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  • 1995-1999  (2,574)
  • 1995  (2,574)
  • General Chemistry  (1,656)
  • Engineering  (787)
  • Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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Material
Years
  • 1995-1999  (2,574)
Year
Keywords
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forthcoming papers (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 74-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080109
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of the two-dimensional TLM method in the electromagnetic simulation of thin semiconductor samples (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 77-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A two-dimensional lossy shunt TLM node is incorporated into a TLM system and adapted to model for the first time the Maxwell field equations in thin semiconductor samples. Both the characteristics of the node and the TLM system itself are fully described. By considering a parallel-plate structure containing a thin GaAs sample, driven by a voltage source, it is shown, with an example, that this TLM technique can simulate the response of non-stationary electromagnetic fields in a semiconductor to applied excitations.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080202
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forthcoming papers (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 149-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080207
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient material-gain models for the transmission-line laser model (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 315-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Transmission-line laser models (TLLMs) are time-domain models suitable for the simulation of complex phenomena in semiconductor lasers. TLLMs include time-domain filters based on transmission-line stubs to model the spectral dependence of the material gain. In this paper, numerical simulations are presented which show that the accuracy of these gain models is dependent on the model's iteration timestep. Analytical formulae are derived that relate the accuracy of the filters to the timestep, filter centre frequency, and filter bandwindth. A new wideband stub filter which allows the material gain to be modelled using a larger timestep is presented. This is equivalent to a digital infinite-impulse-response filter, which is more computationally efficient than finite-impulse-response filters, and is unconditionally stable. The new gain model can improve the computational speed for simulating for multimode Fabry-Perot lasers by a factor of 10-100.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080502
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forthcoming papers (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 383-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080509
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080601
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A connection machine (CM-2) implementation of a three-dimensional parallel finite difference time-domain code for electromagnetic field simulation (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 221-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper describes a parallel three-dimensional finite difference time-domain (FDTD) code for electromagnetic field simulation that has been developed for the Connection Machine (CM-2). The CM-2 is briefly discussed. Then the FDTD method is reviewed using a one-dimensional example, and the extensions required for the 3-D case are outlined. The parallelization of the FDTD method is considered, and a simple analytical timing model is dervied. This model predicts the efficiency of the parallelized algorithm as a function of grain size. Some specific points relating to the implementation of the parallel FDTD algorithm in Fortrans-90 on the CM-2 are discussed. Timing data for the parallel 3-D FDTD code measured on a CM-2 is presented and compared qualitatively with the theoretical model. These results are then put into perspective for a particular computations electromagnetics problem, viz. the development of software tools for full-wave modelling of 3-D optical devices. Finally, we draw some conclusions about this work.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080307
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Forthcoming papers (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 455-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080607
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An effective optimization method for the design of broadband microwave absorbers (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 447-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A novel procedure for synthesizing multilayered radar absorbing materials (RAMs) is presented. The procedure uses a method for global minimization of multimodal functions of continuous variables based on simulated annealing (SA). The technique is very flexible and reliable, allowing the design of absorbing materials for any grazing or normal angles over the specified frequency bandwidth. The technique is particularly suitable for the efficient design of broadband RAMs and hence for EMC applications.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080606
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An introduction to PEPSE (‘parallel electromagnetics problem solving environment’): And considerations for parallelization of a finite difference time domain solver (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 187-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This document describes the background and motivation behind the PEPSE project. It describes separately the components which make up PEPSE, the parallel design philosophy and aspects of parallel implementation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080305
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Practical Simulation of Princed Circuit Boards and Related Structures, by K. J. Scott, Research Studies Press, Taunton, England, 1994 (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 382-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080508
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient modelling of curved surfaces by planar patches and wire grids for electromagnetic scattering (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 417-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The scattering of conducting regular polyhedrons of resonant size is studied by means of the electrical field integral equation (EFIE) and the method of moments (MoM). Two models are generated for each polyhedron, a wire grid model and a triangular patch model. Two numerical codes associated with those modelling techniques are used to obtain the radar cross section (RCS) of the polyhedrons. The calculated results are compared with the analytical results of the scattering of a perfectly conducting sphere. Practical criteria relating geometric properties of the sphere and the polyhedrons are investigated for the modelling of curved surfaces by facets in electromagnetic simulations.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080604
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neural network approach to the solution of linear complementarity problems (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 431-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The paper presents the application of nonlinear neural optimization networks to solve the linear complementarity problem. Two different approaches are presented and investigated: one leading to linear and the second to quadratic optimization programming. The numerical results of illustrative examples are given and discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080605
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride over vanadia/titania: A comparative study of integral and recycle reactor operationDedicated to Professor Dr. Manfred Baerns on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 17-22 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two vanadia/titania catalysts, containing 1 and 8 wt% vanadia on anatase, have been investigated for the selective oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. In a comparative study, activity and selectivity in o-xylene oxidation were measured using an integral reactor and a reactor with external product recirculation, with the objective of studying the influence of backmixing in the latter on the reaction behaviour. Adsorbed surface species were investigated by means of in-situ diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy, using an environmental chamber which corresponds to an integral reactor. No difference in activity and selectivity in o-xylene oxidation was observed between the two catalysts. FT-IR studies showed adsorbed o-xylene, benzoate and a high concentration of phthalic anhydride on the surface of both catalysts. o-Xylene oxidation follows a sequential reaction path, with o-tolualdehyde as the first intermediate and phthalide, phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride as sequential products. No evidence was found for a direct oxidation-path of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Total oxidation products CO and CO2 are formed by direct oxidation of the o-xylene and by oxidation of the reaction products. Due to greatly reduced concentration and temperature gradients, the recycle reactor proved to be highly suitable for studying the extremely exothermic oxidation of o-xylene.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180105
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recommended operating range for a rotating disc contactor (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 63-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Influences of different parameters on diameter and height of RDC column and on mass transferred from unit column volume were investigated. The results of the calculation can assist designers in making proper choice for the operating range of RDC columns.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180112
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180201
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME): Equilibrium of the multiple reactions (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 110-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The octane enhancer tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) is produced by liquid phase synthesis from methanol and a mixture of isoamylenes, namely 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene, using a sulfonic acid ion exchange resin as catalyst. Three reactions take place simultaneously in TAME synthesis: etherification of the two methylbutenes and their isomerisation. In order to study the equilibrium of the multiple reactions in TAME synthesis, the thermodynamic properties of the compounds in the liquid phase and equilibrium constants were calculated using a modified UNIFAC method to describe the nonideality of the system. Four parameters influencing the equilibrium conversion were derived and discussed in detail. Supplemental experiments were performed at three temperatures in the range from 303 to 343 K and at different initial molar ratios of educts. Equilibrium conversions of methanol were determined from these experiments and compared with calculated values. At 298 K the predicted activity based equilibrium constant was 22.9 for TAME synthesis from 2-methyl-1-butene and 1.6 for TAME synthesis from 2-methyl-2-butene; for isomerisation of 2-methyl-1-butene to 2-methyl-2-butene a value of 14.3 was obtained.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180205
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of gas injection on the flow of immiscible liquids in horizontal pipes (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 156-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The flow of two immiscible liquids and the influence of an additional inserted gas phase in horizontal pipes is investigated. The experiments are carried out in a transparent horizontal pipe with an inner diameter of 59 mm and a total length of 48 m. Experimental results are presented for the flow regimes of the two phase and three phase flow of oil, water and gas mixtures. The effect of phase inversion on the pressure drop is measured. The experimental results obtained for the three phase flow of oil, water and air indicate that drag reduction is possible by injecting gas in laminar flowing mixtures of oil and water. In the aerated slug flow regime of oil, water and air a water dominated and an oil dominated flow system can be distinguished. The pressure drop of the three phase flow system is of the magnitude as the pressure drop of the two phase flow of gas and the dominating liquid phase.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180303
