pyrophosphate ; crystal structure ; layer-type structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of Ca10K4(P2O7)6·9H2O has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals are hexagonal, space group P63cm witha=11.761(1),c=9.770(1) Å, andZ=1. The structure was refined toR=0.028 andR w=0.037 for 468 reflections withI≥3σ(I). The structure consists of a compact assembly of Ca and P2O7 ions arranged in layers perpendicular to thec-axis in a hexagonal array with relatively large open channels along thec-axis. The K ions and the water molecules are located in these open channels and are disordered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665172
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unusual occurrence of photooxidation of a cage diol (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 295-298 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Cage-diol ; crystal structure ; photooxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An unusual photooxidation was noted upon photolytic cage closure of a substituted tricyclo[6.2.1.02.7]undecane-exo, exo-diol. The resultant compound, which may be regarded as a mono-reduced pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione, was characterizedvia X-ray crystallography. This species could be reduced to the tricyclo[6.2.1.02,7]undecane-endo, exo-diol under conditions previously shown to be inert for the parent dione.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01796053
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal and molecular structure of 6,7-benzo-3,4 (1,4-dimethoxy-2,3-naphtho)-1,5-dioxosuberane (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 379-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Benzonaphthodioxosuberane ; crystal structure ; radermachol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound (2) C21H16O4 has been determined by an X-ray analysis, by direct methods from diffractometer data and refined by full-matrix least squares. The compound (2) crystallizes in the space group P21/a, with cell parameters:a=36.432(5),b=5.512(3),c=8.269(5) Å, β=108.0(3)°,z=4,D c =1.397 g/cm−3,R=7.8 for 1136 observed reflections. The conformation of the tetracyclic ring system shows a folding of two planar parts of the carbon skeleton about an axis passing thorough C8 and C16 of the seven membered ring C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665273
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and structural characterization of [Au2Pd14(μ3-CO)7(μ2-CO)2(PMe3)11](PF6)2—An icosahedrally-based high nuclearity mixed metal cluster (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 71-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Palladium ; gold ; cluster ; phosphine ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [Au2Pd14(μ3-CO)7(μ2-CO)2(PMe3)11](PF6)2 has been synthesized from [Pd8(CO)8(PMe3)7] and AuCl(PCy3) in the presence of TIPF6. It has been characterised on the basis of mass spectrometry, infrared and NMR spectroscopy, and a single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The structure is based on a palladium-centered Au2Pd11 icosahedron which shares an edge with a Pd5 trigonal bipyramid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01175837
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  • 8
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    Electronic Resource
    The synthesis and reactivity of the heptanuclear dianion [Os7(CO)20]2− including the synthesis and structural characterizations of the compounds [Os7(CO)20(AuPEt)3 2] and [Os8(CO)20(η6-C6H6] (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 163-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Cluster carbonyl ; osmium ; gold ; arene ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Reduction of the heptaosmium cluster [Os7(CO)21] With [Et4N][NH4) gives the cluster dianion [Os7(CO)20]2−,1, in high yield. The reaction of the dianion with [AuPR 3Cl] (R=Et or Ph) in the presence of TlPF6 forms [Os7((CO)20(AuPR 3)2] [R=Et (2a);R = Ph(2b)] in 80% yield, while the corresponding reaction with (Os(C6H6)(CH3CN)3]2+ gives [Os8(CO)20 (η 6-C6H6)] (3) in reasonable yield (ca. 30%). The dianion,1, and the clusters2 and3 have been fully characterized by bout spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. The crystal structure of the [Ph4P]+ salt of1 shows that the metals in the anion adopt a capped octahedral geometry, with all twenty carbonyl ligands in terminal sites. The metal core geometry in2a is best described as a tricapped octahedron, and is based on the structure of the dianion1 with two adjacent octahedral faces capped by the Au atoms of the two AuPEt3 groups. In a similar fashion, the geometry of3 is related to that of1 with the addition of an Os(C6H6) unit capped to a triangular face, to give a bicapped octahedral framework.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01175843
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of the undecaosmium carbido carbonyl cluster: Crystal and molecular structures of [N(PPh3)2][Os11C(CO)27(μ-Cl)] (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 343-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Undecaosmium carbido cluster ; µ-bridged chlorol preparation ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A chloro-derivative of undecaosmium carbido cluster [Os11C(CO)27(µ-Cl)]-1 anion has been prepared and fully characterized by spectroscopic and crystallographic methods. The structure1 is an important intermediate for the conversion of [Os11C(CO)27]2 2 dianion to [OS10C(CO)24]2-3 dianion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01169700
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, chemical, and electrochemical characterization of the [Ag13{μ3-Fe(CO)4}] n− (n = 3, 4, 5) cluster anions: X-Ray structural determination of [N(PPh3)2]3 [Ag12(μ12-Ag){μ3Fe(CO)4}8]1 (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 107-123 
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    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Silver ; iron ; carbonyl ; cluster ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The oxidation of the [Fe(CO)4]2− dianion with Ag+ salts occurs through a particularinner-sphere mechanism, which involves an intermediate cascade of silver clusters stabilized by Fe(CO)4 ligands. The last detectable Ag-Fe cluster of the sequence is the [Ag13{μ-Fe(CO)4}8]3− trianion, which has been selectively obtained by using ca. 1.7 equivalents of Ag+ per mole of [Fe(CO)4]2−. The [Ag13{μ-Fe(CO)4}8]3−- trianion has been isolated in a crystalline state with several quaternary cations, and has been characterized by X-ray diffraction studies of its bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium salt. [N(PPh3)2]3 [Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4}8]·2(CH3)2CO, monoclinic, space group P21 (No.4),a = 16.284(2) Å,b =18.767(5) Å,c = 25.905(4) Å,β = 90.46(1)°,V = 7916(3) Å3,Z = 2,R = 0.0324. The molecular structure of the anion consists of a centered cuboctahedron of silver atoms with the triangular faces capped by Fe(CO)4 units. Chemical reduction of ( Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4}8]3− affords the corresponding [Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4)8]4−, which in turn gives [Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4)8]5− and [Ag6{μ 3-Fe(CO)4}4]– upon further reduction. Electrochemical investigations confirm the reversibility of the [Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4}8]3−/4− redox change. Furthermore, in spite of some electrode poisoning effects, evidence of the existence of the [Ag13{μ 3-Fe(CO)4}8]5− pentaanion was obtained. The yet structurally uncharacterized [Ag6{μ 3-Fe(CO)4)4]2− dianion is quantitatively obtained by reaction of [Fe(CO)4]2− with ca. 1.5 equivalents of Ag+ or by addition of one equivalent of Ag+ to solutions of the [Ag5{Fe(CO)4}4]3− trianion. All attempts to isolate its quaternary salts as crystalline materials failed owing to formation of amorphous insoluble precipitates. The above series ofμ 3-Fe(CO)4 octa-capped cuboctahedral Ag13 clusters can be envisioned as the Ag+ . Ag and Ag− cryptates of the [Ag12{μ}3-Fe(CO)4}8]4− cryptand. respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01175839
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  • 11
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    Electronic Resource
    The synthesis and structural characterization of Os3(CO)8[Si(OMe)3][μ-PMe2(C6H4](μ-H)2: An unusual unsaturated triosmium cluster complex (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 437-447 
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    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Osmium ; unsaturated cluster ; ortho-metallation ; siloxyl ligand ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of Os3(CO)10(NCMe)[Si(OMe)3](μ-H),1, with PMe2Ph yielded the new complex Os3(CO)10(PMe2Ph)[Si(OMe)3](μ-H),2 by substitution of the MeCn ligand with the phosphine ligand. When heated to 125°C compound2 was decarbonylated and transformed into the new unsaturated cluster complex Os3(CO)8[μ-PMe2(C6H4)][Si(OMe)3](μ-H)2,3 in 54% yield. Compound3 was characterized by a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, osmium bonds. The phenyl ring of the phosphine ligand has undergoneortho-metallation by a neighboring metal atom. A terminally coordinated Si(OMe)3 ligand is coordinated to the third osmium atom. The cluster is unsaturated by the amount of 2 electrons, and there is an open coordination site on the siloxyl substituted osmium atom that is partially filled by a weak interaction with one of the π-bonds of theortho-metalled phenyl ring. Complex3 reacts with CO at 1 atm to reform compound2 in 85% yield in 5 h at 40°C. Crystal Data: for3: space group = P21/n,a = 9.911(2) Å,b = 18.451(6) Å,c = 14.872(2) Å,β = 95.64(2)°,Z = 4, 1994 reflections,R = 0.028.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01165472
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Doubly-bridged binuclear complexes of oxomolybdenum(V) and oxotungsten(V) containing sexadentate ligands (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 549-566 
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    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Molybdenum ; tungsten ; di-μ-oxo bridge ; sexadentate ligands ; asymmetric distortion ; stereoselectivity ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Binuclear oxomolybdenum(V) and oxotungsten(V) complexes of the type, [M 2(O)2(μ-X)(μ-X 1)]”, where M=Mo, W;X.X 1=O, S; L=edta, pdta (n=2-), tpen, tppn (n=2+) (edta4– =ethylenediaminetetraacetate(4–), pdta=R- orR,S-propylenediaminetetraacetate(4–), tpen=N,N,N 1,N1-tetrakis(2-pyridyhnethyl)-ethylenediamine, and tppn=R- orR,S-N,N,N 1,N1-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-propylenediami ne) are reviewed with respect to their preparation, structure, spectroscopic properties, reactivities, and in particular asymmetric distortion around the bicyclo [4.1.1 ] type core and stereoselectivity related to this distortion,
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01165773
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the crystal structure and molecular models of N,N-diisobutyl-2-(octylphenylphosphinyl)acetamide (CMPO) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 43-49 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Molecular mechanics ; molecular dynamics ; MNDO ; CMPO ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of N,N-diisobutyl-2-(octylphenylphosphinyl)acetamide, or CMPO was recently determined. The compound crystallizes in the space group P21/c witha=13.446(6),b=22.280(7),c=17.217(7) Å, β=92.07(4)°, andD calc=1.05 g/cm3 forZ=8 @20°C). Molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, and MNDO calculations were also performed on CMPO utilizing the SYBYL1 suite of programs. The results from these calculations are compared to the crystal structure and to similar calculations performed on CMPO using ALCHEMY2,3. In general, the results from the calculations agree fairly well with the parameters from the crystal structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01666193
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  • 14
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    Electronic Resource
    Mercury(II) complex with terpyridine: structure of the 2∶1 solvate of [Hg(terpy)2](CF3SO3)2 with acetone (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 453-458 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Mercury(II) terpyridine complex ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract [Hg(terpy)2](CF3SO3)2·0.5(CH3)2CO crystallizes in the triclinic $$P\bar 1$$ space group witha=14.631(6),b=15.258(4),c=18.785(7) Å, α=69.66(2), β=70.72(1), γ=88.55(1)°. The crystal structure consists of two independent [Hg(terpy)2]2+ cations, four trifluoromethanesulfonate anions and an acetone molecule in the asymmetric unit. Each mercury atom is coordinated by two tridentate terpyridine ligands forming an irregular six-coordination polyhedron. The Hg−N bond lengths range from 2.27(2) to 2.53(2) Å.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665700
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  • 15
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    Crystal structures of twoN-substituted 2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamides (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 463-467 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: 1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamides ; resonance effect ; short intramolecular S...O contact ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The two closely related compoundsN,N-dimethyl 5-(methylthio)-2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamide1 andN-(p-methoxy-phenyl)-N-methyl 5-(methylthio)-2-thioxo-1,3-dithiole-4-carboxamide2 have been characterized by X-ray crystal structure determination. Crystal data for1: triclinic, $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=6.767(1),b=12.594(2),c=6.648(1) Å, α=101.38(1), β=93.37(2), γ=79.62(1)°,V=546.2 Å3,Z=2. Crystal data for2: monoclinic, Cc,a=19.836(4),b=6.057(1),c=15.860(3) Å, β=127.61(3)°,V=1509.5Å3,Z=4. The molecular structures of1 and2 show remarkable differences concerning the conformational behavior. These differences are related to the nature of the substituents at the nitrogen atom. The presence of an aromatic system in2 leads to an almost planar arrangement of the α-oxoketene dithioacetal moiety. This effect is accompanied by a short intramolecular S...O contact of 2.648(2) Å. In the absence of an aromatic system, as is the case for compound1, neither a resonance effect along the α-oxoketene dithioacetal fragment nor a short S...O distance is observed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665702
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  • 16
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    The crystal structure of a heterobimetallic crown ether complex: [Na(dibenzo-18-crown-6)][FeCl4] (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 579-582 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Dibenzo-18-crown-6 ; hetero bimetallic ; crown ether ; crystal structure ; ferric chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Slow evaporation of a solution of ferric chloride and dibenzo-18-crown-6 in 3∶1 CH3CN∶CH3OH produced single crystals of the title complex. This heterobimetallic crown ether complex, [Na(dibenzo-18-crown-6)][FeCl4], crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2t/n with cell parameters (at 22°C)a=14.608(6),b=10.466(9),c=17.276(9)Å, β=91.47(6)°, andD calc=1.46 g cm−3 for Z=4. The structure consists of discrete ions with the shortest Na ... Cl distance a lengthy contact of 3.56(1)Å. The average Na...O separation is 2.69(3)Å. The [FeCl4]− anion exhibits a distorted tetrahedral geometry with an average Fe−Cl bond length of 2.16(2)Å.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01667027
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  • 17
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    Electronic Resource
    Nucleophilic additions of primary and secondary amines to pentacyclo[5.4.0.02,6.03,10.05,9]undecane-8,11-dione (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 633-640 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Amines ; crystal structure ; pentacycloundecane-8,11-dione
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of three compounds formedvia nucleophilic attack of a heterocyclic secondary amine on PCU-8,11-dione, with the concomitant intramolecular attack of one keto oxygen on the carbon of the other ketone, are presented. In all three compounds, the bridging oxygen contains substantial p-character, and the bonds to the “attacking” nitrogen are significantly shorter than would be expected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665969
