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  • 1985-1989  (457)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1985  (457)
  • Biochemistry and Biotechnology  (457)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrochemical ph control of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Batch cultures (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 214-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270218
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the mechanism of alkaline peroxide delignification of agricultural residues (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 225-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide partially delignify wheat straw and other lignocellulosic materials, leaving a cellulosic residue that is highly susceptible to enzymatic digestion by cellulase. The delignification reaction is strongly dependent upon the pH of the reaction mixture, with an optimum at pH 11.5-11.6, pKa for the dissociation H2O2 ⇌ H+ + HOO-. The data are consistent with a mechanism in which H2O2 decomposition products such as ·OH and O2-·, rather than H2O2 or HOO-, are the primary lignin oxidizing species. During the course of the delignification reaction, O2 is evolved from the reaction mixture indicating active H2O2 decomposition. At a given concentration of H2O2, the rate of O2 evolution is proportional to the amount of lignocellulosic substrate present in the reaction mixture. However, the total amount of O2 evolved is inversely proportional to the amount of substrate present, indicating that some of the peroxide oxygen becomes incorporated into lignin degradation products. The amount of peroxide oxygen incorporated can range as high as 2 O2 per lignin C9 unit, depending upon the initial concentration of lignocellulosic substrate.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270303
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formate gradients as a means for detecting the maximum carbon conversion efficiency of heterotrophic substrates: Correlation between formate utilization and biomass increase (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1599-1602 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271114
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of phosphate on the estimation of reducing sugars in biological media (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1612-1615 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271117
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improvement for L-leucine production in a continuously operated enzyme membrane reactor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1616-1618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271118
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assay of the high-alkaline proteinase from alkalophilic bacillus PB92 using a chromogenic tripeptide substrate (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1717-1720 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The chromogenic tripeptide substrate, benzyloxycarbonylglycyl-L-prolyl-L-citrulline p-nitroanilide, is proposed for the assay of the high-alkaline proteinase, HAP-PB92, from an alkalophilic Bacillus. The assay method is sensitive, reproducible, and may be adapted for an automatic system.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271213
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of shear on membrane-associated enzymes: Studies of isolated progesterone 11α-hydroxylase complex from Rhizopus nigricans (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1726-1729 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271215
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of shear on membrane-associated enzymes: Studies of the release of intracellular protein and of the progesterone 11α-hydroxylase complex from rhizopus nigricans (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1730-1734 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Rhizopus nigricans ATCC 6227b grown in either shake flasks or a fermentor was sheared in a concentric cylinder viscometer. The cells grown in shake flasks were found to be more susceptible to disruption by shear than those grown in the fermentor. Cells resuspended in a medium containing reduced glutathione and EDTA were found to be more easily disrupted than cells resuspended in 0.5% NaCl. The optimum condition for disruption of shake flask cells grown in the former medium with retention of progesterone 11α-hydroxylase activity was a laminar shear rate of 4300 s-1, for a period of 3 min at 4°C. During the first 30 s the apparent viscosity was found to decrease significantly with applied shear.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271216
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Grain sorghum stillage recycling: Effect on ethanol yield and stillage quality (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1735-1738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Stillage obtained from ethanol production of grain sorghum was separated into two fractions: thin stillage and wet solids. A portion of the thin stillage was recycled as cooking water in subsequent fermentation runs using both bench- and full-scale ethanol production plants. When thin stillage replaced 50-75% of the cooking water, large increases occurred in solids content, COD, and EC of the resulting thin stillage. It was found that while the volume of thin stillage requiring treatment or disposal was reduced, there was little reduction in the total pollutant load. Stillage rcycling had little effect on the quality of the stillage wet solids fraction. At the high levels of stillage recycle used, ethanol yield was reduced after three to five runs of consecutive recycling.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260271217
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimization of solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 20-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Optimal conditions for solid substrate fermentation of wheat straw with Chaetomium cellulolyticum in laboratory-scale stationary layer fermenters were developed. The best pretreatment for wheat straw was ammonia freeze explosion, followed by steam treatment, alkali treatment, and simple autoclaving. The optimal fermentation conditions were 80% (w/w) moisture content; incubation temperature of 37°C; 2% (w/w) unwashed mycelial inoculum; aeration at 0.12 L/h/g; substrate thickness of 1 to 2 cm; and duration of three days. Technical parameters for this optimized fermentation were: degree of substance utilization, 27.2%; protein yield/substrate, 0.09 g; biomass yield/bioconverted substrate, 0.40 g; degree of bioconversion of total available sugars in the substrate, 60.5%; specific efficiency of bioconversion, 70.8%; and overall efficiency of biomass production from substrate, 42.7%. Mixed culturing of Candida utilis further increased biomass production by 20%. The best mode of fermentation was a semicontinuous fed-batch fermentation where one-half of the fermented material was removed at three-day intervals and replaced by fresh substrate. In this mode, protein production was 20% higher than in batch mode, protein productivity was maintained over 12 days, and sporulation was prevented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270104
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synergistic action of α-amylase and glucoamylase on hydrolysis of starch (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 260-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Synergistic action of α-amylase and glucoamylase on hydrolysis of starch is modeled by the kinetic equations presented in this paper. At the early stage of the reaction α-amylase acts as a contributor of newly formed nonreducing ends of starch molecules to glucoamylase by splitting the original starch molecules. This is expressed by the simultaneous differential equations which consist of each rate equation for α-amylase and glucoamylase. After the molecular weight of the substrate decreases to the value of about 5000, which is obtained experimentally in this work, the action of α-amylase can be neglected and the rate of formation of glucose obeys only the rate equation for glucoamylase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270308
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a two-compartment model to the wall growth of Pelobacter acidigallici under continuous culture conditions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 296-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Continuous cultivation of Pelobacter acidigallici on gallic acid is accompanied by biofilm formation. Steady states can be obtained at dilution rates nearly twice the maximum growth rate. A two-compartment model is presented which allows us to determine rate constants of attachment and detachment. The model is based on the assumption that the biofilm is fully penetrated by the substrate. At high dilution rates the outcome of our experiments is mainly determined by the attachment rate. The influence of the thickness of the biofilm is discussed in order to demonstrate the limitations of the model.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270313
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of corn for fuel alcohol (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 321-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The integration of enzyme saccharification with fermentation reduces the total time required to produce acceptable levels of ethanol. The use of a more concentrated mash (84.8 L total mash/bu corn) results in a 26.6% increase in ethanol productivity and a 21.4% increase in beer ethanol concentration compared to standard corn mash (96.6 L total mash/bu corn). Thus, the energy requirement and cost of distillation can be reduced. The addition of waste cola syrup at 30 g invert sugar/L total mash gave a 19% increase in ethanol concentration in the final beer and required only a small increase in the period of fermentation. Surplus laundry starch can replace 30-50% of the weight of corn normally used in fermentation without influencing ethanol production or the time required for fermentation. Both of these waste materials reduce the unit cost of ethanol and demonstrate the value of such substances in ethanol systems.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270317
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling alkali consumption and digestibility improvement from alkaline treatment of wheat straw (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 345-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The alkali consumption during alkaline treatment of wheat straw at ambient temperature was measured as a function of time, solids concentration, and alkali concentration. The maximum measured alkali consumption was 5.5 g NaOH/100 g TS over a period of 30 days of treatment. Chemical functional groups (e.g., acyl and carboxyl groups) were measured and compared with the observed alkali consumption. The kinetics of alkali consumption were studied and a model was developed which predicts alkali consumption reasonably well. Use of this model was made to predict biodegradability of alkali-treated wheat straw, since a strong correlation was found to exist between alkali consumption and observed biodegradability. The method of bioconversion used was anaerobic digestion for methane production.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270320
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas holdup and overall volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in airlift contactors (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 369-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The two major types of airlift contactors, concentric-tube and external-loop, were investigated for their gas holdup (riser and downcomer) and overall mass transfer characteristics. Results obtained in batch charges of tap water and 0.15 kmol/m3 NaCl solution are reported for external-loop airlift contactors having downcomer-to-riser cross-sectional area ratios, Ad/Ar, ranging from 0.11 ≤ Ad/Ar ≤ 0.69 and for concentric-tube types in the range 0.13 ≤ Ad/Ar ≤ 0.56.The results are compared and contrasted for the two types of airlift contactors and also with corresponding results obtained in a bubble column (Ad/Ar = 0). Both the riser gas holdup, (εG)r, and the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient, (KLaD)T, were found to increase with increasing gas superficial velocity and the corresponding specific gassing power input, (PG/VD)T. However, at a specified power input both (εG)r and (KLaD)T decreased with increasing Ad/Ar due to a resultant increase in circulating liquid velocity. Unifying generalized correlations for both types of airlift contactors are given for both (εG)r and (KLaD)T. These correlations are expected to be applicable as well to continuous-liquid flow bubble columns at comparable liquid velocities.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270323