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circulating fluid-bed reactor for coal pyrolysis (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 343-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A high temperature coal pyrolysis reactor was developed and its operation demonstrated on a scale of 8 t/h. Pyrolysis is performed in a circulating fluidized bed reactor at 850-950°C. The developed process was integrated into smokeless fuel production technology and tested. Experimental data and reactor performance are presented.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180509
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120101
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for investigating the orientational behaviour of fibrous particles in gaseous flow (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 3-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is described by which the angular orientation distribution of fibrous particles carried in a gaseous stream may be investigated. The method is based upon the interpretation of the spatial intensity distribution or scattering profile of laser light scattered by individual fibres. The scattering instrument used to capture the profiles is described, and the mathematical computation required to ascertain the orientation of each particle at the measurement point is detailed. Illustrative results are given for a study of airborne micromachined silicon particles of 12 μm length and 1.0 μm by 1.5 μm cross-section. The method is currently being employed by the authors to investigate ways of improving the orientation control over nonspherical particles in systems such as aerodynamic particle sizers and particle shape classifiers, since lack of particle orientation control is known to adversely affect the measurement accuracy of both these types of instrument.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120102
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120401
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dry Mechanical Dispersion of Submicron Particles (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Concerning the use of air classifiers with cut sizes in the micron range and lower, it is necessary to disperse the feed material properly in an air flow to avoid agglomerates larger than the desired cut size. Commonly used dispersing devices such as injectors use large amounts of air. To reduce the size and costs of the subsequent air classifiers, two new types of dispersing systems were developed, one design being related to a brush feeder and the other to a pin mill. Both apply mechanical rather than fluid mechanical forces in the dispersion process. The brush disperser achieves the same size distributions as the pin mill disperser with much less machinery. Its properties as a feeding and dispersing system are shown and its ability to disperse particles in the submicron range is confirmed by two independent particle size analysis systems: a new diffraction spectrometer and an impactor.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120608
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations on the Behaviour of an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer and its applicability to calibrate an optical particle counter (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 304-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The calibration of an optical particle counter (OPC) by means of the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer APS (TSI, Model 3310) was investigated. The pulse-height distribution and the aerodynamic size distribution were measured by parallel use of an OPC and the APS. A calibration curve was obtained by comparison of the two different cumulative distribution curves. First calibration results are presented for spherical particles (water droplets and glycerine droplets): A comparison of these results with Mie calculations and aerodynamic calibrations by means of sampling cyclones shows good agreement. Furthermore, measurements were carried out with non-spherical particles. Quartz dust was used for these measurements. In order to calibrate the OPC by means of the APS, the behaviour of both devices was investigated.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120610
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcements (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 324-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120614
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Particle Velocity Measurements in Dense Fluidized Beds (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 314-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The average local velocity of the upward of particles motion was determined in a dense fluidized bed by the means of a fibre optical probe. The probe consists of two independent light gates. The particles passing in front of the light gates reflect the light, generating sign sequences that are analysed by computer. From the average time difference of the sign sequences and from the distance of the light gates, the average local velocity can be calculated. The average local velocity of the particles along the height and diameter of the fluidized bed and also as a function of the fluidization air velocity was examined. It was concluded that the average local velocity is closely correlated with the local porosity of the dense fluidized bed and depends mainly on the fluidization air velocity. Using a fibre optical probe, the optimum range of the fluidization air velocity can be determined.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120612
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080101
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent large signal simulation of an active microstrip antenna (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper details the use of a circuit-based EM modelling technique combined with a harmonic balance simulator used to model the radiation from the microstrip bodies comprising an active antenna circuit. The modelling approach adopted for the planar bodies in the circuit will be shown to allow the use of concurrent algorithms in order to reduce overall computational time.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080103
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical algorithms for modelling microwave semiconductor devices (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 13-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an analysis of the numerical algorithms used to model microwave semiconductor devices. A comparison is made of the relative merits and features of the more popular finite difference schemes. A new generalized Scharfetter-Gummel formulation is presented which is compatible with drift diffusion and energy-transport formulations, and is suitable for implementing in two-dimensional simulations on personal computers. The treatment allows for fully degenerate semiconductors, but implementation for the nondegenerate situation is easily obtained as a special case. The convergence and stability properties of the generalized scheme are discussed. The simulation of a planar submicrometre gate length GaAs MESFET is used to illustrate the application of these algorithms.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080104
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  • 30
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    Three-dimensional simulation for negative resistance characteristics of parasitic bipolar transistor in a small-sized mosfet structure (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 367-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The behaviours of parasitic bipolar transistors are investigated by exploring the physical mechanisms of negative resistance characteristics generated in a small-sized MOSFET structure. Physical experiments and three-dimensional simulations verify the expected negative resistance characteristics. The effects of variations of device parameters such as injected substrate current levels, doping concentrations, channel widths, and physical device sizes are investigated by simulation. According to simulation results, the operation of a parasitic bipolar transistor is initiated by the injected substrate current; this explains the negative resistance characteristics occurring at low operating voltages.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080506
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  • 31
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    Re-working of two standard moment-method codes for execution on parallel processors (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Two separate exercises on a similar theme are reported. In the first, the moment-method program NEC was extensively modified in order to optimize its performance on a four-processor Cray X-MP computer. In the second exercise, the MININEC moment-method program was completely rewritten into the occam programming language so that it could be executed directly by a transputer system. The NEC exercise exploited judicious use of vectorization and alternative parallelization techniques and achieved a reduction of run times by factors of about five or more. The MININEC exercise has so far achieved only a modest reduction in run-time but it has the potential for a much greater improvement if an optimum strategy for configuring the transputer network is implemented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080309
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  • 32
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    Parallel FDTD simulator for MIMD computers (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A parallel implementation of the finite difference time-domain algorithm for the analysis of planar microwave circuits is presented in this paper. For this the FDTD mesh is divided in equal-sized subspaces. Every processor of the parallel computer calculates the field in one subspace. Furthermore detailed efficiency investigations are made to predict the timing performance of the parallel FDTD simulator.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080312
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  • 33
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    A parallel implementation of the finite difference time-domain algorithm (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields 8 (1995), S. 293-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 0894-3370
    Keywords: Engineering ; Electrical and Electronics Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper a parallel algorithm is created for solving electromagnetic wave scattering problems. The algorithm based on the finite difference time-domain (FDTD) representation of the Maxwell's equations written in 3L Parallel Fortran for use on a transputer array.The problem simulated consists of a space (air) where a spherical dielectric scatterer is located. This space is subdivided into fine equisize meshes extending throughout the 3-D domain; the excitation wave is of sinusoidal form. Geometric decomposition is used as the principal algorithm strategy.Results are presented for the performance of the classical sequential algorithm and compared with the parallel algorithm in terms of computational speed-up.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jnm.1660080314
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  • 34
