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  • 1965-1969  (1,470)
  • 1966  (1,470)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (1,470)
  • Computational Chemistry and Molecular Modeling
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  • 1965-1969  (1,470)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electric properties of macromolecules. IX. Dipole moment, polarizability, and optical anisotropy factor of collagen in solution from electric birefringence (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 499-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electric birefringence of collagen solutions has been measured over a wide range of field strength with the pulse technique. The soluble collagen was from rat tail tendon. The solvent used was dilute acetic acid. Very pronounced saturation of the electric birefringence was observed, permitting calculation of the optical anisotropy factor. The Kerr constant was determined by extrapolation to zero field strength. From the dependence on field strength of the birefringence, the permanent dipole moment and the anisotropy of polarizability were separately determined. The contribution of the former to the Kerr constant was found to be twice as large as that of the latter. The same conclusion was obtained from the initial slope of the rise curves of the birefringence at low fields. The permanent dipole moment was 1.5 × 104 Debye, and the anisotropy of polarizability was about 3 × 10-15 cm.3. The magnitude of the latter indicates that the ion atmosphere polarization is important. Effects of added salt and thermal denaturation on the electric birefringence were explored.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040502
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solvent effects in N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) polymerization initiated by strong base type initiators (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 595-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The γ-benzyl-L-glutamate N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) polymerization initialed by diisopropylamine was studied in dimethylformamide (DMF)-dioxane mixtures of different compositions. It was found that the shape of the conversion versus time plots and the molecular weights of the polymers depend on the solvent composition. Auto-catalysis is present only when dioxane predominates in the solvent mixtures. Moreover, the molecular weight of the final polymer depends strongly on the precipitation conditions when the polymerization is carried out in DMF.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040509
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solution properties of synthetic polypeptides. II. Sedimentation and viscosity of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate in dimethylformamide (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 781-791 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nine samples of poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate (PBLG), ranging in M̄w from 19,000 to 410,000, were examined viscomctrically and by ultracentrifugation with dimethylforma-mide (DMF) at 25°C. as helicogenic solvent. The data for [η] and s0 (limiting sedimentation coefficient) as functions of M̄w were fitted well by the theories for a rigid prolate ellipsoid of revolution whose major axis increases linearly with M̄w, but whose minor axis is independent of M̄w. This implies that the overall shape of the PBLG molecule in DMF is represented by a straight cylinder whose cross section is independent of its length. The length per monomeric residue h evaluated from [η] is about 1.3 A., whereas that from s0 is about 1.6 A. No adequate explanation for this difference in h can be found at present. More serious is the fact that these hydrodynamically evaluated values of h are appreciably larger than, the value obtained from our light-scattering measurements reported previously. All these values of h from our studies are not consistent with the value characteristic of the α-helix, for which h is 1.5 A. The concentration dependence of s0 was found to agree well with the recent theoretical prediction of Peterson for cylindrical macromolecules.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040708
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction during fibril formation of soluble collagen with cartilage proteinpolysaccharide (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 247-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Precipitation of soluble forms of collagen from solutions containing the soluble protein-polysaccharide (PP-L) of bovine nasal cartilage, followed by centrifugation at 100,000 g, resulted in the formation of coherent elastic pellets whose wet weights increased with the concentration of PP-L in the initial solution. Dry weights and uronic acid contents of these pellets showed that the amount of water held in the wet pellet was nearly constant for any one kind and concentration of collagen, and ranged from 20 to 100 mg./mg. PP-L in the pellet. Soluble collagens from four different sources and PP-L from three kinds of cartilage showed similar effects. Precipitation of soluble collagen in the presence of hyaluronate or dextran yielded pellets of much smaller size than those formed in the presence of PP-L. The presence of chondroitin sulfate had only a slight effect on wet pellet weights. Wet weights of pellets formed in the presence of PP-L decreased with increasing ionic strength. A model involving entanglement between insoluble collagen fibrils and the relatively stiff chondroitin sulfate chains of branched PP-L seems qualitatively capable of accounting for these results.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040302
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conformational aspects of polypeptides. XVIII. Conformational studies of oligopeptides derived from L-alanineFor previous papers in this series see Goodman and Langsam. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 305-319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformations of oligopeptides derived from L-alanine and co-oligomers of L-alanine with γ-methyl-L-glutamate were studied in several solvents via optical rotation and far-ultraviolet spectroscopy. Calculated values for optical rotation based on model compounds were compared with experimental values for the oligomers. In trifluoroacetic and dichloroacetic acids, the oligomers and co-oligomers exhibit rotations in close agreement with predicted values based on model compounds. Thus, in these solvents only nonhelical conformations exist. In trifluoroethanol, the experimental points of molar rotation for the pentamer and larger oligomers no longer follow the predicted values. In addition, the benzyloxycarbonyl and acetyl cononamers show b0 values of about -150, which demonstrates the presence of stable helical forms for these peptides. We also examined the molar extinction coefficients of oligopeptides in the 190 mμ region and determined the values for nonhelical peptide groups. The molar extinction coefficients per amide bond for the benzyloxycarbonyl and acetyl cononamers show extensive hypo-chromism, once again indicating the presence of stable helices for these compounds in trifluoroethanol.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040305
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On some electrochemical aspects of actomyosin formation (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1046-1050 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040910
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Band centrifugation of macromolecules in self-generating density gradients. II. Sedimentation and diffusion of macromolecules in bands (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1055-1055 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040913
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pressure on the helix-coil transitions of the poly A-poly U system (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1081-1090 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies were made of the influence of hydrostatic pressure on the helix-coil transitions of poly (A + U) and poly (A + 2U). The results were analyzed by a thermodynamic treatment which emphasized the cooperative aspect of the transitions. The helix-to-coil volume changes were found to be small and negative indicating pressure stabilization of the coil form. The significance of the results with respect to other denaturation measurements was discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360041005
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extrinsic cotton effects of aminoacridines bound to DNA (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1091-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The optical rotatory dispersion curves of the proflavine cation were measured in the spectral range 400-500 mμ. No optical activity was observed for the free cation but a large positive Cotton effect appeared in the presence of DNA. The effect of ionic strength, denaturation of the DNA, and the DNA/proflavine ratio were studied. The dependence of the magnitude of the Cotton effect on the DNA/proflavine ratio suggests that a nearest-neighbor interaction between bound proflavine molecules is necessary for optical activity. A simple statistical treatment was made which indicated that only a small number of proflavine molecules are required in close proximity for optical activity to occur. Denaturation of the DNA did not destroy the optical activity, which shows that long runs of DNA double helix are not necessary for optical activity of the ligand molecules. The optical rotatory dispersion curves of acridine orange which was bound to DNA were also measured. Two Cotton effects of opposite sense could be distinguished, the relative magnitudes of which depended on the DNA/acridine orange ratio and the state of denaturation of the DNA. The apparent differences from the proflavine-DNA system can to a large extent be explained in terms of the tendency of acridine orange to form aggregates.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360041006
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A proposal of standard conventions and nomenclature for the description of polypeptide conformations (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1149-1150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360041010
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The V amylose-water system: Enthalpy of hydration on the helix exterior (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 677-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The reaction, V amylose hydrate ⇄ H2O + V amylose dehydrate, where the amylose hydrate and dehydrate are pseudohexagonal, helical species with packing diameters of 13.7 and 13.0 A., respectively, has been studied. The V amyloses were exposed to water vapor pressures at various temperatures, with phase determination obtained by identifying solid reactant and product from their x-ray patterns. Reversibility of reaction was found to occur over a 50-96°C. range. A Clausius-Clapeyron plot yields a ΔH of reaction of 10.4 kcal./mole of water released, which value is close to analogous heats of reaction of many common hydrate systems.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040607
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Study of helix-coil transition of DNA by dielectric constant measurement (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 663-676 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal helix-coil transition of DNA was studied by means of dielectric constant measurements. The dielectric dispersion of native helical DNA is characterized by a large dielectric increment and a large relaxation time, whereas that of denatured coil DNA is characterized by a small dielectric increment and a small relaxation time. The dielectric dispersion of partially denatured DNA is of particular interest. At the intermediate stage of the helix-coil transition, dispersion curves which are different from either that of helix DNA or that of coil DNA appear. This is particularly pronounced for large DNA. This indicates the presence of an intermediate form of DNA. Flow birefringence measurements were carried out simultaneously. The negative birefringence of helical DNA diminishes as the helix-coil transition proceeds. However, the extinction angle remains constant, as long as it can be measured. These results indicate the absence of intermediate forms during the helix-coil transition. The discrepancy between dielectric and birefringence measurements can be resolved by assuming that the intermediate forms are not birefringent. The size distribution of native DNA and of the indicated intermediate form of DNA was studied. It is found that a logarithmic normal distribution function explains the distribution of size of DNA reasonably well.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040606