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of scale-down experiments in the study of kinetics of oxytetracycline biosynthesisThis report was presented at the 2nd European Congress of Biotechnology, held in Eastbourne, England, April 5-10, 1981 (Abstracts of Communications, p. 267). (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 398-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Scale-down experiments in antibiotic biosynthesis were performed by transferring the corresponding amounts of fermentation broth from industrial to laboratory and pilot-plant fermentors where the cultivation process was continued at different cultivation conditions. A previously proposed mathematical model was used to explain the experimental results. The effects of temperature, agitation-aeration intensity, and medium addition during the process were investigated. Computer simulation data were fitted to the experimental data, and good agreement was found. As a consequence of increasing temperature up to 37°C, increases in the specific growth and autolysis rates as well as the specific rates of antibiotic synthesis and carbohydrate utilization were in evidence. Temperature increases of up to 40°C caused a lower oxytetracycline yield. The effect of increased oxygen transfer rate on oxytetracycline biosynthesis was more pronounced at higher temperatures than at lower cultivation temperatures. Culture differentiation (strain segregation) was also studied; it was found that the increased cultivation temperature could be favorable for the growth of biomass active in oxytetracycline biosynthesis. Results of experiments at the pilot-plant scale showed that fed batch and repeated fed batch cultures could be successfully applied and the period of intensive antibiotic synthesis could be prolonged significantly.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270403
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A cybernetic view of microbial growth: Modeling of cells as optimal strategists (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A cybernetic framework is presented which views microbial response in multiple substrate environments as a judicious investment of cellular resources in synthesizing different key proteins according to an optimal regulatory strategy. A mathematical model is developed within the cybernetic framework for the diauxic growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae on a mixture of D-glucose and D-xylose. The “bang-bang” optimal policy describes well the experimental observations obtained using a fermenter coupled to an Apple II microcomputer. Striking variations in respiratory levels are observed experimentally during the switching of the cell's adaptive machinery for the utilization of the less preferred substrate.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270102
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic study of instability of recombinant plasmid pPLc23trpAl in E. coli using two-stage continuous culture system (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 28-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Derepression of the phage λ pL promoter on recombinant plasmid pPLc 23-trpAl caused a rapid increase of plasmid free segregants in the population. In continuous culture, increased production of trpA protein follwing derepression was accompanied by a continuous deceleration of specific growth rate. In the repressed condition, plasmid loss per generation in continuous culture decreased as dilution rate increased from 0.06 to 1.08 h-1. Over this range, the concentration of plasmid DNA within the cell decreased eightfold corresponding to a decrease in plasmid number from 74 to 32 molecules/cell. The use of a two-stage continuous culture system coupled with a temperature sensitive expression system allows a high trpA productivity from the derepressed plasmid for more than 48 h and also offers a possibility of minimizing the instability problem of high expression recombinants. Such a system also permits the critical study of the effects of fermentation and other regulatory parameters on expression under better controlled conditions than is possible in a batch culture or single-stage continous culture.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270105
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270101
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid-state fermentation of sweet sorghum to ethanol (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 34-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Solid-state fermentation of chopped sweet sorghum particles to ethanol was studied in static flasks using an ethanol tolerant yeast strain. The influence of various process parameters, such as temperature, yeast cell concentration, and moisture content, on the rate and extent of ethanol fermentation was investigated. Optimal values of these parameters were found to be 35°C, 7 × 108 cells/g raw sorghum, and 70% moisture level, respectively.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270106
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fermentation equations for propionic-acid bacteria and production of assorted oxychemicals from various sugars (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 67-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Fermentation (stoichiometric) equations are derived for anaerobic fermentations of propionic-acid bacteria (of both the Propionibacterium and acrylate pathways) and for production of various oxychemicals (butanol, acetone, isopropanol, butanediol, butyrate, acetate, propionate, succinate, lactate, and acrylate) from pentoses, hexoses, and cellobiose. The derivations of the equations are based on the fermentation biochemistries of the various bacterial classes. The validity of the equations is tested using fermentation data from the literature. The equations are shown to be valuable, among other uses, for calculating maximal yields and selectivities of the various fermentation products, as “gateway sensors” for monitoring of the fermentations, and for calculating the extents of the various intracellular reactions of the fermentation biochemistry.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270109
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270201
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pilot trials of the microbial degradation of Christos-Bitas water in oil emulsion (chocolate mousse) and BP llandarcy gas oil using venturi aeration (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 94-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Oil residues arising from the Christos-Bitas spillage were found to contain 28% of oil extractable by carbon tetrachloride; the remainder consisted of water and undefined solids. Christos-Bitas mousse was added to 1.18 m3 liquor inoculated with oil-contaminated marine mud, and aerated with a 1.5-hp vortex pump and venturi nozzle (12.5 mm) in a cylindrical tank. After 70 days, oil degradation reached 7 mg oil/L/h. About 98% of the solvent extractable oil added was degraded over 83 days. Analysis of oil residues harvested at the end of this experiment showed that there was a decreasing trend in percent degradation in the following order: aromatics 〉 saturates 〉 heterocyclics 〉 asphalts. No less than 94% of any fraction analysed was degraded.In the second pilot trial, oil degradation was carried out in a cylindrical jacket tank containing 6.82 m3 liquor inoculated with oil-contaminated marine mud from Penarth, South Wales, UK, together with pure cultures derived from the same source, and aerated with a 7.5-hp vortex pump and venturi nozzle (18 mm diameter). Mixing of the oil was inhomogeneous for the first 100-110 days. The overall degree of substrate dispersion and total oil balance was determined by sampling at different depths. Degradation by the mixed culture was achieved at the rate of 164 mg oil/L/h. After 224 days, this was equivalent to 9.6 × 103/kg-1/yr;(214 kg/wk) for 6.82 m3 of liquor. The degradation rate continued to rise as the feed rate was increased by means of an automatic, timed pump. A lag phase of five to six months was necessary to allow the mixed population to build up to an exploitable level.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270112
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A segregated model for plasmid content and product synthesis in unstable binary fission recombinant organisms (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 156-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Plasmid propagation in populations of unstable, binary fission recombinant organisms has been studied using a segregated, population balance mathematical model. Segregated models have the advantage of direct incorporation of basic information on mechanisms and kinetics of plasmid replication and segregation at the single-cell level. The distribution of cellular plasmid content and specific rates of plasmid gene expression have been obtained for several single-cell models of plasmid replication, partition, and gene expression. Plasmid replication kinetics during cell growth significantly influence the plasmid content distribution. In the case of transient growth of plasmid-containing and plasmid-free cells in partially selective medium, the degree of selection required for stable maintenance of plasmid-containing cells has been determined. Guidelines are presented for applicability of simpler, nonsegregated models and for evaluation of the parameters in these models based on single-cell mechanisms and associated parameters.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270209
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of a diffusion-limited hollow fiber reactor for the measurement of effective substrate diffusivities (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 182-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mathematical analyses of a diffusion-limited hollow fiber reactor for the measurement of effective substrate diffusivities are presented. An analytical solution to the mathematical model with a first order substrate consumption rate is used to show that the procedure of Webster and Shuler1 is incorrect. A rigorous analysis that requires numerical solution is also outlined for any form of the substrate consumption rate. These analyses allow for more accurate estimations of effective substrate diffusivities since they should be used in conjunction with integral reactor behavior.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270213
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enzymatic hydrolysis and recrystallization behavior of initially amorphous cellulose (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellulose samples from cotton and wood pulps with varying low degrees of crystallinity (mechanically decrystallized) were studied. The influence of initial cellulose crystallinity on sugar yield after enzymatic hydrolysis was determined by two different methods. As expected, samples with low crystallinity were much more accessible to enzymatic attack and glucose yields were higher than were samples of high initial crystallinity. Hydrolysis of cellulose seems more dependent on cellulose crystallinity than on the source of cellulose. It is known that decrystallized or amorphous cellulose can recrystallize under proper conditions, e.g., during acid hydrolysis. The data reported here also reveal some recrystallization during enzymatic hydrolysis which probably occurs simulataneously with a selective enzymatic attack on the amorphous regions of cellulose. In all cases, the amorphous celluloses recrystallized in the original lattice form, that of native cellulose.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270212
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A mathematical model for restricted diffusion effects on macromolecule impregnation in porous supports (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 208-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270217
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automatic supplementation of minerals in fed-batch culture to high cell mass concentration (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 192-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Automatic constant-value control of mineral ions was attempted in semibatch culture of high cell mass concentration (more than 150 g dry cell/L) with ethanol and ammonia feeds. Equations were derived from the mass balance principle to calculate the required concentration of each mineral ion in the mineral feed solution, taking into account both the decrease in the volume of the culture supernatant as a proportion of the whole culture broth and the increase in the volume of the whole culture broth during the cultivation. The mineral solution was supplied automatically, linked either with ethanol feed or ammonia water feed. The actual concentrations of mineral ions could be kept within small variations. To adjust the supplementation in accordance with the culture change from oxygen sufficiency (early growth phase) to oxygen deficiency (later growth phase), the concentration of each mineral ion was altered stepwise when the dissolved oxygen concentration fell to zero. The mineral supplementation gave better results coupled with ethanol feed than with ammonia feed. The mineral ions studied were K+, Mg2+, Na+, Fe2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, NH+4, PO43- and SO42-.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270215
