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  • 1995-1999  (2,432)
  • 1995  (2,432)
  • Organic Chemistry  (965)
  • Engineering General  (737)
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  • 1995-1999  (2,432)
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  • 101
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 447-451 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: (+)-Multifidence ((+)-1) has been synthesized starting from (R)-(cyclopent-2-enyl)methanol ((+)-2) via its chloroformate 4, Co-mediated radical cyclization reaction to the lactone (+)-6, and introduction of the olefinic side chains.
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  • 102
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure was developed for the biosynthetic preparation of 15N-labelled guanosine and inosine through the action of a mutant Bacillus subtilis strain. Crude [N2,1,3,7,9-15N]guanosine and [1,3,7,9-15N]inosine were isolated from the culture filtrate by precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography (Scheme 1). No cell lysis and no enzymatic degradation was necessary. The per-isobutyrylated derivatives 1 and 2 were isolated from a complex mixture, purified by virtue of their different lipophilicity, and separated in three steps involving normal-and reversed-phase silica-gel chromatography. One litre of complex nutrient medium yielded 8.44 mmol of guanosine derivative and 2.84 mmol of inosine derivative with high average 15N enrichment (83.5 and 91.9 atom-%, resp.). [N6,1,3,7,9-15N]Adenosine (4) was obtained from 2′,3′,5′-tri-O-isobutyryl[1,3,7,9-15N]inosine (1) through the ammonolysis of its 1,2,4-triazolyl derivative with aqueous 15NH3 (Scheme 2).
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 103
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two cis-fused cyclopenteno-1,2,4-trioxanes, 1a and 1b, were subjected to Zn in AcOH or FeCl2 · 4H2O in MeCN. In the first case, the main course was deoxygenation to give cyclopentanone (18) and the 1,4-diphenyl- or 1,4-bis(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopent-3-ene-1,2-diol 10 (Scheme 5). In the second case, isomerization chiefly occurred resulting in the formation of a dimer 9 of the respective 3,5-diaryl-5-hydroxycyclopent-2-enyl 5-hydroxypentanoates 8 (Scheme 3).
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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  • 104
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Rh11-catalyzed carbenoid addition of diazoacetates to olefins was investigated with [Rh2{(4S)-phox}4] (1;phox = tetrakis[(4S)-tetrahydro-4-phenyloxazol-2-one]), [Rh2{(2S)-mepy}4] (2; mepy = tetrakis[methyl (2S)-tetrahydro-5-oxopyrrole-2-carboxylate]), and [Rh2(OAc)4] (3). While catalysis with 2 and 3 afford preferentially trans-cyclopropanecarboxylates, the cis-isomers are the major products with 1. In general, the enantioselectivities achieved with 1 and 2 are comparable. Additions catalyzed by 1 are strongly sensitive to steric effects. Highly substituted olefins afford cyclopropanes in only poor yield. The preferential cis-selectivity observed in reactions catalyzed by 1 is attributed to dominant interactions between the ligand of the catalyst and the substituents of both olefin and diazoacetate, which overrule the steric interactions between olefin and diazoacetate in the transition state for carbene transfer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 105
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 486-504 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A New Access to 2′-O-Alkylated Ribonucleosides and Properties of 2′-O-Alkylated OligoribonucleotidesA general access to 2′-O-alkylated ribonucleosides using the key intermediate 5 is presented. The incorporation of 2′-O-‘ethyleneglycol’- and 2′-O-‘glycerol’-substituted (i.e., 2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)- and 2′-O-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)-substituted) ribonucleosides into oligonucleotides affords a new generation of oligonucleotides with high affinity for RNA, high specificity, and increased nuclease resistance.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 106
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 471-485 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The objectives of this study were to gain insights into the structure-lipophilicity relationships of peptides and to propose an improved model for estimating their lipophilicity. First, existing databases were extended to obtain the distribution coefficients of a total of 208 free or protected peptides (di- to pentapeptides). The polarity parameters (Λ) of 23 free amino acids and 19 protected amino acids (AcNH—CHR—CONH2) and of their side chains were calculated from experimental distribution coefficients and computed molecular volumes. An analysis of the polarity parameters revealed that the hydrophobicity of the amino-acid side chains is largely reduced due to the polar field of the backbone. The polarity parameters of the peptides were then obtained in a similar manner and shown to be highly correlated with the sum of the polarity parameters of their side chains, i.e., the lipophilicity of peptides can be calculated from their molecular volume and the sum of their side-chain polarities using the regression established for each individual series of peptides (Fig. 1). This last restriction is essential since the polarity and lipophilic increment of a NH—C*H—CO unit were shown to decrease with increasing length of backbone.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 107
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 533-536 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 108
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 857-865 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The spiro[cyclohexane-1,2′-[2H]indene] derivatives 15a,b with molecular dimensions and nucleophilic functional groups similar to known steroid 5α-reductase inhibitors (e.g. 2) were synthesized. The spiro[cyclohexane-1,2′-[2H]indene]-1′(3′H),4-dione (5) was synthesized from 5-methoxyindan-l-one ( = 2,3-dihydro-5-methoxy-1H-inden-1-one). A Grignard reaction and a dehydration step led to the cyclohexene (±)-7 which, upon a stereoselective hydrogenation catalyzed by Raney-Ni under mild conditions, gave 8a as a pure epimer. Further hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of 8a over Pd/C at room temperature reduced the keto group to give pure 9a. Finally, the 5′-substituted derivatives 12a, 14a, and 15a were generated by deprotection and Heck-type reaction.
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  • 109
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cationic Pd-complexes modified by dicyclohexyl{(R)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyl}phosphine (1a) give very active catalytic systems for the regioregular isotactic specific copolymerization of propene with CO. Other alk-1-enes also give stereoregular and regioregular copolymers, even if with lower productivity. The copolymers are isolated as poly(4-alkyl-tetrahydrofuran-2,2,5,5-tetrayl-2-oxy-2-methylenes) B in the solid state and give the isomeric poly(2-alkyl-1-oxopropane-1,3-diyls) A by dissolution in (CF3)2CHOH. Solid polymer A (R = Et) is formed back at least partially when the dissolved material is reprecipitated from MeOH. The use of the related (ferrocenyl)diphosphine ligands 1b-e and 2 as the catalyst modifier shows that the presence of both elements of chirality and of large substituents on the P-atoms of the ligand is necessary to achieve good stereocontrol, and that the large difference in basicity between the two P-atoms is probably the reason for the good catalytic activity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Boron Trifluoride Catalyzed Reaction of 3-Amino-2H-azirines and Amides: Formation of 4,4-Disubstituted 4H-ImidazolesReaction of trifluoroacetamide and 3-amino-2H-azirines 1 in refluxing MeCN affords 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)-4H-imidazoles 5 in fair yields (Scheme 3). Less acidic amides do not react with 1 under similar conditions. Therefore, a procedure involving BF3-catalysis has been elaborated: the aminoazirine 1 in CH2Cl2 at -78° is treated with BF3 · Et2O and then with a solution of the sodium salt of an amide in THF, prepared by addition of sodium hexamethyldisilazane at -78°. The 4H-imidazoles of type 5 are formed in ca. 50% yield (Scheme 4). Reaction mechanisms for this ring enlargement of 1 are proposed in Schemes 5 and 6.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 111
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The 4-hydroxyheptadecan-7-one (1) and 14-hydroxyoctadecan-8-one (2), two new hydroxyketones isolated from leaves of Chiococca alba, were synthesized, for the first time, by hydroxy-functionalized nitroalkanes 4 and 9, respectively, via two chemoselective key steps: i) nitroaldol condensation with basic alumina, and ii) direct Nef conversion of nitroalkenes to carbonyl derivatives with sodium hypophosphite, in order to preserve the OH group.
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  • 112
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Electron Transfer and Ion Pair Formation Single Crystal Structure of Bis(sodium 1,1′-biphenyl-2-thiolate-diglyme): An Intermediate in the Reductive Ring Opening of DibenzothiopheneOn Na-metal reduction of dibenzothiophene, the five-membered sulfur ring opens to form a colorless 1,1′-biphenyl-2-thiolate sodium salt, which, according to its single-crystal structure determination, is a dimer containing a four-membered, twice diglyme-solvated ring (diglyme···Na⊕⊖SR)2. Additional measurements provide the following information: cyclic voltammetry in aprotic MeCN solution shows one quasi-reversible electron transfer at E1/2Red = -2.58 V. The dibenzothiophene radical anion can be generated in aprotic THF solution at a K mirror and characterized by an 81-line ESR spectrum and its simulation. This blue species is also the first UV/VIS detectable one before the solution changes via green (due to blue + yellow color mixing) to yellow, yielding across an isosbestic point a second and diamagnetic compound. All of the above results suggest a consecutive two-electron reduction followed by an intersystem protonation, M + (e⊖) → M.⊖ (blue) + (e⊖) → (M⊖⊖, yellow?) + (H⊕) → MH⊖ (colorless), to yield the crystallized and structurally characterized reaction intermediate. The diglyme-solvated sodium-salt dimer provides a basis for a quantum-chemical discussion of some facets of the most likely microscopic reduction pathway.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 113
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 910-924 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Absolute rate constants and their temperature dependence were determined by time-resolved electron spin resonance for the addition of the radicals PhĊH2 and PhĊMe2 to a variety of alkenes in toluene solution. To vinyl monomers CH2=CXY, PhĊH2 adds at the unsubstituted C-atom with rate constants ranging from 14 M-1S-1 (ethoxyethene) to 6.7 · 103 M-1S-1 (4-vinylpyridine) at 296 K, and the frequency factors are in the narrow range of log (A/M-1S-1) = 8.6 ± 0.3, whereas the activation energy varies with the substituents from ca. 51 kJ/mol to ca. 26 kJ/mol. The rate constants and the activation energies increase both with increasing exothermicity of the reaction and with increasing electron affinity of the alkenes and are mainly controlled by the reaction enthalpy, but are markedly influenced also by nucleophilic polar effects for electron-deficient substrates. For 1,2-disubstituted and trisubstituted alkenes, the rate constants are affected by additional steric substituent effects. To acrylate and styrenes, PhĊMe2 adds with rate constants similar to those of PhĊH2, and the reactivity is controlled by the same factors. A comparison with relative-rate data shows that reaction enthalpy and polar effects also dominate the copolymerization behavior of the styrene propagation radical.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 114