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate N-carboxy- anhydride: Effects of conditions of polymer precipitation on the molecular weight distribution (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 695-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly-γ-berizyl-L-glutamate prepared by polymerization of γ-benzyl-L-glutamate NCA in dimethylformamide (DMF) with the use of diisopropylamine as the initiator was precipitated from the polymerization mixture under different conditions. A portion of the almost completely polymerized solution was treated with an excess of isopropylamine and then precipitated into diethyl ether (sample A). The remaining portion of the polymerization mixture was concentrated in a rotating evaporator, stored at room temperature for a few days, and then diluted with DMF and precipitated into diethyl ether (sample B). The molecular weight distributions of the two polymer samples were determined by the chromatographic procedure of Baker and Williams. The molecular weight of sample B is roughly three times that of sample A. However both samples have the “most probable” distribution of molecular weight. The results are interpreted according to Bamford's polymerization mechanism.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040609
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040701
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sedimentation coefficient of T-even bacteriophage DNA (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 747-757 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The sedimentation coefficient of T2 phage DNA has been studied by zone centrifugation in sector-shaped preparative centrifuge tubes over a concentration range of 0.02-2.0 μg./ml. DNA. These results have been compared to a similar study in the analytical centrifuge of T4 DNA over the range of 0.50-5.75 μg./ml. DNA. A value for the sedimentation coefficient of 60.7 ± 1.8 S. was obtained by the first method and a value of 61.3 ± 1.5 S. by the second.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040705
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport, of an anionic depolarizer (CuEDTA) through DNA adsorbed on a polarized mercury surface (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 705-708 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040610
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mesure de la dispersion diélectrique en très basse fréquence de solutions de DNA (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1035-1041 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Based on the four electrodes technique, an apparatus is described which measures the Very Low Frequency (VLF) conductivity of ionic solutions, all electrode effects being completely eliminated. It is thus possible to measure the conductivity frequency dependence between 0.8 and 500 cps, with a relative error of 10-4. Applying this method to DNA solutions, one always finds a conductivity dispersion in the VLF range, which disappears when the biopolymer is heat-denatured. The relaxation time is different from one solution to another, but is always greater than 10 msee. approximately, sometimes even greater than 0.1 sec., the upper limit which one can estimate with our apparatus. The different, explanations of the DNA very low frequency polarization, assuming that its relaxation is connected with the rotational diffusion of the biopolymer long axis, is discussed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040908
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A modification of space-filling atomic models allowing rapid and accurate assembly of polypeptide conformations (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1051-1052 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040911
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chain effect. Part III. Induction of secondary structure in copolymerizations (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1067-1072 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Studies of the properties of copolymers of N-carboxy sarcosine anhydride with other N-carboxy α-amino acid anhydrides have shown that the secondary structure may be a function of the type of initiator used. In particular, when polysarcosine is the initiator, and the “chain effect” becomes possible, blocklike character appears in the copolymer. This is the result of selective and rapid polymerization of N-unsubstituted N-carboxy α-amino acid anhydrides by the chain-effect mechanism. In suitable circumstances, therefore, the latter may be used to induce order into copolymerizations of this type.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360041003
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1-1 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040102
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of renaturation of denatured DNA. I. Spectrophotometric results (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 171-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The kinetics of renaturation of heat- or formamide-denatured DNA have been studied by following the change of optical density at a constant temperature. Solvents of different ionic strength and various DNA samples have been used. At the lower ionic strengths studied, the reaction follows second-order kinetics, substantiating the hypothesis that strands of native DNA separate upon denaturation and recombine during renaturation. As the ionic strength is increased at a constant temperature, the reaction deviates from simple second-order behavior. This appears to be the result of the inhibition to rewinding caused by short helical segments in the denatured DNA which are more stable at the higher ionic strenth.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040204
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of renaturation of denatured DNA. II. Products of the reaction (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 189-200 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The structure of renatured T4 DNA has been studied by CsCl density-gradient centrifugation. It has been found that the products of the reaction differ, depending on the method used for denaturation of the DNA. If denaturation is carried out without taking precautions to prevent chain degradation, for example, by heat, the DNA formed by renaturation shows approximately 70% recovery of the native structure as judged by its density. With long times of annealing, the DNA can recover the native density. This behavior is also observed with bacterial DNA samples. On the other hand, if precautions arc taken to prevent chain degradation during denaturation, two products appear as a result of renaturation. One of them is undistinguishable from native T4 DNA, whereas the second one consists of highly aggregated DNA which shows only a partial recovery of the native structure. With long times of annealing, this second species recovers the native density but retains its highly aggregated nature. At higher ionic-strengths, renaturation follows a different pattern and a single product is formed. The relevance of all these observations to the kinetic anomalies reported in the previous communication is discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040205
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charge density on native and ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 205-213 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The axial ratios (a/b) of native and 60 min. ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A molecules were calculated from previously reported sedimentation and diffusion data; values found were a/b = 74, a = 1880 A., and b = 26 A. for native myosin A; a/b = 104, a = 3280 A., and b = 32 A. for 60 min. ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A. Electrophoretic mobilities gave identical values of 3.2 (±0.1) × 10-5 cm.2/v.-sec. for both native and 60 min. ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A. From the prior sedimentation and diffusion data, together with newly obtained electrophoretic data, the net charge Z and the charge density σ of native and ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A molecules were calculated from Henry's equation. The following results were obtained: for native myosin A, Z = 160 negative charges per molecule and σ = 22 coulombs/cm.2; for ultraviolet-irradiated myosin A, Z = 312 negative charges per molecule and σ = 20 coulombs/cm.2. The results of this study provide an experimental demonstration that, the electrophoretic mobility of charged solute particles is dependent upon the particle charge density and not on the absolute charge of the particle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040207
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The thermal melting of poly-L-alanine helices in waterThis work was supported at the Weizmann Institute by research grant No. AM 08464, and at Cornell University by research grant No. AM 08465, both from the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, U. S. Public Health Service. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 239-241 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040211
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cooperative interactions in single-strand oligomers of adenylic acid (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 223-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Optical rotatory dispersion measurements were made on the oligonucleotides (pA)2, (pA)4, and (pA)6 at neutral pH over the temperature range 5-85°C., and compared to similar data for polyriboadenylic acid. The data were interpreted in terms of a temperature-dependent stacking of the bases in the single-strand oligomers, with very little dependence of the degree of stacking on the chain length. These results can be explained by a theory of cooperative stacking. The degrees of freedom available per residue are rotations about the five backbone covalent bonds and the bond connecting the base to the ribose ring. To nucleate a stacking interaction between neighboring bases the backbone sequence must be ordered as must be the two bases. For this stack to grow by one base a backbone sequence must again be ordered, but only one additional base must be ordered. Thus, the degree of freedom of the base with respect to the ribose ring determines the extent of the cooperative effect and hence the effect of chain length. A matrix formulation of the partition function is presented which incorporates this cooperative nature of the interaction and is shown to be in fair agreement with the data. The entropy of ordering a base with respect to the ribose ring is found to be 0.68 e.u., which suggests that the purine has a torsional oscillation when unstacked, but does not have several isoenergetic positions of internal rotation available. The enthalpy of stacking is found to be -6.5 kcal./mole. A model involving neighbor and next-nearest neighbor interactions could also account for the data. For all practical purposes, the stacking interactions of successive residues can be treated as independent, i.e., the state of one residue is essentially independent of the state of stacking of its neighbors.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040209
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    The ultrasonic degradation of biological macromolecules under conditions of stable cavitation. I. Theory, methods, and application to deoxyribonucleic acid (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 259-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solutions of calf thymus DNA have been degraded in the presence of vibrating air bubbles in ultrasonic fields of low power which would not normally induce ultrasonic cavitation. The DNA was degraded to a limiting intrinsic viscosity, after which further irradiation by ultrasound had little or no effect. This limiting intrinsic viscosity decreased with increase in the ultrasonic intensity. Previously developed theories have-been adapted to calculate the maximum velocity gradient associated with the streaming of the solution around such vibrating air bubbles. The tensile force which is induced and which acts on the DNA has been calculated on the basis of current theories of degradation by hydrodynamic shear. These calculations indicate that the degradation of the DNA by ultrasound under conditions of “stable cavitation” is mainly the result of the shearing forces engendered in the solution around the oscillating bubbles.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040303
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
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    Infrared spectra of isotopic polyglycines (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 337-350 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: For infrared absorption measurements, the following five isotopic polyglycines have been prepared: ordinary polyglycine ( - NHCH2CO - )n, N-deuterated polyglycine ( - NDCH2CO - )n, C-deuterated polyglycine ( - NHCD2CO - )n, completely deuterated polyglycine ( - NDCD2CO - )n, and N15-substituted polyglycine ( - 15NHCH2CO - )n. Infrared spectra have been observed both in the I and II forms of each of these five isotopic polyglycines in the spectral region of 4000-300 cm.-1. On the basis of the comparison of these spectra with each other, a nearly complete set of assignments of the observed bands of polyglycines has been given.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040307
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040401
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  • 29