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    State analysis of fermentation using a mass spectrometer with membrane probe (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 238-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method of continuous process analysis in fermentation using a mass spectrometer (MS) membrane probe is described. A number of samples from industrial fermentations were analyzed for the occurrence of volatiles detectable with a silicone membrane probe connected to a quadrupole MS. In all fermentations, characteristic spectra were observed which were found to change systematically during the batch process. Factor analysis was used to treat the data. The factor scores were compared with the actual product concentrations (antibiotics, toxins, etc.), which were measured using other analytical methods and were found to correlate with them. On-line analysis was also carried out on a fermentation with an MS and an Apple II microcomputer. Direct monitoring of products, which are not directly measurable with the membrane MS probe requires a new calibration each time conditions such as medium composition are changed.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270305
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methane production using whole and screened dairy manure in conventional and fixed-film reactors (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 266-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The technical feasibility of adopting the fixed-film reactor concept for biogas production from screened dairy manure was investigated. The methane production capability of laboratory-scale 4-L anaerobic reactors (conventional and fixed-film) receiving screened dairy manure and operated at 35°C was compared. Dairy manure filtrate with 4.4% total solids (TS) and 3.4% volatile solids (VS) (average value) was prepared from 1:1 manure-water slurry. The feed material was added intermittently at loading rates ranging from 2.34 to 25 and 2.25 to 785 g VS/L d, respectively, for the conventional and fixed-film reactors. Maximum methane production rate (L CH4/L d) for the conventional reactor was 0.63 L CH4/L d achieved at a 6-day hydraulic retention time (HRT). For the fixed-film reactor the maximum production rate was 3.53 L CH4/L d when operated at a loading rate of 262 g VS/L d (3 h HRT). The fixed-film reactor was capable of sustaining a loading of 785 g VS/L d (1 h HRT). The fixed-film reactor performed much better than the conventional reactors. These results indicate that a large reduction of required reactor volume is possible through application of a fixed-film concept combined with a liquid-solid separation pretreatment of dairy manure.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270309
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  • 31
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    Electronic Resource
    Preparation and characterization of immobilized growing cells of Zymomonas mobilis for ethanol production (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zymomonas mobilis cells were entrapped in K. carrageenan. Growth was observed with the immobilized cell preparation. The kinetic and yield parameters for the conversion of fructose to ethanol were nearly identical to free cells. The same preparation of immobilized cells was used in six repeated batch runs and at the end sixthbatch fructose was converted to ethanol more rapidly and efficiently with ethanol productivity of 14 g/L h and 96% conversion of fructose. The effect of high fructose and ethanol levels on specific fructose uptake rate and ethanol productivity was studied and quantitatively analyzed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270310
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  • 32
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    Electronic Resource
    Ethanol fermentation of crude acid hydrolyzate of cellulose using high-level yeast inocula (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 308-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High-level yeast inocula was investigated as a means of overcoming the toxicity problem in ethanol fermentation of acid hydrolyzate of wood cellulose. When the inoculum level exceeded 108 initial cells/mL, 50% of the yeast cells survived the initial cell death period during which furfural and HMF were depleted. The fermentation thus proceeded to completion by virtue of cell regrowth. The specific ethanol productivity in batch fermentation on the basis of viable cells was comparable to that of pure glucose fermentation. Continuous fermentation with cell recycle was superior to batch fermentation in that there was no overall cell decline and the ethanol yield was substantially higher. The maximum ethanol productivity in continuous fermentation was 4.9 g/L h and it occurred at a dilution rate of 0.24 hr-1.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270315
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  • 33
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    Electronic Resource
    Effects of phosphate, glucose, and ammonium on cell growth and lincomycin production by Streptomyces lincolnensis in chemically defined media (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 327-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cell growth and lincomycin production were measured in batch cultures of Streptomyces lincolnensis in chemically defined media. In these fermentations the specific rate of antibiotic production was maximal during growth and always declined at the end of the growth phase. It was found that both phosphate and ammonium salts, while required for cell growth, had negative effects on antibiotic production. By increasing the concentration of magnesium sulfate, it was possible to increase both the production rates and final titers of lincomycin. The mechanism for this effect was found to be the reduction of soluble phosphate in the medium through the precipitation of ammonium magnesium phosphate. Lincomycin production rates were not inhibited by glucose at concentrations of up to 30 g/L.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270318
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  • 34
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    Electronic Resource
    Chemical and enzymic pretreatment of corn stover to produce soluble fermentation substrates (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 362-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Corn stover was pretreated with various chemical agents, including sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, ethylenediamine, n-butylamine (either alone or in solution with methanol), and acetonitrile or ethanol containing hydrochloric acid. Of these chemicals, n-butylamine was the best reagent for pretreatment of corn stover, considering the degree of loss of total carbohydrate, delignification, cumulative weight loss, cumulative yield of reducing sugars per original total carbohydrate, and the potential ease of recovery and reuse of reagent. In comparison to the other reagents tested, n-butylamine (n-BA) selectively delignified corn stover. The best conditions were as follows: a 12-h presoak of about a 155 g dry wt/L slurry (1 mm average particle size) in 100% n-BA at room temperature, followed by 30 min of refluxing (86.5°C) with 40% (w/w) n-BA-distilled water solution. The cumulative yield of reducing sugars after enzymic hydrolysis was 44.5% of the original total carbohydrate and the cumulative total weight loss (dry basis) was 59%. Degradative loss of total carbohydrate during pretreatment was not detected.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270322
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  • 35
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    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose: Effect of ethanol on enzymatic saccharification of cellulose (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 389-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It was confirmed that simultaneous saccharification and fermentation are effective for accelerating enzymatic saccharification of cellulose. In this work, the effects of ethanol on the saccharification of tissue paper by Trichoderma cellulase (Meicelase CEPB) have been investigated. The following results were obtained. (1) Saccharification was inhibited by at least 0.2M ethanol. (2) Less than 4M ethanol did not affect the enzymatic activities of β-glucosidase and endoglucanase (Cx) at all. The thermal stability of endoglucanase was not also varied by ethanol. (3) It is suggested that ethanol depresses the adsorption of exoglucanase on cellulose. (4) The rate expression of saccharification of cellulose in the presense of ethanol is proposed. (5) The inhibititory effect of ethanol was found to become more significant in the later stages of the reaction than just the initial stage.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270402
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  • 36
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    Electronic Resource
    Studies on chemically aggregated pepsin using glutaraldehyde (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 415-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Porcine pepsin was immobilized by chemical aggregation using glutaraldehyde as a bifunctional crosslinking agent. The immobilzed pepsin followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics (Km = 5.3 × 10-5 M) and the yield of immobilization was 91%. The activation energy of the immobilized preparation was 90,613 cal/mol as compared to 67,532 cal/mol for native pepsin. Using acid-denatured hemoglobin and N-acetyl phenyl-alanyl-3, 5-diiodotyrosine (APDT) as substrates, the activities shown by the immobilized pepsin were, respectively, 67 and 79% that of the soluble pepsin. The immobiized pepsin showed marked stabilization against pH, temperature, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride. The activity of the immobilized preparation in the presence of urea was greater when hemoglobin was used as the substrate than when APDT was used as substrate. Storage of the preparation under refrigerated conditions for 160 days showed 58% retention in enzyme activity. The immobilized pepsin can be removed from the reaction mixture volume easily, retaining nearly 100% of its activity even after being used in seven consecutive assays.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270405
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  • 37
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    Electronic Resource
    The response of a nitrogen-limited chemostat culture of Escherichia coli B/r to pH and dilution rate steps (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 439-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effects of four pH steps and one dilution rate step are described for an ammonia-nitrogen-limited continuous culture of Escherichia coli B/r. Two of the pH steps, 6.06-5.49 and 5.96-5.60, led to prolonged transients in both cell density and rate-limiting nutrient concentration. The other two pH steps, 6.20-5.96 and 5.60-6.20, had almost no effect on the culture. The dilution rate step led to a sharp transition in the steady-state external pyruvate concentration. Monitoring of the external pyruvate concentration for the pH 5.96-5.60 step revealed that the transient phase continued long after the cell density and rate-limiting nutrient concentration returned to steady-state values. The implications for industrial and laboratory fermentations are discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270408
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  • 38
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    Electronic Resource