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 925-934 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Lactones from Epoxycyclodecanone Derivatives by Ring Enlargement Involving Fragmentation ReactionsA stereospecific ring-enlargement reaction of alkyl esters of 2,3-epoxy-1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-10-oxocyclo-decanecarboxylic-acid derivatives is described, involving Grob fragmentation of in situ formed hemiacetals. The assignment of the relative configuration of the starting materials was accomplished on the basis of 1H-NMR data. The rearrangement of the epoxides 9 and 10 (with cis-orientation of the ester group and the epoxide ring, Scheme 1) gives the lactone 15 as the single and as the major product, respectively, with (Z)-configuration of the newly formed C=C bond. A concerted reaction mechanism is assumed. The formation of a small amount of 12 from 10 is probably due to a competitive two-step carbanion pathway. The reaction of the diastereoisomers 7 and 8 leads to the lactones 11 and 12, respectively, as the only ring-enlargement products (Scheme 1), with (E)-configuration of the newly formed C=C bond. On the basis of our results, we cannot distinguish in this case between a concerted and a two-step carbanion mechanism. This type of reaction takes place only in the presence of an ester group; no ring enlargement was detected in case of compound 20 (Scheme 3), which is the de(alkoxycarbonyl) derivative of 9. The eliminative opening of the epoxide ring in the epoxylactone 17 affords 11 as the single product (Scheme 2). A carbanion mechanism was assumed for this reaction.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 115
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 959-969 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A number of new glycosyl donors, O-(1-phenyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl) glycosides, are prepared from the corresponding hemiacetals, commercially available 5-chloro-1-phenyl-1H-tetrazole (2), and tetrabutylammonium fluoride (Bu4NF) in either THF or DMF. The mild reaction conditions are compatible with a variety of protecting groups. The glycosyl donors are treated with hydrogen fluoride-pyridine complex (HF·py) to rapidly provide glycosyl fluorides in good-to-excellent yields, apparently by a (single or double) SN2 mechanism as studied by both 1H- and 19F-NMR spectroscopy. Under acidic conditions, glycosyl fluorides equilibrate partially or completely, equilibration requiring a large excess of HF · py.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 116
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 970-992 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enantioselective Synthesis of Allyl-, Propargyl-, and 4-En-2-ynyl-amines via 1,2-Addition of Organocerium Reagents to Chiral Aldehyde Imines(E)- and (Z)-Allyl-, propargyl-, and 4-en-2-ynyl-amines 5 and 14, useful bifunctional building blocks and of pharmaceutical interest, are synthesized in high enantiomeric purity (e.e. ≥ 97%). Key step is the diastereoselective 1,2-addition (d.e. 86 to ≥ 98%) of organocerium reagents to chiral α,β-unsaturated aldehyde imines 3 or 8 to produce adduct amines 4 and 9 (Schemes 1 and 4, resp.). The propargylamine 9 is a substrate for Pd-catalyzed coupling with alkenyl halides to produce the enynylamine 11a and the thienyl-substituted alkynylamine 11b. The chiral auxiliary (S,S)-2 is removed from 4 and 11 in 3 steps affording the title compounds 5 and 14. Diastereoisomer enrichment of the hydrochloride of 6 by crystallization is possible.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 117
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An improved synthesis of 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazole (1) is described. This compound was used for the high-yield syntheses of the tris(pyrazoly1)borates Nd[HB(3,5-(CF3),-pz)3] (2a) and the corresponding potassium salt, 2b, starting from 1 and NaBH4 and KBH4, respectively. A convenient route to the corresponding thallium(I) salt, 2c, using thallium(I) acetate and either 2a or 2b in CHCI3, is also described. The sodium (3a), potassium (3b), and thallium (3c) salts of bis(pyrazolyl)borate [H2B(3,5-(CF3)2-pz)2]- were also prepared. The above pyrazolylborates were characterized by 1H-, 13C-, 19F-, and 11B-NMR spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal structure of the thallium derivative 2c was determined. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/m with a = 8.248(9) Å, b = 15.034(12) Å c = 9.243(8) Å, β = 100.10(7)°, Z = 2. The Tl-atom adopts a pyramidal geometry with respect to the three N-atoms. However, two TI-N distances (2.725(7) Å) are longer than the third (2.675(10) Å).
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  • 118
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1013-1019 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ‘Bare’ FeO+ reacts in the gas phase with norbornane with collision efficiency, and the most prominent cationic products correspond to [FeC5H6]+ (32%), [FeC7H8]+ (19%), [FeC3H6O]+ (19%) and [FeC6H6]+ (14%), which are structurally characterized by ligand exchange as well as collision-induced dissociation experiments. Circumstantial evidence is provided which indicates that the complexes [FeC5H6]+, [FeC7H8]+, and [FeC6H6]+ originate from an Fe(norbornene)+ intermediate which itself is formed by elimination of H2O from the [FeO(norbornane)]+ encounter complex. Although the reactions are preceded and/or accompanied by partial H/D exchange, the isotope distribution in the productions clearly points to a preferential endo-attack of bare FeO+, with an endo/exo-ratio of ca. 10.3 and kinetic isotope effects kH/kD for the endo-abstraction of 2.4 and of 7.7 for approaching an exo-C—H bond. The preferred endo-approach of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane by ‘bare’ FeO+ is in distinct contrast to the P-450-mediated or the iron(III)porphyrin-catalyzed hydroxylation of this substrate which favor reactions at the exo-face.
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  • 119
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structures 9 and 8 are proposed for the single isolated irradiation product of 5-oxo-5,10-secocholest-1(10)-en-3α-yl acetate (6) [2] and for the minor product of irradiation of 5-oxo-5,10-secocholest-1(10)-en-3β-yl acetate (1) [3], respectively. These compounds are formed in an alternative reaction with respect to the originally observed intramolecular Paterro-Büchi photoprocess (transformation of 1 to oxetane 2). The formerly postulated ‘active’ conformations for 1 and 6 still allow explanation of their generation.
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  • 120
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Formation of 1,2,4-Trithiolanes in Three-Component Reactions of Phenyl Azide, Aromatic Thiones, and 2,2,4,4-Tetramethylcyclobutanethiones: A Sulfur-Transfer Reaction to ‘Thiocarbonyl-thiolates’ ((Alkylidenesulfonio)-thiolates) as Reactive IntermediatesThe reaction of PhN3 and aromatic thioketones 18 (two-component reaction) at 80° yields only the corresponding imines 22, S, and N2. Under similar conditions, in the presence of sterically crowded 2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-cyclobutanethiones 19 (three-component reaction), 1,2,4-trithiolanes of type 20 are formed in good yields in addition to imines 22 (Scheme 4). In case of 19a and 19c (X = CO, CS), the symmetrical trithiolanes 21a and 21b, respectively, are also isolated. With 4,4-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-5(4H)-thione (24) instead of aromatic thioketone 18, imine 25, trithiolane 21a, and 1,4,2-dithiazolidine 26 are formed (Scheme 5). A reaction mechanism for the formation of 1,2,4-trithiolanes 20 and 21, including an S-transfer to generate ‘thiocarbonyl-thiolates’ 2b and/or 2c and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with a thioketone, is proposed in Scheme 7.
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  • 121
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three 1,4-dimethylidenecyclohexanes, bridged in the 2,6- and 3,5-positions by two ethano (4), one ethano and one propano (5), and two propano bridges (6) have been synthesized. The interaction of the two exocyclic methylidene groups has been investigated by He(I) photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy. It revealed a slightly larger energy difference (0.8 eV) for 4 and 5 as compared to the parent 1,4-dimethylidenecyclohexane (7) (0.7 eV). The interpretation of the PE spectra was based on the comparison with PE data of related systems and with the results of semiempirical calculations on 4-6.
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  • 122
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 2048-2052 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The [Rh2(OAc)4]-catalyzed addition of methyl diazoacetate to N-benzylideneaniline (1a) afforded the imine cis-2 in 35% yield. Under catalysis by chiral RhII catalysts, however, only racemic 1a was produced, and the yield was low. In the presence of dimethyl maleate, aziridine formation was suppressed, and an intermediate ylide 6 was trapped as cycloadduct 7. No aziridines were obtained, however, from 1b, 1c, and 3. The iminium salt 8 reacted with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane in the absence of [Rh2(OAc)4] via dipolar cycloaddition followed by extrusion of N2 to 10.
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  • 123
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    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 2053-2064 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cross-coupling of the homopropargylic ether 1 and the halopropargylic ethers 2a and 2b was optimized, and aspects of the coupling mechanism were studied. Coupling promoted by Pd° and Cu1 in the presence of an amine yielded a mixture of the heterodimer 3 and the homodimers 4 and 5 (Scheme 1). Optimizations were first directed at suppressing homo-coupling. Homo-coupling is partially due to a H/I exchange (1 + 2a ⇌ 6 + 7) promoted by CuI and an amine. The exchange, but not the formation of homodimers, was largely suppressed in DMSO. The influence of phosphine ligands was also evaluated. Weaker σ-donors (with the exception of PPh3) lead to a faster coupling and to a higher ratio of hetero- to homodimers, with P(fur)3 leading to the cleanest reaction. Homodimers are also formed (together with I2 · (i-Pr)2NH) by reductive dimerization of the iodoalkyne 2a in the presence of [Pd2(dba)3], CuI, and (i-Pr)2NH. Bulky and acceptor-substituted amines reduced the extent of the dimerization of 2a, but the bulkiest amines did not promote coupling. Better results were obtained by using the bromoalkyne 2b. Neither dimerization of 2b, nor H/Br exchange between 1 and 2b were observed. Coupling of 1 and 2b was slower than the one of 1 and 2a, but gave higher yields of the heterodimer 3. The yield of 3 and the ratio of hetero-to homodimers was greatly improved by addition of LiI; no phosphine ligand is then required. While the oxidative addition of the iodoalkyne 2a to [Pd(PPh3)4] (2a → 8a) was rapid, the one of the bromoalkyne 2b was much slower and proceeded via the η2-complex 9 as evidenced by 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The rearrangement of 9 to the bromopalladium σ-complex 8b follows first-order kinetics (k = 0.014 min-1). CuBr greatly increased the rate of this rearrangement. LiI caused rapid substitution of Br by I in the Pd σ-complex (8b → 8a), but not in 9, nor in 2b. The σ-complex 8a did not react with the alkyne 1 in the presence of (i-Pr)2NH, unless CuI was added. The alkynes 10 or 1 did not react with CuI and either TMEDA or (i-Pr)2NH to yield detectable amounts of the Cu-acetylides 11 or 12. These observations are rationalized by the mechanism shown in Scheme 3, postulating the intermediacy of the binuclear alkyne-Pd-Cu complexes C and J, and some or all of E-H, and highlighting the role of CuI in this coupling.