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  • 18
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    Electronic Resource
    X-ray structure of sesterterpene, 16β-acetoxy-24-methyl-12,24-dioxoscalaran-25-al (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 765-768 
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    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Sesterterpene ; scalaran ; crystal structure ; marine compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The molecular geometry of a tetracyclic sesterterpene has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The conformation of the aldehyde group as observed in the crystal structure supports the rationalization for the absence of aldehyde proton coupling in the nmr spectra of the compound. Crystal data: C28H42O5, M.W.=458.6; orthorhombic, P212121;a=10.797(2),b=29.270(9),c=8.033(1)Å,V=2538.7Å3,Dx=1.199 g cm−3;R=0.045 for 2287 observed reflections.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01670333
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  • 19
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    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of a chiral calixarene: 5,11,17,23-tetra (tert-butyl)-25,27-bis[((+)-camphor-10-sulfonyl)-oxy]-calix[4]arene-26,28-diol: crystal and molecular structure of its (1∶2) complex with toluene (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical crystallography 25 (1995), S. 401-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8854
    Keywords: Calixarene ; complex ; crystal structure ; chirality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The title compound was obtained by treatment ofp-tert-butylcalix[4]arene with (+) camphorsulfonyl chloride in triethylamine and toluene. A (1∶2) complex with toluene has been found. Its structure has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystals are triclinic with space group P1,a=16.426(3),b=18.553(3),c=13.661(2) Å, α=94.78(2), β=110.76(2), γ=72.83(2)°,V=3720(2) Å3,d c =1.127 g/cm3 Z=2. Refinement based on 10495 observed reflections led to a finalR value of 0.100. The two independent molecules of calixarene in the asymmetric unit are in the cone conformation and the calixarene cavities are empty. The guest molecule occupies the interhost space. The norborane skelton of (+) camphorsulfonyl group is the same as ones found in literature. Only van der Waals interactions exist between the host and the guest molecules.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01665277
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and structure of a seven electron triangular cluster complex [Mo3S4Cl3(dppe)2(PEt3] (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 6 (1995), S. 523-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Molybdenum ; reduction ; seven-electron triangular cluster ; bridging sulfide ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The triangular six-electron cluster complex [Mo3S4Cl4(PEt3) x (thf)5] produced by the excision reaction of Mo3S7Cl4 with triethypholsphine is reduced by magnesium at − 20°C. Subsequent addition of dppe (=1,2-his(diphenylphosphino)ethane) to the reduced species affords a seven-electron triangular cluster complex [Mo3S4Cl3(dppe)2(PEt3)]. The complex crystallizes in the space groupCm witha=17.170(6),b-19.878(6),c = 13.289(5)β = 121.73(2)°,V = 3858(2) A3, andZ = 2. The structure shows an almost equilateral triangle of three molybdenum atoms capped by a Sulfur atom and bridged by three sulfur atoms. The Mo Mo distances, ranging from 2.804(1) to 2.809(1) A are elongated ca. 0.04 A as compared with lose of a six-electron cluster complex with drape ligands. Two molybdenum atoms have a chlorine and a dppe ligands, and the other molybdenum atom bas a chlorine and a triethylphosphine ligands. The UV-Vis spectrum has a characteristic broad hand centered at 1410 n m, which is not observed for six-electron clusters. The ESR spectrum indicates the presence of an unpaired electron consistent with the formulation of the compound as a seven-electron cluster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01165771
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties Of Racemic (±)2-(α-Methylbenzylamino)-5-Nitropyridine Single Crystals (1995)
    Springer
    Optical review 2 (1995), S. 128-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: organic crystal ; racemic form ; second-harmonic generation ; refractive index ; nonlinear optical coefficient ; crystal structure ; oriented-gas model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Linear and nonlinear optical properties of racemic (±)2-(α-methylbenzylamino)-5-nitropyridine ((±)MBANP) single crystals have been comprehensively investigated and compared with those of the enantiomorph (–)2-(α-methylbenzylamino)-5-nitropyridine ((–)MBANP) crystals. (±)MBANP crystal exhibits very high chemical and physical stability, but relatively small nonlinear optical coefficients (d31 = 6.8 pm/V, d32 = 4.7 pm/V, d33 = 0.84 pm/V). A comparison between the nonlinear optical coefficients of (±)MBANP and (–)MBANP demonstrates the validity of the oriented-gas model in molecular crystals that neglects all the contributions from intermolecular interaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10043-995-0128-5
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of B-cell lines from SLE patients and their relatives (1995)
    Springer
    Rheumatology international 15 (1995), S. 89-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: SLE Lupus ; BBV transformation ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Epstein-Barr-virus (EBV)-transformed lymphoblastoid B-cell lines were generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 55 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 44 healthy relatives. All donors have previously been extensively characterized with regard to clinical, serologic, and genetic parameters. Here, peripheral blood lymphocytes and lines were characterized for cell surface antigens. Furthermore, autoantibody production and proliferation rate of the cell lines were monitored. A significant difference between patients and relatives was the lower proliferation rate of EBV-transformed cell lines of the SLE patients. All SLE cell lines are available for interested researches and can be obtained from the European Cell Bank, Salisbury, UK.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302123
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic mapping of adrenergic receptor genes in humans (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 73 (1995), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Adrenergic receptors ; Human genetics ; Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; Chromosome mapping ; Linkage ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have genetically mapped the genes encoding four human adrenergic receptors (ARs) of subtypes α1C, α2A, α2B, and β1, which are prototypic G protein coupled receptors that mediate the physiological effects of neurotransmitters, hormones, and drugs. We placed these genes onto the Cooperative Human Linkage Center (CHLC) and Genethon framework maps, within confidence intervals with greater than 1000∶1 odds. With multipoint analysis the α1C gene (locus ADRA1C) mapped to the interval between NEFL and D8S283; α2-C4, the gene encoding the α2C AR (locus ADRA2C), mapped to the interval between D4S126 and D4S62; and the α2-C10 (α2A AR)/β1 haplotype (loci ADRA2A/ ADRB1) mapped to the interval between D10S259 and D10S187. A fifth AR gene, β2, yielded significant LOD scores with markers on the long arm of chromosome 5; however, this locus (ADRB2) could not be mapped to any specific interval with odds of greater than 1000∶1. The two AR genes that are completely linked, α2-C10 and β1, were oriented on their shared 225-kb genomic fragment relative to the direction of transcription, with β1 being 5′ to α2-C10. The positioning of these genes on high-density framework maps allows them to be tested as candidates in a spectrum of diseases that might involve AR dysfunction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231616
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene associated with macroangiopathy and blood pressure in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 73 (1995), S. 307-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Atherosclerosis ; Hypertension ; Type 2 diabetes ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In the search for new risk factors for diabetic macroangiopathy the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene was studied in 237 consecutive patients (125 men and 112 women) with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. The female population showed an excess of ischemic electro-cardiographic changes or definite myocardial infarctions in the patients homozygous for the deletion [D/D; odds ratio (OR) 2.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–5.3] and in the insertion/deletion heterozygotes (I/D; OR 1.8; CI 1.1–3.1) compared with the patients homozygous for the insertion (I/I). In the total series coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and claudication were more often observed in the patients with I/D (OR 1.5; CI 1.0–2.2) or the D/D genotype patients (OR 1.7; CI 1.1–2.6) than in those with the genotype I/I. The systolic blood pressure was lower in patients with genotype I/I (138±19 mmHg) than in those with the genotype I/D (149±22 mmHg) or D/D (150±21 mmHg; P〈0.02). The prevalence of hypertension and the median urinary albumin excretion rate also tended to be lowest in the I/I genotype patients. Multiple logistic analysis revealed that in women the angiotensin-converting enzyme D/D genotype is independently associated with coronary heart disease. Our findings suggest that variation at the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene locus is one of the factors involved in the predisposition of diabetic patients to the development of arterial disease and hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00231617
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mixed desmoplastic primitive neuroepithelial tumor of infancy: a light microscopic, immunocytochemical, ultrastructural and genetic study (1995)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 89 (1995), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Primitive neuroepithelial tumor ; Desmoplastic small cell tumor ; Brain tumor of infancy Immunocytochemistry ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We describe a case of a desmoplastic brain tumor which was initially resected from the right fronto-temporal region in a 2 year-old boy. This nodular, calcified tumor was vascularized by the internal carotid artery and the middle meningeal artery branches. Grossly, it contained several mucoid cysts. Light microscopy showed cords or nests of small cuboidal cells surrounded by a loose connective tissue and desmoplasic areas containing fibers and spindle cells. The cuboidal cells expressed epithelial, neuronal and neuroendocrine markers. Some foci of spindle cells showed glial differentiation. The tumor recurred 16 months later and displayed some characteristics of the small cell neuroepithelial component, mitoses being conspicuous. Electron microscopy revealed undifferentiated clear cells, some containing neurosecretory granules. Karyotyping demonstrated the following formula: 〈 15 〉 46, t(8;11) (a13; q11). The chromosome 11 breakpoint was different from that described in Ewing's sarcoma. This isolated translocation has not been previously reported to our knowledge. These unusual features lead us to report this case and to discuss its pathogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00294266
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex segregation ratio and gender expression in the genus Actinidia (1995)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 129-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Sex control ; Disomic segregation ; Dioecy Kiwifruit ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sex segregation ratio was checked in bi-parental families of Actinidia deliciosa (2n=6x=174) obtained by crossing four females (A12, Mo3, Br4, Hw1) with two males (T2, M1) and one fruiting male (M3h, subandroecious) according to a factorial mating design. The M3h fruiting male was also selfed. The sex ratio was checked in maternal families of A. kolomikta (2n=2x) and A. chinensis (2n=2x) as well as in A. deliciosa. Seedlings of both diploid species took 3–4 years to progress beyond juvenility, whereas a noticeable number of seedlings from biparental crosses of A. deliciosa involving A12 and Hw1 as seed parents were still non-flowering after seven growing seasons. Open-pollinated families of both diploid and hexaploid species as well as most families from biparental crosses showed a sex segregation ratio approaching 1∶1. Subandroecious lines with different degrees of ovary and pistil development appeared in proportions of 0–4.2%, depending on the cross, but only 6 of the 2567 male vines checked were capable of setting fruit. No case of self-fertility or apomixis was detected among 1866 bagged female vines. Selfed M3h progenies gave only female and male phenotypes in a ratio of 1 female to 3 males. No off-type vines were found among these progenies. The same disomic sex segregation ratio seems to be operating at different ploidy levels in the genus Actinidia. Since selfed fruiting males produced both female and male individuals, the male sex appears to be the heterogametic one. Such evidence indicates that a monofactorial system based on one or more linked genes or on an X/Y chromosome set must be controlling sex expression. How a monofactorial sex-determining mechanism could operate in polyploids to give a 1∶1 female: male ratio is discussed. Minor modifying gene(s) seem to be responsible for the feminization of males, and their expression appears enhanced by environmental conditions. Masculinizing gene(s) seem to be lacking in female genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00242255
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opioid operant self-administration, analgesia, stimulation and respiratory depression inμ-deficient mice (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 23-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Opioid ; Genetics ; Self-administration ; CXBK/ByJ ; Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It is commonly thought thatμ-receptors play an important role in the reinforcing effects of opioids. In the present study, inbred strains widely divergent in CNS opiate receptor densities were used to investigate the influence of genetic variation in receptor concentration on opioid-reinforced behavior. In particular, the CXBK/ByJ mice were used as an investigative tool because of their significantly lower number of CNSμ opioid receptors. The behavioral pharmacology of opioids in theμ-deficient CXBK/ByJ mice was compared to other commonly used inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ, and the opiate receptor rich CXBH/ByJ mice. Operant opioid reinforced behavior, opioid-induced locomotor stimulation, analgesia and respiratory depression were investigated in all four inbred strains. To assess the acquisition and maintenance of opioid reinforced behavior, oral self-administration of the potent benzimidazole opioid, etonitazene, was determined using an operant fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement (FR 8). Acquisition of etonitazene-reinforced behavior was established in all four strains including theμ-deficient CXBK/ByJ mice. However, there were significant genetic differences in the amount of drug intake during the maintenance of opioid-reinforced behavior and extinction behavior following vehicle substitution. For example, drug intake was significantly greater in the BK versus BH mice during the maintenance phase and an extinction burst was seen in the BH but not the BK mice following vehicle substitution. Thus,μ-receptor density may not account for individual variability in the acquisition of opioid-reinforced behavior under these conditions. Sensitivity to etonitazene-induced respiratory depression, stimulation of locomotor activity and analgesia were unrelated to drug intake during self-administration sessions across these four inbred strains. These data indicate that inherited differences in CNSμ-opiate receptor concentrations do not affect acquisition of etonitazene-reinforced behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245094