    Purification and immobilization of rabbit liver aldehyde oxidasePart 14 in “The use of enzymes in organic synthesis.” For part 13 see M. C. R. Franssen and H. C. van der Plas, Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas., 103, 99 (1984). (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 447-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aldehyde oxidase (E.C. 1.2.3.1) was isolated from rabbit liver and two potential bioaffinity ligands, i.e., 3-aminocarbonyl-1-benzyl-6-methylpyridinium bromide and 3-aminocarbonyl-1-benzyl-4,6-dimethylpyridinium chloride, were tested for their applicability in a purification procedure for this enzyme. Various supports and different coupling methods were investigated for the immobilization of aldehyde oxidase. Adsorption to n-hexyl- and n-octylamine-substituted Sepharose 4B and DEAE Sepharose 6B gave the best retention of aldehyde oxidase activity. The storage stability of free enzyme and enzyme immobilized to n-octylamine-substituted Sepharose 4B was studied in several buffers at pH 7.8 and 9.0. This showed that the stability of immobilized enzyme was much less than that of free enzyme. The apparent operational stability of the immobilized enzyme preparation, however, improved substantially compared to soluble enzyme, although the corresponding product yield is still very poor. Coimmobilization of catalase and/or superoxide dismutase provided no significant increase of the apparent operational stability and product yield. A positive effect on both parameters was found for aldehyde oxidase-n-alkylamine Sepharose 4B preparations by increasing the amount of enzyme adsorbed per unit weight of support, whereas the productivity of these preparations remained about constant.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270409
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of cellobiose hydrolysis using cellobiase composites from Ttrichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 463-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose involves the formation of cellobiose as an intermediate. It has been found necessary1 to add cellobiase from Aspergillus niger (NOVO) to the cellobiase component of Trichoderma reesei mutant Rut C-30 (Natick) cellulase enzymes in order to obtain after 48 h complete conversion of the cellobiose formed in the enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass. This study of the cellobiase activity of these two enzyme sources was undertaken as a first step in the formation of a kinetic model for cellulose hydrolysis that can be used in process design. In order to cover the full range of cellobiose concentrations, it was necessary to develop separate kinetic parameters for high- and low-concentration ranges of cellobiose for the enzymes from each organism. Competitive glucose inhibition was observed with the enzymes from both organisms. Substrate inhibition was observed only with the A. niger enzymes.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270411
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  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen transfer in liquids (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 503-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In the laboratory-type airlift tower reactor oxygen transfer from air in tap water and/or polyacrylamide solutions (Neuperm WF) was studied. In order to characterize the system, volumetric coefficient of oxygen transfer was determined by the gassing-out method. Two arrangements of the airlift tower reactor were compared, namely the reactor with and without motionless mixer. In addition, mean relative gas holdup and gas power output were determined for both arrangements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270416
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  • 41
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    Electronic Resource
    Performance of hydrophobic chromatography in purification of α-amylase (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 514-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hydrophobic ligands were introduced onto agarose beads, and the adsorption capacity of the beads was measured. The adsorption capacity increased with increase in the carbon number of the ligand, ionic strength of the buffer solution, and temperature. Crude α-amylase was purified with these hydrophobic adsorbents and the breakthrough and elution curves were estimated based on the mass transfer theory. Under strongly hydrophobic conditions, impurities contained in crude feeds and the lack of uniformity of packing caused by aggregation of beads affected adsorption and elution behaviors.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270418
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  • 42
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    Electronic Resource
    Conditions for the phase-plane analysis of feedback control of chemostat (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 519-524 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article deals with the effect of P-control and Plcontrol on the dynamic behavior of a continuous stirred tank fermentor (CSTF). Several conditions concerning the stability of steady states and the existence of limit cycles of the closed-loop system are derived. The application is made to the substrate inhibition model with variable yield coefficient. It is shown how the unfavorable phase-plane trajectories of the uncontrolled CSTF can be altered to favorable ones by the appropriate choice of control parameters based on the conditions derived.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270419
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  • 43
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    Immobilization of a soluble chemically thermostabilized enzyme (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 572-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Cellobiase was coupled to a dialdehyde dextran by reductive alkylation in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride. The resulting conjugate, obtained without loss of enzymic activity, presents properties of thermoresistance largely superior to those of native enzyme: the rate of inactivation is reduced compared to that of native enzyme and its optimal temperature of activity is 70-75°C instead of 65°C. Finally the conjugate presents increased longevity when subjected to experiments of operational stability; its hydrolytic activity is maintained at 60°C in a 10% (w/v) cellobiose solution for more than 100 h whereas the native enzyme is inactivated after 45 h. The cellobiase-dextran conjugate was immobilized by covalent coupling on aminated silica by reductive alkylation in the presence of NaBH3CN. The characteristics of thermoresistance of this stabilized and immobilized conjugate were studied and compared to those of a preparation of native cellobiase immobilized on a silica support activated with glutaraldehyde. Analysis of the thermoresistance of these two cellobiase preparations clearly shows that immobilization has maintained and even enhanced their properties. In particular, the operational stability, measured at 68°C on 10% (w/v) cellobiose shows an increased longevity of the stabilized and immobilized enzyme for 120 h compared to 60 h for the native immobilized enzyme. Two successive incubations of these cellobiase derivatives show that it is possible to obtain 2.5 times more glucose with the stabilized-immobilized enzyme than with the immobilized preparation. The procedure described above enables us to prepare a thermostabilized immobilized cellobiase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270505
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  • 44
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    The immobilization of enzymes and cells of Bacillus stearothermophilus onto poly(maleic anhydride/styrene)-Co-polyethylene and poly(maleic anhydride/vinyl acetate)-Co-polyethylene (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 579-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The graft copolymer, poly(maleic anhydride/styrene)-co-polyethylene was prepared. The copolymer immobilized bovine serum albumin (BSA), but the amount coupled appeared to be effected by the amount of styrene in the graft copolymer, temperature, and pH of the coupling medium. Competition existed between hydrolysis of the grafted anhydride groups and the protein. A graft copolymer with 66% add-on immobilized 4.5 mg/glucose oxidase/g copolymer, 4.6 mg alkaline phosphates/g copolymer and 0.2 mg cell of Bacillus stearothermophilus/g copolymer. A number of copolymers containing poly(maleic anhydride/vinyl acetate)-co-polyethylene were prepared to cover a range of grafting levels. These immobilized larger quantities of BSA, alkaline phosphatase, and cells of B. stearothermophilus than did the styrene graft copolymer. The copolymer was also hydrolyzed to release the hydroxyl group from the poly(vinyl acetate) component of the grafted chains. Using p-benzoquinone as the “activating agent,” the copolymer coupled to BSA and to acid phosphatase. Using p-toluene-sulfonyl chloride, the copolymer was very effective in immobilizing trypsin.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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    Feast/famine growth environments and activated sludge population selection (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 562-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The effect of feast/famine growth conditions on activated sludge cultures indicates that nonfilamentous cultures can be selected by providing proper substrate gradients and extended periods of endogenous metablism. Reactor operating strategies providing intermittently high substrate concentrations result in cultures characterized by high peak substrate and oxygen uptake activities, rapid settling rates, and high resistance to starvation. Sludge settleability can be manipulated using controlled variations in growth environment with corresponding changes noted in sludge activity. In combination with the low net growth rates associated with activated sludge systems, feast/famine environments would logically convey a selection advantage to microbes capable of readily assimilating substrate materials and maintaining viability during extended starvation periods.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270503
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  • 46
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    Preparation of cibacron blue F3G-A (polyethylene glycol) in large scale for use in affinity partitioning (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 621-625 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The reaction parameters for preparation of Cibacron Blue F3G-A polyethylene glycol have been studied, including temperature, concentration of reactants, and addition of neutral salt (Na2SO4) as well as ethanol. The yield of dypolymer is strongly dependent on temperature and time of reaction. Preparation in large scale has been done under optimal conditions binding more than 30% of the dye to polyethylene glycol in a low-cost procedure. The effectiveness of this dye-polymer for use in liquid-liquid extraction of enzymes is demonstrated by partition of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase when an extract of baker's yeast is included in a dextran-polyethylene glycol-water two-phase system.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270511
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  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Covalent coupling of microorganisms to a cellulosic support (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 632-637 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Methods for the covalent coupling of microorganisms to a solid support were investigated. Both bacteria and yeast were attached to cellulose particles using cyanuric chloride as the coupling agent, although different experimental procedures were needed for the two types of microbes. This general technique for whole-cell immobilization offers an advantage over entrapment methods in that the cells are attached to the outer surface of the solid, thus eliminating the resistance of a gel to the transfer of nutrients and products. There are also indications that such immobilized cells show high productivities.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270513
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  • 48
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    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation: Its measurement and microbiological basis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 660-674 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270516