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  • 124
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cycloadditions of the α,β-unsaturated-acyl cyanides 1-3 with (Z)-or (E)-1-bromo-2-ethoxyethene (4) may be performed at moderate temperatures and provide in good yields the 3-bromo-2-ethoxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-carbonitriles 5-7, respectively (Scheme 1). Diastereoisomeric pairs of products result at room temperature merely from the ‘endo’- and ‘exo’-transition states; more complex mixtures appear above 60° as a consequence of (Z)/(E)-isomerization of 4. The relative stability of the anomers of 5 and 6 is explored by treatment with BF3·Et2O. Acid alcoholysis (MeOH or EtOH) of 5 leads to acetals 9a, b of 4-bromo-5-oxopentanoate. Alkyl (2Z,4E)-5-ethoxypenta-2,4-dienoates 12, 17, and 20, are formed in alcoholic alkoxide solutions from 5, 6, and 7, respectively, which is compatible with the intermediacy of 2-alkoxy-2H-pyrans and their valence tautomers, α,β-unsaturatedacyl cyanides. Methoxide addition to the CN group competes with dehydrobromination in case of 5; it leads to 3-bromo-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-6-carboximidate 13 (ca. 50% at -20°) which can be hydrolyzed to the methyl carboxylate 14. DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene) in benzene converts 5 to 6-ethoxy-2-oxohexa-3,5-dienenitrile (11), the ring-opening product of an obviously unstable 2-ethoxy-2H-pyran; the same reagent dehydrobrominates 6 to 2-ethoxy-4-methyl-2H-pyran-6-carbonitrile (15). HBr Elimination from 7 takes place with great ease in presence of pyridine, or even during chromatography on alumina, and leads to the stable ethyl 6-cyano-2-ethoxy-2H-pyran-4-carboxylate (18); this dimerizes at room temperature to give a 1:3 mixture of tricyclic adducts ‘endo’-21 and ‘exo’-21. The structure of the latter is established by an X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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  • 125
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Absolute rate constants and their temperature dependence were determined by time-resolved electron spin resonance for the addition of the radicals ·CH2CN and ·CH2CO2C(CH3)3 to a variety of mono- and 1,1-disubstituted and to selected 1,2- and trisubstituted alkenes in acetonitrile solution. To alkenes CH2=CXY, ·CH2CN adds at the unsubstituted C-atom with rate constants ranging from 3.3·103 M-1S-1 (ethene) to 2.4·106 M-1S-1 (1,1-diphenylethene) at 278 K, and the frequency factors are in the narrow range of log (A/M-1S-1) = 8.7 ± 0.3. ·CH2CO2C(CH3)3 shows a very similar reactivity with rate constants at 296 K ranging from 1.1·104 M-1S-1 (ethene) to 107 M-1S-1 (1,1-diphenylethene) and frequency factors log (A/M-1S-1) = 8.4 ± 0.1. For both radicals, the rate constants and the activation energies for addition to CH2=CXY correlate well with the overall reaction enthalpy. In contrast to the expectation of an electro- or ambiphilic behavior, polar alkene-substituent effects are not clearly expressed, but some deviations from the enthalpy correlations point to a weak electrophilicity of the radicals. The rate constants for the addition to 1,2- and to trisubstituted alkenes reveal additional steric substituent effects. Self-termination rate data for the title radicals and spectral properties of their adducts to the alkenes are also given.
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  • 126
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 177-193 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Me3Si—C(1) bond of the bis-(trimethylsilyl)ethynylated anhydroalditol 2 is selectively cleaved with BuLi to yield 3/4, while AgNO2/KCN in MeOH cleaves the Me3Si—C(2′) bond, leading to 5 (Scheme 1). Both Me3Si groups are removed with NaOH in MeOH (→ 7), the (i-Pr)3Si group is selectively cleaved with HCl in aq. MeOH ( →6); all silyl substituents are removed with Bu4NF ( →8). Acetolysis transformed 9 into 13, which was desilylated to 14, while thiolysis of 9 led to a mixture 11/12. The tetraacetate 14 has also been obtained from 9 via 10. Oxidative dimerisation of either 3 or 5, or of a mixture 3/5 yields only the homodimers 15 and 16 (Scheme 2); treatment of 16 with AgNO2/KCN yielded 17, deprotection proceeding much more slowly than the cleavage of the Me3Si—C(2′) group of 2. The iodoalkyne 20, required for the cross-coupling with 5 according to Cadiot-Chodkiewicz, was prepared by deprotection of 3/4 to 18, methoxymethylation (→19), and iodination. Cross-coupling yielded mostly 21, besides the homodimer 22. Similarly, cross-coupling of 20 and 23 (obtained from 5) led to 24 and 22. The structure of 24 was established by X-ray analysis (Fig.), showing a C(6)-C(5′) distance of 5.2 Å. The conditions for deprotecting 2 were applied to 21, and led to 25 (AgNO2/KCN), 26 (aq. NaOH), 27 (Bu4NF), and 29 (HCl/MeOH; Scheme 3). Attempted deprotection of the propargylic-ether moiety with BuLi, however, failed. The dimer 27 was further deprotected to 28. Acetolytic (Ac2O/Me3SiOTf) debenzylation of the dimer 30, obtained from 10, gave 31 (83%) which was deacetylated to 32 (Scheme 4). Cross-coupling of 5 and the bromoalkyne 33, obtained from 10, yielded 34; again, acetolysis proceeded well, leading to 35. The cellobiose derivative 38 was prepared from the lactone 36 via 37. The glycosidic linkage of 38 proved resistant to the conditions of acetolysis, leading to 39. Acetolysis of the benzylated thiophene 40 (from 30 with Na2S) yielded the octaacetate 41, but proceeded in substantially lower yields (50%).
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  • 127
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 238-241 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that sodium (methoxycarbonyl)cyclopentadienide (1), which is easily accessible from sodium cyclopentadienide and dimethyl carbonate in THF, reacts with 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrylium tetrafluoroborates 2a-d in boiling MeOH to afford the corresponding methyl azulene-2-carboxylates 4a-d in good yields. The corresponding 1-carboxylates 3 were not found (cf. Schemes 1 and 2).
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  • 128
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: It is shown that the thermal electrocyclic ring-closure reaction of 1,2-di[(E)-prop-1-enyl]benzene to yield 2,3-dimethylnaphthalene (cf. Scheme 1) [10] can successfully be applied also to the synthesis of benz[a]azulenes (cf. Schemes 2 and 3). Starting materials are methyl 4,6,8-trimethylazulen-2-yl ketone (6) and the corresponding 2-carbaldehyde 5, which, in a Horner-Emmons reaction, are transformed into the (azulen-2-yl)-acrylates (E)-8 and (E)-7, respectively. Vilsmeier formylation of these compounds, followed by the Horner-Emmons reaction leads to the formation of the bisacrylates (E,E)-11 and (E,E)-12, respectively. In an alternative reaction, (E)-8, on treatment with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (ADM) in the presence of [RuH2(PPh3)4], can be transformed into the methoxycarbonyl-substituted bisacrylates (E,E)- and (E,Z)-17. All three bisacrylates, on heating at 180-190° in p-cymene, undergo cyclization to yield the corresponding dihydrobenz[a]azulenes 13, 14, and 18, respectively, which could easily be dehydrogenated on heating in the presence of Pd/C. The new benz[a]azulenes 15, 16, and 19 are fully characterized.
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  • 129
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of nonafulvene 1e and nonafulvenes 2 and 3 have been assigned, high-resolution 1H-NMR spectra of 2 (600 MHz, Fig. 3) and of 3 (400 MHz, Fig. 2) have been analyzed, and the data are compared with those of other nonafulvenes (Tables 1-6). Generally speaking, according to their spectroscopic behavior, four classes of nonafulvenes (A-D) may be distinguished (Fig. 1). The investigation shows that compounds 1e and 3 belong to class A, being characterized by 1H-chemical shifts around 6 ppm, strongly alternating 3J(H,H) and 13C chemical shifts in the range of 123 to 130 ppm, thus existing in the olefinic form with a non-planar nine-membered ring. On the other hand, 2 is the first nonafulvene of class D, being characterized by 1H chemical shifts in the aromatic range, large 3J(H,H) values of the same size, and 13C chemical shifts around 110 ppm. Since NMR parameters are virtually not influenced by temperature (-50° to 50°) or solvents, it is concluded that 2 exclusively exists in the dipolar structure 2± with a planarized nine-membered ring. According to Fig. 4, these classes (and their spectroscopic data) are linked by 10,10-bis(dimethylamino)nonafulvene (1c; and its temperature-dependent NMR parameters): for 1c, a temperature-dependent equilibrium 1c⇌1c± had earlier been established.
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  • 130
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This work describes L-phenylalanine cyclohexylamide (5c) as a simple, cheap, and powerful chiral auxiliary for the synthesis of a series of optically pure α,α-disubstituted (R)- and (S)-amino acids of type 1, such as (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-phenylalanine (1a), (R)- and (S)-2-methyl-2-phenylglycine (1b), and (R)- and (S)-2-methylvaline (1c; Scheme 3). These amino acids were efficiently transformed into the suitably protected and activated amino acid building blocks (R)- and (S)-12b and (R)- and (S)-12c (Scheme 4) which are ready for incorporation into peptides by solution or solid-phase techniques. Based on the crystal structures of 6b, 6c, and 7a belonging to the diastereoisomeric peptides series 6 and 7, the absolute configurations of each member of the series were determined. β-Turn geometries of type II′ and I were observed for 6b and 7a, respectively, whereas 6c crystallized in an extended conformation. The impacts of side-chain variation on conformation and crystal packing of these triamides are discussed.
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  • 131
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The four α,α,α, β,β,β,-hexamethyl α-hydrogen Coα, Coβ-dicyanocobyrinates 2b, d-f, with a free b-, d-, e-, and f-propionic-acid function, respectively, were prepared by partial hydrolysis of heptamethyl Coα, Coβ-dicyanocobyrinate (cobester; 1) in aqueous sulfuric acid. The cobester monoacids 2b, d-f were obtained as a ca. 1:1:1:1 mixture which was separated. The monoacids were purified by chromatography and isolated in crystalline form. The position of the free propionic-acid function was determined by an extensive analysis of 2b, d-f using 2D-NMR techniques; an analysis of the C,H-coupling network topology resulted in an alternative assignment strategy for cobyrinic-acid derivatives, based on pattern recognition. Additional information on the structure of the most polar of the four hexamethyl cobyrinates, of the b-isomer 2b, was also obtained in the solid state from a single-crystal X-ray analysis. Earlier structural assignments based on 1D-NMR spectra of the corresponding regioisomeric monoamides 3b, d-f (obtained from crystalline samples of the monoacids 2b, d-f) were confirmed by the present investigations.
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  • 132
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 615-618 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Syntheses and Crystal Structure of 1-Lithio-2,2-diphenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)etheneCrystals of [1-lithio-2,2-diphenyl-1-(phenylsulfonyl)ethene]- N,N,N′,N′ -tetramethylethylenediamine (2/2) (2) were prepared by addition of BuLi to 1,1-diphenyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethene (1) in the presence of N,N,N′,N′ -tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) at low temperature. The X-ray structure analysis shows a centrosymmetric dimer bridged over an eight-membered (Li—O—S—O)2 ring. There are no Li-C contacts to the C(α) atoms. Both Li cations are tetracoordinated via the sulfonyl O-atoms and the N-atoms of the TMEDA ligand. The X-ray structure analysis of 1,1-diphenyl-2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethene (1) also was determined to compare interatomic distances and angles.