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    Nonlinear model-based feedforward control of distillation columnsPaper presented by J. Broll at the “Jahrestagung der Verfahrensingenieure”, Nürnberg, September 29 to October 1, 1993. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 178-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An approach to feedforward distillation control based on inverse computation of nonlinear stage models is presented. The feedforward model calculates dynamic trajectories of manipulated variables from measured disturbances and product purity set points independently of the control configuration. Because the model includes the dominant dynamics and nonlinearities of the column, dynamic decoupling of the control loops is achieved. A superimposed linear controller only has to compensate model uncertainties and disturbances that cannot be measured. The proposed approach improves the control performance. Simulation studies show the applicability of the method to multicomponent distillation as well as to distillation trains. Experiments on a pilot plant scale binary distillation column verify the simulation results.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180306
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  • 35
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    An improved system for automated peptide synthesis (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 210-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes an original system for automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) that was developed in our laboratories. The synthesizer is equipped with separate activator and batch reactors, and was designed to operate under either manual or computer control. Two metering pumps, which constitute the core of the entire apparatus, provide for the delivery and transfer of reagents and solvents in the appropriate quantities and in the correct sequence, and permit simultaneous condensation and activation operations that result in considerable time saving. Various applications to the synthesis of biologically important peptides, utilizing the most widely used strategies in SPPS, are presented as examples of this improved technology.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180310
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  • 36
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    Interfacial area of mellapak packing: Absorption of 1,1,1-trichloroethane by Genosorb 300 (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 248-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this work a Sulzer structured packing, Mellapak 250Y, was studied for applications in the field of absorption. A new model was proposed which makes it possible to estimate the packing surface that actually takes part in the process. In the course of these studies, new experimental data were obtained relating to the absorption of 1,1,1-trichloroethane using Genosorb 300, a mixture of polyethylene glycol dimethyl ethers produced by Hoechst S.p.A., as absorption liquid. The results obtained with the proposed model are in agreement both with the experimental measurements made in the course of the work and with experimental absorption measurements reported by other authors on water systems.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180405
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  • 37
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    Deactivation kinetics and modelling of coke removal under supercritical conditions for the example of ethylbenzene disproportionation (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 278-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Deactivation kinetics and coke removal kinetics were derived from experimental studies on the disproportionation of ethylbenzene with a protonated Y-faujasite (Z-14) in a loop reactor under supercritical conditions. Derivation of the steady state kinetics of ethylbenzene disproportionation permitted determination of the catalyst activity. At small educt mole fractions of ethylbenzene, owing to the modest removal of coke the deactivation kinetics can be described by a power relationship. The rate of coke removal can be correlated with the activity and the deactivation rate of the catalyst.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180409
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  • 38
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    Masthead (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180501
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  • 39
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    Modelling of agglomeration in industrial crystallization from solution (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 302-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A phenomenological approach to evaluating the agglomeration rate of growing crystals is presented. Crystals larger than the Kolmogoroff microscale collide because of the fluctuating velocity field. Bridges between the crystals form as a result of competition between crystalline growth and the turbulent velocity fluctuations on the opposite sides of the agglomerate.Crystals smaller than the Kolmogoroff microscale collide because of viscous laminar microshear stresses within the same turbulent eddy, are kept close together by Van der Waals forces and are joined together by crystalline bridges that grow between them. The strength of these bridges depends on the supersaturation level during the moments following the collision.These two sets of phenomena lead to two different preferential generation mechanisms for agglomerates. One example involving important agglomeration effects is developed for each case: the crystallization of adipic acid belongs to the first group (large crystals), whereas the precipitation of calcium oxalate monohydrate is typical of the second case (small crystals).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180503
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  • 40
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    Modelling of a woodchip refiner using artificial neural network (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 337-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Neural networks can be an attractive alternative to mathematical modelling of complex and poorly understood processes if input/output data can easily be obtained. Woodchip refining falls into this category. The mechanism of the refining process is still being studied and no thorough models have yet been developed. A feed-forward neural network is proposed for modelling of woodchip refiners. The outputs predicted by the neural network are compared with industrial refiner data. It is also shown that a modified neural network structure can be used to optimize refiner operation and product quality. The advantages and disadvantages of neural network model application in simulation and optimization of industrial processes are discussed.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180508
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  • 41
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    Air stripping - a method for treatment of wastewaterPoster presented at the “GVC-Jahrestagung für Verfahrensingenieure”, Nürnberg, Germany, September 30 to October 1, 1993. (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 149-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During recent years the air stripping process has been increasingly applied to the cleaning of water contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOC). The present contribution compares various methods of treating VOC-contaminated water, with a special focus on removal efficiency and economic aspects. In particular, air stripping, a universally used cleaning method, is described in greater detail. Design and operational aspects are worked out for packed stripping towers for the special case of water contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons. Experimental results substantiate predictions of various operating conditions, packing types and scale-up effects.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180302
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  • 42
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    Performance of a venturi jet scrubber for H2S removal by iron-complex solution (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 166-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Venturi jet scrubbers are widely used in chemical industries as an efficient gas-liquid contacting equipment. They are simple in design, have no moving parts, operate with circulating liquid and are reliable in service. Moreover, due to high relative velocity of liquid and gas, considerable overall mass transfer can be produced. In spite of their wide application, readily usable design data are not available in literature, particularly for units producing a gas flow by their own pumping action. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the equipment and its application for H2S removal. The effects of various parameters such as gas and liquid flow rates as well as pressure on hydrodynamics and mass transfer performance of the equipment are investigated. Results of experiments have been shown graphically.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180304
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  • 43
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    The vapour-liquid equilibria of several binary systems of fluorocarbons and hydrocarbons, part II (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The vapour-liquid equilibria of the binary systems perfluoromethylcyclohexane-pentafluorobenzene, benzene-pentafluorobenzene, benzene-methylperfluorobutanoate and perfluoromethylcyclohexane-methylperfluorobutanoate have been measured at 333.07 K and 343.12 K using a dynamic circulation still of the Sieg-Röck type. The thermodynamic consistency of the measurements was tested by two different methods. New UNIFAC interaction parameters [1] were calculated for the following groups: ACH-ACF, ACF-CF2, CF2-COO, ACCH2-ACF, ACH-CF2. The abbreviations stand for the following increments: ACH = aromatic CH group, ACF = aromatic CF group, CF2 = aliphatic CF2 group, COO = ester group and ACCH2 = side chain CH group.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180308
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  • 44
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    Kinetic modelling of the oxidative coupling of methane over lanthanum oxide in connection with mechanistic studiesDedicated to Prof. Dr. Manfred Baerns on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 216-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A kinetic model of the oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) over lanthanum oxide is developed on the basis of mechanistic conclusions obtained elsewhere. A reaction scheme is proposed, and the kinetic parameters corresponding to the different kinetic equation are optimized. Experimental and calculated reaction rates are compared with the aim of testing the proposed scheme and validating the basic mechanistic assumptions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180311
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  • 45
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    Modeling of sulphur retention in atmospheric fluidized bed combustors. Sensitivity analysis and simulation (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 229-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the design, simulation and optimization of sulphur retention in atmospheric fluidized bed coal combustors, a mathematical model is needed that would be able to predict the behaviour of the combustor in a wide range of operating conditions. In this work, a sensitivity analysis of the sulphur retention predictions of the different hypotheses, equations and parameters, which define the different submodels and phenomena occurring in the combustor, has been carried out. It has been found that the hypotheses related to the gas flow, devolatilization type and sulphur distribution in the pyrolysis products imply an important division among models. The greatest effect on sulphur retention predictions is exercised by the parameters defining the fines elutriation and sorbent sulphation capacity. However, those corresponding to the bed hydrodynamics (minimum fluidization velocity and bed expansion) do not have a significant effect on the sulphur retention predictions.The sulphur retentions obtained in the combustion of high sulphur lignites with eight different limestones were used for model validation. A good fit of the experimental sulphur retentions was found, without using any adjustable parameter. Finally, a simulation of the process was made. The great effect of the bed height, air velocity and the particle size distribution of the limestone must be pointed out, as well as the effect of its reactivity through the maximum conversion attainable by each particle size.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180403