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    Use of cell affinity chromatography for separation of lymphocyte subpopulations (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 603-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: We describe the use of affinity chromatography for separation of cell populations that do not differ significantly with respect to gross physical properties such as size, density, or charge. Cell affinity chromatography exploits differences in cell surface macromolecules by passage of mixtures of cell populations through a column containing beads to which are attached chemical ligands with specific binding affinity for particular cell surface receptors. In this article we focus on the application of this concept to separation of mature T lymphocytes from peripheral blood. This serves as a model for the separation of these cells from bone marrow in order to prevent graft-vs.-host disease in bone marrow transplantation. However, the concept of cell affinity chromatography should find more general widespread utility in a variety of biotechnological applications. Thus, we introduce a simple theoretical framework which is necessary in order to understand the results that might be expected in any given situation. Finally, we use this theory to provide a tentative explanation for experimental observation of the effects of temperature and flowrate on the degree of separation achieved for our current pplication.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270509
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  • 50
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    Continuous production of ethanol from fructose by immobilized growing cells of Zymomonas mobilis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 613-620 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilized growing cells of Zymomonas mobilis were found to ferment rapidly and efficiently media containing 100 g/L fructose in a continuous reactor. A volumetric ethanol productivity of 94.8 g/L h was achieved at a substrate conversion of 75.5%. With 97% conversion of substrate the productivity was 28.4 g/L h. At fructose concentrations of 150 and 200 g/L substrate and product inhibitions limited the performance of the reactor. Ethanol production was constant over a period of 55 days.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270510
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  • 51
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    Scale-down and optimization studies of the gluconic acid fermentation by Gluconobacter oxydans (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 711-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To simulate production-scale conditions of gluconic acid fermentation by Gluconobacter oxydans, different experimental setups are presented in this study. From the determination of the time constants of a production-scale reactor, it can be concluded that mixing and oxygen transfer are the rate-limiting mechanisms. This results in oxygen concentration gradients which were simulated in a one-compartment reactor in which the oxygen concentration was fluctuated by a fluctuated gassing with air and nitrogen. It could be concluded that only very long periods of absence of oxygen (ca. 180 s) results in lower specific oxygen uptake rates by Gluconobacter oxydans. From scale-down studies carried out in a two-compartment system to simulate a production-scale reactor more accurately, it could be concluded that not only the residence time in the aerated part of the system is important, but the liquid flow in between the different parts of the reactor is also an essential parameter. It could also be concluded that the microorganisms are not influenced negatively by the fluctuated oxygen concentrations with respect to their maximal oxidation capacity. The two-compartment system can also be used for optimization experiments in which the “aerated” compartment was gassed with pure oxygen. From these experiments it was concluded that also a short residence of the cells at high oxygen concentrations diminished the growth and product formation rates. These experiments show the necessity of the scale-down experiments if optimization is carried out. The two-compartment system presented in this study is a very attractive tool for reliable scale-down experiments.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270521
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    On-line estimation of mycelial cell mass concentrations with a computer-interfaced filtration probe (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 729-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This article deals with the design and operation of a filtration probe for estimating cell concentrations in fermentations involving mycelial organisms such as Penicillium chrysogenum. This device, a much improved version of one developed previously, is placed directly into the fermentor and measures the filtration properties of the fermentation broth, which are correlated to the cell concentration. The probe is connected to a computer system which enables on-line estimation of the cell concentration. Fiber-optic light guides are used in combination with a pair of light sources and receivers to detect the relative position of the filter-cake-fermentation-broth interface. The lower sensor in the filtration tube enables reliable estimation of cell mass upto about 20 g/L (dry wt), while the upper sensor yields useful measurement of the filtration properties upto a concentration of about 40 g/L (dry wt) and appears to have the potential to go even higher. Major advantages of this probe system are the ease of measurement and the on-line ability to measure very frequently, due to its nondestructive mode of operation. Thus, the probe obviates the need for manual sampling and reduces the risk of contaminating the culture. But, more significantly, it enables one to implement on-line schemes including feedback control.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270523
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  • 53
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    Improved performance with multiple fermentors for repeated batch cultivation for non-growth-associated products (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 743-755 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Based on batch cultivation data for the production of L-glutamic acid from glucose, a comparative evaluation was made for repeated batch cultivations using one and more fermentors. The problem was formulated as maximizing the productivity of metabolic product with the specified conversion with respect to the cell age and the volume fraction used as seed for the subsequent repeated batch cultivation. Simulations were carried out with the assumption of no lag in product formation for the cases where the total operation time was specified as 200 h with reproducible batch cultivation cycles. The product production was assumed to be solely a function of product concentration. The computation results show the advantage of using more than one fermentor from the viewpoints of productivity and conversion, which will apply in general to non-growth-associated product production with delay time. In particular, three fermentors are recommended for the production of L-glutamic acid chosen as an example in this article.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270524
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    Continuous alcohol fermentation in an immobilized cell rotating disk reactor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 761-768 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The increasing interest in alcohol fermentation over these last years because of the energy crisis has been demonstrated by an increase in scientific research. After a brief analysis of the main results of the literature in the field of alcohol fermentation reactors, the use of a new type of immobilized cell reactor [the rotating biological surface (RBS) reactor] was studied. As is well known, the RBS reactor is a form of fixed-film reactor and can be described as a dynamic trickling filter. Our experimental apparatus employed a spongy material to trap the yeast cells on the disks. The results of fermentations carried out in the RBS reactor working in batch, in continuous with cell support, and in continuous without cell support have been presented in order to compare the different productivities and to assess the performance of the RBS immobilized cell reactor. An ethanol productivity of 7.1 g/L h was achieved in the RBS-ICR at a dilution rate of 0.3 h-1, 2.5 times higher than the maximum productivity obtained in the RBS reactor without support at a lower dilution rate. The adoption of a spongy material as a cell immobilizer, combined with the use of the RBS reactor, enhances the particular advantages of both systems.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270602
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    Kinetics of chitinase production. I. Chitin hydrolysis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 769-775 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: As part of the development of a comprehensive mathematical model for chitinase production by Serratia marcescens QMB 1466 growing on chitin, the different mass transport and kinetic steps involved during chitin hydrolysis were studied. The experimental results for the hydrolysis of chitin by a crude preparation of chitinase show a system kinetically limited by the overall rate of chitin hydrolysis. This rate is linearly related to the concentration of enzyme adsorbed on the chitin particle. Adsorbed and bulk enzyme concentration were found to be related through a Langmuir type of isotherm.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270603
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    Estimation of available efficiency of microbial growth on methanol and ethanol (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 792-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The balances of reductivity and high-energy bonds (HEB) during microbial growth on glucose (a standard substrate), methanol, and ethanol are reported. Also, numerical values for the quantities of HEB formation in the respiratory metabolism, HEB consumption in the constructive metabolism, as well as in a number of the other intracellular processes are evaluated. Estimations of maximum cell yields by mass and energy are made during growth on methanol and ethanol with regard to peculiar features of different microbe metabolism.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270607
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  • 57
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    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270601
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    On-line optimal control for fed-batch culture of baker's yeast production (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 756-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method of on-line optimal control for fed-batch culture of bakers yeast production is proposed. The feed rate is taken as the control variable. The specific growth rate of the yeast is the output variable and is determined from the balance equation of oxygen. A moving model is obtained by using the data from the feed rate and the specific growth rate. Based on the moving model, an optimal feed rate for fed-batch culture is then achieved.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270525
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  • 59
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    Kinetics of chitinase production. II. Relationship between bacterial growth, chitin hydrolysis and enzyme synthesis (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 776-780 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive model for chitinase production during growth of Serratia marcescens QMB 1466 on chitin was developed taking into account the rate of chitin hydrolysis in order to estimate the rate of bacterial growth. In relating growth with enzyme synthesis the total enzyme concentration was used as the sum of the enzyme present in the bulk of the fermentation broth and the enzyme adsorbed on the chitin particles. The equations constituting the proposed model were fitted to the experimental results from both continuous and batch fermentation to obtain parameters describing substrate yield, metabolic maintenance, and enzyme yields.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270604