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  • 133
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new pteridine compound was isolated from green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria, Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophilum NCIB 8327. The structure of this pterin derivative was established to be 1-O-(L-erythro-5,6,7,8- tetrahydropterin-2′-yl)-β-N-acetylglucosamine (1) from 1H-NMR and CD spectra as well as from various mass spectrometric techniques and chemical-cleavage techniques. Upon acid hydrolysis of 1, equimolar amounts of biopterin (2) and N-acetylglucosamine were produced. The structure of the hydrolysis product 2 was confirmed by comparing its NMR, UV, CD, and MS and its chromatographical behavior with those of an authentic specimen. N-Acetylglucosamine was identified by an enzymatic hydrolysis experiment as well as by NMR and thin layer chromatography. Electrospray (ES), fast-atom-bombardment (FAB), and thermospray (TS) mass spectrometry of 1 yielded an MH+ at m/z 441. Periodate-oxidation experiments of the intact molecule 1 and of its hydrolysis product 2 are consistent with the proposed structure. Differential I2 oxidation experiments with the native compound showed that the in vivo oxidation state of this pterin is its tetrahydro form. We propose the trivial name ‘limipterin’ for this new compound.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 134
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis, characterization, and electrochemical and photophysical properties of the ReI and RuII complexes of permethylated β-cyclodextrins, functionalized on the primary face by a 2,2′-bipyridine ligand, are reported. For comparison, model compounds, in which the cyclodextrin was replaced by a Me group, were also prepared and their properties investigated.
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  • 135
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Reactions of 3-silylated β-lactams (1) with α,β-unsaturated ketones give the propylidene-β-lactams 3 and the cycloalkenylidene derivatives 5. Structure and configuration are elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and the reactivity is discussed. While compounds 5 do not react with dienophiles, the (Z)-isomers of 3 are the favored substrates for Diels-Alder reactions yielding the spiro compounds 6 and 7.
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  • 136
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformational space of the tetrasaccharide α-L-Fuc-(1→2)-β-D-Gal-(1→3)-β-D-GalNAc-(1→3)-α-D-GallPr (3) and of some overlapping di- and trisaccharide sequences was investigated with the aid of molecular-mechanics energy minimizations, molecular-dynamics simulations, and 1H-NMR analysis. These investigations suggested that in compound 3 a certain rigidity of the first two glycosidic linkages (Fuc-Gal and Gal-GalNAc) is combined with the flexibility of the third one (GalNAc-Gal).
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  • 137
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 663-669 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the synthesis of the title compound 12, the important intermediate 7 was obtained in good yield from the easily available ethyl 5, 5-ethylenedioxy-2-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxylate (1) via ring enlargement of the bicyclic enol ether 5 (Scheme). Its reduction (NaBH4 in EtOH) and subsequent protection with (t-Bu)Me2Si resulted in the highly functionalized ten-membered lactone 9. Introduction of the (Z)-configurated double bond, followed by deprotection and elimination of H2O, gave (±)-pyrenolide B (12) in 16% overall yield.
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  • 138
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1185-1206 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Both enantiomers of tert-butyl 2-(tert-butyl)-5,5-dimethyl-4-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxylate (11; Bbdmoic) were prepared from L-alanine (Schemes 1 and 2). The parent heterocycle, 2-tert-butyl-5,5-dimethylimidazolidin-4-one (12; from 2-aminoisobutyramide, H-Aib-NH2, and pivalaldehyde) was also available in both enantiomeric forms by resolution with O,O′-dibenzoyltartaric acid. The compound (R)- or (S)-11 was used as an auxiliary, but also as a chiral Aib building block in a dipeptide synthesis. The 3-propanoyl derivative 13 of (R)-11 was used for the preparation of enantiomerically pure 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid (enantiomer ratio (e.r.) 99.5:0.5), by benzylation of the Zn-enolate (→ 14; Scheme 3). Oxidative coupling of the bis-enolate derived from heptanedioic acid and (S)-11 (→ 23) and methanolysis of the auxiliary gave dimethyl trans-cyclopentane-1,2-dicarboxylate (26) with an e.r. of 93:7 (Scheme 5, Fig. 5). The 3-(Boc-Gly)-Bbdmoic derivative 29 was doubly deprotonated and, after addition of ZnBr2 alkylated with alkyl, benzyl, or allyl halides to give the higher amino-acid derivatives with excellent selectivities (e.r. 〉 99.5:0.5, Schemes 6 and 7). Michael additions of cuprates to [(E)-MeCH=CHCO]-Bbdmoic 36 occurred in high yields, but high diastereoselectivities were only observed with aryl cuprates (diastereoisomer ratio (d.r.) 99:1 for R = Ph, Scheme 8). Finally, 3-(Boc-CH2)-Bbdmoic 17 was alkylated through the ester Li-enolate with primary and secondary alkyl, allyl, and benzyl halides with diastereoselectivities (ds) ranging from 91 to 98%, giving acetals of Boc-Aib-Xxx-O(t-Bu) dipeptides (Scheme 4). The effectiveness of Bbdmoic is compared with that of other chiral auxiliaries previously used for the same types of transformations.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new general concept for the total synthesis of pseurotin A (1), a secondary metabolite of Pseudeurotium ovalis STOLK, which possesses a highly substituted 1-oxa-7-azaspiro[4.4]nonane skeleton, is presented. A key intermediate of the planned reaction sequence is the functionalized γ-lactone 8. The corresponding protected compound 52 was prepared using (S)-O,O-isopropylideneglyceraldehyde (13) and the bromoacetal 14 as starting material. γ-Lactone 52 was obtained in enantiomerically pure state in ten steps. It possesses the desired configuration.
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  • 140
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1325-1333 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of N2S2-macrocycles with ring sizes varying between 12 and 16, as well as two 12-membered N2S2-rings with a pendant carboxylic and amino group, respectively, were synthesized. Their complexation properties towards Ag+ were studied by pH titrations and by potentiometry with a silver electrode. The observation that 1:1 ([AgLH2]3+, [AgLH]2+, [AgL]+) and 1:2 species ([AgL2H2]3+, [AgL2H]2+, [AgL2]+) were formed is interpreted by postulating that Ag+ can bind either to the S-donors only, or to both the N- and S-atoms. The most stable complex [AgL]+ in the series of the nonfunctionalized macrocycles was found for the 12-membered N2S2-ring 3. The stability of it increased when an additional donor group was introduced into the side chain. The highest formation constant (logβ110 = 14.43(1)) was obtained with the 12-membered ring 12 carrying the ethanamine side chain. In view of a radiochemical application, all Ag+ complexes were tested in blood serum for their stability, but were not stable enough against transmetallation.
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  • 141
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1392-1392 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 142
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A concept of first choice for the synthesis of the title compounds had been proposed by Dane in the late 1930s. It was soon turned down, because the opening move-a chirogenic Diels-Alder reaction - did not work. With Lewis acids as mediators, however, a successful start has been achieved now. With Ti complexes of chelating ligands (Seebach's TADDOLs (= α,α,α′,α′-tetraaryl-1,3-dioxolane-4,5-dimethanols)), enantioselective formation of the desired adducts does occur. Efficient total syntheses of 2 and 3a have been accomplished.
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  • 143
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1419-1436 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sodium [1,3-13C2]cyclopentadienide in tetrahydrofuran (THF) has been prepared from the corresponding labelled [13C2]cyclopentadiene which was synthesized from 13CO2 and (chloromethyl)trimethylsilane (cf. Scheme 10) according to an established procedure. It could be shown that the acetate pyrolysis of cis-cyclopentane-1,2-diyl diacetate (cis-22) at 550 ± 5° under reduced pressure (60 Torr) gives five times as much cyclopentadiene as trans-22. The reaction of sodium [1,3-13C2]cyclopentadienide with 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium tetrafluoroborate in THF leads to the formation of the statistically expected 2:2:1 mixture of 4,6,8-trimethyl[1,3a-13C2], -[2,3a-13C2]-, and -[1,3-13C2]azulene (20; cf. Scheme 7 and Fig. 1). Formylation and reduction of the 2:2:1 mixture [13C2]-20 results in the formation of a 1:1:1:1:1 mixture of 1,4,6,8-tetramethyl[1,3-13C2]-, -[1,3a-13C2]-, -[2,3a-13C2]-, -[2,8a-13C2]-, and -[3,8a-13C2]azulene (5; cf. Scheme 8 and Fig. 2). The measured 2J(13C, 13C) values of [13C2]-20 and [13C2]-5 are listed in Tables 1 and 2. Thermal reaction of the 1:1:1:1:1 mixture [13C2]-5 with the four-fold amount of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (ADM) at 200° in tetralin (cf. Scheme 2) gave 5,6,8,10-tetramethyl-[13C2]heptalene-1,2-dicarboxylate ([13C2]-6a; 22%), its double-bond-shifted (DBS) isomer [13C2]-6b (19%), and the corresponding azulene-1,2-dicarboxylate 7 (18%). The isotopically isomeric mixture of [13C2]-6a showed no 1J(13C,13C) at C(5) (cf. Fig. 3). This finding is in agreement with the fact that the expected primary tricyclic intermediate [7,11-13C2]-8 exhibits at 200° in tetralin only cleavage of the C(1)—C(10) bond and formation of a C(7)—C(10) bond (cf. Schemes 6 and 9), but no cleavage of the C(1)—C(11) bond and formation of a C(7)—C(11) bond. The limits of detection of the applied method is ≥96% for the observed process, i.e., [1,3a-13C2]- 5 + ADM→ [7,11-13C2]-8→[1,6-13C2]-9 →[5,10a-13C2]-6a (cf. Scheme 6).
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  • 144
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Kinetic and equilibrium NMR studies of briarane diterpenes isolated from the pennatulacean coral Funiculina quadrangularis showed that funicolide A (1), funicolide D (5), and brianthein W (6), with R2 = Hβ, undergo slow flipping by rotation of the C(1)—C(2)—C(3)—C(4) dihedral angle, giving rise to two observable conformers in a 4:96 population ratio, both having an axial AcO—C(14) and C(16) pointing ‘downwards’, but differing for pseudoaxial or pseudoequatorial position of R1O, respectively. δ(C) for the minor conformers could be quickly assigned by an original emulation methodology. Similar studies revealed that funicolide B (2), 7-epifunicolide A (4), funicolide E (7), and unnatural epibrianthein W (8) undergo similar motions, where, however, the nature of the α-positioned substituent R2 determines which conformer predominates: axial R1O for R2 = Hβ (4 and 8) or equatorial R1O for R2 α-OH, (2 and 7). In contrast, funicolide C (3) proved to undergo slow conformational motions that involve also the cyclohexene ring, resulting in two observable conformers characterized by either an equatorial AcO—C(14) and trans-diaxial C(2)/C(9) or an axial AcO—C(14) and trans-diequatorial C(2)/C(9) in a 9:1 population ratio, respectively. These observations, and molecular-mechanics calculations for briaranes known to exhibit broad NMR signals, lead to general views on the conformational preferences of diterpenes of this class.