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chromosomal mapping of loci influencing sensitivity to cocaine-induced seizures in BXD recombinant inbred strains of mice (1995)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 117 (1995), S. 62-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Quantitative trait loci ; Seizure ; Recombinant inbred strains ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Among inbred mice, genetic factors mediate differences in sensitivity to the convulsant properties of cocaine; however, the gene(s) underlying cocaine's effects have not been identified. To help elucidate the gene(s) responsible for cocaine seizure susceptibility, we used recombinant inbred-quantitative trait loci (RI-QTL) analyses to identify chromosomal loci associated with cocaine-induced seizures. RI-QTL analyses seek to identify associations between a quantitative measure of a particular phenotype and one or more previously mapped marker genes across a panel of RI strains. This report describes an RI-QTL analysis of cocaine seizure susceptibility among 26 BXD RI strains. These strains showed a skewed, bimodal range of seizure susceptibility which could be the result of one or more modifying genes acting in concert with a major gene to influence cocaine sensitivity. Correlating the percent seizures displayed by each strain following 60 mg/kg cocaine with chromosomal marker data for these strains revealed a number of significant correlations clustered in two regions on chromosomes 12 and 6. This is the first identification of putative chromosomal loci associated with a cocaine-related phenotype and should facilitate identification of the gene(s) underlying cocaine toxicity and other cocaine-related phenotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245099
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic counselling on brittle grounds: recurring osteogenesis imperfecta due to parental mosaicism for a dominant mutation (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Osteogenesis imperfecta ; Collagen I ; Mosaicism ; Genetics ; Recurrence risk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a dominantly inherited connective tissue disorder, is usually caused by defects in collagen I. There is growing evidence for parental mosaicism that results in affected children born to unaffected parents. This situation poses a difficult task for the geneticist because a mosaic parent may appear clinically healthy while carrying the mutation in a fraction of her or his gonadal cells. To illustrate this problem, we report a Swiss couple whose first child was affected with severe OI. The unexpected recurrence of the disorder in the second child raised the suspicion of a recessive trait or, rather, of parental mosaicism. We identified the responsible collagen mutation in the COL1A2 gene (Gly688Ser in the α2(I)-chain) in both children and demonstrated the father to be a somatic mosaic for this mutation and to have subtle clinical signs such as soft skin and short stature that may be a result of his mosaic state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050261
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Floating-Harbor syndrome: description of a further patient, review of the literature, and suggestion of autosomal dominant inheritance (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 658-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Floating-Harbor syndrome ; Growth retardation ; Dysmorphology ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Abstract The Floating-Harbor syndrome is a growth retardation syndrome with delayed bone age, speech development, and typical facial features. The face is triangular with deep-set eyes, long eyelashes, bulbous nose, wide columella, short philtrum, and thin lips. We present an additional patient and review 16 cases from the literature. The possible phenotype in the patient's mother suggests a dominant mode of inheritance for the syndrome. Conclusion The Floating Harbor syndrome is a growth deficiency syndrome characterized by proportionate short stature, characteristic face and delayed speech development. Inheritance is possibly autosomal dominant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02079072
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fetal brain disruption sequence in sisters (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 654-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Fetal development ; Brain diseases ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report two female siblings with the fetal brain disruption sequence. Extensive investigation of both children failed to define a definitive aetiology but clinical and laboratory findings are consistent with a hitherto unknown storage disease. We postulate that the accumulation of a neurotoxic metabolite may be responsible for the disease phenotype observed. This is the first report of recurrence of the fetal brain disruption sequence and supports the existence of a genetic form of this condition. Previous reports have emphasized possible environmental aetiologies. Infants with fetal brain disruption sequence should be investigated exhaustively and, in the absence of definitive evidence of an environmental cause, the possibility of a genetic aetiology should be considered. In some families the recurrence risk may be as high as one in four.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02079071
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fetal brain disruption sequence in sisters (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 654-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Fetal development ; Brain diseases ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We report two female siblings with the fetal brain disruption sequence. Extensive investigation of both children failed to define a definitive aetiology but clinical and laboratory findings are consistent with a hitherto unknown storage disease. We postulate that the accumulation of a neurotoxic metabolite may be responsible for the disease phenotype observed. This is the first report of recurrence of the fetal brain disruption sequence and supports the existence of a genetic form of this condition. Previous reports have emphasized possible environmental aetiologies. Infants with fetal brain disruption sequence should be investigated exhaustively and, in the absence of definitive evidence of an environmental cause, the possibility of a genetic aetiology should be considered. In some families the recurrence risk may be as high as one in four.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050366
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  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Floating-Harbor syndrome: description of a further patient, review of the literature, and suggestion of autosomal dominant inheritance (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 154 (1995), S. 658-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Floating-Harbor ; syndrome ; Growth retardation ; Dysmorphology ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The Floating-Harbor syndrome is a growth retardation syndrome with delayed bone age, speech development, and typical facial features. The face is triangular with deep-set eyes, long eyelashes, bulbous nose, wide columella, short philtrum, and thin lips. We present an additional patient and review 16 cases from the literature. The possible phenotype in the patient's mother suggests a dominant mode of inheritance for the syndrome. Conclusion The Floating Harbor syndrome is a growth deficiency syndrome characterized by proportionate short stature, characteristic face and delayed speech development. Inheritance is possibly autosomal dominant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050367
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    Electronic Resource
    A genetic study of idiopathic focal dystonias (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 242 (1995), S. 508-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Dystonia ; Torticollis ; Blepharospasm ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inheritance of focal dystonias was investigated in 43 families containing 43 index cases with torticollis (n = 21), blepharospasm (n = 18) and writer's cramp (n = 4). They generated a potential population of 235 first-degree relatives, and 168 out of 179 living first-degree relatives were examined. Ten relatives with dystonia were identified in ten families. Another two parents from two of the same group of ten families were affected according to the family history. The majority of the secondary cases (six patients, five siblings, and one child) were not aware of any dystonia. The tendency for affected relatives to have the same type of dystonia as index patients was observed only for torticollis. Overall, 23% of index patients had relatives with dystonia. Segregation analysis suggested the presence of an autosomal dominant gene or genes with reduced penetrante underlying focal dystonia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867421
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    Electronic Resource
    Genetische Faktoren bei der Entstehung und Progression maligner Melanome (1995)
    Springer
    Der Hautarzt 46 (1995), S. 394-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1173
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Malignes Melanom ; Genetische Instabilität ; Genetik ; Syndrom der dysplastischen Nävi ; Xeroderma pigmentosum ; Key words Malignant melanoma ; Genetic instability ; Genetics ; Dysplastic nevus syndrome ; Xeroderma pigmentosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet irradiation is an important risk factor for the development of malignant melanoma, with UVA possibly playing an important role. Hereditary factors are also relevant. In the dysplastic nevus syndrome a genetic instability has been shown by different methods. In xeroderma pigmentosum the DNA repair defect is thought to be responsible for the high incidence of malignant melanoma. Frequent and non-random changes in certain chromosomes have been demonstrated in melanoma cells. These might contain sequences that control melanoma growth or melanoma suppressor genes. Especially the short arm of chromosome 9 is thought to contain one of these genes. This hypothesis is supported by a genetic linkage analysis in melanoma families and the demonstration of a germ line deletion of the locus 9p21 in a patient with eight primary melanomas. Changes in known tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes have also been reported in melanoma, but no consistent sequence of genetic events is known.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Exposition der Haut mit ultravioletten Strahlen ist ein wichtiger Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung eines malignen Melanoms. Möglicherweise spielt hierbei UVA-A eine besondere Rolle. Daneben sind hereditäre Faktoren von Bedeutung. Während beim Syndrom der dysplastischen Nävi eine genetische Instabilität mit verschiedenen Methoden nachgewiesen wurde, wird bei Xeroderma pigmentosum der DNA-Reparaturdefekt für die hohe Melanominzidenz verantwortlich gemacht. In Melanomzellen sind überzufällig häufig karyotypische Veränderungen in bestimmten Chromosomen gefunden worden. Diese enthalten möglicherweise Melanomwachstumsregulierende Sequenzen oder Melanom-Suppressorgene. Insbesondere der kurze Arm des Chromosoms 9 steht in Verdacht, eines dieser Gene zu enthalten. Diese Hypothese wird auch unterstützt durch eine genetische Kopplungsanalyse an Melanomfamilien und dem Nachweis einer Keimbahndeletion des Lokus 9p21 bei einer Patientin mit 8 primären Melanomen. Veränderungen an bereits bekannten Tumorsuppressorgenen oder Onkogenen sind ebenfalls in Melanomen beschrieben worden, ohne daß jedoch eine konsistente Reihenfolge von genetischen Ereignissen bekannt wäre.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001050050272
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    Electronic Resource
    Myotonic dystrophy in a large Sicilian kinship: a case report (1995)
    Springer
    Child's nervous system 11 (1995), S. 453-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0350
    Keywords: Myotonic ; Dystrophy ; Muscle disease ; Genetics ; Case report
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A large Sicilian kinship in which myotonic dystrophy (DM) affected spanning four generations is presented. The pedigree clearly illustrates the phenomenon of anticipation, and illustrates that this phenomenon is more marked when transmission occurs through an affected female rather than an affected male. The pedigree is interpreted in light of recent genetic advances in DM. Neurosurgeons and neurologists should consider a diagnosis of DM when asked to evaluate a floppy infant with enlarged lateral ventricles, and should be aware of special features regarding its inheritance pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334964
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  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The synthesis and X-Ray crystallographic analysis of a stable norbornadienone: 17-Oxo-7,16-methano-7,16-diphenylcyclopenta[d,e]tribenzo[a,h,j]anthracene (1995)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 6 (1995), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: MM3 ; PM3 ; MMX ; crystal structure ; norbonadienone ; distorted compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The reaction of 4,5-didehydroacenaphthene with phencyclone yields the title compound, a stable dibenzo-fused norbornadienone (8). The X-ray structure of8 is presented and compared with the structure predicted from a MM3, PM3, and a MMX calculation. Thermal decomposition of 8 produces, 7,16-diphenylcyclopenta[d,e]tribenzo[a,h,j]anthracene (9), a hydrocarbon that is computed to have a significantly twisted polycyclic aromatic skeleton with 19 kcal/mole of strain energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02286444
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  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular Structure of 5-Methylchrysene-7,8-dihydro-7,8-trans-(e, e)-diol (1995)
    Springer
    Structural chemistry 6 (1995), S. 57-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9001
    Keywords: Hydrogen bonding ; carcinogen ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivative ; dihydrodiol ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the weak carcinogen 5-methylchrysene-7,8-dihydro-7,8-trans-(e,e)-diol is reported. This molecule contains a distorted bay region as a result of the presence of the 5-methyl group as found in 5-methylchrysene and 5,6- and 5, 12-dimethylchrysene. One torsion angle in this bay region is 20
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02263528
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  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of Japanese families with early-onset type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus and screening for mutations in the glucokinase and mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) genes (1995)
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 32 (1995), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) ; Genetics ; Diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Genetic linkage studies of families with earlyonset type 2 diabetes have facilitated the identification of diabetes-susceptibility genes. In order to assess the feasibility of using linkage approaches to identify genes responsible for the development of type 2 diabetes in Japanese subjects, we examined our clinical records for multigenerational families suitable for genetic studies. We identified 16 families in which at least one subject was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes before 25 years of age. Seven of these families had a pattern of inheritance consistent with a diagnosis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) and nine families showed a complex pattern of inheritance of type 2 diabetes with transmission of diabetes-susceptibility genes from both parents. The glucokinase and mitochondrial tRNALeu(UUR) genes were screened for mutations in at least one affected subject from each family in order to assess the contribution of mutations in these genes to the development of the diabetes. No mutations were found, which suggests that the diabetes in these families resulted from mutations in other genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00581039