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    Optimization of the activity in porous media of proton-generating immobilized enzymatic reactions by weak acid facilitation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 807-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: In addition to the role of maintaining the pH, buffers can also facilitate the transport of H+ ions in acid-generating systems. The role of this facilitation in proton transport in porous pellets on acid-generating immobilized enzymic reactions is examined. The activity in these systems can be maximized by a proper control of facilitation, which involves the determination of the appropriate variables out of (1) the concentration of the weak acid, (2) the pH of the medium, (3) the bulk substrate concentration, and (4) the type of weak acid. Since the intrinsic activity (IA) of the immobilized enzyme is such that it exhibits an optimum with respect to the pH, a partial (optimal) removal of diffusional limitation by facilitation maximizes the activity when the bulk pH is larger than this optimum pH. A complete removal of diffusional limitations, however, maximizes the activity when the bulk pH is less than or equal to the above optimum pH. The control of the diffusional resistance can be achieved by controlling the extent of facilitation, hence by adjusting the parameters mentioned above. Computations have been carried out to examine the effect of each of these parameters on the activity of the immobilized enzyme. It is found that when the bulk pH is less than or equal to the optimum pH of the intrinsic activity of the immobilized enzyme, there exists a lower limit on the amount of weak acid required to maximize the activity. However, an optimum amount of weak acid is required to maximize the activity when the bulk pH is higher than that optimum pH. For a given activity the amount of weak acid is minimal if the pK of the weak acid is close to the bulk pH. The effect of coupling between the proton and substrate transport on activity control is also examined and the effect of geometry on activity is evaluated for spherical, cylindrical, and flat-plate configurations.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270609
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    Kinetic characterization of the extracellular xylanases of Thermomonospora sp. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 832-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study deals with characterizing the extracellular xylanases produced by a strain of the thermophilic bacterial genus Thermomonospora. Supernatant from centrifuged fermentation broth was used as a crude enzyme preparation. From pH 5.5 to pH 7.7 the temperature optimum based on a 10-min assay of activity was 80°C. The crude enzyme had a half-life of approximately 1 month when stored at 55°C at pH 6.5. The enzyme produced a mixture of xylose oligomers from xylan, with xylobiose occuring in greatest quantity on a molar basis. Only trace quantities of xylose were produced by this hydrolysis.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270612
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    Agitation and pressure effects on acetone-butanol fermentation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 852-860 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Batch fermentations were run at varying agitation rates and were either pressurized to 1 bar (15.2 psig) or nonpressurized. Agitation and pressure both affect the level of dissolved hydrogen gas in the media, which in turn influences solvent production. In nonpressurized fermentations volumetric productivity of butanol increased as the agitation rate decreased. While agitation had no significant effect on butanol productivity under pressurized conditions, overall butanol productivity was increased over that obtained in the nonpressurized runs. Maximum butyric acid productivity, however, was found to occur earlier and increased as agitation increased. Peak hydrogen productivity occurred simultaneously with peak butyric acid productivity. The proporation of reducing equivalents used in forming the above products was determined using a redox balance based on the fermentation stoichiometry. An inverse relationship between the final concentrations of acetone and acetoin was found in all fermentations studied. The results show that agitation and pressure are important parameters for solvent productivity in acetone-butanol fermentation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270615
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    Fundamental studies of glucose oxidase immobilization on controlled pore glass (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 842-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Immobilization experiments have been performed with glucose oxidase as enzyme and controlled-pore glass of different pore sizes as support for chemical coupling. The experimental results have been analyzed for comparison with the theoretical model predictions. Analysis of the initial stage of the process gives the fundamental characteristic of the immobilization reaction. These investigations allow us to study the influence of the degree of diffusional restriction on the evolution of the immobilization process and spatial distribution of immobilized enzyme. Nonuniformly distributed concentrations have been achieved within the porous matrix, and suggestions have been made in designing such profiles by choosing appropriate experimental parameters.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270614
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    A new technique for the production of immobilized biocatalyst in large quantities (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 870-876 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new technique is presented for the production of immobilized biocatalysts in large quantities. It consists of breaking up a jet of the biocatalyst/presupport mixture in uniform droplets by means of a resonance technique. Entrapment of yeast and plant cells in calcium alginate has been used as the model. The production capacity of the nozzles used (0.5, 0.8, and 1.1 mm exit diameters) is two orders of magnitude larger than the production capacity of the conventional techniques (maximum capacity with a 1.1-mm nozzle diameter is 24 L/h). Depending on frequency, nozzle diameter, and volumetric flow rate, the bead size varies between 1 and 2 mm, with standard deviations of 3-5% for yeast immobilization and 10-15% for plant cells. The deactivation of both yeast and plant cells is small and comparable to that found in the corresponding conventional procedures.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270617
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    Release of intracellularly stored 5′-phosphodiesterase with preserved plant cell viability (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 890-892 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270621
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    Biogas production in batch and semicontinuous digesters using water hyacinth (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 905-908 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270625
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    Comparison between immobilized Kluyveromyces fragilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae coimmobilized with β-galactosidase, with respect to continuous ethanol production from concentrated whey permeate (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 914-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Kluyveromyces fragilis immobilized in calcium alginate gel was compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae coimmobilized with β-galactosidase, for continuous ethanol production from whey permeate in packed-bed-type columns. Four different whey concentrations were studied, equivalent to 4.5, 10, 15, and 20% lactose, respectively. In all cases the coimmobilized preparation produced more ethanol than K. fragilis. The study went on for more than 5 weeks. K. fragilis showed a decline in activity after 20 days, while the coimmobilized preparation was stableduring the entrire investigation. Under experimental conditions theoretical yields of ethanol were obtained from 4.5 and 10% lactose substrates with the coimmobilized system. Using 15% lactose substrate, theoretical yields were only obtained when a galactose-adapted immobilized S. cerevisiae column was run in series with the coimmobilized column. Then a maximum of 71 g/L ethanol was produced with a productivity of 2.5 g/L h. The coimmobilized column alone gave a maximum ethanol concentration of 52 g/L with a productivity of 4.5 g/L h, whereas immobolized K. fragilis only produced 13 g/L ethanol with a productivity of 1.1 g/L h. It was not possible to obtain theoretical yields of ethanol from the highest substrate concentration.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270627
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    Series mechanism of enzyme deactivation. Characterization of intermediate forms (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 877-882 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.1.3.2) undergoes complex thermal deactivation phenomena, as revealed by the two-slope pattern of the enzyme logarithmic-specific-activity versus time curves. The native enzyme first decays toward an equilibrium distribution of less, but still active, intermediate structures and these, in turn, undergo a final degradation to a completely inactive form. The effect of the experimental conditions at which the enzyme is kept during the deactivation process on the characteristics of these intermediate enzymatic structures has been investigated. The kinetic parameters of p-nitro-phenyl phosphate hydrolysis, as catalyzed by some of these intermediate forms, have been determined and the results compared to those obtained with the native enzyme.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270618
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  • 69
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    Hyphomicrobium bacterial electrode for determination of monomethyl sulfate (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 897-901 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A biosensor consisting of physically entrapped monomethyl sulfate (methyl sulfate) degrading bacterium, Hyphomicrobium MS 219, and a combined glass electrode has been developed for the determination of methyl sulfate. The response of the bacterial electrode is linear between 2.5 × 10-2M and 6.3 × 10-1M methyl sulfate with an effective response to concentrations as low as 10-3M and as high as 1M methyl sulfate. The probe has an average slope of 8 mV per concentration decade over the linear range. Response times vary from 5 min in the linear range to 30 min at the detection limit. The sensor has a lifetime of at least 1 week and shows high selectivity to methyl sulfate in the absence of other growth substrates.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270623
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  • 70
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    Enhanced polysaccharide recovery from agricultural residues and perennial grasses treated with alkaline hydrogen peroxide (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 893-896 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pretreatment of lignocellulosic materials with alkaline hydrogen peroxide greatly increases their susceptibility to enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. During the course of the pretreatment reaction (18 h), the pH rises slowly, increasing from pH 11.5 to a final pH 〉 12. As a result, most of the hemicellulose in the lignocellulosic substrate becomes solubilized. Maintaining the reaction pH near the optimum of 11.5 prevents hemicellulose solubilization and decreases the time required for effective pretreatment to about 6 h. Alkaline peroxide pretreatment is most effective on lignocellulose from monocotyledonous plants, especially members of the family Gramineae. Enzymatic saccharification efficiencies 〉 90% of theoretical were attained from high yielding perennial grasses such as big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans) after alkaline peroxide pretreatment.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270622
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  • 71
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    Comment on the paper “the production of Spirulina biomass” by Vonshak et al. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 902-904 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270624
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  • 72
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    The dependence of protein release from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the growth phase in batch culture (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 887-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: For the recovery of intracellular material from bacteria it is often necessary to disrupt the cells. Much work has been done on the kinetics of protein release in beadmills,1 homogenizers,2 and by ultrasonication.3 In this paper we report how the growth phase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens grown in batch culture affects the rate of protein release by ball milling, ultrasonication, and autolysis. We further suggest that autolysis is a feasible method for disrupting Bacillus.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270620