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  • 145
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1,3-Dipoles with a Central S-Atom from the Reaction of Azides and Thiocarbonyl Compounds: An Unexpected MeS Migration in the Trapping Product of a ‘Thiocarbonyl-aminide’ with Methyl DithiobenzoateReaction of PhN3 with O-methyl thiobenzoate (11a) and thioacetate (11c) as well as with the dithio esters 11b,d at 80° yields the corresponding imidates and thioimidates 12 (Scheme 3). The formation of 12 is rationalized by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the azide and the C=S group followed by successive elimination of N2 and S. In the three-component reaction of 11b, PhN3, and the sterically crowded thioketone 1a, 1,2,4-trithiolane 13a and 1,4,2-dithiazolidine 3a are formed in addition to 12b (Scheme 4). The heterocycles 13a and 3a are trapping products of 1a and ‘thiocarbonyl-thiolate’ 5a and ‘thiocarbonyl-aminide’ 2a (Ar=Ph), respectively (Scheme 6). These 1,3-dipoles are formed as reactive intermediates. Surprisingly, in the presence of catalytic amounts of acids, the major product is the (methyldithio)cyclobutyl thioimidate of type 14 (Scheme 5), formed by an acid-catalyzed MeS migration in dithiazolidine 17. A reaction mechanism is proposed in Scheme 7.
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  • 146
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis of a cis-Phe-Pro dipeptide mimetic is described, which adopts a type-VIβ-turn conformation. In this mimetic, the α-positions of Phe and Pro are joined by a CH2CH2 bridge, thereby forming a fused bicyclic system, and fixing a geometry similar to that seen in cis-Phe-Pro units in protein crystal structures. The dipeptide mimetic 20 was synthesized in optically pure form starting from (R)-α-allylproline (6; Schemes 1, 3, and 4), with a free carboxylic acid and an Fmoc-protected N-terminus, thereby allowing its incorporation into linear and cyclic peptides using standard solid-phase methods. The mimetic 20 was incorporated into the cyclic somatostatin analogue cyclo(-Phe = Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-), where Phe = Pro represents the mimetic. This analogue shows a high affinity (pIC50 8.6) for somatostatin receptors on rat-brain cortex membranes. Based on NMR studies in aqueous solution, likely low-energy conformations for this analogue were deduced using restrained dynamic simulated annealing. The conformations found, which include a distorted type-II′ turn at D-Trp-Lys, are similar to low-energy conformations deduced elsewhere for cyclo(-Phe-Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-), as well as to those seen in crystal structures of the somatostatin analogue octreotide.
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  • 147
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1620-1620 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 148
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hetero-armed p(tert-butyl)calix[4]arene 1 was synthesized by a stepwise procedure. This ligand presented a very strong complexing behavior towards Cu1, giving the chiral complex 2 and parent species when reacted with CuII salts. High-resolution NMR techniques were employed for the characterization of 2, demonstrating notably exchange processes between its two enantiomeric forms. The racemic nature of 2 was confirmed by X-ray crystal-structure analysis.
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  • 149
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Fe(ClO4)2 reacts with the segmental ligand 2-{6-[1-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl]pyridin-2-yl}-1,1′-dimethyl-5,5′-methylene-2′-(5-methylpyridin-2-yl)bis[1H-benzimidazole] (L2) in MeCN to give the diamagnetic deep violet complex [Fe(L2)2]2+ where the metal is pseudo-octahedrally coordinated by two perpendicular tridentate binding units. When L2 reacts with an equimolar mixture of Ln(ClO4)3 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu) and Fe(ClO4)2, electrospray-mass spectrometric, spectrophotometric, and 1H-NMR data in MeCN show the selective formation of the deep red heterodinuclear C3-cylindrical complexes [LnFe(L2)3]5+ where the three ligands L2 are wrapped about the metal-metal axis. FeII occupies the pseudo-octahedral capping site produced by the three bidentate units and LnIII lies in the resulting ‘facial’ pseudo-tricapped trigonal prismatic site defined by the three remaining tridentate coordinating units. The heterodinuclear complexes [LnFe(L2)3]5+ display spin-state equilibrium (1A ⇄ 5T) and thermochromism in MeCN between 243 and 333 K. Detailed 1H-NMR, UV/VIS, and magnetic measurements in solution show that the partial spin-crossover behavior of [LnFe(L2)3]5+ occurs for Ln = La—Eu with similar thermodynamic parameters (ΔHsc = 20-23 kJ·mol-1 and ΔSsc = 55-66 J·mol-1·K-1) indicating that the size of LnIII has a negligible influence on the spin-state equilibrium. However, the smaller LnIII ions have less affinity for the pseudo-tricapped trigonal prismatic coordination site in the heterodinuclear complexes as demonstrated by the partial decomplexation of [YFe(L2)3]5+ to give [Fe(L2)2]2+ and the absence of the heterodinuclear complex [LuFe(L2)3]5+ under the same conditions. The crucial role played by the sterically demanding FeII in the assembly processes is discussed together with the use of the efficient combination of lanthanide probes with magnetic d-block probes for the design and investigation of luminescent and magnetic materials with controlled structural and physical properties. Photophysical measurements reveal that efficient ligand → metal and Eu → Fe energy transfer occur in [EuFe(L2)3]5+ which strongly quench both the ligand and the Eu-centered luminescence.
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  • 150
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1738-1746 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The (1H-imidazol-2-yl)ulose 8 and the 1H-imidazol-2-yl C-glycopyranosides 23 and 24 have been prepared from tetra-O-benzylgluconolactone 6 in two and six steps, respectively. The imidazoles 8 and 24 are moderate competitive inhibitors of sweet-almond β-glucosidase (pH 6.8, Ki ≈ 0.79 and 0.64 mM, respectively), while 23 is a competitive inhibitor of yeast α-glucosidase (pH 6.8, Ki ≈ 0.26 mM). Addition of 2-lithiated 1-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1H-imidazole to 6 gave the ulose 7 (68%), which was deprotected to 8. Reduction of 7 with NaBH4 yielded a 12:88 mixture 10/11. Attempts to selectively mesylate HO—C(1) of these diols failed, while dinitrobenzoylation led to 19/20, which cyclized easily (NaH) to a 25:75 mixture of 21 and 22 which were separated and debenzylated to the C-glycosides 23 and 24.
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  • 151
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Caulerpenyne (1), the most abundant of the ecotoxicologically relevant sesquiterpenoids of the Mediterranean-adapted tropical green seaweed Caulerpa taxifolia, was found to react with Et3N or pyridine in MeOH by initial deprotection of C(1)HO to give oxytoxin 1 (2a), previously isolated from the sacoglossan mollusc Oxynoe olivacea. With BuNH2, without any precaution to exclude light, 1 gave the series of racemic 3 and 4, and achiral (4E,6E)-5, (4E,6Z)-5, (4Z,6E)-5, and (4Z,6Z)-5 pyrrole compounds, corresponding to formal C(4) substitution, 4,5-β-elimination, and (E/Z)-isomerization at the C(4)=C(5) and C(6)=C(7) bonds. Changing to CDCl3 as solvent in the dark, 1 gave cleanly, via 2a as an intermediate, 3 and (4E,6E)-5. The latter proved to be prone to (E/Z)-photoisomerization. Under standard acetylation conditions, 3 gave (4E,6E)-5 via acetamide 7 as an intermediate. Particular notice is warranted by selective deprotection of 1 at C(1), mimicking enzyme reactions, and unprecedented formation of pyrrole compounds from freely-rotating, protected 1,4-dialdehyde systems.
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  • 152
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The configuration of several keto-cyclolignans related to podophyllotoxin has been reviewed. Under basic catalysis, the configuration at the C-atom in α-position to the lactone carbonyl group in podophyllotoxone is inverted instead of the C-atom in α-position to the ketone group, as it has been reported.
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  • 153
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1823-1836 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Boron-Trifluoride-Catalyzed Reactions of 3-Amino-2H-azirines with Amino-acid Esters and AminesAfter activation by protonation or complexation with BF3, 3-amino-2H-azirines 1 react with the amino group of α-amino-acid esters 3 to give 3,6-dihydro-5-aminopyrazin-2(1H)-ones 4 by ring enlargement (Scheme 2, Table 1). The configuration of 3 is retained in the products 4. With unsymmetrically substituted 1 (R1 ≠ R2), two diastereoisomers of 4 (cis and trans) are formed in a ratio of 1:1 to 2:1. With β-amino-acid esters 5 and 7, only openchain α-amino-imidamides 6 and 8, respectively, are formed, but none of the seven-membered heterocycle (Scheme 3). Primary amines also react with BF3-complexed 1 to yield α-amino-imidamides of type 9 (Scheme 4, Table 2). Compound 9b is characterized chemically by its transformation into crystalline derivatives 10 and 12 with 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride and phenyl isothiocyanate, respectively (Scheme 5). The structure of 12 is established by X-ray crystallography. Mechanisms for the reaction of activated 1 with amino groups are proposed in Schemes 6 and 7.
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  • 154
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: [(Benzyloxy)methyl]dialkylsilyl-substituted 1,3-dithianes show in CI-MS an abundant loss of benzaldehyde from the [M + H]+ quasi-molecular ion. The fragmentation is explained with an intramolecular redox process, where a hydride is proposed to be transferred from the benzyl position to a neighboring thionium ion. This would form a particle that could readily lose benzaldehyde as a neutral fragment. The CI-MS results provide an explanation for the unusual instability of (benzyloxy)methyl-substituted silanes towards acids. In fact, the formation of benzaldehyde was established in the decomposition of a (benzyloxy)methyl-substituted acylsilane in the presence of Lewis or Brønsted acids and ethanethiol. The CI-MS study, therefore, represents a useful method to recognize unusual reactions that are - or might be - important in solution.
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  • 155
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1894-1894 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 156
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1895-1903 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of the macrobicyclic europium(III) complex [Eu3+ ⊂1]3Cl- incorporating a N,N′ - dioxide unit has been determined. It confirms the cryptate nature of this species, the included cation being bound to six N- and two O-sites. The efficient shielding of the bound Eu3+ ion may be related to the efficient luminescence of this cryptate and points to the role played by the N-oxide sites. To further explore the effect of such binding groups, the two macrocyclic ligands 4 and 5 bearing two bipyridine N,N′ -dioxide lateral arms have been synthesized and their EuIII and TbIII complexes prepared.