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  • 46
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    Mass transfer effects on kinetics of nonideal liquid phase ethyl tert-butyl ether formationDedicated to Professor Dr. Manfred Baerns on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) is an alternative fuel oxygenate that can be produced in the liquid phase by addition of ethanol to isobutene catalyzed by sulfonic acid ion exchange resins. A generalized Langmuir-Hinshelwood rate expression is formulated in terms of the liquid phase activities of the reactants that is quasi-autocatalytic due to ethanol. This microkinetic model is combined with the generalized Maxwell-Stefan equations for a detailed investigation of the influence of multicomponent mass transfer limitations inside the macropores of the heterogeneous catalyst. The model is used for revision of experimental rate data for ETBE synthesis in the literature. The analysis reveals that reverse diffusion of isobutene can occur by strong interaction with ethanol and the catalyst effectiveness factor can exceed unity.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180408
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  • 47
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    Crystallization of potassium chloride: The additives ZnCl2, Na6 [(PO3)6] and K4 [Fe(CN)6] (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 295-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The batch crystallization of potassium chloride from aqueous solution is investigated without impurities, with zinc chloride I (30, 100, 1000 ppm), with sodium hexametaphosphate II (100 ppm) and potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) III (100, 500, 1000, 16 × 25 ppm). The dominant particle size of the pure system LN, D = 427 μm increases by 40% by addition of I and by 250% by addition of II. While I does not affect the habit II changes it from cubes to octahedrons. In cases of low concentration, III leads to dendrites.It is shown that addition of III decelerates growth and increases the metastable zone width. Hence a high supersaturation is formed, the solution impoverishes fast while III gets incorporated and therefore a strong nucleation starts in a relatively pure solution. By quasi-continuously adding 16 × 25 ppm of III the dominant particle size increases by 160% with little fines. In this case the content of III in the product is relatively low.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180502
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  • 48
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    Adiabatic gas absorption in packed columns with large thermal effects (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 324-329 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performance of packed bed adiabatic gas absorbers has been analyzed using the enthalpy and material balance equations incorporating a new parameter, fr, defined as the fraction of the heat of absorption that is accounted for in the gas stream. An experimental programme to evaluate fr was carried out and the data correlated. It was found that fr was dependent on the thermo-physical properties and the hydrodynamic conditions. It is postulated that the mechanism by which this heat transfer occurs is by turbulence at the interface and by entrainment.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180506
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  • 49
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    Pyrolysis of methane in the presence of hydrogen (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 349-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of methane pyrolysis were studied in a tubular flow reactor in the temperature range 1200 to 1500°C at atmospheric pressure. To avoid excessive carbon formation the reaction time was short and the methane feed was diluted with hydrogen. Ethene, ethyne, benzene and hydrogen were the main gaseous products. Ethane was observed as a product at very low conversions of methane. More than 90% selectivity was obtained for C2 products. The ratio of ethyne to ethene increased with increasing temperature. The yield of C2 products is limited by gas-phase equilibrium at lower temperatures. Formation of carbon was strongly depressed by hydrogen at higher temperatures. The maximum yield of ethyne was found to increase from about 10% to about 50% when the temperature was increased from 1200 to 1500°C, with hydrogen dilution H2: CH4 = 2: 1. A mechanistic reaction model was used to simulate the pyrolysis of methane at the actual conditions. A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the elementary reactions which influence the formation and consumption of the species in the model system.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180510
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  • 50
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    Masthead (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180601
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  • 51
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    Polydispersity effect in facilitated transport through liquid surfactant membranes (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 409-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An advancing reaction-front model has been proposed in the present study of facilitated transport through liquid surfactant membranes by taking into consideration a size distribution of emulsion drops. The model takes into account the continuous and outer liquid membrane phase resistances along with diffusion through composite emulsion drops. The effect of various dispersion phenomena on the mass transfer rate of solute has been discussed for two different operating conditions corresponding to different drop size distributions but having the same Sauter mean diameter. Membrane leakage is assumed to be negligible.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180607
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  • 52
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    Agglomeration of alumina powders: A turbidimetric study (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 425-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Turbidimetry has proved to be an efficient method for the quantitative study of powder agglomeration for particle sizes in the region of 1 μm. This work presents a new application of the technique for the agglomeration of α-alumina in water and in n-heptane. The method of determining the kinetic parameters of agglomeration from the initial time-evolution of turbidity is explained.Turbulent flow in the reactor has also been characterised by laser anemometry. From the turbulence intensity, the number of collisions per unit time is calculated and the agglomeration rate can therefore be determined.Good agreement is found between the values obtained respectively from turbidimetric and hydrodynamic measurements. Addition of KOH modifies the zeta potential of alumina in water and influences the agglomeration kinetics. This can also be quantitatively characterised by turbidimetry. The experimental results obtained for alumina particles of diameter 0.3 μm and 1 μm are interpreted according to the DLVO model of interaction between particles.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180610
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  • 53
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    Economics of the oxidative coupling of methane as an add-on unit for naphtha crackingDedicated to Professor Dr. Manfred Baerns on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 12-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The feasibility of methane coupling as an add-on unit to a naphtha cracker was studied. The existing cold box was used for separation of ethylene and unconverted methane, but arrangements were made for separation of the coupling by-products. The cracker's methane was used as a feedstock. The concept is technically and economically feasible at spring 1992 prices, provided the catalyst meets the assumed 30% conversion and 80% C2 selectivity.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180104
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  • 54
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    Single liquid drop velocities and breakage mechanism in sections of structured packings (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Single liquid drop velocities in structured packings have been measured to aid calculation of throughput of liquid extraction columns using characteristic (single drop) velocities. Solvent drops were passed through two types of glass and two types of steel structured packing and further work was done using sloping glass tubes. Existing wall-effect equations for drop velocity reduction in vertical tubes were considered and that given by Clift et al. [1] was used as a basis for correlation of structured packing data. Drop breakage was studied in order to improve understanding of drop size distribution development in packed columns. Drops broke only rarely within the structured packing; most of the breakage occurred as a drop hit the exposed edges on entry to a piece of packing. An energy balance equation was used to correlate critical conditions for breakage of drops hitting glass blades at various angles. Under the conditions used all those drops moving at terminal velocity had enough energy to break but a condition exists when drops may be small enough to have insufficient energy to break.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180108
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  • 55
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    Gas mixing in the cocurrent downflow circulating fluidised bed (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 59-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental study on the gas dispersion behaviour of a cocurrent downflow gas-solids suspension in a 140 mm i.d. circulating fluidised bed (CDCFB) using the steady-state tracer method is presented. The influence of gas velocity, solids circulating rate and particle density on radial gas dispersion has been examined. Gas dispersion can well be described by an eddy diffusion mechanism and a proposed two dimensional dispersed plug-flow model can fit the experimental data very well. Correlations of the radial diffusion coefficient were obtained. It is found that the axial diffusion coefficient obtained in the CDCFB is much lower than that in conventional circulating fluidised beds.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180111
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  • 56
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    New and efficient high-temperature processes with circulating fluid bed reactors (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 75-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Starting with a brief review of the development of the circulating fluid bed (CFB) reactor principle, its main features as an important tool for efficient and thus environmentally acceptable processing of fine particulate solids, typically less than 150 μm diameter, are discussed. Various new industrial processes and high temperature process options starting with alumina calcination are described. Developing applications in the cement, metallurgical and chemical industries are approaching large-scale industrial importance. Efficient combustion or pressure gasification of fossil fuels and carbon-containing residues, fulfilling increasingly strict environmental legislation, is by far the most rapidly expanding field of application. In support of these developments our fundamental understanding of the fluid dynamics of CFB riser and of cyclone precipitation at high solid loadings has to be steadily improved. The reaction behaviour of aggregating fine particulate solids of varying size distributions also remains an open question.