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    Conformation studies on the sodium and cesium salts of calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 429-440 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solutions of calf thymus NaDNA in 0.2M NaCl and CsDNA in 0.2M CsCl (fragmented by sonic irradiation to a molecular weight of about 5 × 105) were examined by electron microscopy, light scattering, and viscosity measurements. Electron microscopy showed that the molecular fragments are rodlike in shape and that the distribution of their lengths is sharp (Lw/Ln ∼ 1.06). The weight-average number of nucleotides Zw per DNA molecule derived from light scattering was found to be in very good agreement with the value Lw derived from electron microscopy. The z-average length Lz derived from light scattering at 25°C. was found to be about 89% of the corresponding value derived by electron microscopy. Similarly, the value of Lw derived from intrinsic viscosity at 25°C. on the basis of a rodlike model was found to be about 87% of the corresponding value derived by electron microscopy. It is concluded that the molecules are slightly flexible and do not, assume their full contour length in solution because of the disorienting effect of Brownian motion. The intrinsie viscosity was found to increase linearly with decreasing temperature toward a limiting value corresponding to the fully stretched length of the macromolecules at 0°K.: a reasonable value for the modulus of elasticity could be calculated. It was also found that, no differences in conformation could be delected in t he two systems CsDNA-0.2M CsCl and NaDNA-0.2M NaCl.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    Numerical solutions of the Lamm equation. II. Equilibrium sedimentationPresented, in part, at, the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, San Francisco, 1965. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 457-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The Lamm equation has been solved numerically for conditions corresponding to equilibrium runs for a nonlinear concentration dependence of the form s/s0 = (1 + kc)-1. It is shown that the approach to equilibrium is very close to being exponential (in time) as in the case k = 0. We also compare results for the nonlinear case given above with results obtained for linear c-dependence of the form s/s0 = 1 - kc. For relatively high speeds the time required to attain equilibrium may be greatly underestimated by use of the latter approximation. Finally, we present analytic approximations for the concentration distribution at equilibrium and as a function of time.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040407
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  • 31
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    Neighbor-neighbor interactions in single-strand polynucleotides: Optical rotatory dispersion studies of the ribonucleotide ApApCpPresented before the Division of Biological Chemistry at the 150th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 1965. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 33-41 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The neighbor-neighbor interactions in the small ribotrinucleotide ApApCp were investigated with the aid of optical rotatory dispersion measurements. This trinucleotide shows a Cotton effect between 220 and 325 mμ, in the region of its maximum ultraviolet absorption. The specific rotation of the trinucleotide is independent of concentration while the magnitude of the Cotton effect (levorotation) decreases markedly with increasing temperature. Such effects were not observed with the component nucleotides alone, in a simulated hydrolysis mixture, nor with the hydrolyzed trinucleotide. The Cotton effect is attributed to perturbation of the nucleotide base chromophores by neighbor-neighbor intramolecular interaction (stacking), without any hydrogen bonding being involved; this interaction decreases with increasing temperature because of increased internal rotational freedom about the single bonds of the backbone chain with an accompanying disruption of the neighbor-neighbor interaction between the bases. This explanation is supported by a statistical mechanical theory of neighbor-neighbor interactions in polynucleotides, involving the forces between the bases. Application of this technique to further studies of polynucleotides and polypeptides is discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040105
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  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Complexes of silver ion with natural and synthetic polynucleotides (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 51-76 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of silver-ion binding by nucleic acids and synthetic ribo and deoxyribopolynucleotides, has been carried out by means of potentiometric titration, thermal transition, and difference spectra. It is clearly demonstrated that a strong complex between Ag+ and nitrogen atoms of bases is made reversibly. Binding constants and site numbers are determined for each type of polynucleotide. Base reactivity varies strongly with chain length, and a cooperative phenomenon is found in each case. Two successive complexes with DNA are seen in all the three techniques, and they have the same characteristics as complexes with respectively poly-dGC and poly dAT. In the first complex, Ag+ is linked to four bases, provided two of them are a G-C pair. Calculated and experimental values of site numbers agree very well for DNA of different G-C content. Thermal stabilization occurs simultaneously, and the increase of melting temperature corresponds to calculated changes of stacking energy between base pairs. In the second complex a new ordered structure insensitive to temperature is formed, with simultaneous release of protons. The stoichiometry can be related to base sequence. Complexing with silver increases the resistance of TMV RNA to both temperature and ribonuclease; a tentative explanation is given in the latter case.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040107
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    Polarographic studies of ion binding in solutions of pepsin. II. Binding of thallous ions (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 85-89 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The results of the application of a modified polarographic method to the study of binding of thallous ions in solutions of pepsin are reported. Isoionic solutions of pepsin were converted by using a cation exchange resin to solutions of thallous pepsin. The extent of ion binding was obtained as in the case of cadmium pepsin by assuming that only free, i.e., unbound, ions contribute to the diffusion and migration currents, respectively. However, the relations used previously for computing the degree of ion binding have been refined on the basis of experience acquired in a parallel study of solutions of thallous acrylate and polyacrylate, respectively.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040109
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    Electronic spectrum, optical activity, and structure of the acridine orange complex with poly-α,L-glutamic acid (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 97-106 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the complex formed by acridine orange with poly-α,L-glutamic acid in the α-helix conformation have been measured in aqueous solution over a range of glutamate residue-to-dye ratios. Three Cotton effects (circular dichroism bands) associated with the long wavelength absorption band of acridine orange at 4950 A. are induced by complex formation between the dye and the polypeptide, and further circular dichroism bands are observed in the ultraviolet region associated with the 2700 A., but not with the 2950 A. absorption band of the dye. The induced optical activity is found to be relatively insensitive to the glutamate residue-to-dye ratio and to be more dependent upon the ionic strength of the solution. By Measuring the circular dichroism spectrum of the complex in aqueous solution under streaming conditions with the light propagated along the direction of flow the observed circular dichroism bands are assigned to electronic transitions polarized parallel or perpendicular to the axis of the polypeptide α-helix. From the spectroscopic data it is inferred that the dye aggregate in the L-PGA-AO complex has the form of a left-handed superhelix bound to the core of the right-handed α-helix of poly-α,L-glutamic acid. It is shown that the longer and the shorter of the in-plane axes of the dye molecule are probably orientated respectively at a small angle, and radially, with respect to the axis of the α-helix in the complex.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040111
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    Band centrifugation of macromolecules in self-generating density gradients. II. Sedimentation and diffusion of macromolecules in bands (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 131-156 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three approaches to the simultaneous sedimentation and diffusion of hands or zones of noninteracting homogeneous macromolecules are examined: (1) The authors' method of moments: (2) the transport me of Sehumaker and Rosenbloom; and (3) the stochastic solution of the Lamm equation due to Gehatia and Katehalski. All three methods indicate that the motion of the maximum of the hand may be used to evaluate the sedimentation coefficient. The moment, method provides relations which appear to be useful for measuring diffusion coefficients. Relations are given for the analysis of resolved components. The problem of measuring sedimentation coefficients of macromolecules with concentration-dependent sedimentation coefficients is examined. Methods are described for evaluating the sedimentation coefficient in these systems and for obtaining the sedimentation coefficient at infinite dilution. Methods are described for determining the weight-average sedimentation coefficient in Multi-component systems, and the differential and integral distribution of sedimentation coefficients of macromolecules with low-diffusion coefficients.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040202
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    Tables of values relating the axial ratio to the frictional ratio of an ellipsoid of revolution (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 201-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040206
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    Conformational analysis of macromolecules. I. Ethane, propane, n-butane, and n-pentaneThis work was supported by a research grant (AI-01473) from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service, and by a research grant (GB-2238) from the National Science Foundation. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 237-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040210
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    Editors footnote (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 245-245 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040213
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040301
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  • 40
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    Conformational aspects of polypeptides. XVII. Synthesis of oligomers and co-oligomers derived from L-alanine and L-glutamic acidFor previous papers in this series see Goodman and Rosen. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 275-303 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of oligomers was synthesized of the form: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$${\rm Z} \rlap{--} ({\rm Ala} \rlap{--})_n {\rm OEt}$$\end{document} Where Z is the benzyloxycarbonyl group and n = 2, 3, 5, 10. We encountered difficulty in dissolving the decamer in any solvent except strong organic acids. We therefore prepared co-oligomers of the type: where (a) w = x = y = 1; (b) w = 0, x = y = 3; and (c) w = x = y = 3. A series of model compounds composed of glycine L-alamine and γ-methyl-L-glutamate were also prepared. We converted manyof the benzyloxycarbonyl oligopeptides into their corresponding acetyl derivatives. Some of these peptides were synthesized by mixed anhydride and active ester techniques while others were prepared via azide coupling techniques using the tert-butoxycarbonylhydrazide blocking group. All reactions proceeded with retention of configuration.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040304
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    Study of biological activity regenerated by the oxidation of fully reduced insulin (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 351-364 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various techniques for recombining the fully reduced A and H chains of insulin were studied. Best results were obtained from water solutions of the reduced chains allowed to oxidize by standing in air at 3 °C. and from metal-catalyzed oxidation under the same conditions but in 7.6M urea solutions. Average net regeneration of insulin was 6% by weight, based on rat hemidiaphragm analysis for insulin activity. The theoretical yield for a random recombination of the A and B chains was calculated to be 3%. The 50% yield of insulin (from the oxidation of reduced insulin thiosulfate) reported by Jiang et al. could not. be confirmed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040308