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  • 157
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1933-1970 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The high-pressure reaction of 1-methylazulenes 1 with excess of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (ADM) in hexane at 30° and at pressures up to 7 kbar affords the tricyclic compounds 2 in reasonable-to-good yields (cf. Table 1). The crystalline compounds 2 decompose on melting into the starting materials and undergo rearrangement to the corresponding heptalene-1,2-dicarboxylates 6. The X-ray crystal-structure analyses of 2f and 2g (cf. Fig. 1) reveal the presence of a perfectly planar seven-membered ring and comparably long C(1)-C(10) as well as C(1)-C(11) bonds (cf. Tables 2 and 3). The thermolysis of 2g in different solvents leads in aprotic media to the formation of the starting azulene 1g and, depending upon the polarity of the solvents, to varying amounts of the corresponding heptalene-1,2-dicarboxylate 6f (cf. Table 11). The formed amounts of 1g depends linearly on the ET values of the solvents (cf. Fig. 4). The same is valid for the thermolysis of 2g in protic media (cf. Table 10 and Fig.3). However, in these cases instead of the heptalene-1,2-dicarboxylate 6g, the corresponding (E)- and (Z)-isomers of the 1-(azulen-1-yl)ethene-1,2-dicarboxylates 7g are formed. The other tricyclic compounds 2 exhibit the same behavior on thermolysis in MeCN and BuOH (cf. Tables 8 and 9, resp.). The results show that the tricyclic compounds 2 undergo at temperatures up to 110° two competing reactions, namely heterolysis of the C(1)-C(10) bond, leading to the formation of heptalenes 6 in polar aprotic media, and the (E)- and (Z)-ethene-1,2-dicarboxylates 7 in polar protic media, and concerted homolysis of the C(1)-C(10) and C(8)-C(9) bonds in the sense of a retro-Diels-Alder reaction in apolar media, yielding the starting azulenes and ADM, the amount of which decrease with increasing polarity of the solvent. The kinetic and activation parameters measured for 2g and the other tricyclic compounds 2 are collected in Tables 12-15. The tricyclic compounds 2a and 2b show in polar aprotic media (MeCN) a different behavior in that they form, instead of heptalenes, the corresponding 3,4-dihydrocyclopent[cd]azulene-1,2-dicarboxylates 16a and 16b, respectively (Scheme 4). Experiments with [8-2H]-2a showed that these compounds are not formed via intramolecular H-shifts (cf. Schemes 8 and 9).
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  • 158
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1971-1982 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Glycosylidene carbenes derived from the GlcNAc and AllNAc diazirines 1 and 3 were generated by the thermolysis or photolysis of the diazirines. The reaction of 1 with i-PrOH gave exclusively the isopropyl α-D-glycoside of 5 besides some dihydrooxazole 9 (Scheme 2). A similar reaction with (CF3)2CHOH yielded predominantly the α-D-anomer of 6, while glycosidation of 4-nitrophenol (→7) proceeded with markedly lower diastereoselectivity. Similarly, the Allo-diazirine 3 gave the corresponding glycosides 12-14, but with a lower preference for the α-D-anomers (Scheme 3). The reactions of the carbene derived from 1 with Ph3COH (→8) and diisopropylideneglucose 10 (→11) gave selectively the α-D-anomers (Scheme 2). The αD-selectivity increases with increasing basicity (decreasing acidity) of the alcohols. It is rationalized by an intermolecular H-bond between the acetamido group and the glycosyl acceptor. This H-bond increases the probability for the formation of a 1,2-cis-glycosidic C-O bond. The gluco-intermediates are more prone to forming a N-H…(H)OR bond than the allo-isomers, since the acetamido group in the N-acetylallosamine derivatives forms an intramolecular H-bond to the cis-oriented benzyloxy group at C(3), as evidenced by δ/T and δ/c experiments.
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  • 159
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 160
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. i 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 161
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 1-12 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Double-helical metal complexes, the helicates H2-H5, were found to bind to double-helical DNA by spectroscopic, DNA-melting, and electrophoretic-mobility measurements. The helicates also inhibited the cleavage of DNA by two restriction enzymes, Sspl and EcoRV, a property which agrees with the binding occurring in the major groove of the double helix. Visible-light irradiation of solutions containing a helicate and the pBR322 plasmid led to single-strand cleavage, indicating that these complexes could be of interest as potential probes for nucleic-acid structure.
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  • 162
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Asymmetric methylation and phenylation of the chiral pyridinium salt 7, as well as methylation of chiral pyridinium salt 18, with Grignard reagents occurred in good yield and with good-to-excellent diastereoselectivities (Schemes 2 and 3, resp.). These results are best explained by assuming chelate control to govern the asymmetric alkylation/arylation process. The minimum-energy conformations of the out-of-plane twisted pyridinium salts 7 and 18, as determined by the ‘Molecular Simulations Cerius-Dreiding II’ program, are in good agreement with the postulated asymmetric chelate-control mechanism.
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  • 163
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of tetraethynylethene (3,4-diethynylhex-3-ene-1,5-diyne) 1 as well as of a great diversity of differentially mono-, di-, and triprotected derivatives by newly developed synthetic routes is described. These fully cross-conjugated molecules are versatile building blocks and precursors to two-dimensional all-C networks and novel C-rich nanoarchitecture with unusual structural and electronic properties, such as perethynylated expanded radialenes, or molecular wires and polymers with the novel polytriacetylene backbone. A key step in all of these routes was the Corey-Fuchs dibromoolefination of aldehydes and ketones. Dibromoolefination of silyl-protected penta-1,4-diyn-3-ones yielded the corresponding dibromomethylidene derivatives which, by twofold Pd-catalyzed alkyne coupling, were transformed into tetraethynylethene derivatives. In routes to tetraethynylethenes with free cis-or trans-enediyne moieties, dibromoolefination of aldehyde groups produced geminal dibromoethenes which, upon elimination/metallation with LDA followed by quenching with H+ or other electrophiles, yielded free or substituted ethynyl groups in high yields. Tetra- and triprotected tetraethynylethenes are rather stable compounds that could be isolated in pure form, whereas derivatives with two or more free ≡C—H termini were only stable in dilute solution and polymerized rapidly in pure form. A trans-bis(triisopropylsilyl)-protected derivative represented an exception and could be isolated as stable crystals. X-Ray analysis revealed that the two bulky (i-Pr)3Si groups isolate the reactive chromophores from one another in the crystal and prevent intermolecular reactions. The structures of several tetraethynylethenes were revealed in high-quality X-ray crystal structures.
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  • 164
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Novel Alkaloids from the Poison Glands of Ants LeptothoraciniNovel pyrrolidine alkaloids were isolated from the poison glands of ants Leptothoracini(Myrmicinae) and identified as a mixture of N-alkylated 3-methylpyrrolidines. The females of these species produce male-attracting pheromones in their poison glands. The basic compounds in the secretions were found to be active. The major alkaloid, 3-methyl-1-(3-methylbutyl)pyrrolidine (5), is present in only ng quantities per gland.
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  • 165
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 46-60 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Salmycin A-D, Antibiotics from Strep tomy ces violaceus, DSM 8286, Having a Siderophor-Aminoglycoside StructureSalmycin B (2) and C (3) were isolated under acid conditions, under which they are stable, from the culture broth of Streptomyces violaceus, DSM 8286. The acid- and alkaline-labile, native main component salmycin A (1), as well as salmycin D (4), were obtained under strictly neutral pH conditions. The compounds 1 (C41H70FeN7O21), 2 (C41H69FeN6O21), 3 (C40H67FeN6O21), and 4 (C40H68FeN7O21) are classified as sideromycins and are stable when dry. Mild alkaline hydrolysis of 1 and 2 yielded the known siderophor danoxamin (5; C27H46FeN5O11), and amino-disaccharides. The amino-glycoside 6 (C14H25NO11) of salmycin B was stabilized by hydrogenation and the structure of the corresponding peracetate 10 determined by 1H,1H- and 1H,13C-correlation NMR spectroscopy (Table 1). Compound 6 consists of a glucos-2-ulose unit which is linked to the 2-position of a 6-deoxy-6-(methylamino)heptopyranose. The danoxamin is bonded via the carboxy group by ester linkage to the primary alcohol of the glucos-2-ulose. Salmycin A (1) is a natural oxime of 2, it was synthesized from 2 with hydroxylamine. The salmycins and those derivatives which contain hexapyranos-2-ulose form stable ketone hydrates which can be identified by mass spectrometry. Although several recently identified features of the danomycins do not correspond with those of the salmycins, 13C-NMR spectra show that both groups of antibiotics are closely related. All salmycins, especially component 1, are highly active against Staphylococci and Streptococci, even against resistant strains of these pathogens.
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  • 166
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The crystal structure of (±)-7,8,13β,14α-tetrahydro-N7-(13C)methylcorysaminium iodide (13C-3a·I) was investigated by X-ray analysis and thus the relative configuration (7S*,13S*,14S*) established (Fig. 1). The conformation of 3a was shown to have a cis-junction of the B/C rings and the rings A and D in an antiperiplanar position relative to the C(13)—C(14) bond (‘anti-cis’), a twisted half-chair for ring B, and a half-chair for ring C (Figs. 2 and 3). Conformation analysis by 1H-NMR data indicated that the crystal conformation of 3a is also the preferred one in MeOH solution.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 167
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 94-108 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oligonucleotide building blocks 4b-d derived from 7-bromo-, 7-chloro-, and 7-methyl-substituted 7-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosines 3b-d were prepared. They were employed in the solid-phase synthesis of the oligonucleotides 7-25. The dA residues of the homomer d(A12), the alternating d[(A-T)6], and the palindromic d(G-T-A-G-A-A-T-T-C-T-A-C) were replaced by 3b-d as well as by the parent 7-deaza-2′-deoxyadenosine (3a). The melting profiles and CD spectra of oligonucleotide duplexes, showing this major groove modification, were measured, and the Tm values as well as the thermodynamic data were determined. It was found that small substituents such as Br, Cl, or Me introduced in the 7-position of a 7-deazaadenine residue increase the duplex stability compared to oligonucleotides containing adenine.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 168
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 87-93 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The angular alkylation of cis-decalin epoxides like 5 or 7 can be achieved at C(8a)For convenience, the arbitrary numbering given for 5 (Scheme I) is used throughout the General Part; for systematic names, see Exper. Part. in good yield by using CuI and a large excess of Grignard reagents without an sp3 centre at C(2). The reaction proceeds via a carbenium-ion intermediate which is stabilised by homoconjugative interaction with the adjacent double bond. Due to 1,3-diaxial strain in the alkoxides resulting from alkylation or reduction at C(4a) of the epoxides 5 or 7, the nucleophile is delivered selectively to C(8a). Grignard reagents possessing H-atoms at C(β), transfer a hydride to the epoxide yielding the trans-decalol 11 (Grignard reduction). The angular alkylation of 5 with allylic and benzylic Grignard reagents proceeds with good yield.