    Additional Material: 21 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180202
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  • 57
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    CO hydrogenation over supported cobalt catalysts: FTIR and gravimetric studiesDedicated to Professor Dr. Manfred Baerns on the occasion of his 60th birthday (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 125-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The hydrogenation of CO over supported cobalt catalysts has been studied using in situ FTIR spectroscopy and gravimetry at P = 6 bar, T = 473-723 K and H2/CO = 2-3. On both silica- and alumina-supported catalysts IR absorption bands corresponding to linearly adsorbed CO on metallic cobalt were observed. On alumina an additional pair of bands at lower frequencies was attributed to bridge-bonded CO. Absorption bands corresponding to adsorbed hydrocarbons (3050-2700 cm-1) and to oxygen containing species (1800-1200 cm-1) were found to correspond to adsorbed products or unreactive species. The gravimetric studies showed a significant difference between the supports. On the silica-supported catalyst the weight uptake decreased with increasing temperature (473-573 K). The weight increase during reaction was attributed to adsorbed hydrocarbon reaction products. On the alumina-supported catalyst the weight uptake increased with increasing temperature, and there was also a significant weight increase with the support alone. Most of the weight uptake can be attributed to the formation of stable formate and carbonate species on the alumina support. At 723 K the deposits formed were stable in H2, and the shape of the curves indicated different mechanisms for deposition of material. In particular the Co/Al2O3 sample showed a very high and linear rate of weight gain, which was an order of magnitude higher than for the other samples.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180207
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  • 58
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    On-Line mass spectrometer analysis of gasification gas (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 183-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The mass spectrometer is capable of making rapid, repetitive multicomponent analyses with measurement times as short as a second or less. Mass spectrometers used to be too expensive to be used for process analyses, but simpler and cheaper versions have been developed during the last decade. Mass spectrometers are commonly used within the petrochemical industry, but their use for fuel gas streams is not so widespread. This paper describes tests on a quadrupole mass spectrometer in three different gasification projects. Calibration methods and analysis accuracies obtained are accounted for. On the basis of the tests, it can be concluded that the quadrupole mass spectrometer is very suitable for continuous analysis of complex process streams. An important result is that the separation of CO and N2, an analysis problem that is traditionally regarded as difficult, worked very well. The analysis frequency was approximately once per minute, which should be enough for most control loops.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180307
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  • 59
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    Synthesis of tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME): Influence of internal and external mass transfer resistance (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 203-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An experimental set-up is presented for the measurement of reaction rates in the liquid phase synthesis of tertiary amyl methyl ether (TAME) from methanol and a mixture of 2-methyl-1-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene using an acidic ion exchange resin (Lewatit SPC 118) as catalyst. The reaction was performed in a continuous-flow recycle reactor at a temperature of 333.15 K and a pressure of 1.6 MPa. Determination of the age distribution (Fcurve) of the reactor showed that mixed flow is approached at a recycle ratio of R = 10. Experiments were performed to reveal the limits of operating conditions where the various resistances do not affect the rate. In agreement with estimation of Reynolds numbers, hindrance by external mass transfer can be excluded at a volumetric flow rate of 10 ml/min and a recycle ratio of R = 10. The maximum temperature increase of the whole particle resulting from limitation of external heat transfer was estimated to be about 3 K. Variation of the size of resin particles revealed the existence of a critical methanol concentration, above which reaction rates can be determined without influence of internal mass transport phenomena. The maximum temperature increase in the particle was estimated to be 0.3 K.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180309
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  • 60
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    Optimal experimental procedures in a combined TPR/TPO apparatus (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 243-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The apparatus described allows successive TPR/TPO experiments on the same sample. A calibration method for the reducing or oxidizing gas mixture is described. The best operating conditions for optimal results and sensitivity are discussed. We have studied the application of TPR/TPO to bulk V2O5 and to the redox behaviour of CuII ions on silica-alumina. The procedure resulted in reproducible TPR/TPO profiles.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180404
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  • 61
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    Kinetic modelling of zinc liberation from zinc sulphide-containing sludges in the viscose industry (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 260-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Large quantities of sludge containing considerable amounts of zinc are obtained on treatment of waste water from the production of viscose fibres for textiles and industrial applications. A process has been proposed [7, 10] for the recovery of zinc from one such sludge, in the first step of which zinc is transferred to the liquid phase with liberation of hydrogen sulphide. In connection with this work a model was developed which provides a kinetic description of zinc liberation from various sludges and the parameters of this model fitted to the measured data by means of linear regression.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180407
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  • 62
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    An efficient method for the calculation of chemical equilibrium composition in multicomponent gas mixtures (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 292-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The determination of the composition of multi-component mixtures is the basis by which a number of technical and physical problems in the field of power and process engineering are modelled. In order to calculate chemical states of equilibrium in the gas phase, a calculation method will be presented which is founded on a minimization of the Gibbs enthalpy. This method is characterized by a high reliability in convergency, considerable independence of starting vectors and by a moderate requirement for programming. These characteristics are achieved by a transformation of variables which results in numerically more favourable solutions to the non-linear equation system. Calculated equilibrium compositions (including dissociation and ionisation) for a stochiometric mixture of hydrogen and oxygen in a temperature range of 300-12000 K and a pressure of 105 Pa as well as the application of the method will be demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180411
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  • 63
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    Latex characterization by atomic force microscopyDedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr.-Ing. E. H. Hansjörg Sinn on the occasion of his 65th birthday (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 310-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Ways, benefits and limitations of extracting the form and size of single latex particles or particle size distributions out of the surface topography of non-coalesced latex films obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) are discussed. The general ways to generate the desired information out of topographical information in terms of height, surface curvature and lateral extensions are shown for idealized particles and measurement conditions. The different sources of information are evaluated for practical use and the analysis of particle size distributions is demonstrated by practical examples. The information content in lateral particle dimensions is shown to be the most advantageous for practical use.Determination of latex particle size distributions by AFM is shown to be an interesting alternative to the arsenal of available methods with respect to exactness of results, time consummation and instrumentation costs.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180504
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  • 64
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    Application of fuzzy relational modelling to industrial product quality control (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 330-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Industrial product quality control is a typical mathematical programming and optimization problem. Unfortunately, complete and precise models are not always available for many industrial processes. A fuzzy relation modelling approach is proposed to describe approximate relationships among system variables and reconcile empirical equations. Symmetric fuzzy decision-making is transformed into a non-linear function maximization problem. The approach is applied to optimization of a wood chip refining process. It is used either to improve pulp quality within the refiner operation range, or to reduce operation costs while maintaining an acceptable pulp quality.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180507
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  • 65
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    Kinetics of thermal decomposition of hydromagnesite (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 359-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The thermal decomposition of hydromagnesite has been studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The experiments were conducted in a nitrogen atmosphere with pellets of hydromagnesite in the temperature range 300 to 550°C, and also with powder samples under non-isothermal conditions at a heating rate of 10°C/min. It is found that the reaction proceeds in two stages: dehydration followed by decomposition. The dehydration reaction is controlled by external mass transfer whilst the decomposition reaction is controlled by both external and internal mass transfer. The activation energy for the dehydration reaction was found to be 2.67 × 107 J/kmol. From the non-isothermal analysis the activation energy for the decomposition of magnesium carbonate was found to be 1.62 × 108 J/kmol.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180511