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Domestication via hybridization of the wild tetraploid oats Avena magna and A. murphyi (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 91 (1995), S. 639-646 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gene introgression ; Genetics ; Linkage ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wild tetraploid (2n=28) oat species Avena magna and A. murphyi have been domesticated by having been transferred from the common oat, A sativa (2n=42), the characteristics of non-shedding spikelets glabrous and yellow lemma, and reduced awn formation. Domestication has been achieved by crossing the common oat with either of the tetraploid species and then backcrossing the pentaploid hybrids with pollen of the tetraploid wild parent. Among the BC plants obtained only a few produced some seeds. Fertile tetraploids exhibiting the domesticated syndrome have been selected for in the F2 generation. Although morphologically they were almost indistinguishable from the common oat, they were tetraploids. Wild x domesticated A. magna hybrids were vigorous and fertile. They retained their spikelets at maturity, lemma color and pubescence were intermediate between the parental lines, and awns were formed only on the lower floret of the spikelet. Each of these characteristics segregated in a 3∶1 fashion, indicating single gene control, as in the common oat. These four characteristics formed a linkage group in one F2 family and two linkage groups in the other two families. The usefulness of the domesticated tetraploids for oat research and production has been discussed. Taxonomically, the domesticated tetraploids were ranked as subspecies: A. magna ssp. domestica, and A. murphyi ssp. rigida.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223291
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diallel analysis for mineral element absorption in tropical adapted soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 707-713 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mineral stress ; Nutrient efficiency ; Aluminium tolerance ; Inheritance ; Genetics ; Breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Brazilian tropical adapted soybeans contains, in addition to superior morphological characters, genetic factors for tolerance to cultivation in acidic, mineral-stressed soils. However, the selection process for these hindrances has been empirical, and information on the genetics of mineral element uptake by the plant is necessary. The objective of this investigation was to identify the mode of inheritance for the absorption of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminium, manganese, zinc and copper in a 9 × 9 diallel cross. General combining ability (GCA) was higher than specific combining ability (SCA), with the exception of copper, manganese and zinc, indicating predominantly additive effects. The ratios of GCA/SCA varied between 3.4 (calcium) and 8.5 (magnesium). The regression of covariance (Wr) on variance (Vr) showed that the additive-dominance model explained the genetic differences in this germ plasm. However, the detection of overdominance could be related to possible heterozygosity in the parental varieties for mineral absorption. Broad-sense heritability values were higher than narrow sense heritability values for aluminium, iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium, being in the range of 67.9–86.9% and 42.0–56.6%, respectively. This is an indication that soybeans can be further improved to efficient utilisation of nutrients and to tolerate toxic factors in the soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222137
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  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allelic relationships between genes for resistance to tomato spotted wilt tospovirus in Capsicum chinense (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 146-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Capsicum chinense ; Resistance gene ; Genetics ; Pepper ; Tomato spotted wilt virus ; Tospoviruses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) has been reported to be an important reservoir of resistance genes to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The genes for TSWV resistance present in three C. chinense lines (‘PI 152225’, ‘PI 159236’ and ‘Panca’) were investigated for allelism. All resistant lines were crossed with each other. Parents, F1, backcrosses and F2 populations (including reciprocals) developed from those crosses were mechanically inoculated with a highly virulent TSWV isolate. Susceptible C. annuum cv ‘Magda’ was used to check inoculum virulence. Fifty plants of the F1 hybrids; ‘Magda’ x ‘PI 152225’, ‘Magda’ x ‘PI 159236’, and ‘Magda’ x 'Panca, were also inoculated with the TSWV isolate. The resistance response in all C. chinense sources was associated with a localized, hypersensitive-like reaction that was phenotypically expressed as a prompt formation of large local lesions accompanied by premature leaf abscission. All F1 generations presented a final score of resistant; indicating that the expression of resistance to TSWV is conditioned by a dominant gene regardless of the source. The absence of segregation for resistance to TSWV that was observed in all generations of the crosses between C. chinense lines indicated that either a tightly linked group of genes exists or that the resistance is governed by the same single major gene (probably the already described Tsw gene). Previous reports have indicated that the Tsw gene is not effective against tospovirus members of serogroup II, i.e. tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and groundnut ring spot virus (GRSV). In the assay described here, all of the C. chinense lines showed, after mechanical inoculation, an identical susceptibility response to the TCSV and GRSV isolates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221009
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  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of genomic regions affecting plant height in sorghum and maize (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 90 (1995), S. 380-388 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Genetics ; Breeding ; Sorghum bicolor Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to use restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) to determine the genetic location and effects of genomic regions controlling plant height in sorghum. F2 plants (152) from the cross CK60 x PI229828 were used. Genomic and cDNA clones (106) identified 111 loci distributed among ten linkage groups covering 1299 cM. Interval mapping identified four regions, each in a separate linkage group. These regions may correspond to loci (dw) previously identified by alleles with qualitative effects. Also, these regions identified in sorghum may be orthologous to those previously reported for plant height in maize. Gene effects and gene action varied among genomic regions. In each region, PI229828 alleles resulted in increased plant height. Each region accounted for 9.2–28.7% of the phenotypic variation. Positive, additive effects ranged from 15 to 32cm. Tallness was dominant or overdominant and conferred by alleles from PI229828 for three quantitative trait loci (QTL). At the fourth QTL, PI229828 contributed to increased plant height, but short stature was partially dominant. One digenic interaction was significant. The presence of a PI229828 allele at one region diminished the effects of the other region. A multiple model indicated that these four regions collectively accounted for 63.4% of the total phenotypic variation. The utility of this information for germplasm conversion through backcross breeding is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221980
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  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and structure of 13- and 26-membered crown ethers, derivatives of resorcinol (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 2353-2360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: resorcinol-based crown ethers ; crystal structure ; intramolecular nonbonded C-H...O contacts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 13- and 26-Membered crown ethers have been synthesized based on resorcinol and 1,8-dichloro-3,6-dioxaoctane. The products with substituents in the benzene ring have been prepared by alkylation of 13-membered crown ether. Complexing properties of the macrocycles have been studied with the use of ion-selective membrane electrodes. The structures of 13- and 26-membered crown ethers have been established by X-ray structural analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713607
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  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of 1-hydrazino-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline. X-ray, spectroscopic, and quantum-chemical study of the structure of 3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisocarbostyryl azine (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 2364-2370 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: dihydroisoquinoline derivatives ; crystal structure ; electronic, IR, and1H NMR spectra ; quantum-chemical calculation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract 3,3-Dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisocarbostyryl azine (2) has been synthesized by oxidation of l-hydrazino-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (1). The crystal and molecular structures of compound 2 were determined. It has been established that in the solid state, compound2 exists as an azine tautomer. The IR, electronic, and NMR spectral data indicate that in solution the tautomeric form of2 does not change. A possible mechanism of the oxidation of1 to2 is suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713609
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  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Crystal Structure of 2-Debenzoyl, 2-Acetoxy Paclitaxel (Taxol®): Conformation of the Paclitaxel Side-Chain (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 337-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: 2-debenzoyl, 2-acetoxy paclitaxel ; docetaxel ; paclitaxel side-chain ; crystal structure ; solid state conformation ; intramolecular hydrogen bonding ; intermolecular hydrogen bonding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Crystals of the C2-acetate analog of paclitaxel, grown from a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and methanol, belong to the space group P2l with a = 9.058(3), b = 18.306(5), c = 15.043(1) Å, β = 97.09(1)°, Z = 2, V = 2475.1(9)Å3, D calc = 1.269 gcm−3 and µ = 0.75 cm−1. The structure was determined by direct methods and refined to R(F) = 0.054 and wR(F) = 0.057 for 605 variables and 3496 observed reflections. The paclitaxel side chain possesses a conformation similar to that observed in the crystal structure of docetaxel (Taxotere®). A three dimensional network of hydrogen bonds is formed through solvent molecules and stabilizes the crystal lattice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016236014766
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Industrial mycology and the new genetics (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 14 (1995), S. 355-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Transformation ; Fungi ; Yeast ; Genetics ; Biotechnology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The genetic investigation of fungi has been extended substantially by DNA-mediated transformation, providing a supplement to more conventional genetic approaches based upon sexual and parasexual processes. Initial transformation studies with the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae provided the model for transformation systems in other fungi with regard to methodology, vector construction and selection strategies. There are, however, certain differences betweenS. cerevisiae and filamentous fungi with regard to type of genomic insertion and the availability of shuttle vectors. Single-site linked insertions are common in yeast due to the high level of homology required for recombination between vectored and genomic sequences, whereas mycelial fungi often show a high frequency of heterologous and unlinked insertions, often in the form of random and multiple-site integrations. While extrachromosomally-maintained or replicative vectors are readily available for use with yeasts, such vectors have been difficult to construct for use with filamentous fungi. The development of vectors for replicative transformation with these fungi awaits further study. It is proposed that replicative vectors may be inherently less efficient for use with mycelial fungi relative to yeasts, since the mycelium, as an extended and semicontinuous network of cells, may delimit an adequate diffusion of the vector carrying the selectable gene, thus leading to a high frequency of abortive or unstable transformants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01569951
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  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure ofp-tetrakis-(4-nitrophenylazo)calix[4]-arene-4-picoline (1∶4) complex (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Calixarene-dye ; crystal structure ; inclusion compound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The structure of thep-tetrakis-(4-nitrophenylazo)calix[4]arene-4-picoline (1∶4) complex has been determined by X-ray crystallography. Crystals are monoclinic, space groupC2/c,a=24.9097) Å,b=8.425(6) Å,c=33.81(1) Å, β=101.13(2)°,D c =1.330 g/cm3,Z=4, finalR value =0.067. The cone conformation adopted by this azocalixarene is disturbed by the positions of the picoline molecules. Two of them are inside the macorocycle cavity and the two others are outside.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00706496
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New synthesis and complexing properties ofp-tert-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene. Structure of its 1∶2 complex with tetrahydrofuran (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Calixarene ; complexation ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new method is described for the synthesis of isolatedp-tert-butyldihomooxacalix[4]arene (CALO) with a 24% yield. The ability of CALO to form complexes in the solid state with small neutral molecules has been studied; the potential guests were common solvents bearing various chemical functions. The powder obtained after evaporation of the solvent has been characterized by the X-ray powder diffraction technique. Analysis of the patterns shows the non-complexation of linear alkanes and alcohols, but formation of complexes when the guest is cyclic or when it bears an amine or a ketone function. As illustration of the possible arrangement of molecules in complexes, the structure of the 1:2 complex with tetrahydrofuran (THF) is presented: the crystals are monoclinic, space groupP21/c,a=9.459(2) Å,b=17.286(2) Å,c=30.469(6) Å, β=92.52(2)o,V=4977(2) Å3,Z=4,D c=1.099 Mg m−3, λ=1.54178 Å, μ=5.6 cm−1,R=0.086 for 3590 reflections withF〉4σ (F); one of the THF molecules is inside the cavity of the macrocycle, while the other, in the interhost space, exhibits disorder. In the CALO molecule, three out of the fourtert-butyl groups are disordered which may induce the disorder of the THF molecule.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707687
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inclusion compounds of (±) gossypol. Structure of the gossypol-n-valeric acid (1/2) coordinato-clathrate (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 187-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Inclusion compounds ; gossypol ; crystal structure ; hydrogen bonds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structure of the inclusion compound of gossypol withn-valeric acid as a guest molecule has been determined by X-ray structure analysis. The crystals of C30H30O8·(C5H10O2)2, are triclinic, space group $$P\bar 1$$ ,a=6.912(2),b=14.506(3),c=19.387(4) Å, α=78.85(2)°, β=83.92(3)°, γ=86.78(3)°V=1895(1) Å3,Z=2,D x=1.267 g cm−3, μ (CuK α)=0.768 mm−1,T=292 K. The structure has been solved by direct methods on intensity data collected for a twinned crystal and refined to the finalR value of 0.062 for 1606 observed reflections and 470 refined parameters. Gossypol-n-valeric acid (1/2) coordinato-clathrate is not isostructural with any of the previously investigated gossypol inclusion compounds but shows some structural similarities to gossypol-acetic acid (1/1). The host and one of the carboxylic acid molecules are connected via hydrogen bonds into molecular assemblies of a column type which are further bonded to centrosymmetric dimers of the secondn-valeric acid molecule. In effect, host and guest molecules are assembled into layer-type H-bonded aggregates. Structural features common to gossypol-n-valeric acid (1/2) and other earlier reported gossypol inclusion compounds are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707082