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    Studies on nucleic acids. VIII. Changes in the stability of DNA secondary structure by interaction with divalent metal ionsSome of these results were first discussed at the meeting of Arbeitsgemeinschaft Biochemie Jena, October 17-19, 1963, and a brief report was presented earlier.1,2 Furthermore an abstract of this work was presented at the Universities of Köln (Inst. Für Genetik), Frankfurt/Main (Inst. Für Therapeutische Biochemie), Freiburg (Biochem. Inst. der Med. Fakultät and at the Med. Forschungsanstalt der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Göttingen, in September 1964). (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 321-335 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The melting temperature of a natural DNA is decreased in the presence of increasing amounts of copper ions, whereas other divalent metal ions stabilize the DNA secondary structure at low ionic strength. At 1.28 × 10-4M, Cu2+ produces a decrease of Tm depending on base composition. At very low Cu2+ concentrations (0.5 Cu2+/2 DNA-P) a stabilization of the DNA conformation appears due to an interaction between Cu2+ and phosphate groups of the DNA molecule. In this case the normal trend of GC dependence of Tm exists similar to that with Na+ and Mg2+ as counterions. If copper ions are in excess, the observed destabilization is stronger for DNAs rich in guanine plus cytosine than for those rich in adenine plus thymine. A sharp decrease of Tm occurs between 0.5-0.8 Cu2+/2 DNA-P and 1.5 Cu2+/2 DNA-P. The breadth of the transition decreases at high Cu2+ concentration with further addition of copper ions. Denaturation and renaturation experiments indicate that Cu2+ ions exceeding the phosphate equivalents interact with the bases and reduce the forces of the DNA helix conformation. Evidence is presented, that the destabilization effect produced by Cu2+ is possibly due to an interaction with guanine sites of the DNA molecule.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040306
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    Some water-insoluble papain derivatives (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 441-448 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A description is given of the preparation and properties of four water-insoluble papain derivatives by three different techniques: (a) covalent binding to a water-insoluble diazoimitn salt derived from a copolymer of p-aminophenylalanine and leucine; (b) binding to insoluble preparations of collagen via bisdiazobenzidine-2,2′-disulfonic acid; (c) in-solubilization by crosslinking the enzyme itself with bisdiazobenzidine. By all three methods it, was possible to obtain stable water-insoluble papain derivatives retaining much of the activity of the native enzyme on low and high molecular weight substrates.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040405
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  • 44
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    Numerical solutions of the Lamm equation. I. Numerical procedurePresented, in part, at the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, San Francisco, 1965. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 449-455 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper gives an account, of the numerical technique used to derive results to he presented in future papers of this series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040406
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  • 45
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    Macromolecules in solution, Hertbert Morawetz, Interscience, New York, 1965. 495 pp. + xvi, $16.50 (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1053-1053 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040912
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  • 46
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    Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the state of water in human hair (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1057-1065 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Measurements have been made of the nuclear magnetic relaxation times T1 and T2 of the protons of water in hair. These are interpreted as showing that water molecules in hair exist in a continuous range of environments with a wide spread of rates of molecular rotation. Even at high water contents most of the water molecules are much less mobile than molecules in bulk water. The term “mobility” is given a quantitative meaning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360041002
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  • 47
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    Protonation of cytosine in DNAPresented in part at the 3rd Jena Symposium, Elektrochemische Prinzipien in der Molekularbiologie, Jena, May 25-29, 1965. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1073-1079 
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    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Spectrophotometric acid titrations of DNA samples of different GC content were performed at different wavelengths. From the acid titration profile and absorbance changes of deoxycytidine-5′-monophosphate and DNA the extent of protonated cytosine within the DNA double-stranded molecule was estimated (pK 3.65 at 25°C. in 0.02M KCl). At constant counterion concentration and temperature the maximum of protonated cytosine in DNA before denaturation occurs depends on the base composition and can exceed 50%. The thermal stability of the DNA secondary structure is strongly reduced with increasing amount of ionized cytosine residues. The degree of protonation of cytosine in DNA is decreased with increasing counterion concentration.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360041004
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    Studies of the helix-coil transition of poly-L-lysine in film and solution (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1105-1113 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Water-insoluble films of poly-L-lysine, crosslinked with formaldehyde, were suspended in aqueous media and their relative lengths measured as a function of pH. A sharp transition of the polymer was observed in the pH range which corresponded with that observed in polylysine solutions by optical rotation or dilatometry. In NaBr and NaCl solutions the coiled form of the polylysine film shrinks with increasing salt concentration, but in NaHCO3 solution the extent of the contraction is larger, and the coil-helix transition of polylysine occurs at lower pH when NaHCO3 is added to the medium. If one assumes the formation of amino carbamate in this case, this phenomenon can be well explained. Urea does break up the hydrogen bonds in helical polylysine film, but not completely. This result is interesting compared with that obtained for poly(L-glutamic acid). After the coil-helix transition region was found by film experiments, the volume change associated with the coil-to-helix transition was measured and found to be about 1-l.5 ml. per amino residue after taking electrostatic interaction into consideration. This value is nearly same as that obtained for poly(L-glutamic acid). By contrast, the value for poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate was reported to be -0.077 ml./mole of repeating unit. So it is still necessary to determine the magnitude and direction of the volume change for various kinds of polypeptides.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360041007
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  • 49
    Electronic Resource
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    Low-sulfur proteins from α-keratins. Interrelationships between their amino acid compositions, α-helix contents, and the supercontraction of the parent keratin (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 905-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: S-Carboxymethyl (SCM) kerateine preparations from a range of keratins were fractionated by acid precipitation into low-sulfur (SCMKA) and high-sulfur (SCMKB) fractions. Amiono acid analyses and optical rotatory dispersion measurements on the SCMKA fractions from different keratins indicated that the proportion of α-helical material (30-64%) increased with increasing leucine and glutamic acid contents and decreased with increasing SCM-cysteine and proline contents. It is shown that these variations in α-helix contents are due mainly to differences in the conformations of the principal components of the SCMKA fractions, although there is also a smaller contribution arising from contamination with varying amounts of non helical components. The thiol + disulfide contents for the parent keratins were measured and compared with the SCM -cysteine contents of the solubilized fractions. In general the SCM-cysteine contents of the SCMKA fractions increased with increasing thiol + disulfide content of the parent keratin, but these values were not directly proportional. The extent of total supercontraction in 8M LiBr solution was measured for the parent keratins and shown to bear no significant relationship to their disulfide contents. From the extents of first-stage and total supercontractions the disulfide contents of the contractile structures in the fibers were calculated according to a model described previously and compared with the analytical values for the SCM -cysteine contents of the SCMKA and SCMKB fraction. Data for both fractions were consistent with the model in that they were in each case related to the calculated values by a constant factor. However, because of simplifying assumptions in the model, it was not possible to identity positively one or other of these protein fractions with the contractile elements in the fiber.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040807
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
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    Electrophoresis of products of DNA- and nucleohistone-supported DNA synthesis (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 953-955 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040811
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  • 51
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    Interaction of aminoacridines with deoxyribonucleic acid: Viscosity of the complexes (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 971-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The intrinsic, viscosities at zero shear rate of defined complexes of proflavine, 9-aminoacridine, and 9-amino-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroaeridine with calf thymus DNA have been determined at, various ionic strengths by means of rotating cylinder viscometers. By controlled adjustment, of the composition of the mixtures, the amount of bound acridine (r moles/g.-atom DNA phosphorus) was maintained constant at different dilutions. The intrinsic viscosities of the complexes increased with r up to r values (ca. 0.16-0.20) corresponding to the end of the process of strong binding of the acridinium cations. However, complex formation between the acridines and thermally denatured DNA caused either a marked decrease in viscosity (at the low ionic strengths of 0.0015 and 0.005) or no change at all (ionic strength 0.1). These results are discussed in the light of presently available hydrodynamic theories relating the intrinsic, viscosity of DNA to its molecular extension.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040903
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  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Collagen aggregation phenomena (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 989-997 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Three processes by which tropocollagen units associate to yield highly specific aggregates have been examined. From the temperature coefficients of the amounts aggregated it is concluded that the complex “native” aggregation is endothermic, whereas both end-to-end and lateral aggregation are exothermic. These results combined with additional information lead to the conclusion that “native” aggregation is an entropy-driven process in which hydrophobic bonding plays the dominant role. In contrast the reactions producing the lateral aggregate and the aggregate in which end-to-end bonding is dominant are electrostatically governed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040904
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  • 53
    Electronic Resource
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    Deuteration and solvent composition effects in the helix-coil transition of poly-γ-beiizyl-L-glutamate (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1015-1023 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effects of deuteration and of changes in solvent composition on the thermo dynamics of the helix-coil transition have been studied by calorimetric and optical measurements in the poly-γ-benzyl-L-glutamate-dichloroacetic acid-1,2-dichloro-ethanc system. For a given solvent composition, deuteration of the polypeptide and of the acid lowers the transition temperature Tc, while an increase in the volume fraction of acid in the solvent raises Tc. A rise in Tc is accompanied by a decrease in both the van't Hoff and the calorimetric heats of transition, but at different rates. The result is a temperature dependency in the Zimm-Bragg cooperation parameter σ. Possible causes of this result and its implications are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360040906