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  • 66
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    Amine plant simulation by mass transfer and kinetic approach (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 397-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computer program has been developed for the simulation of gas-liquid absorption columns. The calculations are based on known assumptions and methods - the two-film theory. Mass and energy balances together with chemical reactions are carried out for each tray of the column. The results obtained from the simulation procedure are compared with those measured at industrial plants. For the items “rich solution temperature” and “calculated number of trays” the agreement of calculated and measured results are satisfactory. However, for the CO2 and H2S content of the streams only few comparisons could be made due to the fact that no measured values are available.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180605
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  • 67
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    Mass- and momentum transfer in hydrogen/air and methane/air mixtures (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 386-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this article we present results for the viscosity and the mass transfer rates of hydrogen/air, hydrogen/oxygen, methane/air and methane/oxygen mixtures in the temperature range from 1000 to 7000 K and a pressure range from 103 to 106 Pa. In addition, the combustion ratio is varied from 0 to ∞. The transport properties are calculated from the first order solution of the Chapman Enskog approach to the Boltzmann equation, assuming chemical equilibrium composition. An extensive literature study was performed to derive experimental and/or theoretically based data for the respective binary interaction potentials. The values of the collision integrals, as derived from a complex numerical integration procedure, are correlated to an approximation formula. In addition, the exact solutions of the kinetic theory are compared to frequently used empirical mixture rules. For the mixture viscosity an easy approximation formula is deduced from the gas-kinetic theory.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180604
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    A model for the rate of hydrodesulfurization of thiophene in a continuous catalytic fixed bed reactor (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 420-424 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hydrodesulfurization of thiophene in n-heptane, using a mixture of cobalt and molybdenum oxides as catalyst, has been studied in a fixed bed integral reactor, 200 mm long, 30 mm outer diameter and 20 mm inner diameter. It has been shown that, under experimental conditions employed in this study, neither external nor internal diffusion had been effective in the process and isothermal conditions prevailed in both gas and solid phases. A three step mechanism has been proposed for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene. According to such a mechanism the diluent (n-heptane) acts as an inhibitor by occupying free active sites. In further steps, thiophene is adsorbed on the catalyst surface and then undergoes reaction with hydrogen gas. Based on this scheme a rate model has been derived and verified by experimental results.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180609
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  • 69
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    Inulin hydrolysis to fructose by a novel catalyst (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 18 (1995), S. 440-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acidic zeolite LZ-M-8 was used to catalyse the hydrolysis reaction of inulin into fructose. Fructose contents of 96% and 75% were obtained when commercial inulin and Jerusalem artichoke extract were used respectively as substrates. Zeolite LZ-M-8 was found to be extremely selective towards inulin hydrolysis as compared to fructose decomposition. Formation of hydroxymethyl furfural (HmF) was not detected and it was confirmed that zeolite LZ-M-8 does not adsorb HMF. The catalytic activity of the zeolite remained intact upon repeated use of the catalyst. The superiority of the zeolite over other catalysts used in inulin hydrolysis was demonstrated experimentally.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.270180612
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    A Field Study of Three Collocated Ambient PM10 Samplers (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 10-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The performances of three ambient PM10 samplers were studied at three monitoring stations in Taiwan. It was found that differences in the daily measured PM10 concentrations of the SA 1200 and Wedding high-volume samplers are now within ± 10% since the former now has a closer cut-point to the latter than in the earlier SA 321 A model. The Wedding beta gauge automatic sampler was found to be applieable in rainy and humid weather conditions in Taiwan. Its daily PM10 concentrations are typically within ± 10% of those of the Wedding highvolume sampler. The particle loading effect of Wedding highvolume and beta gauge samplers was found to be important. To avoid sampling errors due to the loading effect with ambient PM10 samplers, they must be cleaned regularly at an interval depending on the ambient particulate level.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120103
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    Computerised Perimeter Mapping and the Measurement of Fractal Dimensions (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 28-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method is described for mapping the perimeter of shapes as a sequence of connected X & Y coordinates. It operates by tracking, in tandem, along a dilated outline of the shape and the true outline, maintaining contact between both tracks. This combination permits the complete mapping of binary shapes regardless of their complexity. The resulting sequence of X & Y coordinates form an 8-connected map of the outline, which can then be used to obtain fractal dimensions using structured walks. The method requires a digitised image that has been converted into a binary form and the ability to read the values of individual pixels from the digitised binary image. In addition a number of approaches for increasing the efficiency of the twin tracking algorithm are outlined.Obtaining fractal dimensions from a structured walk based on a fully mapped perimeter increases the accuracy of the measured fractal dimensions, extends the range of step sizes over which measurements can be made and permits a highly detailed examination of the perimeter.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120105
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    Application of Regression Analysis in spectroturbidity size-characterization methods (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 38-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The possibilities of applying specific turbidity and turbidity theoretical computations of light-scattering characteristics, the ratio methods in the distributional analysis of PVC and SiO2 exact Lorenz-Mie theory was applied. A good correlation with dispersions with spherical particles are discussed. The calculation of the best estimates of distribution function parameters was found were performed numerically using the simplex method. For theoretical computations of light-scattering characteristics, th exact Lorenz-Mie theory was applied. A good correlation with the results of angular light scattering and electron microscopy was found.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120106
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    Masthead (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120201
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  • 74
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    Editorial (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 58-58 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120202
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  • 75
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    Real-Time Ultrasonic Process Tomography of Flowing Mixtures (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a generic application study of the simple but fundamental limitations in the industrial exploitation of ultrasonic process tomography to dynamic flowing mixture processes. The background to two-dimensional ultrasonic process tomography is reviewed and the key implementation aspects which uniquely limit its performance are explored. Simple descriptors are presented, which allow the assessment of the applicability of ultrasound process tomography to particular applications.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120206
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  • 76
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    Vision-Guided Flame Control Using Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 87-94 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an application of fuzzy and neural network techniques to a vision-guided closed loop control for stationary luminous flames. The image processing technique is used to analyze and identify the process states. Fuzzy control strategy avoids the difficulty in establishing a mathematical model for an ill-defined process. Expert knowledge and training patterns can be incorporated into fuzzy rules, which are represented in the form of neurons. The use of a neural network makes it easy to increase the number of control parameters and provides the system the possibility to adjust its performance automatically.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120207
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  • 77
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    Editorial (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 118-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120302
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  • 78