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  • 169
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 122-128 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Using a series of enantioselective aldol condensations followed by an ester enolate addition, the cyclic hemiacetal 2 was prepared stereospecifically. Hemiacetal 2 represents the synthetically most challenging ‘southern part’ of the antifungal macrolide soraphen A (1). Spontaneous enolisation of 26, the C(2) epimer of 2, revealed that 2 is the most stable diastereoisomer at room temperature.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 170
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: β-Ketonitrile-Derived Protecting Groups of the Amino Function. Synthesis of Amino AlcoholsThe amino group of natural L-amino acid esters is protected by condensation with 2-oxocyclopentanenitrile (1) or 2-formyl-2-phenylacetonitrile (10). Only the ester group of the formed cyanoenamino esters 2 and 11 reacts with nucleophilic reagents such as organometallics (RMgX, RLi), borohydrides, or metal amides, whereas the cyanoenamino group is unchanged (Schemes 1 and 2). Cyanoenamino alcohols obtained by reduction of cyanoenamino esters 2 are hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to amino alcohols with retention of the configuration of the starting amino acid. This sequence of reactions allows to prepare derivatives of L-tyrosinol from (-)-L-tyrosine (see, e.g., Scheme 4). Cyanoenamino esters 11 are readily methylated at the N-atom to give N-methylated cyanoenamino esters (Scheme 3). This property is exploited on the way of a multistep procedure to obtain N-methylated amino alcohols homologous to natural (-)-(1R,2S)-ephedrine.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 171
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 670-678 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Benzyl phosphites were used in the Micaelis-Arbuzov reaction. Special experimental conditions allowed preparation of a set of phosphonate analogs of mono-, di-, and triphosphate. Furthermore, regioselective monodeprotection makes these molecules useful building blocks for the synthesis of analogs of polyphosphorylated compounds of biological interest (e.g. nucleotides), after removal of all phosphonate benzyl ester groups under very mild conditions and high yields.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 172
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 679-692 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The UV/VIS absorption spectrum of [14]annulene was measured in 3-methylpentane at room and liquid-N2 temperatures and interpreted by the CNDO/S-CI method. This comparison between experiment and theory supports a structure with π-bond delocalization for this molecule.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 173
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The new bis-macrocycle 1, 1′-[(1H-pyrazol-3], 5-diyl)bis(methylene)bis[1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane] (1) was synthesized and its complexation with Cu2+ studied. Potentiometric and spectrophotometric titrations indicate that, in addition to the mononuclear species [Cu(LH2)]4+, [Cu(LH)]3+, [CuL]2+, and [Cu(LH-1)]+, binuclear complexes such as [Cu2L]4+, [Cu2(LH-1)]3+, and [Cu2(LH-2)]2+ are also formed in solution. The stability constants and spectral properties of these are reported. The binuclear species [Cu2(LH-1)]3+ specifically reacts with an azide ion to give a ternary complex [Cu2(LH-1)(N3)]2+, the stability and structure of which were determined spectrophotometrically and by X-ray diffraction, respectively. The two Cu2+ ions are in a square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The axial ligand is one of the N-atoms of the 1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane ring, whereas at the base of the square pyramid, one finds the other two N-atoms of the macrocycle, one N-atom of the pyrazolide and one of the azide, both of which are bridging the two metal centres. In [Cu2(LH-1)(N3)]2+, a strong antiferromagnetic coupling is present, thus resulting in a species with a low magnetic moment of 1.36 B.M. at room temperature.
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  • 174
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    Helvetica Chimica Acta 78 (1995), S. 715-731 
    ISSN: 0018-019X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The racemic form of the bicyclic diterpene hydrocarbon δ-araneosene (4), endowed with the dolabellane skeleton, was prepared from geraniol in two different ways. The more efficient route involved 13 steps and proceeded with an overall yield of 3.6% (average: 77% per step). With this reference sample at hand, the hitherto elusive metabolite (-)-4, a likely biogenetic precursor of cycloaraneosene ((-)-3) and sordaricin ((-)-1), could finally be isolated in ≥ 99.5% purity from the neutral fractions of the mold Sordaria araneosa CAIN (Ascomycetes).
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  • 175
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1807-1810 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Blends prepared from poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PEN) and poly(butylene 2,6-naphthalate) (PBN) show only partial miscibility judged from their glass transition temperatures. Two distinct mechanical behaviors are observed: brittle for the blends 〈 20 wt% of PBN, while ductile 〉 20 wt% of PBN. The experimental modulus and strength values of the blends are within the predicted values according to Kleiner and Paul models, respectively. This means that PEN/PBN blends are somewhat compatible based on their tensile properties. Especially for 20 wt% of PBN blend, the high modulus and strength are observed. The viscosity of the blend is high, which may imply a somewhat entangled morphology in the amorphous state.
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  • 176
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
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  • 177
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1821-1833 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The paper consides the effects of compatibilization with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) on the propertie of immiscible blends of polypropylene (PP) and nylon 6 (N6). We prepared the blends by three different mixing processes; single-step blending, two-step blending with reactive premixing, and two-step blending with nonreactive premixing, to determine the effective mixiing process for fine morphological structure thermal stability, and mechanical properties. Dynamic melt reheological properties were measured to examine the modification of elastic properties by the compatibilizer. In addtion, thermal analysis was also carried out to detect the change in crystallization and thereby to probe the degree of compatibilizaton. The results show that compatibilized blends prepared by teh single-step process exhibit improved phase morphology, thermal stability, and mechanical properties for dried conditions, compared with other blend types. Finally, the water absorption test indicates that the added compatibilizer yields enhanced water resistance in spite of the strong intrinsic hydrophilicity of N6. In particular, two-step blending with reactive premixing is most effective in improving water resistance and reducing degradation of mechanical properties after moisture absorption.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 178
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1834-1851 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A hybrid two-/three-dimensional solution technique is presentedto model 3-D flow fields in resin transfer moeling using Darcy's low. The 3-D flow field is only solved for regions where all three velocity components are significant, thus largely reducing the number of unknowns. Elsewhere, the commonly used 2-D approximation for flow in thin gaps between plates is employe.d The method is applied to regions where the flow splits, such as T-joints. Because of the uncertainties associated with an accurate determination of the permeability in these regions, a simplified decompled procedure is procesed, which reduces the computational complexity. In this procedure, the flow front is advanced using the 2-D formulation. The 2-D formulation also provides the boundary conditions for the subsequent computation of the 3-D flow field without feedback of flow field information to the 2-d model. The governing equations are solved using boundary fitted coordinate systems (BFCS) together with the finite difference method (FDM). Numerical as well as algebraic grid generation and domain decomposition are employe dto generate grids that always concide with the continuously deforming and enlarging flow domain. Results that include the trackingof numerical tracer particles to visualize the three-dimensionality of the flow field are presented for isothermal flow of a Newtonian fluid through a T-joint. This detailed flow field description is expected to form the basis for a rather accurate simulation of quantitities that largely depend on the fluid particle pathlines, such as the degree of cure. The method is also extendable to shear-thinning fluids as well as to 3-D flow in the vicinity of the flow front.
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  • 179
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1872-1877 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The Smoluchowski equation for the breakup and coalescence of dispersed droplets has been solved for flowing polymer blends. A scaling form for the distribution of droplet sized derived and published for a system of clusters with fragmentation and coagualation was used in our dervation. Equations are developed here for the average droplet size and for the characteristic time of transition to steady state flow of blends with a high content of the dispersed phase. Expressions reasonably describing the average size of droplets for all concentrations were obtained by a theory modification. Measured dependences of droplet size on the blend composition can be matched only if simultaneous collisions of three and more droplets are considered. The results of the theory indicate that the mechanism of droplet breakup (formation of pieces with the same or different volumes) has only a small effect on their average size in concentrated systems. The dependence of droplet size on the shear rate in flow is determined by properties of the blend components, and is generally nonmonotonic.
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  • 180
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1878-1883 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Multilayer LDPE/nylon-6 films with an overall content of 71 wt% LDPE, 24 wt% nylon-6, and 5 wt% PE-based tie-layer adhesive were reprocessed under both minimal and extensive mixing conditions. Thermal and mechanical properties, oxygen and water vapor permeability, and morphology of the reprocessed samples were determined. The modulus and yield stress of the reprocessed films fell between those of the pure homopolymers, whereas percent elongation at break and energy-to-break for all reprocessed films were less than those of the homopolymers. In minimally reprocessed film, layering of LDPE (low-density polyethylene) and nylon-6 was retained, whereas in extensively mixed samples, nylon-6 domains were spherical and ranged from 0.2 to 7 μm. Minimally reprocessed film exhibited good O2 and H2O vapor barrier properties, whereas extensively-mixed samples had poor barrier properties. Properties of well-mixed blends prepared both with and without adhesive showed that 5 wt% adhesive did not compatibilize the LDPE and nylon-6 components.
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  • 181
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1895-1898 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new stress monitoring technique, a stress-tracking device, is described here. It has been used to study some important properties of epoxy resin. Residual stresses, including a curing shrinkage stress and a cooling shrinkage stress, were measured automatically and continuously during curing and cooling. Simultaneously, information such as an apparent gelation time and glass transition temperature were obtained directly during the experiment. These epoxy resin properties were related to the extent of cure. Varying cure temperature produced changes of cure behavior, which resulted in different residual stresses.
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  • 182
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1899-1906 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Processing of microcellular foam was investigated for the feasibility of production of tough and lightweight polyurethanes. To increase the nucleation rate in a gas-supersaturated resin, ultrasonic excitation was applied to the mixture of polyol(polyether-based polyol) and isocyanate(diphenyl methane diisocyanate). A microcellular structure was produced by two sequential steps, i.e., supersaturationof the polyol resin with nitrogen gas at elevated pressure and ultrasonic bubble nucleation right after the impingement mixing of two components of the polyurethane system. Theoretical analyses based on nucleation theories were employed to predict the rate of nucleation in the gas-supersaturated polyurethane. The rate of nucleatio in the resin was predicted by classical nucleation and cluster theories. In the experimental investigation, ultrasonic excitation was applied to increase the nucleation rate in the resin that had been saturated by nitrogen at a saturation pressure 〈 2.0 MPa.
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  • 183
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1917-1922 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polypropylene/Polyamide-6 (PP.PA) blends containing maleic anhydride grafted elastomers were prepared by reactive blending. Three different types of core shell morphologies were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The midulus of these elastomer midified PP/PA (70/30) blends with core shell type morphology is compared to predictions derived from the Kerner model. The multiphase morphology of these blends could be modeled by sequential application of the Kerner equation to two-phase subinclusions. Using morphological data ontained by TEM, good agreement between experimental and calculated values was ontained. The results are used to tailor PP/Pa-6 blends combining stiffness and toughness.
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  • 184
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    Polymer Engineering and Science 35 (1995), S. 1931-1937 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: One of the major factors limiting the use of thermoplastics in engineeing applications is the inadequacy of existing design data. Much of the data do not span appropriate ranges of stress, strain, time, or temperature. This study addresses the need to develop an accelerated method for generating long-time design data to support the innovative use of engineering thermoplastics. In particular, stress relaxation tests (SRT) were performed on polycarbonate (PC) and midified poly(phenylene oxide)(PPO), and used to generate time-dependent design data through the short-time measurement of the material's current state without dependence on elastic modulus. The test results and analyses reported here indicate the SRT method to be an efficeint means of generating accurate and repeatable creep and secant modulus data which may be directly used in design. Therefore, SRT shows great potential both as a design parameter development tool, and as a quality control instrumetn for assessing batch-to-batch variability.
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  • 185
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995) 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 186
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 445-445 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 187
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 604-618 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: By “reverse engineering” the functions of a specific biological system, habituating control strategies are developed for process control applications. A habituating control system has the distinguishing property of more more manipulated inputs than controlled outputs; with the inputs differing significantly in their dynamic effect on the outputs and in the relative costs of manipulating each one. A habituating controller coordinates the use of all the available inputs to achieve high-performance output objectives while simulatneously minimizing the cost of taking control action.The “baroreceptor reflex,” the control system responsible for short-term blood pressure regulation, provides the biological paradigm for the analysis and design of the habituating control structure. Its main characteristics are discussed from a process control perspective, indicating that the robust, high-performance control, characteristic of biological systems is partly due to such habituating control architectures. The broad range of potential process applications is illustrated with two examples. Two basic strategies are presented for the design of habituating controllers for linear systems with two inputs and one output: the direct synthesis approach and the model predictive approach. Compared to previous techniques for multiple-input, single-output systems, the direct synthesis strategy is straightforward and systematic. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of habituating control compared to conventional techniques for which the number of inputs and outputs are equal.