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  • 54
    Electronic Resource
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    Conformations and interactions of excited states. II. Polystyrene, polypeptides, and proteins (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 4 (1966), S. 1131-1148 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Previous fluorescence and phosphorescence studies of aromatic model compounds have been extended to polymers: “atactic” and isotactic polystyrene, seven aromatic poly-(amino acids), and two proteins. We have confirmed previous observations that both forms of polystyrene exhibit strong excimer fluorescence emission at room temperature but not at 77°K. Of the poly(amino acids) (all observed in helix-supporting solvents), poly-L-phenylalanine, poly(α-benzyl-L-aspartic acid), and poly-1-benzyl-L-histidine likewise show excimer emission at room temperature but not at 77°K., while poly-L-tyrosine, poly-L-tryptophan, poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamic acid), and poly-S-benzyl-L-cysteine exhibit no excimer emission at either temperature. The aromatic residues of bovine serum albumin exhibit only “normal” fluorescence, but, lysozyme appears to be unique among proteins in showing excimer-like tryptophan emission in the native state; its luminescence becomes “normal” upon denaturation. It appears very probable that none of these polymers has a ground-state conformation in which the aromatic groups have face-to-face orientations appropriate for excimer interaction. It is concluded that at room temperature absorption of light can cause local “melting” of regular (usually helical) structures and thus, in some polymers, permit the attainment of a face-to-face arrangement of aromatic rings within the radiative lifetime of their excited singlet states. In certain other polymers (for reasons not clear at present), and in all polymers at 77°K., this does not occur. This concept is extended to provide a bettor basis for understanding the mechanism of formation of the photodimer of thy mine in irradiated DNA.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1966.360041009
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  • 55
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    Membrane characterization by measurement of transient osmotic pressures (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 659-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040410
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  • 56
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    Crystallographic studies of nylon 4. I. Determination of the crystal structure of the α polymorph of nylon 4Paper presented at the First Middle Atlantic Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Philadelphia, February 4, 1966. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 899-911 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystal structure of the α polymorph of nylon 4 has been determined from the x-ray diffraction patterns of uniaxially oriented monofilaments. In general the crystal structure of α nylon 4 is similar to that of α nylon 6. The unit cell is monoclinic with the following dimensions: a = 9.29 ± 0.05 A., b = 12.24 ± 0.05 A., c = 7.97 ± 0.05 A., and β = 114.5 ± 1.0°. There are eight monomeric units in the unit cell. The theoretical density is 1.37 g./cc. and the observed density 1.25 g./cc. The space group is P21. The nylon 4 chains are of the extended planar zigzag type, with the plane of the zigzag approximately parallel to the a axis of the unit cell. Along the a axis, every other chain is inverted - an antiparallel arrangement of chains - thus permitting complete hydrogen bonding and the formation of sheets of nylon 4 chains. Along the c axis of the unit cell, the second sheet is displaced by3/10 of the b axis, thus leading to a staggered arrangement of sheets. The sheets are held in place by van der Waals forces.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040606
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  • 57
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    Narrow molecular weight distribution poly(styrenesulfonic acid). Part I. Preparation, solution properties, and phase separation (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 599-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A method is described for the conversion of polystyrene to poly(styrenesulfonic acid) without change in the molecular weight distribution; the reaction is performed at room temperature in 100% H2SO4 and uses Ag+ catalyst. The resulting polyelectrolyte has solubility and other characteristics significantly different from those of previously investigated poly(vinylsulfonic acid). This permits a study of the influence of the aromatic group on the local and long range interactions in solution. The barium salt of poly(styrenesulfonic acid) is unusual in showing both upper and lower consolute temperatures in solution.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040405
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  • 58
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    Epitaxial crystallization of homopolymers on single crystals of alkali halides (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 611-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Epitaxial deposition of homopolymers from solution [polyethylene, isotactic polystyrene, poly-3,3-bischloromethyloxacyclobutane (Penton) and polypropylene] was found on the (001) faces of cleaved alkali halide single crystals. Electron and optical microscopy studies have shown that the polymer usually grew from small, rodlike crystallites which were oriented in (110) directions of the halide crystal. Large oriented, four-leaved, “rose” structures also were observed for polyethylene. Electron diffraction studies indicate that the polymer chain axes for polyethylene, isotactic polystyrene, and Penton generally lie parallel to the (001) faces of the halide crystal and are also oriented in the 〈110〉 directions of the crystal face. Investigations on the effect of various halide substrates upon the epitaxial crystallization habit of polyethylene inferes that lattice matching does not play the major role in orientation. Two possible explanations are offered for this epitaxial behavior.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040406
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  • 59
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of molecular weight upon the heterogeneous nucleation of crystallization in polypropylene (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 631-638 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of basic aluminium dibenzoate upon the supercooling of polypropylene fractions of molecular weight 9.2 × 103-1.25 × 106 was determined by differential thermal analysis. The response to heterogeneous nucleation within the precision of the method used appears to be only slightly dependent, if at all, upon the molecular weight of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040407
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  • 60
    Electronic Resource
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    Wideline NMR studies of oriented nylon 66 (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 639-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Wideline NMR techniques have been applied to both singly and doubly oriented specimens of nylon 66. Variations in the spectra obtained are observed for different orientations of the specimens relative to the applied field. These variations demonstrate that the zigzag chain axis is essentially parallel to the draw direction and that motion occurs in all of the sample. The motion is of two types: random in the mobile regions and rotation of segments about the chain axis in the rigid regions.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040408
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  • 61
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    Molecular weight averages of polymers as determined by density gradient centrifugation. II. Application to nylon 66 (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 663-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040411
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  • 62
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    Crystallization in poly(n-octadecyl methacrylate) monolayers (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 649-657 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The crystallization kinetics of poly(n-octadecyl methacrylate) has been studied at the air-water interface. The rate of the crystallization has been measured by the decrease in the area of monolayers with time at various temperatures and surface pressures. The crystallization isotherms have been analyzed by the general mathematical treatment of the kinetics of phase changes, and the results show linear growth to be dominant. The variation of the rate constant with temperature and pressure has been illustrated by the difference in the supersaturation defined by introducing the equilibrium pressure-area isotherms.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040409
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  • 63
    Electronic Resource
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    Microfibrillar textures in polymer fibers (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 668-672 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040413
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  • 64
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    Specific heats of poly(vinyl chloride) compositions (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 673-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Specific heats of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) can be readily obtained by means of the thin foil calorimeter when the polymer is fabricated into sheet or film. The effects of temperature and plasticizer content on the specific heat and of the plasticizer content on the glass temperature are readily observed. The data may be used to estimate the glass temperatures of plasticizers where those temperatures are not readily reached by normal techniques. The specific heat at the glass temperature is approximately 0.255 for the ranges of 0-30 phr plasticizer. A definite glass transition is not observed with 60 phr plasticizer. No other transitions were observed between 200 and 400°K. The previous history of the polymer is important, as it can change the specific heat of the polymer noticeably, especially above the glass temperature. Comparison of the values listed here with those obtained by others should be made with the understanding that these samples were fabricated by extrusion and were free of observable strain. The degree of crystallinity of these polymers is very small, probably less than 10%, since none was found by x-ray diffraction. The plasticizing effect of some stabilizers was noted.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040501
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  • 65
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    Persistent polarization in polymers. II. Depolarization currentsPresented in part before the 13th Canadian High Polymer Forum, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, September 22-24, 1965. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 697-704 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Depolarization currents were used to study the persistent polarization induced in polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) by cooling with flow under pressure. These studies showed that the charge on electrets made by flow under pressure consists in part of a surface charge which leaks off rapidly in moist air and in part of a charge due to volume polarization which decays more slowly. The volume polymerization produced in poly(methyl methacrylate) by flow under pressure is of the same order as that produced by cooling under a voltage drop, but flow under pressure produces a larger surface charge.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040503
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  • 66
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    Persistent polarization in polymers. I. Relationship between the structure of polymers and their ability to become electrically polarizedPresented in part before the 13th Canadian High Polymer Forum, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, September 22-24, 1965. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 685-695 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The ability of various polymers to acquire persistent polarization (i.e., to become electrets) was investigated. Polarization was induced in the polymers by two methods: (a) by cooling under a voltage drop and (b) by cooling with flow under pressure. There was found to be an optimum temperature for electret formation by either method. This optimum temperature was roughly 37°C. above Tg when polarization was produced by application of a voltage drop and roughly 57°C. when polarization was produced by flow under pressure. Crystallinity and the nonhomogeneities present in blended polymers were harmful to electret formation, but a small critical amount of ionic impurity was helpful.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040502