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    Diameter Distribution of Spherical Primary Grains in the boolean model from small-angle scattering (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 123-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method for determining the size-distribution density of small spheres which are arranged, without any interaction between them, at random positions in space and form an isotropic twophase system is presented. In the case of higher volume fractions, frequent overlapping between the spheres is a logical consequence. This effect is an essential feature of the model itself and is well considered and observed. Stereological information, which contains all the necessary data about the unknown size distribution, is obtained from the angular intensity distribution (small-angle scattering experiment) of the particle system concerned. The resulting formula still includes, in a first representation, the volume fraction p as a free parameter. In a second step, a general analytical method for the determination of the volume fraction p from the set covariance of the considered random closed set is derived. Therefore, the unknown diameter distribution can be obtained in every detail, starting from the scattering curve of the sample, by way of two independent working steps.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120304
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  • 79
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    Particle Manipulation by Ultrasonic Standing Wave Fields to complement dynamic light scattering experiments (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 139-147 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dynamic light scattering is a widely used technique for the sizing of colloidal suspensions. It is capable of measuring particles across the size range from approximately 1 nm to several microns. However the larger particle sizes tend to pose problems for the interpretation of the scattered light signal either by virtue of their light scattering efficiency relative to the smaller species present or the departure of the scattered light signal from Gaussian statistics. Rapid removal of such particles in-situ could extend the use of dynamic light scattering particularly in on-line analysis or laboratory automated measurement. In this paper a method is demonstrated for the in-situ removal of larger particles in suspension by means of ultrasonic standing waves and concurrent dynamic light scattering measurement. The theory behind ultrasonic particle manipulation and its effect on the motion of the particles is discussed. Data from a scattering cell designed to incorporate the ultrasonic technology is presented showing that dynamic light scattering measurements may be carried out under such conditions. Varying the energy density of the ultrasonic field allows particles greater than a defined cut-off diameter to be removed from the measurement region. Theory shows that the minimum cut-off size may be as small as 100 nm. Results presented here demonstrate complete removal at a lower diameter threshold of approximately 2000 nm.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120306
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  • 80
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    Particle Shapes Produced by Comminution in the Szego Mill (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 158-165 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The shapes of particles produced by comminution in the Szego Mill, a planetary ringroller mill, in different coal grinding operations show that particle shape is dependent on the type of operation, and help explain the breakage mechanisms. Dry grinding produces particles with a low aspect ratio due to interparticle attrition; significant briquetting of fine particles may occur. In slurry grinding flaky particles are produced which are selected for breakage at rates lower than those for granular particles. Similar observations have been made with other materials. Coal-oil-water grinding is accompanied by the formation of coal-oil agglomerates. Their breakage produces uniform particles with a low aspect ratio due to interparticle attrition within the agglomerates.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120308
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  • 81
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    The Fragmentation Fractal - a useful descriptor of broken rock (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 166-169 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The fragmentation fractal has been used to accurately describe the distribution of rock progeny from single particle breakage events. This paper illustrates the underlying physical significance of the fragmentation fractal and how it may be used as a fundamental tool in understanding rock pulverisation. The experimental determination of the fragmentation fractal is based on the measurement of particle size by project area as given by image analysis. In this format the characteristic length is defined as the square root of projected area. This approach to rock particle size analysis can have advantages over other techniques especially when the mass or number of fragments is small. A brief comparison has been made with size by projected area and the corresponding sieve size of artificial objects of different shape, but equivalent characteristic length. It is suggested that projected area measurements are less sensitive to the influence of particle shape and that this may even aid the comparison of distributions of fragments of significantly different morphologies.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120309
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  • 82
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    Editorial (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 172-172 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120402
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  • 83
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    Arrays of Uniform Latex Spheres as Test Objects in Optical Microscopy (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 173-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is the purpose of this communication to illustrate the utility of regular arrays of uniform high polymer latex spheres (2-D crystals) as resolution test objects for the optical microscope. Such test specimen slides are easily prepared, inexpensive, and can be quite accurately characterized as to size of the spheres which make up the arrays.Through their use it was possible to experimentally verify the validity of the generalized form of Abbe' s rule (see Eq. (2)) for bright field microscopy.Similarly, it was possible to demonstrate that resolution in dark field microscopy is equal to and can sometimes surpass performance in bright field.Array test objects also hold great promise in the teaching of microscopy. The importance of proper micros topic technique and the difference between resolution and non-resolution, resolution and detection, and the effect of the wavelength of light on resolution are all easily demonstrated through the use of latex arrays.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120403
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  • 84
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    Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Particle Technology (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 59-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: During the past decade, the application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging techniques to problems of relevance to the process industries has been identified. In the context of particle technology, NMR imaging, in addition to the more routinely used techniques of Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo (PGSE) NMR and NMR spectroscopy, offer new methods of characterising pore structure, adsorption and diffusion processes within particles and packed beds of particles, as well as enabling time-resolved in-situ study of processes such as twophase flow, aggregation, polymerisation, crystallisation and phase separation phenomena. This paper reviews recent work in these areas, and also highlights the new insights NMR imaging can give us regarding the characterisation of porous materials, and the influence of the structure of the pore space on the transport processes occuring within a given porous solid.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120203
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  • 85
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    Electromagnetic Imaging Using Mutual Inductance Tomography: Potential for process applications (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 68-74 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An overview of Electro-Magnetic Tomography (EMT) using mutual inductance measurements is presented. The paper reviews the technique and principle of operation and gives a description of three case studies, which cover some of the generic design considerations and which illustrate the potential variety for inductive EMT systems. Results from the systems are described. These systems are presently experimental and possible future developments and applications are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120204
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  • 86
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    Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Temperature and Velocity Fields in a Furnace (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In this paper a reconstruction method is presented, which allows the calculation of three-dimensional temperature and velocity fields in an industrial furnace by measuring the propagation times of sound waves. Transceiver systems working in a coal fired power station and reconstructing two-dimensional fields are well known. Referring to these real conditions, the idea was to use two measurement planes situated over each other and projecting the fields in the volume between them. Some simulations show that weak inhomogeneous fields can be well reconstructed, whereas in the presence of turbulent flow and noise a reconstruction is critical.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120205
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  • 87
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    Studying the Avalanching Behaviour of a Powder in a Rotating Disc (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 232-236 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of a rotating disc to study the avalanching behaviour of a powder is discussed. It is shown that the strange attractor plotted in discreet time maps summarizes useful information on the rheological behaviour of powders and powder mixtures. In particular it is shown that the avalanching behaviour is related to the particle size distribution of the powder and that one can study the changes in rheological behaviour as another powder is mixed with it. The strange attractor patterns generated are dependent upon the environmental conditions under which the experiments are carried out. For this reason the measurements are referred to as an assessment of the holistic powder rheology. The potential use of the disc to study the holistic rheology of powder systems is outlined.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120505
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  • 88
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    Masthead (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120301
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  • 89