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  • 73
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    The β-xylosidase of Thermomonospora (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 909-913 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This study is concerned with characterizing cell-bound inducible β-xylosidase produced by a strain of the thermophilic bacterial genus Thermomonospora. A crude preparation of this enzyme recovered from sonicated cells of this organism displayed high activity against paranitrophenyl-β-xylopyranoside over a pH range of 5.5-7.7. The temperature optimum, based on a 30-min assay of activity, at pH 6.5 was 70°C. The crude enzyme had a thermal half-life of approximately 1 week at 55°C and pH 6.5. Xylose inhibited the enzyme. Values of Km and Vmax are estimated from the reaction rate data as 0.82 mM and 8 U/L, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270626
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  • 74
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    Masthead (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270701
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  • 75
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    Liquid level control in an aerated continous-flow fermentor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 917-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An electronic liquid level control system was developed to maintain constant working volume in a continuously fed and aerated fermentor from which spent medium was continously withdrawn by microfiltration in an external recycle loop. The level control system was comprised of an admittance sensor in the fermentor and an external transmitter and controller, which together regulated the speed of a recycle pump and thus the rate of liquid withdrawal from the fermentor. During test bacterial culture the liquid level was maintained usually within ± 1% and always within ± 5%. The control system could be applied to various other types and scales of continuous-flow fermentors.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270628
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  • 76
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    Mathematical simulation of a biofilm process (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 921-931 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A mathematical model has been developed for a fixed-film biological process (film flow over a flat plate) that describes bulk liquid transport, diffusional transport of oxygen and organics across a stagnant film, diffusional transport of oxygen and organics into the biofilm, biochemical reactions by the individual cells within the biofilm, biofilm growth, and cell density changes within the biofilm due to cellular decay. Simulation studies are presented to show how contact time and diffusion layer thickness affect process performance.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270702
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  • 77
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    A direct fuel cell for the production of electricity from lignin (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 972-979 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This report describes the use of an anthraquinone mediated fuel cell for the direct production of electrical energy from sulfonated lignin and Kraft Black Liquor. The cell produces the equivalent of 1 kWh for each 2-3 lb sulfonated lignin and 5-8 lb black liquor combustibles. In the case of the sulfonated lignin, chain session occurs during the oxidation process, reducing the molecular weight from ca. 2 × 104 to less than 1000 D.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270707
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  • 78
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    Mathematical modelling of growth and substrate conversion of Zymomonas mobilis at 30 and 35°C (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 984-995 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Zymomonas mobilis was grown in continuous cultures at 30 and 35°C. The specific substrate consumption rates at 35°C were higher than those at 30°C. An unstructured mathematical model based on the linear equation for substrate consumption provided a statistically adequate description for cultures grown at 35°C but not for cultures grown at 30°C. A structured two-compartment model described growth and substrate consumption well at both temperatures. Some theoretical and practical aspects of the two-compartment model are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270709
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  • 79
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    Microcalorimetric study of cellulose degradation by Cellulomonas uda ATCC 21399 (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1005-1011 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A newly designed batch calorimeter was used to investigate the degradability of some celluloses having varying degrees of crystallinity. The PTC of an aerobic culture of Cellulomonas uda ATCC 21399 obtained revealed a diauxic growth which is attributed to the presence of hemicellulose contaminating Avicel and MN300 cellulose. The microcrystalline celluloses used were not completely utilized, whereas amorphous cellulose was easily metabolized, indicating that under the growth conditions used here, the physical structure of cellulose strongly influenced its microbial degradability. An equivalent growth yield of ca. 0.44 g/g was found with all the substrates used. The heat evolved by metabolism of 1 g cellulose was -5.86 kJ/g, a value similar to that obtained with glucose culture. The growth rate was the only variable parameter. The data obtained showed as expected that the hydrolysis product of cellulose was consumed in the same way as that of glucose and that the only limiting factor to the biodegradability of cellulose was the breakdown of the polymeric substrate. It is concluded that data obtained with glucose metabolism can be used to evaluate the extent of cellulose degradation.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270711
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  • 80
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    Shear stress effects on human embryonic kidney cells in Vitro (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1021-1026 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Human embryonic kidney cells grown as an attached, confluent monolayer on a flat substrate were subjected to steady, uniform laminar flow of medium in a specially designed chamber in which flow patterns and shear stress are accurately defined and controlled. Experiments were performed for shear stress levels ranging from 0.2 to 6.0 N/m2 with times of exposure to the shear stress ranging from 2 to 24 h. The influence of the shear field was slight at low shear stress (0.26 N/m2). Higher stress levels (0.65 N/m2 and higher) had significant effects on cell morphology, and on the post-shear release of urokinase enzyme. Still higher stress levels (2.6 N/m2 and higher) caused marked reduction in cell viability. These results may be of interest in addressing practical problems in developing commercial biosynthesis reactors.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270713
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  • 81
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    Simulation of the growth pattern of a single cell of Escherichia coli under anaerobic conditions (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1027-1035 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A computer model based on a previous model for aerobic growth of Escherichia coli is described which simulates cell composition, size, and shape; length of C and D periods; cell yields; and the rate of product formation of anaerobically grown cells of E. coli B/r-A on glucose-limited minimal medium. To verify the simulation results, the values of cell volume, cell content of DNA, RNA, and protein, substrate yield, ATP yield, and fermentation products for various growth rates were obtained experimentally. Model predictions are in good agreement with experimental results. Such agreement supports a hypothesis that only those equations describing energy metabolism need to be modified and other cell functions are not grossly altered by a switch from aerobic to an aerobic growth. The model's ability to predict reasonable growth responses under anaerobic conditions by only modifying energy metabolism is a further indication of the robust nature of the description of cell physiology included in the development of the aerobic model.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270714
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    Analysis of cellulose-cellulase adsorption data: A fundamental approach (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1056-1059 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270718
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  • 83
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    A continuous method for monitoring and controlling fermentations: Using an automated HPLC system (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1060-1062 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270719
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    Stimulation of commercial algal biomass production by the use of geothermal water for temperature control (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1063-1066 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270720
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  • 85
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    Hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse by mycelial biomass of penicillium funiculosumThis is NCL Communication No. 3601. (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1070-1072 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270722
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  • 86
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    Products of alkaline peroxide attack on wheat straw, oak, and kenaf (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1073-1076 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Wheat straw, oak, and kenaf were partially delignified by treatment with hydrogen peroxide at pH 11.0, and the water-soluble degradation products were characterized. Forty to sixty percent of the solubilized products were larger than 1000 molecular weight (MW), as determined by membrane ultrafiltration. Lignin degradation products in the low-molecular-weight fraction (〈1000) consisted primarily of aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270723
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  • 87
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    Production of glycerol by hansenula anomala (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1089-1091 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Production of glycerol by Hansenula anomala in molasses-corn steep liquor based media was studied. The accumulation and yield of glycerol was dependent on the medium composition and aeration rate; pH control did not affect the yield. Intermittent addition of sugar during fermentation resulted in significant increase in production of glycerol.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270727
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  • 88
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    Fermentation of cellodextrins to ethanol using mixed-culture fermentations (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1085-1088 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The potential for enhancing ethanol production from cellodextrins by employing mixed-culture (Candida wickerhamii-Saccharomyces cerevisiae) fermentations was investigated. Initially, ethanol production was monitored in fermentation medium containing 50 g/L glucose plus 45 g/L cellobiose. Inoculum levels and times of inoculum addition were varied. Of the conditions tested, the most rapid rates of ethanol formation occurred in fermentations in which either C. wickerhamii and S. cerevisiae were coinoculated at a ratio of 57 : 1 cell/mL or in fermentations in which a 10-fold-greater S. cerevisiae inoculum was added to a pure culture C. wickerhamii fermentation after 1 day incubation. These conditions were used to attempt to enhance fermentations in which cellodextrins produced by trifluoroacetic acid hydrolysis of cellulose served as the sole carbon source. Cellodextrins that were not further purified after cellulose hydrolysis contained compounds that were slightly inhibitory to C. wickerhamii. In this case the mixed-culture fermentations produced 12-45% more ethanol than a pure culture C. wickerhamii fermentation. However, if the substrate was treated with Darco G-60 charcoal, the toxic materials were apparently removed and the pure culture C. wickerhamii fermentations performed as well as the mixed-culture fermentations.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270726