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  • 67
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    Molecular structure of polyethylene. XIII. An improved cryoscopic method for determining number-average molecular weight of polyethylene (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 705-714 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The determinations of the number-average molecular weight of polyethylene by cryoscopy has been improved, permitting precise measurements with both linear and branched polyethylenes in the molecular weight range 4,000-30,000. Improvements include a cryometer of new design, a lower-melting cryoscopic solvent containing a nucleating agent to control supercooling and rate of crystallization of the solvent, and more precise measurement of freezing point depression. Polyethylene samples are dissolved in hexamethylbenzene admixed with 0.1% of cadmium iodide, and steady-state freezingpoint depressions are measured with a thermistor to a maximum sensitivity of 5 × 10-5°C. Molecular weight measurements are reproducible to within ±10%. The cryoscopic apparatus and procedure are described in detail, and results obtained with samples of linear and branched polyethylene are presented and discussed.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040504
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  • 68
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    Les polyélectrolytes à l'interface liquide-liquide (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 765-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The behavior of films of polyelectrolytes at the water-organic liquid interface depends on the nature of the interface and the pH of the substratum. The present paper investigates the influence of these two factors on the cohesive forces between monomer units. Two polyelectrolytes were studied: poly(methacrylic acid) (APM) and poly-2-vinylpyridine (2-PVP). In the case of uncharged films, the collapse pressure decreases when the polarity of the organic phase becomes more important, whereas the term ω/kT, which appears in the theory of Motomura and Matuura, increases. A quantitative relation between the parameter ω/kT and the collapse pressure may be deduced. The behavior of the ionized surface film at different pH values is modified by the choice of the interface. However, there exists a competition between two phenomena: the dissolution of ionized residues in the substratum and the electrostatic repulsion between charges in the surface plane. Depending upon whether the first or the second parameter is more important, we observed that the surface pressure decreased or increased with the degree of ionization.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040508
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  • 69
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    Axial dispersion of polymer molecules in gel permeation chromatography (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 731-743 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Gel permeation chromatography is an elution chromatographic process depending on the permeation of the solute through a bed of gel particles. This process is used in the estimation of molecular weight distributions of polymers, since elution occurs in decreasing order of molecular size. The eluting species, however, are not perfectly fractionated, and apparent broadening of the distribution occurs. This broadening results from an axial (longitudinal) mixing of the eluting species. Consideration of the accessible bed volume for each species permits a correction to be made for this axial dispersion. The concept was applied to heterodisperse distributions by solving the resulting simultaneous equations. A least-squares regression may be employed to utilize the experimental data most effectively. The experimental chromatogram can be described in terms of accessible bed volume and dispersion coefficient of each species together with flow rate, sample concentration, and chromatograph column geometry. The chromatogram corrected for the axial dispersion describes the molecular weight distribution more accurately than does the experimentally determined curve. The correction procedure was applied to a well-characterized polystyrene; the results of the gel permeation chromatography show excellent confirmation of the results of fractionation and of other instrumental analyses.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040506
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  • 70
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    Effect of crosslink density on the creep behavior of natural rubber vulcanizatesPaper presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society of Rheology, Case Institute of Technology, Cleveland, Ohio, October 25-27, 1965. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 745-763 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Torsional creep measurements on four natural rubber vulcanizates, crosslinked to different degrees, were carried out in the temperature range from -50 to 90°C. This investigation complements the studies on identical samples of the stress relaxation behavior by Chasset and Thirion and of the dynamic mechanical response by Ferry, Mancke, Maekawa, Ōyanagi, and Dickie. The creep measurements reported are shown to be in agreement with the stress relaxation results. In addition to the usual temperature reduction, a superposed curve was obtained for the long time response using the apparent molecular weight between crosslinks, Mc, as a reduction variable. The variation in viscoelastic response with crosslink density is interpreted as a restrictive action of the chemical crosslinks on the transient entanglement network.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040507
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  • 71
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    Effect of stereosequence length on crystallization kinetics of propylene oxide polymersPresented to the Division of Polymer Chemistry, 150th American Chemical Society Meeting, Atlantic City, N. J., September 1965. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 715-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Crystallization kinetics of crystalline fractions of propylene oxide polymers made with different catalysts have been studied by isothermal dilatometric and microscopical measurements. Isothermal microscopical measurements indicate that spherulite growth in these polymers proceeds from predetermined nuclei. The half time for spherulitic appearance is less than, but of the same order as, the half time for complete crystallization. Only by taking this factor into account can the dilatometric data be represented by the Avrami equation. The deviation of the crystallization isotherm from that predicted from the microscopical data using the Avrami theory is attributed to a secondary crystallization process taking place within the spherulite. Crystallization continues long after spherulites completely occupy the available volume in the polymer. By assuming that the secondary crystallization proceeds as a first-order process in the uncrystallized, but crystallizable, portions of the melt, it is shown that the crystallization isotherms can be completely described in terms of four parameters. These are: (1) the time constant for the primary crystallization process; (2) the time constant for nucleation; (3) the time constant for the secondary crystallization process, and (4) the extent of secondary crystallization. The important conclusions of these studies are: the rates of nucleation and of spherulitic growth are far more dependent on temperature than on stereoregularity; the ratio of the rate of the secondary crystallization process to that of the primary crystallization process is almost independent of temperature, but increases with increasing stereoregularity of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040505
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  • 72
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    Structure of pressure-crystallized polypropylene (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 777-788 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The structure of polypropylene crystallized at pressures up to 5000 atm. has been studied. Upon slow cooling from the melt at 320 atm., the γ modification, previously found only in low molecular weight and stereoblock fractions, begins to appear in small amounts in addition to the normal α monoclinic form. As the pressure is increased further, a larger proportion of the sample crystallizes in the γ form until, at 5000 atm., only the γ modification is present. X-ray and DTA studies show that the γ form of polypropylene transforms to the normal α modification at a temperature only slightly below the γ melting point. Evidence is presented which favors the occurrence of a solid-state transition as a model of transformation to the α form. Results from isothermal crystallizations at low supercoolings and annealing experiments under high pressure show that the melting point of the γ modification of polypropylene is very sensitive to crystallite perfection.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040509
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  • 73
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    Molecular weight determination of polyamides by vapor pressure osmometry (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 817-825 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The vapor pressure osmometry method for determining the molecular weight of polyamides has been studied by use of the newly developed solvents. Polymers used were polycaprolactams, polyenanthamides, and polypelargonamides. The measurements were carried out with 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propanol and 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-dodecafluoro-1-heptanol as solvents at 50 and 130°C., respectively. Endgroup determinations on samples were also done in m-cresol by 0.1 N-hydrochloric acid. Reduced resistance differences (ΔR/C)0 obtained by vapor pressure osmometry at 50°C. were found to be in linear relation with the reciprocal of the number-average molecular weight determined by endgroup titrations; but anomalous results were obtained when dodecafluoroheptanol was used as the solvent at 130°C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040512
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  • 74
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    Orientation behavior of stereoregular poly(vinyl alcohols) (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 797-816 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The orientation behavior of stereoregular poly(vinyl alcohols) was investigated during stretching and after releasing the stress on the bulk polymers at relatively high humidity (80% R. H.) A structural model, differing from polyethylene, was proposed in which the crystallites were embedded in a considerably swollen amorphous matrix without any definite physical interaction so as to form an aggregation of crystallites, a superstructure. The crystal orientation followed, in principle, “the first borderline case” of Kratky, but with some difference from theory in orientation, while the noncrystalline orientation was represented by the freely jointed equivalent chain model of Kuhn and Grün with a value of N/γ as small as around 5. The difference between crystal orientation found and the theorietical orientation is discussed and some factors which prevented the crystal orientation are considered.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040511
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  • 75
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    Group motions in the glassy state of some substituted polystyrenes and poly(vinyl benzoates) (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 789-796 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Mechanical damping measurements were carried out in the range of 103-105 cps and between 60°K. and the softening point on some substituted Polystyrenes and poly(vinyl benzoates) containing different substituents (methyl groups, methoxy groups, and halogen atoms) either in the ring or in the main chain. The ortho and meta ring-substituted polystyrenes do not show any secondary mechanical relaxation in the glassy state, although all the other substituted polystyrenes, exhibit a low-temperature damping peak (δ process) (which is in some way connected with ring motions) whose height and temperature location depend on nature, position, and number of substituents. Substituents in the para position of the ring or in the α position in the backbone chain shift the δ peak of the unsubstituted polystyrene towards higher temperatures; this shift is accompanied by an increase of the apparent activation energy E*. Substitution in the β position, on the contrary, does not affect the δ peak. Analogous results are obtained for substituted poly(vinyl benzoates), which exhibit, in addition, a β relaxation effect, associated with carboxyl group motions. A very good correlation is found between the values of E* and the limiting relaxation time τ for the δ relaxation of polystyrenes and poly(vinyl benzoates), similarly substituted in the ring, indicating that the δ relaxation leads to absorption curves in the mechanical relaxation spectrum which are characteristic of the structure of the aromatic side chain.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040510