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    Scattering of a First-Order Gaussian Beam by an infinite cylinder with arbitrary location and arbitrary orientation (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 242-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The theory of scattering of a first-order Gaussian beam by an infinite cylinder with arbitrary location and arbitrary orientation is presented. A component of the theory is the use of the theory of distributions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120507
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  • 90
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    Editorial (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 268-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120602
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  • 91
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    The Use of an Antistatic Agent to Improve Powder Flowability (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 204-206 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Small quantities of Larostat 519, an anti-static agent, were added to four samples of a commercial organic powder which was giving flowability problems believed to be caused by electrostatics. The effects on standardised bulk densities, on the Hausner Ratio, and on the behaviour of the samples when exposed to various controlled relative humidities in an experimental rotating inclined pan, were significant, and are reported and interpreted.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120408
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  • 92
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    Streaming Current Measuring for Determining the Zeta Potential of Granular Particles (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 198-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A simple technique is presented for determining the zeta potential of large particles ( 〉 20 μm) by streaming current measurements. The method has the advantage of not requiring correction for surface conductivity. The theory involves a description of pore space by either Darcy's law or the Kozeny-Carman equation. The simplifications introduced by assimilating the pore space to a bundle of capillary tubes are discussed. Results are presented for the variation of zeta potential with pH and ionic strength for a sieve cut of spherical glass beads and two different samples of irregular particles of silicon carbide.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120407
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  • 93
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    Hydrodynamic Focusing of Particle Trajectories in light-scattering counters and phase-doppler analysers (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 207-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To reduce errors when measuring sizes of particles in light-scattering counters and phase-Doppler analysers, the hydrodynamic focusing of particle trajectories in relation to the centre of the measurement zone is used. This focusing is effected in a special running-type chamber. Equations describing the mechanical energy of liquid flows running through a running-type chamber have been compiled. By solving a system of such equations, relatively simple equations for engineering calculations of the coefficient of hydrodynamic compression of particle trajectories in relation to the centre of the measurement zone have been obtained. Results of experimental research are given and the application of the proposed technique for designing improved running-type chambers with one and two “sheaths” is demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120409
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  • 94
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    Editorial (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 216-216 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120502
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  • 95
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    Internal-Field Characteristics of Spherical Particles (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 237-241 
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    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The finely stratified sphere model was used to calculate electromagnetic fields inside homogeneous and radially inhomogeneous spheres which are illuminated by electromagnetic plane waves. A complete picture of the internal fields is given for spheres whose diameters are comparable to the wavelength (α = 1.5 and 5, where α = 2 πa/γs is the size parameter of the sphere) and spheres whose diameters are much larger than the, wavelength (α as high as 150), for coated spheres (spheres composed of a homogeneous core and a homogeneous shell) and gradient-index spheres (spheres with a continuous of refractive index), for spheres at states of morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs) and those at non-resonant states.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120506
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  • 96
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    A Method for Increasing the Sensitivity of Phase Doppler Interferometry to seed particles in liquid spray flows (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method has been developed to increase the sensitivity of phase Doppler interferometry-based particle sizing systems to small particles in the presence of a spray containing large and small droplets; an important consideration when using seed particles to track the gas-phase velocity in multi-phase flows. The method, applicable to PDPA systems configured to operate in first and higher order refraction mode, involves doping the sprayed liquid with a dye that is strongly absorbing at the incident laser wavelengths. This results in greatly diminished scattered intensity from larger droplets, thus allowing the photomultiplier gain to be set to a level sufficient to easily detect small particles without saturation. Tests conducted indicate that, at a collection angle of 30° and droplet absorptivity of γ = 0.014/μm, the PDPA can accurately size absorbing droplets up to approximately 200 μm. This upper limit can be extended by changing selection angle. Tests performed with an actual spray demonstrated that the method allowed detection of 1 μm to 235 μm droplets; more than four times the instrument's usual range of 50: 1. A data correction scheme to determine the effective probe volume radius for each particle size class has been developed for absorbing particles, as standard correction schemes derived for non-absorbing droplets excessively weigh distributions toward smaller particles.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120504
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  • 97
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    Masthead (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120601
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perimeter Exploration of Linear Chains of Circles (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 257-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Perimeter data, obtained from structured walks performed upon straight chains of circles and displayed in Richardson plots, reveal two distinct classes of discontinuities: textural and structural. Textural discontinuities contain information about the surface features of the profile, while structural discontinuities reveal the profile's overall shape. The origins of both types of discontinuities have easy explanations. The highly predictable behavior of the structural discontinuities serves as the basis of a newly proposed method of analysis for perimeter data. The number of structural discontinuities is equal to N, the number of circles in the chain; furthermore, the value of the step size \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \underline {\lambda} $\end{document} * associated with the first structural discontinuity is inversely related to N. These properties seem is be retained when the circles slightly intersect and also when the circles vary in diameter. Analysis of the structural discontinuities may provide a new method suitable for automated examination of chain-like agglomerate particles.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120508
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrasonic Measurement of Sub-Micron Particles (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on technology described in a Du Pont patent for an offline system, we have developed a prototype in-line ultrasonic cell for measuring particle size distribution. We have used this cell to verify the Allegra-Hawley model of ultrasonic attenuation in dilute (〈 5 % vol) slurries of sub-micron ceramic particles, and we are developing a model that can cope with the multiple scattering effects occuring at higher concentrations.In this paper we present the results of attenuation measurements for ultrasound (2-50 MHz) in slurries with concentrations ranging from 0.5 010 to 38 010 (vol). The attenuation is proportional to slurry concentration up to 5 010 (vol) and is predicted by single scattering models. Above approximately 100% concentration, the attenuation is actually lower than expected. For the dilute slurries we find excellent agreement between our measurements and the Allegra-Hawley calculations, and the effects of the particle size distribution are evident in the ultrasonic attenuation spectrum. These ultrasonic data can be inverted to determine the particle size and concentration in aqueous slurries of sub-micron particles.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120603
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Flow Field-Flow Fractionation for Particle Size Determination (1995)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 12 (1995), S. 284-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Measurements on paint components have been conducted with symmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (sym flow FFF) and asymmetrical flow FFF (asym flow FFF). Both methods are based on the same principle of separation, but they differ in the construction of the fractionation channel and the configuration of the channel flow and crossflow. On the basis of the good selectivity and resolution of these techniques, it was possible to determine the particle size of each individual constituent of a three-component mixture of a paint binder, pigment and filler, characterized by relatively broad and overlapping distributions, and to follow the changes on mixing them. In the case of sym flow FFF, it was possible to use thinner fractionation channels, with no system peaks and good selectivity in both the normal and steric-hyperlayer mode. The main features of asym flow FFF are the simpler construction of the fractionation channel and the possibility of focusing the sample in the channel better and of following visually the separation. This variant should be preferably used in the normal mode of operation.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ppsc.19950120606
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