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  • 188
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 649-657 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The residence time distribution of the liquid phase within a three-phase monlith reactor is determined using tracer studies. The actual liquid residence time in the monolith, relevant for reactor design purposes, is calculated from overall residence time measurements using deconvolution by Fourier transform. The liquid-phase residence time decreases as liquid or gas flow rates increase, but the reactor Peclet number remains approximately constant. The residence time distribution and calculated values of the Peclet number reveal that the liquid phase is substantially well-mixed. Comparison with results from experiments in a single glass capillary reveals that the monolith channels become predominantly liquid-filled, particularly as the liquid flow rate becomes a significant fraction of the total flow rate.
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  • 189
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 677-682 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Shear thinning of ternary microemulsions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB), water, and dodecane in the range 103 to 106 s-1 is documented over a wide range of compositions. A marked transition in the characteristic shear rate is observed accompanying the structural transition from bicontinuous to water-in-oil (w/o) droplets as previously reported from diffusion and small-angle scattering techniques. Results in the w/o region are consistent with those for a dispersion of hard spheres. The shear thinning of the bicontinuous structure, however, occurs at much higher shear rates, implying a shorter time and length scale for disruption of the equilibrium liquid structure by the flow field.
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  • 190
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 666-676 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive mathematical model for describing the process of dissolution of a spherical polymeric particle in a convective field is developed. It includes the process of glass transition, reptation of macromolecules, disengagement of these molecules from the gel-liquid interface, and diffusion in the boundary layer surrounding the gel-liquid interface. Different controlling regimes for the dissolution process are identified and quantitatively delineated in this moving boundary problem. Analytical solutions for the estimation of dissolution time for various limiting cases are presented. Key predictions from the model are verified by comparison with preliminary experimental data. A novel feature of a particle-size-independent dissolution of polymeric particles below a critical size brought out by the model is verified experimentally. The findings have pragmatic implications in diverse areas, such as polymerization, drag reduction, and microlithography.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 191
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 658-665 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reactive ion etching kinetics of InP studied uses BCl3/Ar and BCl3/Ar/O2 as etchants. High-temperature etching using BCl3 and Ar increases the etch rate negligibly. However, the addition of 30% oxygen in the gas feed increases etch rates by a factor of 10,000 up to 1.5 micron/min at wafer temperatures of 250°C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that oxygen removes the boron species adsorbing on the InP surface by scavenging the boron to form volatile boron oxides. To study the gas-phase chemistry, optical emission spectroscopy is used to monitor atomic chlorine intensity at different gas mixtures. The chlorine intensity shows a Gaussian-type dependence with oxygen addition, which is similar to the etch rate dependence. Two regimes of etching found are: at temperatures below 150°C, the etching is limited by the removal of indium chlorides; above 180°C, the etching is reaction-limited. The surface morphology shows that the etch profile becomes rougher as a result of increased chemical etching. At high power densities (0.21 W/cm2) and intermediate temperatures (150°C), near vertical wall shapes are obtained. A kinetic model for the high-temperature etching is developed, as well as a rate law based on the InCl formation reaction. The rate law compares favorably with experimental etch rate results.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 192
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 683-690 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The cubic equation of state mixing rule of Wong and Sandler is reformulated in a way that eliminates one of its parameters and so that it can go smoothly from activity coefficient-like behavior to the classical van der Waals one-fluid mixing rule merely by variation of its parameters. The parameters in the reformulated mixing rule can be obtained from correlation of vapor-liquid equilibrium data or from the two infinite dilution activity coefficients for each binary pair in the mixture. When these activity coefficients are estimated from the UNIFAC group contribution model, the mixing rule becomes completely predictive. The correlative and completely predictive forms of this mixing rule are tested here and shown to be accurate for five difficult binary systems and one ternary mixture over large ranges of temperature and pressure.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 193
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1099-1112 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Non-Newtonian fluid flow in porous media is encountered in a variety of applications. Aspects of single-phase flow of power-law fluids in porous media are examined. First, homogenization theory is used to derive a macroscopic law. It is shown that the single-capillary power law between flow rate and pressure gradient also applies at the macroscopic scale, provided that the Reynolds number is sufficiently small. Homogenization theory confirms the validity of the use of pore network models to describe flow of power-law fluids, although not necessarily of fluids of a more general rheology. Flow in pore networks is next used to explore various pore geometry effects. Numerical simulations show that approaches based on an effective medium or on the existence of a critical path, which carries most of the flow, are valid in narrow- or wide-pore-size distributions, respectively. The corresponding expressions agreed well with the numerical results in the respective ranges. An analysis presented for Bethe lattices leads to closed-form expressions in two limits: for an effective medium and near percolation. The behavior near percolation generalizes the results of Stinchcombe (1974) for the linear (Newtonian) case.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 194
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1122-1134 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The problem of mass transfer from a Newtonian fluid to a swarm of spheroidal adsorbers under creeping flow conditions is considered using the spheroid-in-cell model to represent the swarm. The flow field within the fluid envelope for the Kuwabara type of boundary conditions is obtained form the analytical solution of Dassios et al. (1994). The complete convective diffusion equation is used to describe mass transport within the envelope so that moderate and strong diffusional terms can be taken into account. A new set of boundary conditions is used that respects mass flux and concentration continuity across the outer surface of the cell and maximizes the applicability of the spheroid-in-cell model in the convection-to-diffusion transition regime. The resulting elliptic problem in two dimensions is solved numerically. Results for the upstream and downstream concentration profiles reveal that tangential diffusion is very significant and should not be neglected for moderate and low Peclet number values. Also, the classical Levich-type of formulation, which is theoretically valid for very weak diffusional terms only, can in practice be modified to predict with fair accuracy the overall Sherwood number and the adsorption efficiency of prolate and oblate spheroids-in-cell even in moderate Peclet number cases.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 195
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1153-1164 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Filtration on horizontal surfaces facing upward is accompanied by sedimentation. Material balances that are based solely on the volume of filtrate and neglect sedimentation flux lead to an understatement of the solids deposited in the cake and potentially large errors in calculated values of the average specific resistance αav. In a gravitational sedimentation experiment with kaolin, the value of αav neglecting sedimentation was 3.75 times greater than the value including the effect of sedimentation. In addition to errors due to neglect of sedimentation, CATSCAN studies show that the slurry concentration above the cake increases with time, contrary to usual assumptions. In a manner similar to batch sedimentation in a closed cylinder, characteristics of constant composition arose from the cake surface. Approximate predictions based on a combination of traditional sedimentation and filtration theory were in accord with the CATSCAN data. Existing filtration theory must be substantially modified to account for the effect of sedimentation.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 196
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1165-1170 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cross-linked terpolymers of allyl acetylacetone, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were synthesized in the oil phase of a bicontinuous microemulsion stabilized with didodecyldimethylammonium bromide. The resulting material is porous, with a surface area of 58 m2/dry g. It selectively adsorbs copper, picking up 0.07 meq/dry g from a 0.1-M solution. This is less than the total apparent capacity of 0.65 meq/dry g inferred from titration with base and much less than the amount in conventional, nonselective resins, which is typically 5 meq/dry g. Breakthrough curves in packed beds and across membranes of this material seem consistent with uptake controlled by chemical reaction compromised by dispersion. Nonporous membranes of this material do not show facilitated transport.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 197
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 1171-1183 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A general numerical method is developed for multicomponent chromatography for the case where a pH gradient occurs and several buffering species are present that become adsorbed together with the components being separated through an ion-exchange mechanism. Acid-base equilibrium relations are used to determine the ionic compositions in the liquid and adsorbed phases and are solved using a single-variable Newton's method. The differential material-balance relations are integrated numerically using the method of characteristics. The transport relations are incorporated using a matrix analog of the linear-driving-force approximation. The resulting method accounts for the adsorption of each ionic form of each buffering species, for multicomponent diffusional interactions arising from induced electric fields, for volume and concentration overloading of proteins, and for changes in the adsorption capacity caused by pH variations. Numerical calculations illustrate factors govening the selection of the adsorbent and buffer components for use in separating mixtures of proteins using retained, internally generated pH gradients.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 198
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2187-2197 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A numerical computation of the LDV results of Kliafas and Holt is reported for a turbulent gas-solid particle flow in a square-sectioned 90° bend. A Eulerian model with generalized Eulerian solid surface boundary conditions for the particulate-phase momentum exchanges with solid walls are included. The turbulent closure is effected by using the gas-phase RNG-based k-∊ turbulence model, and the particulate turbulence diffusivity is related to the turbulent viscosity of the gas phase. Comparisons are made with experimental data for the mean streamwise velocities of both phases, the streamwise turbulence intensity of the gas phase, and the particulate concentration distribution in the bend. The localized high particulate concentration near the outer curve of the bend that occurs at large Stokes number is accurately predicted. Empirical computational evidence is presented for a relaxation of the minimum particle number density required to allow the use of a continuum model.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 199
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2198-2211 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In roll coating as in other coating processes the coating liquid often suffers changes in properties on the time of the coating flow, that is, from fractions of a second upward depending on the amount of recirculation and recycling. The agents of change may be chemical reaction, colloidal aggregation, or evaporation. Hence the mean residence time and the residence time distribution of the liquid are important to designers and operators of coating processes. Here, building on the examination of roll-coating systems by Benjamin et al. (1995), the residence times of liquid coated by representative arrays of multiple rolls in the “forward roll” mode and relatively starved feed condition (neglecting the possibly significant effects of “rolling banks” and other internal recirculations when they are present) are analyzed. The dynamic response of these transfer coaters to step changes in the feed gap and to periodic gap changes, as from roll and bearing run-out, are also analyzed. No reports of operating or laboratory experiments are available for comparison. Nevertheless the results make plain how these quality-limiting features may depend don the number of rolls used; their sizes, speed, and arrangement, and the properties of the coating liquid.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
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  • 200
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    AIChE Journal 41 (1995), S. 2250-2260 
    ISSN: 0001-1541
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Distributed parameter models of the single channel of a monolith combustor have been derived from progressively simplified assumptions. Simulation results are compared to assess the importance of the different physicochemical phenomena occurring in the combustor and to identify the simplest adequate model. For typical operating conditions of the hybrid combustor (gas and wall temperature not exceeding 1,073 and 1,273 K, respectively, high flow rate and pressure, natural gas as fuel), the results show that variations of gas properties have to be considered while homogeneous combustion can be neglected. Assumption of the approximate radial profile of axial velocity with invariant parabolic shape, rather than the rigorous solution of momentum balance and the continuity equation, provides accurate results. Moreover, for simulation of ceramic monoliths, backward heat transmission by wall conduction can be neglected with a substantial saving of computational labor.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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