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lattice dynamics of (Ba/K)BiO3 (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 8 (1995), S. 595-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: (Ba/K)BiO3 ; lattice dynamics ; electron phonon coupling ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The Lattice dynamics of Ba.6K.4BiO3 was investigated by inelastic neutron scattering on a superconducting single crystal (T c =26 K (midpoint)). At low frequencies the dispersion curves are very similar to those observed in BaPb.75Bi.25O3. Differences were found in the bond bending vibrations of the BiO6 octahedra which indicate that the binding in the K-doped compound is more ionic. Rather anomalous features were observed in the high frequency Bi-O bond stretching vibrations which resemble those observed in the high T c cuprates La1.85Sr.15CuO4 and YBa2Cu3O7. The observed frequency shifts are interpreted as the consequence from a strong electron phonon coupling. The data are compared to the results obtained on non superconducting Ba.98K.02BiO3.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00727434
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Have fishes had their chips? The dilemma of threatened fishes (1995)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 43 (1995), S. 1-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: Conservation ; Extinction ; Rarity ; Biodiversity ; Breeding guilds ; Endemism ; Speciation ; Habitat degradation ; Environmental management ; Invasive fishes ; Genetics ; Ecology ; Stenotopy ; Captive propagation ; Legislation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Synopsis The conservation status and factors threatening fishes worldwide are reviewed in order to introduce a series of one-page articles on ‘Threatened fishes of the world’, and to encourage the incorporation of information on threatened fishes into international conservation programmes. Information on fish extinction and threat rates are compared with those of other animal groups, and the unique characteristics of fish conservation problems are highlighted. At present 979 species of fishes are listed as threatened in the IUCN Red List and at least 36 species and three subspecies are listed as recently extinct. It is argued that these figures are probably gross underestimates and that they may mislead conservation authorities and resource users about the seriousness of the situation. Freshwater fishes may be the most threatened group of vertebrates after the Amphibia. Urgent action is required to save many narrowly endemic, stenotopic species from extinction, especially in Africa, Asia and South America. The conservation of common species that drive essential ecological processes is also important. Anthropogenic pressures, especially habitat degradation, the introduction of invasive species and pollution, on inland and coastal waters are particularly severe and many major fish communities are threatened with elimination throughout the world. The conservation of marine fishes is complicated by the fact that it is difficult to ascertain their rarity. The importance of the retention of genetic variation is highlighted, and both orthodox and innovative conservation measures are encouraged. Further research on minimum viable populations, genetics, and the factors that cause fishes to become vulnerable to extinction, is urgently required.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00001812
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Binding geometry of α-helices that recognize DNA (1995)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 23 (1995), S. 525-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: DNA-protein interaction ; crystal structure ; transcription factor ; gene regulation ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Many transcription factors have an α-helix that binds to DNA bases in a specific fashion. The DNA-binding geometry of these recognition helices varies substantially. We define a set of parameters to describe the binding geometry of recognition helices and analyze specific stereochemical elements that determine particular geometries. Because the convex surface of the helix must fit into the concave surface of the DNA major groove, the number of degrees of freedom of the recognition helix is reduced from a possible six to a single angle, which we call α. The chemically interacting DNA bases and amino acid residues must lie along a common line and have the same spacing along it. This pairing of base positions with residue positions seems to restrict the binding geometry further to a set of discrete values for α. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.340230407
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Humidity-Dependent Changes in Crystal Structure on the Solid-State Fluorescence Properties of a New HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor (1995)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 12 (1995), S. 556-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor ; SQ-33600 ; crystal structure ; hydrates ; solid-state fluorescence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown previously that the disodium salt of a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (SQ-33600) is capable of existing as a number of hydrate species [1]. Three crystalline solid hydrates and one liquid crystalline phase have been identified, each having a definite stability over a defined range of humidity. These forms have been found to exhibit varying fluorescence properties in their respective solid states, with differences in bandshapes and intensities being noted for each. These spectral variations have been correlated with the known pseudopolymorphism of the compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1016206130213
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  • 55
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    Electronic Resource
    The 7.25-hydrate oftert-butylamine. A semi-clathrate and complex variant of the cubic 12 Å structure type (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 145-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: tert-Butylamine 7.25 H2O ; amine hydrate ; semi-clathrate ; clathrate hydrate ; hydrate ; hydrogen bonding ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Of the various hydrates oftert-butylamine, the title compound has been identified as the second-highest, melting incongruently at −19°C. Its crystal structure (orthorhombic, space groupPca21,Z=32 formula units per unit cell,a=24.80,b=16.440,c=25.29 Å) and the exact composition have been determined from X-ray diffraction at −150°C. The hydrate is a rather complex semi-clathrate, with the amine molecules not merely encaged, but also hydrogen-bonded, in a three-dimensional water host structure, which in turn is not fully four-connected. Nevertheless, it bears a clear relationship to the basic and genuine clathrate-hydrate cubic 12 Å type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707689
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    Crystal structure of supramolecular complexes formed by 18-crown-6 andcis-anti-cis-dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (host) with 3,4-diaminofurazane (guest) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 23 (1995), S. 181-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: 18-crown-6 ; diaminofurazane ; crystal structure ; host-guest complexes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An X-ray—diffraction study is reported for two molecular complexes containing 3,4-diamino-1,2,5-oxadiazole as guest (G) with 18-crown-6 (18-C-6) andcis-anti-cis-dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH-6B) as host. Both complexes are of the polymeric-chain structure with the guest molecule bridging two crown neighbours. ComplexI: [18-C-6*G*H2O], 1∶1∶1, monoclinic,P21/n,a=8.171(1),b=15.042(2),c=16.209(6) Å, β=101.15(2)°, finalR-factor 0.068. ComplexII: [DCH-6B*G], 1∶1, monoclinicC2/c,a=21.212(4),b=9.380(2),c=13.049(3) Å, β=108.61(3)°, finalR 0.047.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709576
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    TheO, O′-dibenzoyl derivative of (R, R)-tartaric acid as a host compound for simple organic ethers (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 22 (1995), S. 211-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: (R, R)-Tartaric acid derivatives ; host-guest compounds ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract TheO, O′-dibenzoyl derivative of (R, R)-tartaric acid shows a good inclusion ability for diethyl and di-n-propol ethers. The two crystalline inclusion compounds have 1:1 stoichiometry and reveal isomorphous structures. Hydrogen bonded host molecules form chains running along thez axis of the unit cell and guest molecules join to these chains by short O−H...O hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonding in the crystals is characterized by a C(7)D first-order network. The ether molecules are in a fully extended conformation. They are accommodated in channel-like voids running along thex axis. Atomic displacement parameters are significantly larger for diethyl ether than for the di-n-propyl ether molecule reflecting less dense packing for this inclusion compound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707084
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    Crystal and molecular structures of binuclear caesium complexes with 1,3-calix[4]-bis-crown-6 and 1,3-calix[4]-bis-benzo-crown-6 (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry 23 (1995), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1111
    Keywords: Bridged calix[4]arene ; caesium complex ; ditopic receptor ; crystal structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The crystal structures of two binuclear complexes between caesium and 1,3-calix[4]-bis-crowns have been determined. Cs2 Bis-benzoC6(NO3)2. 3CHCl3 (1) in whichBis-benzoC6 is 1,3-calix[4]-bis-benzo-crown-6, crystallizes in the orthorhombic system: space groupPca2 1 a=19.513(10),b=15.382(5),c=23.708(9) Å,V=7116(5) Å3,Z=4. Refinement led to a final conventionalR value of 0.065 for 2321 reflections. The structure of (1) is analogous to those already reported withBis-C6, (in whichBis-C6 is, 1,3-calix[4]-bis-crown-6) and NO 3 − as a counter-ion. Cs2 Bis-C6(NCS)2 (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic system: space, groupC2 a=36.57(2),b=11.47(1),c=13.65(1) Å, β=109.03(5)°.,V=5415(6) Å3,Z=4. Refinement led to a final conventionalR value of 0.063 for 2227 reflections. Compound (2) is made of dimers bridged by a disordered NCS− ion. The crown ether chain conformations are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00707934
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    Genetic research, adolescents, and informed consent (1995)
    Springer
    Theoretical medicine and bioethics 16 (1995), S. 347-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1200
    Keywords: Genetics ; human research ; adolescence ; child ; informed consent ; decision making ; medical ethics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The participation of adolescents in genetic research engenders unusual problems concerning the nature of their informed consent. In this study we analyze 70 consent documents collected from genetics investigators in the United States who conduct research with children and adolescents. We find that many consent documents do not reflect either the current or the developing ethical and legal standards for research with adolescents and that in many cases the documents are simply confusing or unclear. We make recommendations for change to reflect more adequately the changing perspective concerning the autonomous decision-making capacity of adolescents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00995481
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    Absolute configurations and conformations of the opioid agonist and antagonist enantiomers of picenadol (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chirality 7 (1995), S. 518-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 0899-0042
    Keywords: crystal structure ; molecular mechanics ; MM2-87 ; opioid ligand model ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The absolute configurations of the enantiomers of the opiod picenadol [cis-1,3-dimethyl-4-propyl-4-propyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine; cis-3-methyl, 4-propyl] have been determined by an X-ray crystallographic study of the chloride salt of the (+)-enantiomer. The agonist (+)-enantiomer and the antagonist (-)-enantiomer were found to have the 3R, 4R and 3S, 4S absolute configurations, respectively. The conformational properties of the enantiomers were also examined with MM2-87 calculations. There was good agreement between the computed global minimum and the crystallographic structure with the phenyl ring approximately bisecting the piperidine ring by both methods. This orientation of the phenyl ring differs from that of related opioids such as the phenylmorphans, prodines, meperidine, and ketobemidone in which the phenyl ring tends to eclipse one edge of the piperidine ring. Because the phenyl ring bisects the piperidine ring in picenadol, there is little difference in the three-dimensional orientations of the phenyl rings of the two enantiomers when one superimposes the piperidine rings. The agonist (+)-enantiomer is ambiguous with respect to an opioid ligand model, which suggests that agonist activity requires a specific range of dihedral angles for the phenyl ring. While the global minimum of the agonist is not consistent with the model, a second conformer that is only 1.2 kcal/mol above the global minimum is consistent. An alternative explanation is that agonist or antagonist activity is solely due to the presence of the 3-methyl group on the different edges of the piperidine ring. MM2-87 calculations were also performed on the opioid agonist des-3-methyl analog of picenadol and the closely related trans-1,3,4-trimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidines (trans-3-methyl, 4-methyl) in which both enantiomers are opioid antagonists. The conformational properties of these compounds are consistent with the ligand model. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.530070705
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    In3Ti2Br9: Jahn-Teller Unstable Indium(I) and Antiferromagnetically Coupled Titanium(III) Atoms (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 118-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: antiferromagnetic exchange ; crystal structure ; indium compounds ; Jahn-Teller distortion ; titanium compounds ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Dark green crystals of In3Ti2Br9 have been synthesized from elemental Ti and molten InBr3 at 450°C. The X-ray diffractional characterization by means of single-crystal and powder Rietveld refinement reveals a hexagonal crystal structure (a = 738.2(2), c = 1813.9(3) pm; P63/mmc, Z = 2) of Cs3Cr2Cl9 type, containing Ti2Br3-9 dimers and univalent indium cations. Self-consistent, semiempirical band structure calculations show the structural distortions of the two monovalent indium cations to arise from a second-order Jahn-Teller instability. The new compound's magnetic susceptibility and microscopic antiferromagnetic exchange are analyzed by using a Bleaney-Bowers ansatz.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19950010205
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    Phase Relationships in the N2O3/N2O4 System and Crystal Structures of N2O3 (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 389-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: crystal structure ; differential thermal analysis ; nitrogen oxides ; phase transitions ; twinning ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Mixtures of N2O3 and N2O4 have been prepared from measured volumes of NO and O2. Phase relationships in the system N2O3/N2O4, which depend on the composition of the samples and on the temperature, were studied by the Guinier technique and differential thermal analysis. Single crystals of phases A and B of N2O3 were grown in situ on a diffractometer and studied at temperatures between -107 and -170°C by X-ray diffraction. The structure analysis of A-N2O3 (tetragonal, space group I41/a, T = -170°C, a = 1625.57 (16), c = 880.49(13) pm, Z = 32, R1 = 0.051 for 1030 unique reflections) is hampered by twinning and additional disorder of one of two crystallographically independent molecules. B-N2O3 is nicely ordered with one molecule in the asymmetric unit (orthorhombic, space group P212121, T = -160°C, a = 506.86(4), b = 647.96(5), c = 863.26(6) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.023 for 1352 unique reflections). The most interesting features of the N2O3 molecule are its planarity and the extraordinarily long N—N bond (189.0(1) pm).