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  • 89
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    Gas holdup in an external-loop air-lift fermentor with a contaminated gas distributor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1092-1094 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Contamination of the porous-plate gas distributor was observed in an air-lift fermentor used for Aspergillus fumigatus fermentations. Comparisons between gas holdups measured with uncontaminated distributors and the contaminated one showed that the contamination had no effect on gas holdups in water but reduced the holdups in sodium chloride and sodium sulfate solutions, probably due to increased bubble coalescence. A correlation for gas holdups with clean distributors2 could be used to represent the results for the comtaminated distributor by changing the values used for the characteristic velocities of the electrolyte solutions.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270728
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  • 90
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    Entrapment of concanavalin A-glycoenzyme complexes in calcium alginate gels (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1102-1107 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Glucose oxidase, invertase, and amyloglucosidase were entrapped in calcium alginate gels as concanavalin A complexes in order to prevent the leaching out of the enzymes from the porous matrix. The free as well as the gel-entrapped concanavalin A-glycoenzyme complexes exhibited a relatively high effectiveness factor, η, indicating good accessibility to the substrates. Concanavalin A-invertase complex exhibited marked broadening of pH-activity and temperature-activity profiles and was highly resistant to temperature inactivation even after entrapment in the alginate beads. It was possible to entrap considerable quantities of invertase as concanavalin A complex in the beads without a marked decrease in η. A column containing crosslinked concanavalin A-invertase complex entrapped in alginate beads retained the ability to completely hydrolyze 1M sucrose even after continuous operation for over four months.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270803
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  • 91
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    Aspartate glucan, glycine glucan, and serine glucan for the removal of cobalt and copper from solutions and brines (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1115-1121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Aspartate glucan, glycine glucan, and serine glucan obtained by reductive amination of oxalacetic acid, glyoxylic acid, and β-hydroxypyruvic acid, respectively, with polyglucosamine were tested as chromatographic chelating media. Crosslinked glycine glucan exhibited high capacities for cobalt and copper, even in acidic solutions (pH 2.9). Breakthrough points for 10 mg/L solutions through 6.0 × 0.6 cm columns containing 200 mg of polymer were at 1.8 L for both ions; for 1 mg/L solutions, they were at 4.0 and 12.0 L for cobalt and copper, respectively. Crosslinked glycine glucan could remove microgram amounts of cobalt and copper from fluoride and chloride brines. Cobalt and copper could be separated by elution with 0.25M sulfuric acid.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270805
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  • 92
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    Electronic Resource
    Noninferior periodic operation of the biological reactor (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1214-1222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The optimal periodic operation of the biological reactor was studied from the standpoint of the two-objective programming problem. The noninferior set with respect to the cell productivity and the conversion of the substrate into the biomass was determined by use of the optimization technique due to Miele. It was shown that the noninferior set was composed in general of the repeated batch branch and the repeated fed-batch branch, which occupy the high-productivity portion and the high-conversion portion of the noninferior set, respectively. However, the latter branch disappears in the case of growth kinetics with no substrate inhibition. In addition, the extreme points of the noninferior set yielding the maximal productivity and the maximal conversion represent such operations that are equivalent to the steady-state operation (chemostat culture) and the batch operation, respectively.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270817
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental adaptive on-line optimization of cellular productivity of a continuous bakers' yeast culture (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1236-1245 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: An adaptive on-line optimization method that utilizes dynamic model identification has been applied to maximize the cellular productivity of a continuous bakers' yeast culture. Experiments were conducted on a sophisticated computerized fermentation system. Experimental results show that the adaptive on-line optimization method requires very little a priori information, is easy to implement, converges quickly, adapts to changes in the process, and is stable even when operational difficulties are encountered.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270820
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatography and gateway sensors for on-line state estimation of complex fermentations (butanol-acetone fermentation) (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1246-1257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A fermentation system has been designed to demonstrate the use of gas chromatography (GC) for on-line monitoring of the butanol-acetone and other complex saccharolytic fermentations. Tangential flow ultrafiltration was used to sterilely and continuously obtain a cell-free filtrate from the fermentation broth for on-line GC analysis of butanol, butyrate, acetate, acetone, ethanol, and acetoin. The liquid injection system consists of a phosphoric acid contactor, a slider-type injection valve, and a heater to address the difficulties (ghosting) encountered in the analysis of carboxylic acids. The fermentation headspace gas was also analyzed by on-line GC for nitrogen and carbon dioxide, while hydrogen was measured by difference. Raw chromatographic data were analyzed by a chromatography data system. Both raw and processed data were transmitted to a VAX 11/750 computer for further processing (using the fermentation equation) and archiving. The fermentation equation, which has recently been derived and tested on completed fermentation data, was also found to be valid during transient fermentations and thus useful as a gateway sensor for calculating various fermentation parameters on-line. Such parameters include glucose concentration and gas composition, as well as a number of unobservable parameters (such as YATP, excess ATP, and NAD reduced by FdH2), which characterize the state of the fermentation.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270821
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Influence of glucose on the kinetics of maltodextrin hydrolysis using free and immobilized glucoamylase (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1274-1275 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The study of the effect of glucose addition to the kinetics of maltodextrin hydrolysis catalyzed with free and immobilized Aspergillus niger glucoamylase does not show any significant glucose inhibitory effect. This result is in contradiction with data previously reported in the literature. On the contrary, a slight glucose-activating effect was observed. This effect was greater in the case of the immobilized enzyme. The glucose inhibitory effect may thus not be involved in the case of practical saccharification conditions catalyzed with glucoamylase when maltodextrins are used as substrate.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270824
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical and chemical conditions for microbial oil degradation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1276-1276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270825
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Pilot trials of the microbial degradation of christos-bitas water in oil emulsion (chocolate mousse) and BP llandarcy gas oil using venturi aeration (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1276-1276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270826
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetic modeling of the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated cellulose (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1282-1290 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The production of sugars by the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is a two-step process that includes conversion of the intermediate cellobiose to glucose by β-glucosidase. The hydrolysis was followed by analyzing the two sugar products (cellobiose and glucose). The enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 4.8. Thermal deactivation was significant at temperatures above 45°C. At 50°C (optimum temperature) thermal deactivation was found to follow first-order kinetics. Several models were tested by modeling the kinetics of the reaction. Their parameter values were determined by numerical optimization, including temperature dependence. The best fitting model was a competitive product inhibition for the two reactions in the operational range.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270903
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Importance of agitation in acetone-butanol fermentation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1297-1305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The specific rates of anaerobic solvent production by Clostridium acetobutylicum increased with increasing fermentor impeller speed from 190 to 340 rpm (NRe = 3.93 × 104). The maximum values were 5.54, 3.85, and 0.8 mmol/h · g cell for butanol, acetone, and ethanol, respectively. Corresponding rates for respective gases produced were 11.60 and 15.88 mmol/h · g cell for H2 and CO2. Further increases in agitation speed resulted in generally decreasing specific production rates to the point of inactive fermentation at 560 rpm. A competition observed between the cellular subsystems for butanol + butyric acid and biomass biosynthesis was evaluated through expressing the energetic yield coefficients. An imbalance between the production and outflux of the former metabolites is apparently further enhanced by a mechanical damage of the cells at high shear rates. A correlation was developed between the production of gases and solvents pointing at both H2-to-solvent as well as CO2-to-solvent ratios following the same pattern, peaking at 410 rpm.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270905
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solid-state ethanol fermentation by means of inert gas circulation (1985)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 27 (1985), S. 1312-1319 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new method for solid-state ethanol fermentation (the SSEF system) was experimented on for the ethanol production from solid starchy materials, where a packedbed-type fermentor was used. Both cultivation of Aspergillus saitoi and enrichment of a saccharifying enzyme were effective for hydrolysis of the starch. Ethanol production was set in by a form of parallel fermentation using a respiration-deficient mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Produced ethanol was simultaneously stripped by circulating inert gas and separated in a condenser. Average ethanol concentration in the condensate was over 200 g/L, and over 90% of produced ethanol was recovered from the packed bed during 15 or 16 days of stripping. The fermentation efficiency was about 80%, which was evaluated much higher than those of conventional solid-state fermentations. The residue had lesser volume and a higher solids content compared with the distillery wastewaters of conventional liquid-state fermentations. This means an advantage for the treatment and the effective conversion of the residue into fetilizers or animal feeds.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260270907
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