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  • 76
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    The equilibrium melting point of polyoxymethylene (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 827-829 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040513
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  • 77
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    Preparation and use of very tight osmotic membranes (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 830-831 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040514
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  • 78
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    Second virial coefficient of amylose acetate (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 835-844 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The second virial coefficients of amylose acetate fractions have been determined at different temperatures and have been analyzed according to recent theories of second virial coefficient.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040601
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  • 79
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    Relaxation phenomena in concentrated polyelectrolyte solution. II (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 845-854 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dynamic viscoelastic properties of 10 and 20% aqueous solutions of sodium polyacrylate were studied by the electromagnetic transducer method at 500 cps in the temperature range of 0-50°C. These solutions distinctly showed a relaxation phenomenon in this temperature range which was also affected by addition of such compounds as sodium chloride, urea, and dioxane. An anomalous behavior that cannot be explained as due to the relaxation phenomenon was observed on the addition of small amounts of these agents. One of the causes of this behavior is ascribed to the ion association in the solution. The static viscosity of the solution was also measured by using a rotating cylinder viscometer and the results compared with the dynamic data.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040602
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  • 80
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    Glass transitions in ionic polymersContribution no. 1890 from the Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 855-868 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The glass transitions of an ionic polymer in bulk have been studied as a function of the counterion for various homo- and copolymers. It is shown that the glass transition temperature can vary by as much as 530°C., from -10°C. for the nonionic material to +520 for Ca2+ or Zn2+ substituted polymer. From simple electrostatic considerations, it is shown that a linear correlation should exist beween the glass transition and the ratio of the cation charge, q, to the internuclear distance, a, between cation and chain anion; for this particular material (the polyphosphate chain) the relation is Tg = 625(q/a) -12 where q is in units of one electron and a is in A. If the data are interpreted in the light of the Gibbs-DiMarzio theory, it is seen that both the chain stiffness and the intermolecular energy increase in an approximately parallel manner as q/a increases.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040603
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  • 81
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    Configurational entropy of polyethylene and other linear polymers (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 869-880 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The configurational entropy of the polyethylene chain at the melting points calculated in two ways. In both calculations, tetrahedral angles and discrete trans and gauche arrangements of all bonds are assumed, and trans bonds are assumed more stable than gauche by energy U1. First, calculations are made on chains of up to N = 18 bonds, disallowing all configurations having overlapping atoms, and the result is extrapolated to large N. Second, a calculation is made directly for long chains, with overlaps excluded only over every short chain segment. The results are in almost exact agreement, suggesting that the second method can be safely used with other molecules. The calculated configurational entropy is in line with that suggested by the entropy of fusion, assuming the chains to acquire a configurational freedom in the melt which approaches that of independent chains.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040604
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  • 82
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    Angular distribution of intensity of rayleigh scattering from comblike branched molecules (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 881-897 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The angular distribution function P(θ) for intensity of light scattered by a dilute solution of comblike branched molecules has been determined for three situations of some interest for evaluation of experimental data: (1) the molecules are identical with branches of equal length attached equidistantly along linear backbone chains; (2) the molecules are homogeneous in mass, with the same number of branches on each molecule, but the branches are distributed at random along the chain; (3) branches and main chains are still uniform, but the molecules are heterogeneous in mass with the number of branches per molecule distributed according to the binomial distribution and the branches in any molecule spaced randomly along the backbone. Examination of numerical results shows that the scattering functions for models (1) and (2) are not very different. The function for case (3) is somewhat different from the others when the mean number of branches per molecule is small but they contain a large fraction of the mass of the molecule. Over a limited range of the pertinent variables (corresponding roughly to observations on typical vinyl polymers of molecular weights up to 106) all three functions agree quite well with P(θ) for homogeneous linear chains with the same mean-square radius of gyration.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040605
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  • 83
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    Light-scattering study of the molecular weight distribution of polypropylene (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 923-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A light-scattering study is presented of two isotactic polypropylene samples with broad molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn = 8.1 and 8.7, respectively) dissolved in α-chloronaphthalene at 147°C. Incident radiation of 5460, 4358, and 3650 A. was used. The reciprocal intramolecular scattering function, P-1(u) is expressed as a function of the variable [sin(θ/2)/λ′]2. This provides a wider range of experimental values of the variable u = 16π2(b2/6) [sin(θ/2)/λ′]2 than is accessible by the usual technique of using only one wavelength. The shape of the function P-1(u) is closer to that predicted theoretically if the weight distribution function f(N) in the equation \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ P(u) = \int_0^\infty {Nf(N)P_N (u)dN} /\int_0^\infty {Nf(N)dN} $\end{document} is given by the log-normal distribution rather than the distribution function of Schulz and Zimm. The method is applicable to polymer samples for which the average molecular weights are too low to be measured by the light-scattering method of Benoit and Loucheux.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040608
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  • 84
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    Effect of chemical reagents on the fine structure of cellulose. Part III. Action of caustic soda on cotton and ramie (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 571-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The changes in x-ray orientation brought about by the treatment of cotton and ramie with caustic soda of different concentrations have been studied. With ramie the effect of the treatment is to decrease the x-ray orientation, while with cotton the reverse is true. The cause of this difference is traced to a difference in the morphology of the two fibers rather than a difference in their fine structure.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040403
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  • 85
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    Frequency and temperature dependence of the dynamic mechanical properties of poly-4-methylpentene-1Presented at the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Rheology, Baltimore, Maryland, October 29-31, 1962. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 559-569 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The dynamic mechanical properties of poly-4-methylpentene-1 have been measured in torsion in the temperature range from 25 to 160°C. at frequencies from 10-3 to 10 cps. Two transitions are found. The first, with a peak at 40°C. at 1 cps, appears as a normal glass transition. A broad high temperature peak appears at 130°C. The dynamic compliance-frequency data can be superposed by the conventional method of reduced variables for temperatures up to 100°C. The temperature dependence of the shift factors follows the WLF equation. Above this temperature, superposition can be achieved by applying horizontal and vertical shifts to both components of the dynamic compliance. When the vertical shift is permitted, the range of applicability of the WLF equation is extended to 160°C.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040402
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  • 86
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    Dynamic mechanical properties of crystalline, linear polyethylene (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 545-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Two sets of dynamic mechanical property data and some stress relaxation data for semicrystalline, linear polyethylene are treated by data reduction methods previously described. These data can be represented by a master plot of reduced modulus versus reduced frequency and two sets of temperature-dependent shift factors. The first of these factors reflects the change of viscoelastic relaxation times with temperature. The second represents a separable change of modulus with temperature which applies over the entire time or frequency range of the experiments. This change is larger and in the opposite direction to that found applicable in the behavior of noncrystalline plastics and rubbers. The two sets of dynamic data show the same frequency-temperature dependence which can be represented by an activation energy of 22 kcal./mole. Small differences in the modulus-temperature dependence are attributed to differences in molecular weight or annealing conditions. The stress relaxation data superposes to a curve in good agreement with the dynamic data but with a factor of 20 difference in time scale. This difference is attributed to the finite strains used in the stress relaxation measurements. Such strains might be expected to increase free volume in simple extension deformations and so accelerate the relaxation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040401
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    NMR observations of drawn polymers. V. Sorption into drawn and undrawn polyethylene (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 4 (1966), S. 587-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: NMR measurements on undrawn polyethylene (PE) samples in contact with a solvent such as C2Cl4 indicate an increase in the mobility of the mobile chain segments as compared to dry samples. Highly drawn PE shows no such effect. This is because Sa, the sorption per unit mass of noncrystalline material present, decreases from 20.9 wt.-% (dry basis), found for undrawn quenched PE, to 0.63 wt.-% after drawing (Sa determined at 25°C. and 0.80 vapor activity). Drawing also reduces the segment mobility according to the NMR spectrum. It is shown that these effects are caused by considerable structural changes occurring in the noncrystalline regions of PE upon drawing. Annealing of drawn PE samples at successively higher temperatures leads to a gradual relaxation of the noncrystalline regions towards the state characteristic of undrawn PE. With increasing annealing temperature Sa as well as the mobility approach values found with undrawn PE.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.160040404