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19950010610
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    Reactions of the “Naked” Fluoride Ion: Syntheses and Structures of SeF62- and BrF6- (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: crystal structure ; fluorides ; hexafluorobromate(V) ; hexafluoroselenate(IV) ; naked fluoride ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,1,3,3,5,5-Hexamethylpiperidinium fluoride (pip+F-) and 1,2-dimethylpropyltrimethylammonium fluoride have been prepared. They dissolve in fluorohydrocarbons (CH2F2, CF3-CHF-CF3, CHF3) even at very low temperatures. The nature of these solutions is indicated by the crystal structure of the adduct pip+F-·4CH2F2, which shows (C)H…F bridging. The high fluoride activity is exemplified by the previously unknown reaction between SeF5- and F- to yield SeF62-. The salt pip+BrF6- is obtained by a metathesis reaction of Cs+BrF6- with pip+F-. The distortion of the SeF62- structure from octahedral symmetry is intermediate between IF6- (strongly distorted) and BrF6- (octahedral). The electron-pair repulsion model is checked against these results.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19950010410
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    Metal-Mediated Synthesis of Multidomain Ligands - A New Strategy for Metallosupramolecular Chemistry (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 1 (1995), S. 360-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Keywords: crystal structure ; polynuclear ; complexes ; ruthenium compounds ; supramolecular chemistry ; terpyridines ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The bridging ligand bis{4′-(2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridinyl)}ether (1) can be prepared in 69% yield from the reaction of 4′-chloro-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (3) with 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridin-4′(1′H)-one (2) in Me2NCHO in the presence of KOH. More conveniently, complexes of 1 can be prepared in situ by the reaction of 2 with a ruthenium(II) complex of 3 in the presence of K2CO3. This methodology has been developed for the synthesis of a range of mono-, di-, tri- and hexanuclear complexes with a variety of Xtpy (Xtpy = 4′-substituted 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) terminator ligands. The molecular structure of 1 (a = 9.623(2), b = 11.241(1), c = 11.828(1) Å; space group P1; α = 93.064(9), β = 107.072(14), γ = 99.088(14)°; Z = 2, R = 0.0450, Rw = 0.0577) has been determined. The generality of the methodology may ultimately be limited by the sensitivity of the ether-linkage in 1 to attack by nucleophiles.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.19950010606
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    Molecular structure and conformational analysis of chirai (−)-3-(4-bromobenzylidene)-1-isopropyl-2-methoxy-4-methylcyclohexene (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 2331-2336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: molecular structure ; conformational analysis ; crystal structure ; X-ray structural analysis ; molecular mechanics ; (−)-3-(4-bromobenzylidene)-l-isopropyl-2-methoxy-4-methylcyclohexene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (−)-3-(4-Bromobenzylidene)-1-isopropyl-2-methoxy-4-methylcyclohexene, capable of inducing spiral supramolecular ordering when introduced to nematic and some smectic mesophases, has been studied by an X-ray structural analysis. The crystals are orthorhombic; at 20 °Ca = 6.055(1),b = 13.282(3),c=20.734(4) Å,V=1668(1) Å3,d calc = 1.380 g cm−3, space groupP2 12121 Z=4. The cyclohexene ring has a conformation intermediate between a sofa and a half-chair. The methyl and methoxyl groups are in asyn orientation with respect to the mean plane of the cycle. The angle between the plane of the aryl substituent and the exocyclic double bond is 33°. The observed distortions of bond angles at unsaturated carbon atoms are typical of derivatives of benzylidenecyclohexene. Molecular mechanics calculations demonstrated that the conformation observed in the crystalline state is not the most favorable, and this conformation is stabilized through intermolecular interactions upon stacking in crystals. It was shown that the relative orientation of the methyl and methoxyl groups as well as the orientation of the aryl substituent substantially affect the conformation of the cyclohexene ring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00713603
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    Chiral β-hydroxycarbonyl compounds based on (−)-menthone: structure and behavior in liquid crystalline systems (1995)
    Springer
    Russian chemical bulletin 44 (1995), S. 1200-1209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9171
    Keywords: stereoisomeric 2-(1′-biphenyl-4-yl-1′-hydroxy)methyl-p-menthan-3-ones ; molecular structure ; X-ray structural analysis ; crystal structure ; conformational analysis ; molecular mechanics ; hydrogen bond ; induced cholesteric liquid crystals ; twisting power
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It has been established by X-ray structural analysis that 2-(1′-biphenyl-4-yl-1′-hydroxy)methyl-p-menthan-3-one, one of the products of the reaction of (−)-menthone triisopropyloxytitanium enolate with 4-phenylbenzaldehyde, has a 1R,2S,4S,1′S configuration. In crystals, this β-hydroxyketone adopts a chair conformation with equatorial methyl and isopropyl groups and an axial 2-(1′-biphenyl-4-yl-1′-hydroxy)methyl substituent. Unlike the stereoisomeric compound with the 1R,2S,4S,1′S configuration, the exocyclic fragment of which has an intramolecular 〉C=O...H-O- hydrogen bond in crystals and solutions, in the crystals of the 1R,2S,4S,1′S ketol under study, molecules are linked by a network of cooperative -O-H...O-H...O-H... hydrogen bonds. Based on the results of molecular mechanics calculations and experimental data of1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, conformations of molecules of this compound, which are in equilibrium in solution, have been characterized. Based on data on spatial structures of stereoisomeric β-hydroxyketones and the character of H-bonds formed by these compounds, the characteristic features of the effect of these chiral alloying additives on the supramolecular structure and macroscopic properties of liquid crystalline systems have been interpreted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00700889
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    Elastic modulus of the crystalline regions of cellulose triesters (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 611-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: elastic modulus ; crystalline regions ; cellulose triester ; crystal structure ; mechanical property ; hydrogen bond ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Elastic moduli of the crystalline regions of cellulose triesters in the direction both parallel El and perpendicular Et to the chain axis are measured by x-ray diffraction. El values for cellulose triesters are as follows: cellulose triacetate (CTA), 33.2 GPa; cellulose tripropionate (CTP), 21.6 GPa; cellulose tributyrate (CTB), 17.6 GPa; cellulose trivalerate (CTV), 17.9 Gpa. These are very small compared with that of cellulose I (134 GPa) and resemble each other despite the fact that the skeletal structure of CTP (32 helix) is much different from those of other cellulose triesters (2-fold helix). The small El values for cellulose triesters can be explained by both the large cross-sectional area of one molecule in the crystal lattice and the lack in intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Et values for cellulose triesters are as follows: CTA (310), 2.8 GPa; CTP (110), 1.4 GPa; (020), 2.1 GPa; (120), 2.2 GPa; CTB (110), 1.1 GPa. These are one of the smallest Et values already reported, and decrease with increasing the length of the side chain. Intermolecular interaction is considered to decrease with the length of acyl groups. The large Et value in the b direction of CTP reflects the dense packing of the chains in the crystal lattice. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090330411
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    Elastic modulus of the crystalline regions of cellulose polymorphs (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 1647-1651 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: elastic modulus ; crystalline regions ; cellulose ; crystal structure ; mechanical property ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The elastic modulus El of the crystalline regions of cellulose polymorphs in the direction parallel to the chain axis was measured by x-ray diffraction. The El values of cellulose I, II, IIII, IIIII, and IVI were 138, 88, 87, 58, 75 GPa, respectively. This indicates that the skeletons of these polymorphs are completely different from each other in the mechanical point of view. The crystal transition induces a skeletal contraction accompanied by a change in intramolecular hydrogen bonds, which is considered to result in a drastic change in the El value of the cellulose polymorphs. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090331110
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    Crystal structure of the poly(ethylene oxide)-p-nitrophenol molecular complexPresented at ‘MacroAkron '94, 35th IUPAC Symposium on Macromolecules’, Akron, Ohio, 11-15 July 1994. (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer International 36 (1995), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0959-8103
    Keywords: poly(ethylene oxide) ; p-nitrophenol ; molecular complexes ; crystal structure ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A crystalline complex of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and p-nitrophenol (PNP) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR spectroscopy, The phase diagram of this system is characterized by a peritectic reaction, and reveals the formation of a new crystal form different from those of PEO, and PNP. The triclinic unit cell of the complex was determined from the X-ray diffraction patterns of differently oriented samples obtained by mechanical deformations or spherulitic crystallizations. Finally, the molecular packing and the conformation adopted by the PEO chains were determined by FTIR spectroscopy. Polarization measurements have shown that the aromatic rings are very nearly normal to the c parameter (chain axis) and that the 1-4 axes of PNP molecules are parallel to the a* reciprocal parameter (spherulitic growth direction). Finally, a new (t2 gt2 gt3) conformation is proposed for the PEO chains on the basis of a normal mode analysis and the calculation of the intramolecular energy.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1995.210360202
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    Gene and genome scanning by two-dimensional DNA typing (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Electrophoresis 16 (1995), S. 186-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 0173-0835
    Keywords: Genetics ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Denaturing gradient electrophoresis ; Cystic fibrosis ; Mutation ; Breast cancer ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A major effort in the analysis of DNA currently focuses on identifying genes and their pathological variants underlying disease. Once such disease genes have been isolated a major task of molecular medicine is to identify the spectrum of DNA sequence variations responsible for the aberrant function of such genes. These efforts, however, are hindered by the vast amount of genetic information to scan for variations and the limited capacity of analytical techniques in terms of accuracy and speed. Recently, a number of techniques were developed, so-called “genome scanning” techniques, which allow complete genomes to be analyzed for sequence variation in parallel, i.e., at multiple sites or loci simultaneously rather than serially at predefined loci. Here we present the background and applications of a particular electrophoretic parallel processing approach, generically termed two-dimensional DNA typing. The approach is based on separating DNA fragments by two-dimensional electrophoresis [1], including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, thus allowing hundreds of fragments to be simultaneously assessed by comparative analysis for variations in size and sequence. The method is suitable for hybridization analysis with locus-specific and multilocus probes of genomic DNA restriction fragments derived from human and other DNA, and for analysis of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments derived from large genes. Two-dimensional DNA typing has been applied, e.g., in linkage analysis of pedigrees, analysis of tumor genomes for rearrangements, and to scan the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene for sequence variations such as point mutations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.1150160133
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    Masthead (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 16 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020160101
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    Oogenesis: Variations on a theme (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 16 (1995), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020160103
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    Expression of knotted1 marks shoot meristem formation during maize embryogenesis (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 16 (1995), S. 344-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: knotted1 ; embryogenesis ; shoot apical meristem ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The formation of shoot and root meristems that ultimately give rise to all tissues of the plant body occurs for the first time during embryogenesis. Meristem formation has traditionally been defined in terms of the appearance of histological features of meristems; this approach has led to varying interpretations of the timing of meristem formation relative to other events in embryogenesis. Markers that would provide more objective criteria for the analysis of meristem formation have not been widely available. The maize homeobox gene, knotted1 (kn1), is expressed in shoot meristems throughout postembryonic stages of shoot development. In order to determine whether this gene is expressed in the shoot meristem from its earliest inception, we examined the expression of kn1 in embryos at a series of stages by in situ hybridization to kn1 mRNA and immunolocalization of KN1 protein. Our results show that the onset of kn1 expression is temporally and spatially coincident with the earliest histologically recognizable signs of shoot meristem formation in the embryo, and thus provides a valuable marker for this process. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020160407
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    Effect of mutations in the PINHEAD gene of Arabidopsis on the formation of shoot apical meristems (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 16 (1995), S. 358-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: PINHEAD ; Arabidopsis ; shoot apical meristems ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The primary shoot apical meristem of angiosperm plants is formed during embryogenesis. Lateral shoot apical meristems arise postembryonically in the axils of leaves. Recessive mutations at the PINHEAD locus of Arabidopsis interfere with the ability of both the primary shoot apical meristem as well as lateral shoot apical meristems to form. However, adventitious shoot apical meristems can form in pinhead mutant seedlings from the axils of the cotyledons and also from cultred root explants. In this report, the phenotype of pinhead mutants is described, and a hypothesis for the role of the wild-type PINHEAD gene product in shoot meristem initiation is presented. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020160409
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    Vertebrate gastrulation and axial patterning: Editorial overview, Part 1 (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170102
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    Cell mixing during early epiboly in the zebrafish embryo (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 6-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Zebrafish ; epiboly ; gastrulation ; radial intercalation ; cell mixing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Descendants of early blastomeres in the zebrafish come to populate distinctive regions of the fate map. We present a model suggesting that the distribution of cells in the early gastrula (the fate map stage) results from the passive response of cells to reproducible forces that change the overall shape of the blastoderm just prior to gastrulation. We suggest that one of the morphogenetic changes that accompanies epiboly, the upward doming of the yolk cell into the overlying blastoderm, could be responsible for cell mixing. In support of the model, we show that the timing, extent, and directions of cell mixing in the embryo accurately reflect the expectations of the model. Finally, we show that one portion of the gastrula, a marginal region that later gives rise to many of the mesendodermal derivatives, experiences little cell mixing during the doming process. As a result, this region in the gastrula is populated by the descendants of the subset of the early blastomeres that were originally at the margin. The finding that cytoplasm initially at the edge of the 1-celled blastodisc is transmitted specifically to mesendodermal precursors at the fate map stage raises the possibility that maternal determinants may contribute to initiation of embryonic patterning in the zebrafish embryo. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170103
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    Regionalisation of cell fate and morphogenetic movement of the mesoderm during mouse gastrulation (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 16-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mesoderm ; fate-mapping ; germ layer formation ; morphogenetic movement ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The developmental fate of cells in the epiblast of early-primitive-streak-stage mouse embryos was assessed by studying the pattern of tissue colonisation displayed by lac Z-expressing cells grafted orthotopically to nontransgenic embryos. Results of these fate-mapping experiments revealed that the lateral and posterior epiblast contain cells that will give rise predominantly to mesodermal derivatives. The various mesodermal populations are distributed in overlapping domains in the lateral and posterior epiblast, with the embryonic mesoderm such as heart, lateral, and paraxial mesoderm occupying a more distal position than the extraembryonic mesoderm. Heterotopic grafting of presumptive mesodermal cells results in the grafted cells adopting the fate appropriate to the new site, reflecting a plasticity of cell fate determination before ingression. The first wave of epiblast cells that ingress through the primitive streak are those giving rise to extraembryonic mesoderm. Cells that will form the mesoderm of the yolk sac and the amnion make up a major part of the mesodermal layer of the midprimitive-streak-stage embryo. Cells that are destined for embryonic mesoderm are still found within the epiblast, but some have been recruited to the distal portion of the mesoderm. By the late-primitive-streak-stage, the mesodermal layer contains only the precursors of embryonic mesoderm. This suggests that there has been a progressive displacement of the midstreak mesoderm to extraembryonic sites, which is reminiscent of that occurring in the overlying endodermal tissue. The regionalisation of cell fate in the late-primitive-streak mesoderm bears the same spatial relationship as their ancestors in the epiblast prior to cell ingression. This implies that both the position of the cells in the proximal-distal axis and their proximity to the primitive streak are major determinants for the patterning of the embryonic mesoderm. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170104
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    Translational control of activin in Xenopus laevis embryos (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Translational control ; activin ; Xenopus ; mesoderm induction ; embryo ; TGF-ß ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Activin is a potent mesoderm inducing factor present in embryos of Xenopus laevis. Recent evidence has implicated activin in the inhibition of neural development in addition to the well-established induction of mesoderm in ectodermal explants. These diverse effects are critically dependent on the concentration of activin yet little is known about the mechanisms regulating the level of activin in the embryo. We report that the 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of activin βB mRNA inhibits the translation of activin in embryos. Microinjection of activin mRNA from which the 3′ UTR has been deleted is 8-10-fold more potent in inducing mesoderm than mRNA containing the 3′ UTR. Truncation of the 3′ UTR also leads to a marked enhancement of activin protein levels in embryos but has no effect when the truncated mRNA is translated in vitro. The 3′ UTR also confers translational inhibition on a heterologous mRNA. These data show that a maternal factor(s) present in X. laevis regulates the translation of injected activin βB mRNA. This factor(s) could be responsible for regulating the levels of endogenous activin βB protein during mesoderm induction and the specification of ectodermal derivatives such as neural and epidermal tissues. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170107
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    Cloning, sequencing, and expressional analysis of the chick homologue of follistatin (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 65-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Follistatin ; activin ; inhibin ; chick ; rhombomeres ; somites ; resegmentation ; neural induction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Follistatin, a secreted glycoprotein, has been shown to act as a potent neural inducer during early amphibian development. The function of this protein during embryogenesis in higher vertebrates is unclear, and to further our understanding of its role we have cloned, sequenced, and performed an in-depth expressional analysis of the chick homologue of follistatin. In addition we also describe the expression pattern of activin βA and activin β B, proteins that have previously been shown to be able to interact with follistatin. In this study we show that the expression of follistatin and the activins do not always overlap. Follistatin was first detected in Hensen's node and subsequently in the region described by Spratt [1952] as the neuralising area. In older embryos it was also expressed in a highly dynamic manner in the hind-brain as well as in the somites. We also present evidence that follistatin may have a later role in the resegmentation of the somites. We were unable to detect the expression of activin βA during early embryogenesis, whereas activin βB was first expressed in the extending primitive streak and subsequently in the neural folds. The results from this study are consistent with a role for follistatin in neural induction but suggest it has additional functions unrelated to its inhibitory actions on activins. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170108
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    Vertebrate gastrulation and axial patterning: Editorial overview, Part 2 (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 103-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170202
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    Differential expression of fork head genes during early Xenopus and zebrafish development (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 107-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Axis formation ; fork head ; gastrulation ; neurulation ; Xenopus ; zebrafish ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Intense efforts have been devoted to the identification of genes that are causatively involved in pattern-forming events of invertebrates and vertebrates. Several gene families involved in this process have been identified. Here we focus on the Xenopus fork head domain gene family. One of its members, XFKHl/Pintallavis/XFD1, has been shown previously to be involved in axial formation, and the expression patterns of the other family members discussed below suggest that they too play a major role in the initial steps of patterning and axial organization. In this report, we describe four Xenopus fork head genes XFKH3, 4, 5, and 6) and analyze the distribution of their transcripts during early development. XFKH3 is expressed in developing somites but not notochord, XFKH4 in forebrain, anterior retina, and neural crest cells, and XFKH5 in a subset of epidermal cells and the neural floor plate. Finally, transcripts of XFKH6 are seen in neural crest-derived cranial ganglia. In addition, we show that at least some of the zebrafish fork head genes might serve a comparable function. Zebrafish zf-FKHl has a similar expression pattern as Xenopus XFKHl/Pintallavis/XFDl. It is transcribed in the notochord and neural floor plate. The polster or “pillow” also shows very high levels of zf-FKHl mRNA. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170203
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    Cell fate decisions in the early embryo of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 155-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170207
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    Involvement of Wnt1 and Pax2 in the formation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary in the zebrafish gastrula (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 129-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Zebrafish ; Danio rerio ; wnt ; pax ; embryogenesis ; neurulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The secreted signalling molecule encoded by the wntl gene and the paired box-containing pax2 gene are thought to play an integral role in patterning the zebrafish rostral nervous system. Using a double-label analysis, we compare the expression patterns of wnt1 RNA and pax2 protein during zebrafish embryogenesis to determine whether they were expressed in identical or overlapping patterns in individual embryos. During gastrulation, wntl RNA was detected in a pattern similar but not identical to the pax2 protein. Later, wntl and pax2 co-localize to the midbrain-hindbrain boundary. Exogenous retinoic acid, a teratogen that is known to affect the formation of the midbrain-hindbrain boundary, has a profound affect on both wntl and pax2 expression at gastrulation. Furthermore, when pax2 is overexpressed in zebrafish embryos, the wntl pattern of expression expands ventrally in the prospective rostral neuroepithelium. Despite the widespread and random distribution of exogenous pax2 RNA, it alone is unable to induce wntl expression in other ec-topic sites. These results are consistent with the coordinate expression of wntl and pax2 being in a pathway responsible for establishing the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and support the earlier interpretation that pax2 may regulate wntl expression [Krauss et al., 1992], although only in a subset of embryonic cells. These data suggest that a predisposition for the regionalization of the central nervous system exists at gastrulation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170205
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    Masthead (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170301
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    Epithelial proliferation and differentiation in the mammary gland do not correlate with cFABP gene expression during early pregnancy (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mammary gland ; fatty acid binding protein ; mammary derived growth inhibitor ; proliferation ; differentiation ; transgenic mice ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Cardiac fatty acid binding protein (cFABP) is abundantly expressed in the nondividing, functionally differentiated mammary ephithelium. It is very closely related, if not identical to, a previously described protein termed mammary derived growth inhibitor (MDGI). In vitro studies suggest that low concentrations of diffusible cFABP/MDGI may play a hormone-like role in limiting proliferative activity and promoting functional differentiation of this tissue, but no in vivo data to support this idea have been published. To test this hypothesis, we compared the levels of cFABP mRNA with both the epithelial DNA labelling index and levels of β-casein mRNA in wild-type mice. We also investigated the effect of a precocious experimental increase of cFABP levels in the mammary gland of transgenic mice on the labelling index and β-casein mRNA levels. This was accomplished by expressing a bovine cFABP cDNA under the control of the ovine β-lactoglobulin (BLG) gene promoter. We found that although both the DNA labelling index, β-casein mRNA levels, and cFABP mRNA levels in wild-type mice are developmentally regulated, they do not correlate with each other during early pregnancy in individual mice. Moreover, a three- to fourfold increase of total cFABP mRNA in two transgenic lines did not affect the DNA labelling index or the levels of β-casein mRNA, an established marker of differentiation of the mammary epithelium, at this developmental stage. These data suggest that epithelial DNA synthesis, β-casein gene expression, and expression of the cFABP gene are regulated independently in the proliferatively active mammary gland and that the rapidly dividing mammary epithelial cells are not susceptible to the action of cFABP during early pregnancy. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170208
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    Transmission-ratio distortion of X chromosomes among male offspring of females with skewed X-inactivation (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 198-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: X-chromosome inactivation ; imprinting ; retinoblastoma ; transmission-ratio distortion ; methylation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have begun a search for heritable variation in X-chromosome inactivation pattern in normal females to determine whether there is a genetic effect on the imprinting of X-chromosome inactivation in humans. We have performed a quantitative analysis of X-chromosome inactivation in lymphocytes from mothers in normal, three-generation families. Eight mothers and 12 grandmothers exhibited evidence of highly skewed patterns of X-chromosome inactivation. We observed that the male offspring of females with skewed X-inactivation patterns were three times more likely to inherit alleles at loci that were located on the inactive X chromosome (Xi) than the active X chromosome (Xa). The region of the X chromosome for which this phenomenon was observed extends from XP11 to -Xq22. We have also examined X-chromosome inactivation patterns in 21 unaffected mothers of male bilateral sporadic retinoblastoma patients. Six of these mothers had skewed patterns of X-chromosome inactivation. In contrast to the tendency for male offspring of skewed mothers from nondisease families to inherit alleles from the inactive X chromosome, five of the six affected males inherited the androgen receptor alleles from the active X chromosome of their mother. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170304
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    Genetic conflict and evolution of mammalian X-chromosome inactivation (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 206-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Genetic conflict ; parent-offspring conflict ; X-chromosome inactivation ; parental imprinting ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The existence of parentally imprinted gene expression in the somatic tissues of mammals and plants can be explained by a theory of intragenomic genetic conflict, which is a logical extension of classical parent-offspring conflict theory. This theory unites conceptually the phenomena of autosomal imprinting and X-chromosome inactivation. We argue that recent experimental studies of X-chromosome inactivation and andro-genetic development address previously published predictions of the conflict theory, and we discuss possible explanations for the occurrence of random X-inactivation in the somatic tissues of eutherians. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170305
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    Parent-of-origin specific effects on the methylation of a transgene in the zebrafish, Danio rerio (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 233-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Genome imprinting ; zebrafish ; Danio rerio ; methylation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We have examined the inheritance of a transgene locus in the zebrafish, Daniorerio and demonstrated that its methylation is af fected by the sex of the parent contributing the allele. This parent-of-origin effect on the zebrafish transgene appears to be identical to imprinting as seen in mammals except that in zebrafish, passage of the locus through a female tended to decreased its methylation, whereas passage through a male increased it. Methylation of the transgene in gametic tissues differed from somatic tissue with the locus being hypomethylated in sperm and hypermethylated in the unfertilized egg. The potential identification of imprinting in the zebrafish has important ramifications with respect to the evolution of the process as well as for understanding the role of imprinting in mammals. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170308
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    Chromatin structure and imprinting: Developmental control of DNase-I sensitivity in the mouse insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 240-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Parental imprinting ; insulin-like growth factor 2 ; mouse development ; chromatin structure ; DNase-1 ; DNA methylation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The insulin-like growth factor 2 (Igf2) gene on distal mouse chromosome 7 is expressed predominantly from the paternal allele. In previous studies we identified two regions of paternal allele-specific methylation; one at ˜ 3 kb upstream of promoter 1, and a second in the 3′, coding portion of the gene. The 3′ region is methylated in an expressing tissue (fetal liver), whereas in a non-expressing tissue (fetal brain), it is not methylated. By contrast, in the 5′ region, the paternal allele is highly methylated in all tissues. Here, we have studied another characteristic of chromatin, namely, sensitivity to DNase-1 and have focused our developmental analysis on the two differentially methylated regions of Igf2. In the upstream region, four clustered DNase-I hypersensitive sites (HSS) were detected in embryonic stem (ES) cells and in midgestation embryos, but not in neonatal liver or brain. In promoter 1 (P1), at β 0.3 kb upstream of exon 1, we detected a tissue-specific HSS that was present in neonatal liver, in which P1 is active, but was absent in ES cells, the embryo, and in neonatal brain. No DNase-I HSS were detected in the 3′ differentially methylated region of Igf2. In all these regions, we did not detect differences in DNase-I sensitivity between the parental chromosomes. These results establish major developmental and tissue-specific control of chromatin in the Igf2 locus. The presence of the HSS upstream of Igf2 precedes transcriptional activation of the Igf2 gene and may be indicative of a promoter for another transcript that is transcribed in the opposite direction. The HSS in P1 is largely liver-specific; this promoter therefore is differently regulated than the more general fetal promoters P2 and P3. Whereas methylation can be allele-specific, presumably reflecting the gene imprint, the nuclease sensitivity, as detected by our assay, is not. These results, taken together with previous observations, reveal developmental and tissue-specific complexity in the expression of the parental imprint at the level of chromatin and transcription. We propose that epigenetic features of tissue-specific control and of the control of allelic expression are intricately linked. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170309