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  • 88
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    Milling behavior of gum elastomers: Experiment and theoryContribution No. 253 from the Research Center of the United States Rubber Company, Wayne, New Jersey. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1011-1026 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: When an uncompounded elastomer is processed on a two-roll mill, four different regions of mechanical behavior are observed, depending upon the temperature and the severity of the nip deformation. this behavior is observed on materials with a wide variety in chemical composition, through the severity varies. The flow at high temperatures is typical of melt or polymer solution behavior. At lower temperatures unstable flow and elastic solidike regions are observed. By presuming the elastomer to be an isotropicviscoelastic medium, the stress and velocity fields were computed in the polymer melt region. The unstable regime was found to correspond to a critical value of the ratio of viscoelastic to viscous forces. The mathematical analysis, done interms of the Green-Rivlin-Noll theory of viscoelastic media, extends earlier studies of deformation in this geometry by Gaskell and Bergen.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100705
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    Nonlinear least squares: A method for simultaneous thermal property determination in ablating polymeric materialsProd. No. 1367 (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1111-1119 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A method of data interpretation known as nonlinear least squares has recently been applied by several authors to the study of polymeric materials. Nagler has used a modified method proposed by Blizzard and Jirka and has concluded that the method is impractical because it requires excessive computer time. It is shown that the difficulties Nagler encountered are inherent in Blizzard and Jirka's method, but not in the basic method. Three steps are outlined to minimize computer time, and a summary of successful applications is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100803
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    Determination of the thermal stability and trace volatiles content of polymers. A hot-filament thermal analysis techniqueProd. No. 1375 (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1171-1183 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The thermal stability and trace volatiles content of polymers can be determined rapidly and conveniently by using a hot-filament pyrolyzer for heating the sample. The filament unit, of a type employed for pyrolysis-GLC analysis, consists of a platinum coil with an attached platinum/platinum-rhodium thermocouple for measuring the sample temperature. As the sample is heated the volatile products are monitored directly with a flame ionization detector, a dual recorder being used to chart both temperature and volatiles yield. At any stage of heating the products are analyzed, if desired, with a suitable GLC column. Thermal stability measurements of several polymers were generally consistent with results by conventional thermogravimetric analysis. Advantages of the method are high sensitivity for detection of low decomposition rates, speed of the temperature adjustment, simplicity of the apparatus, and small sample requirement.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100808
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular structure and some related properties of polyethylene stretched in the amorphous and crystalline states (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1377-1387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The molecular orientation of stretched polyethylene has been estimated separately for the crystalline and amorphous phases by using x-ray and birefringence techniques. It is confirmed that if a hightly crosslinked polyethylene is highly stretched rapidly in the perfectly molten state and cooled to room temperature, a fibrous structure comprised of highly oriented crystallites and almost unoriented relaxed amorphous chains is produced. Some properties such as dynamic mechanical properties and thermodynamic property are discussed in relation to the molecular structure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101001
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pressure-volume-temperature behavior of nylon 610 (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1475-1481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Equilibrium pressure-volume-temperature behavior in both the solid and molten regions was determine for nylon 610. Data were measured with a compressibility device capable of obtaining precise and accurate data. Residual curve treatment showed that the data were true equilibrium data. A volume extrapolated to 2419 atm. at room temperature from the present data compared favorably to the sole literature value reported by Bridgman. The data of this work showed the existence of what appears to be a second-order transition point for nylon 610. This point ranged from 140°C. at 232 atm. to about 170°C. at 1855 atm. The Spencer-Gilmore equation was fitted to the data of this study.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101007
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cure of epoxy resins with aromatic amines: High heat-distortion studiesPaper presented to the Society of Plastics Engineers, 22nd Annual Technical Conferences, Montreal, Quebec, March 7, 1966. (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1519-1533 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Castings having unexpectedly high heat-distortion temperatures result when certain treated resins of the EPON EPON is a registered trademark of the Shell Oil Company. 828 type and about 75% of the stoichiometric amount of m-phenylenediamine, are postcured for 10-20 hr. at 175-200°C. The improvement in heat-distortion temperature is about 100°C., to values as high as 250°C. A recrystallized resin has given the highest values. Other glycidyl ethers of polyphenols have shown this phenomenon to a lesser degree, but other amine curing agents, including isomers and substitution products of m-phenylenediamine, have not. Some evidence of a new curing reaction has been developed, by NMR and pyrolysis studies of model compounds, which supports the postulate that the m-phenylenediamine is alkylated with a fifth epoxy group during the postcure, presumably at a ring carbon, resulting in greater crosslinking.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101010
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Graphical presentation of the copolymerization equation and of conversion in batch copolymerization (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1607-1611 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101016
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of linear elastomeric polyurethanes (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1837-1844 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The viscoelastic properties of some polyester-urethanes are compared with the properties of other polymers. The behavior observed is anomalous in that these polyurethanes exhibit an unusually high value of modulus well above their Tg, unaccounted for by either crosslinking or crystallinity. Various experiments including incorporation of plasticizes of widely varying chemical composition have suggested interpretation of the system as a block copolymer, each block having its own Tg. Each of the two types of blocks seems to associate with similar blocks from other molecules.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101204
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gelation and fusion of vinyl plastisols (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 1871-1891 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The gelation of vinyl plastisols at constant temperature has been found to follow the equation ln [(C - Ce)/(U - Ce)] = (- π2/a2)Dτ + ln (8/π2), where C is the resin phase concentration, Ce the equilibrium resin phase concentration, U the critical resin phase concentration, a the average particle size, D the diffusion constant, and τ the time required for the onsent of gelation. A light reflectance apparatus capable of measuring the gelation process is described. The effect that various resin-plasticizer parameters have on the gelation and fusion process is discussed. The light-reflectance apparatus is also useful for estimating various resin and formulating parameters.
    Additional Material: 22 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070101207
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactivity of functional groups in surface coating polymers. Part I. Hydroxyl groups in alkyd resins (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 981-991 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The factors which can influence the availability of functional groups in polymers are considered. In particular, the importance of hydroxyl groups in the formation and Film-forming reactions of alkyd resins is discussed, and evidence is presented to suggest that the number of hydroxyl groups available for chemical reaction is not necessarily equivalent to the theoretical value. Factors which influence the availability of the hydroxyl groups are considered, and some of the properties of the alkyd are related to the available hydroxyl content.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100703
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The steady flow shear modulus of polymer meltsProd. No. 1277 (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Relaxation times of polyethylene melts have been measured by Aloisio, Matsuoka, and Maxwell. One implication regarding their observations is that the elastic properties of polymer melts must be time-dependent. In particular, the steady-flow shear modulus depends on the strain rate. Some interpretations of data in the literature have been based on concepts in rubber elasticity where the steady-flow modulus is an equilibrium value, independent of strain rate. We have used Pao's theory for viscoelastic flow together with measurements of relaxation times to discuss the strain rate dependence of the steady-flow shear modulus of melts. The existence of a strain rate-dependent shear modulus leads naturally to a nonlinear relation between shear stress and recoverable shear strain. The conclusions regarding the molecular weight dependence of the modulus also differ from interpretations based on rubber elasticity.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100105
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple theory of stress-strain properties of filled polymersProd. No. 1282 (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: By the use of simple models of filled plastics, approximate equations are derived for the elongation to break in the case of perfect adhesion between the phases and for the tensile strength in the case of no adhesion between the polymer and filler phases. By combining these equations with equations for the modulus (assuming Hookean behavior) all the stress-strain properties can be derived, including rough estimates of the impact strength, as a function of filler concentration. Among other things, the theory predicts a very rapid decrease in elongation to break as filler concentration increases, especially for the case of good adhesion. It is also predicted for the case of good adhesion that the tensile strength of a filled polymer can be greater than that of an unfilled polymer.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100107
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced graft copolymerization of butadiene to polyethylene and polypropyleneProd. No. 1272 (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 127-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene and polypropylene films were irradiated by γ-irradiation from a Co60 source in butadiene gas flow and in liquid butaidne. Irradiating in the butadiene gas flow is particularly convenient because the gas state monomer is available directly and little homopolymer is produced. In this case, there is a retardative effect on the grafting near the surface of the film and the grafting rate shows the maximum values at 50-60°C. for high-density PE (PEH) and PP. Irradiating in the liquid butadiene decreases the retardative effect near the surface. The effect of dose rate I on the grafting rate Rp is represented by Rp ∞ I1/4 in this case. The grafting rate is always higher in PEH than in low-density PE (PEL). Results of x-ray diffractometry and electron microscopy indicate that the grafting reaction occurs predominantly near the surface of the crystallite (lamella) of PE and the grafting rate is not affected by the overall crystallinity of the trunk polymer but by the configurational structure, such as the degree of branching or side-chain length.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100110
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