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    Expression of SGP-1 mRNA in preimplantation mouse embryos (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 263-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Mouse embryos ; SGP-1 mRNA ; antisense ; gene transcription ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: In a search for genes expressed in preimplantation mouse embryos that are important for the earliest steps in differentiation, we identified an abundant mRNA that codes for a sulfated glycoprotein, SGP-1. The amount of this RNA rises ˜ 100-fold during preimplantation development to a level approximately equal to that of β-actin mRNA in blastocysts, although the level of these transcripts per cell remains fairly constant during these stages at ˜ 2,000-4,000 copies. An antisense RNA that is complementary to approximately the last one-third of the message and contains an open reading frame of 455 nt was found in blastocysts at a 2-3-fold higher level than the mRNA. In situ hybridization with sense and antisense riboprobes showed that both strands are distributed throughout the embryo. The abundance of the SGP-1 mRNA indicates that the encoded protein may play an important role in the development of embryos, and the excess of antisense RNA raises the possibility of an unusual mechanism of regulating its expression. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170311
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    Masthead (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170401
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    Mesodermal patterning during avian gastrulation and neurulation: Experimental induction of notochord from non-notochordal precursor cells (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 38-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Endoderm ; epiblast ; mesoderm ; neural plate ; quail/chick chimeras ; somites ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The cells that are normally fated to form notochord occupy a region at the rostral tip of the primitive streak at late gastrula/early neurula stages of avian and mammalian development. If these cells are surgically removed from avian embryos in culture, a notochord will nonetheless form in the majority of cases. The origin of this reconstituted notochord previously had not been investigated and was the objective of this study. Chick embryos at late gastrulal early neurula stages were cultured, and the rostral tip of the primitive streak including Hensen's node was removed and replaced with non-node cells from quail epiblast to ensure that the cells normally fated to be notochord would be absent and that healing of the blastoderm would occur. Embryos were allowed to develop for 24 hr, and the presence and origin (host or graft) of the notochord were assessed using antibodies against notochord or quail cells. Two notochords typically developed; both were almost exclusively of host origin. The primitive streak, and in some cases adjacent tissues, was removed from another group of embryos in an attempt to estimate the mediolateral position and extent of the cells required to form reconstituted notochord. Additional experimental embryos with and without grafts were transected at various rostrocaudal levels in an attempt to estimate the rostrocaudal extent of the cells required to form reconstituted notochord. Finally, various levels of the primitive streak either were placed in a neutral environment (the germ cell crescent) or were grafted in place of the node. Collective results from all experiments indicate that the areas lateral to the rostral portion of the primitive streak, estimated to have a rostrocaudal span of less than 500 μm and a mediolateral extent of less than 250 μm, are critical for formation of the reconstituted notochord. Fate mapping and histological examination of this region identify 4 possible precursor cell populations. Further studies are underway to determine which of the 4 possible precursor cell types forms or induces the reconstituted notochord, and which tissue interactions underlie this change in cell fate. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 93
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    Masthead (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170201
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  • 94
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    Ventral mesodermal patterning in Xenopus embryos: Expression patterns and activities of BMP-2 and BMP-4 (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 78-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Xenopus ; mesoderm ; bone morpho-genetic proteins ; TGF-β receptors ; induction ; eryth-ropoiesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We provide a comparative analysis of the expression patterns and ventral mesoderm-inducing properties of Xenopus BMP-2 and BMP-4. Transcripts for BMP-2 and BMP-4 are maternally stored in eggs, and zygotic expression of these genes is uniform in the ectoderm and mesoderm in late blastulae. During gastrulation, BMP-2 is expressed at a low level throughout the ectoderm and marginal zone, but at early neurula stages a patch of dorso-anterior cells displays enhanced expression. In contrast, BMP-4 transcripts are restricted to the ventrolateral marginal zone during gastrulation, and in late gastrula and early neurula BMP-4 is expressed in the epidermis but not the neural plate. At post-neurula stages, BMP-2 and BMP-4 transcripts are associated with a variety of mesodermal structures, including the pharyngeal pouches, heart, blood island, and blastopore. At tailbud stages, BMP-2 and BMP-4 are expressed in neural tissues including the neural tube and brain. In mesoderm induction assays, BMP-2 and BMP-4 induce Xhox3, an early ventral-posterior mesoderm marker, and larval βT1 globin, a marker for red blood cells. Induction of red blood cells in response to BMP-4 was demonstrated by staining with a hemoglobin-specific reagent. Little is known about factors that induce hematopoietic lineages in vertebrates, and these results provide evidence linking BMP activity and blood differentiation. Globin induction by BMP-2 and BMP-4 is blocked by co-expression of a dominant-negative activin receptor, suggesting that either endogenous activin signals are required for BMP-mediated induction, or that the trancated activin receptor interferes with signaling by BMP receptors. In assays on marginal zone explants, we demonstrate that BMP-4 respecifies dorsal mesoderm to form ventral mesoderm, consistent with its ability to induce blood and to ventralize embryos. BMP-2, however, does not display such activity. The findings extend and support evidence that BMP-2 and BMP-4 function in ventral mesoderm induction and patterning in Xenopus. Our data furthermore high light the multiple functions these factors fulfill during early vertebrate embryogenesis. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170109
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  • 95
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    Expression of HGF/SF, HGFI/MSP, and c-met suggests new functions during early chick development (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 90-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Hepatocyte growth factor ; scatter factor ; HGF/SF ; hepatocyte growth factor-like ; macrophage stimulating protein ; HGFI/MSP ; c-met ; chick embryo ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We report the cloning of full-length cDNAs for a plasminogen-related growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), its tyrosine kinase receptor, c-met, and a close member of the same family, hepatocyte growth factor-like/macrophage stimulating protein (HGFI/MSP), from the chick. We have used these cDNAs to provide the first report of the expression of this family of growth factors and the c-met receptor at early stages of vertebrate development. RNAase protection and wholemount in situ hyb ridization were used on chick embryos between formation of the primitive streak and early organogenesis. We find patterns of expression for HGF/SF and its receptor c-met consistent with their known roles in ep ithelial-mesenchymal transformation and angiogenesis. In addition, these genes and HGFI/MSP are expressed in discrete locations within developing somites, suggesting a role in paraxial mesodermal development. Very strong and early expression of HGF/SF in the elevating limb buds suggests its involvement in limb outgrowth. HGFI/MSP is expressed in the notochord and then in the prospective floor plate region and could play a role in development of the neural tube. Interestingly, c-met is often more closely as sociated with HGFI/MSP than with its known ligand, HGF/SF, raising the possibility that c-met expression may be induced by HGFI/MSP. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170110
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  • 96
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    Widespread expression of the eve1 gene in zebrafish embryos affects the anterior-posterior axis pattern (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 117-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Homeobox ; even-skipped ; evel ; no tail ntl ; pattern formation ; anterior-posterior axis ; zebrafish embryo ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The zygotic expression of the evel gene is restricted to the ventral and laletul cells of the marginal zone. At later stages, the mRNAs are localized in the most posterior part of the extending tail tip. An evel clone (pcZf14), containing a poly-A tail, has been isolated. In order to address evel gene function, pcZf14 transcript injections into zebrafish embryos have been performed. The injection into uncleaved eggs of a synthetic evel mRNA (12 pg), which encodes a protein of 28 kd, produces embryos with anterior-posterior (A-P) axis defects and the formation of additional axial structures. The first category of 24 h phenotypes (87%) mainly displays a gradual decrease in anterior structures. This is comparable to previous phenotypes observed following Xhox3 messenger injection either in Xenopus or in zebrafish that have been classified according to the index of axis deficiency (zf-IAD). These phenotypes result in anomalies of the development of the neural keel, from microphthalmia to acephaly. The second category (13%) corresponds to the phenotypes described above together with truncal or caudal supernumerary structures. Additional truncal structures are the most prominent of these duplicated phenotypes, displaying a “zipper” shape of axial structures including neural keels and noto-chords. Caudal duplication presents no evident axis supernumerary structures. The observation of these phenotypes suggests an important role for the evel gene in mesodermal cell specification and in the development of the posterior region, and more particularly of the most posterior tail tip where endogenous eve1 messengers are found. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170204
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  • 97
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    Identification of genes showing altered expression in preimplantation and early postimplantation parthenogenetic embryos (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 17 (1995), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Genomic imprinting ; parthenogenetic embryos ; biallelic expression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Uniparental embryos have been instrumental in studying imprinting because contributions from the parental genomes can be determined unambiguously. In this study, we set out to identify imprinted genes showing differential expression between parthenogenetic and fertilized embryos during preimplantation and early postimplantation stages of development. We identified three genes-apolipoprotein E, pyruvate kinase-3, and protein phosphatase 1 gamma-that represent excellent candidates for imprinted genes, based on the results of the differential screen, their function in differentiation and the cell cycle, and their location within imprinted chromosomal regions. In addition, two novel genes expressed in trophoblast were identified, 1661 and RA81. These genes, together with four known imprinted genes, H19, Igf2r, Igf2, and Snrpn, showed evidence of expression from both parental alleles in early stage embryos, indicating a role for postfertilization processes in regulating imprinted gene function. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020170307
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    Biochemical analysis of programmed cell death during premeiotic stages of spermatogenesis in vivo and in vitro (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Developmental Genetics 16 (1995), S. 140-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0192-253X
    Keywords: Programmed cell death ; apoptosis ; spermatogenesis ; premeiotic stages ; testis ; in vitro regulation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Control points of regulator action during spermatogenesis are not completely known. Using the shark testis model, which facilitates analysis of spermatogenesis stage-by-stage in vivo and in vitro, an early biochemical marker of programmed cell death (PCD) was detected. Nucleosomal oligomers were seen in DNA extracts of testis and isolated spermatocysts (clonal germ cell/ Sertoli cell units) at premeiotic (PrM), but not meiotic (M) or postmeiotic (PoM), stages. Cell nuclei isolated from M stages of development were susceptible to cleavage by micrococcal nuclease, suggesting that developmental control of factors other than a nuclease-insensitive chromatin structure may account for stage specificity. Cytological features of apoptosis were seen in germ cells, but not Sertoli cells, of a subset of isolated PrM spermatocysts and appeared to be all-or-none in affected clones. In culture, DNA fragmentation occurred on schedule with or without various additives, but the phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) decreased accumulation of DNA breakdown products. Identification of the apoptotic form of PCD as a major, variable component of normal spermatogenesis and the use of PrM spermatocysts as an in vitro test system will allow further definition of mechanisms and developmental and physiological controls. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dvg.1020160207
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  • 99
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    Ein neues Oxophosphat (IV/III)-Anion - Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von Na6P4O10 · 2 H2O (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 621 (1995), S. 7-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Sodium phosphate ; oxophosphate (IV/III) ; crystal structure ; 31P-NMR ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Oxophosphate (IV/III) Anion - Preparation and Crystal Structure of Na6P4O10 · 2 H2OA new oxophosphate anion, P4O106-, was obtained by cleavage and simultaneous oxidation of the cyclo-hexaphosphate(III) anion in a solution of aqueous ammonia and ethanol. With sodium it forms a salt with the composition Na6P4O10 · 2 H2O. The crystal structure has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction (3 745 diffractometer data), the cell constants were obtained from X-ray powder data, space group P1; a = 6.004(1), b = 6.173(2), c = 11.496(2) Å, α = 99.26(2)°, β = 95.92(2)°, γ = 117.63(2)°, Z = 1, R = 0.044. The backbone of the anion is formed by phosphorus atoms directly bonded to each other. The coordination of each phosphorus atom is completed to four by oxygene. The resulting oxidation numbers are +III for the inner phosphorus atoms and +IV for the terminal phosphorus atoms. The site symmetry of the anion is approximately C2h. Based on a 31P-NMR spectra of a solution the coupling constants of the AA ‘BB’ system were determined.
    Notes: Ein neues Oxophosphation, P4O106-, wurde durch oxidative Ringspaltung an cyclo-Hexaphosphaten(III) in ammoniakalisch/ethanolischer Lösung erhalten und die Struktur von Na6P4O10 · 2 H2O [Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten (3 745 unabhängige Strukturfaktoren)] gelöst. Raumgruppe P1; a = 6,004(1); b = 6,173(2); c = 11,496(2) Å; α = 99,26(2)° β = 95,92(2)°; γ = 117,63(2)°; Z = 1; R = 0,044. Das „Rückgrat“ des kettenförmigen Anions sind vier verbundene Phosphoratome, deren Koordination mit Sauerstoff auf vier aufgefüllt wird. Dem entspricht die Oxidationsstufe +III für die inneren bzw. +IV für die terminalen Phosphoratome. Für das komplexe Anion ist die Punktsymmetrie C2h näherungsweise erfüllt. Aus 31P-NMR-Daten in Lösung wurden die vier Kopplungskonstanten des AA ‘BB’-Systems durch Spektrensimulation ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19956210104
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  • 100
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    Eine ‚Reduktive Austausch-Reaktion‘: Einkristalle von Rb2[MnO4] aus Li[MnO4]Professor Hans-Uwe Schuster in memoriam (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 621 (1995), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Oxomanganate(VI), Rb2[MnO4] ; preparation ; crystal structure ; MAPLE calculation ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A ‘Reductive Exchange Reaction’: Single Crystals of Rb2[MnO4] from Li[MnO4]By heating of well ground mixtures of the oxides RbO0.9 and Li[MnO4] (Rb:Mn = 1.5:1; Ag-tubes; 660°C, 56 d) dark-green, orthorhombic single-crystals of Rb2[MnO4] were obtained. The structural determination revealed the isotype to K2[MnO4]; a β-K2SO4-typ. Thus, for the first time by a pure solid-state-chemical way, via a reductive, complete alkali-metal exchange, single crystals of an oxomanganate(VI) of the alkali metals were prepared.The Madelung Part of the Lattice Energy, MAPLE, and the charge distribution were calculated.
    Notes: Durch Tempern inniger Gemenge der Oxide RbO0,9 und Li[MnO4] (Rb:Mn = 1,5:1; Ag-Zylinder; 660°C, 56 d) wurden dunkelgrüne, orthorhombische Einkristalle von Rb2[MnO4] erhalten. Die Einkristallstrukturbestimmung belegt die Isotypie zu K2[MnO4]; es liegt der β-K2SO4-Typ vor. Somit konnten erstmals auf rein festkörperchemischem Weg, über einen reduktiven, vollständigen Alkalimetall-Austausch, Einkristalle eines Oxomanganates(VI) der Alkalimetalle dargestellt werden.Der Madelung-Anteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, sowie die Ladungsverteilung wurden berechnet.
    Additional Material: 6 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.19956210202
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