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  • 1990-1994  (736)
  • 1920-1924
  • 1990  (736)
  • Inorganic Chemistry  (693)
  • Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
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  • 1990-1994  (736)
  • 1920-1924
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 30-35 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The current state in shape analysis is distinguished by a number of characterization methods, but the great variety of specific shapes complicates the selection of parameters that are relevant for a particular problem. Therefore, the preferred approach is to characterize single particles "free of presupposition" and to select technologically relevant parameters using cluster and discriminance algorithms.Parameter vectors including elongation, bulkiness, fractal dimension and area-equivalent diameter are calculated on the basis of image analysis. First applications to bacteria and agricultural freestuffs exemplify the concept and illustrate that technologically relevant particle shape analysis permits the classification of single particles and the quantification of property functions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 36-43 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Two kinds of standard media for particle size and number-density measurements and calibration are described. Although the main concern is multiple scattering situations, they might also be useful for single and dependent scattering. One medium is made of particles embedded in a solid polymer matrix and the other of particles embedded in a gel. Transmittance measurements at two wavelengths (visible and far-infrared) are used to exemplify the use of these media.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 44-44 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 44-44 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 45-53 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new laser Doppler method for particle sizing has been developed. In contrast to the standard phase Doppler technique, which uses scattering from plane waves for a measurement, the proposed method employs cylindrical waves of incident light. The main advantage is that signal frequency, instead of the signal phase, becomes a function of particle diameter and a standard frequency measuring device may be used as a signal processor. The advantages of spectrum analysis as the signal processing method are highlighted.The laws of geometrical optics applied to the present scattering problem provide a relationship for the frequency of the collected signal which is expressed as the sum of two terms, the conventional Doppler frequency and the "anisotropic frequency", which is directly dependent on the particle size. These theoretical assertions were examined experimentally. Measurements on glass and metal particles of known diameters showed good agreement with the theory.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 60-69 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This paper describes experimental measurements and numerical predictions of the motion of particles of size 500-800 m̈m diameter in a 20 m long (i. e. 620 pipe diameters) vertical tube. The numerical simulations suggest that the particles attain a fluctuating r.m.s. velocity in a direction normal to the axis of the tube which is at least one order of magnitude less than that of the gas phase turbulence fluctuations. However, the measured values are of the same order as the gas phase turbulence fluctuations (i. e. 0.5 to 1 m/s). This discrepancy is likely to occur because of particle/wall interactions and these were investigated in separate experiments. Although the cause of the measured coefficients of restitution in the normal direction being greater than unity was not finally demonstrated, the results indicated strongly that the effects were due to non-ideal bouncing of the particles in the presence of particle spin.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 74-79 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The use of very simple one-parameter models of particle interactions for the analysis of the concentration dependence of the collective diffusion coefficient as determined by photon correlation spectroscopy is illustrated by measurements on two different systems. In one, a micro-emulsion, attractive interactions are dominant whereas in the other, a silica dispersion, repulsive interactions play the major role.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 97-97 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The principal focus in this paper is the development of a general method to simulate irregulary shaped particles whose perimeters are fractal. It is shown that this method can produce a particle of almost arbitrary fractal dimension. The Fourier components of these fractals are then computed. It is shown that these components were either independent of the fractal dimension or that any dependence is less important than other properties of the cluster such as symmetry and aspect ratio.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 93-96 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A theoretical model for the interaction of charged particles with an alternating current field is developed. This model permits the determination of the particle size distribution by a numerical nonlinear iterative method. Results of numerical simulations are presented and discussed. Restrictions on the applicability of the model as an on-line measuring system are pointed out.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 233-241 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Mean particle diameters are important for the science of particulate systems because they provide information on particlesize distributions in such a way that they can be related to physical or physiological processes or product properties. There are different notation systems for such mean diameters which may cause much confusion. This equally applies to their nomenclature. The present paper is concerned with comments on the “Moment-Ratio” and German (DIN) notations. The Moment-Ratio notation is recommended for standardization. A more extensive contribution of statistics to the science of particulate systems is recommended.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 242-247 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The kinetics of batch grinding quartz from a feed of 600 by 425 m̈m to a product of 80% less than 10 m̈m have been determined using screening and laser diffractometer sizing for size analysis. The specific rates of breakage decreased by a factor of about three when the material became less than about 100 m̈m in size, but the primary breakage distribution function also changed to give proportionately more fine material, so that the grinding efficiency expressed as the development of surface area (B.E.T.) per unit of energy input did not decrease. Analysis of the shape of the particles in the 25 × 38 m̈m size range showed that particles of this size produced by roll crushing or by 8 minutes of grinding of a 425 × 600 m̈m feed were not different but at long grinding times the particles were rounded. This suggests that the breakage mechanism changes to give more chipping and abrasion and less disintegrative fracture. As the material approached the ultrafine size range it adhered to the mill case and there was no further size reduction. However, a technique for striking the mill case to dislodge the particles was successful in allowing further grinding to 40% by weight less than 2 μm.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 250-255 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The bipolar diffusion charging process is studied theoretically for aerosol particles in high purity argon and nitrogen. The Fuchs theory is extended by the incorporation of the free electron charging of the aerosol particles. The ion parameters for positive and negative ions are assumed to be identical. The influence of the free electrons explains the differences between the mean mobility and mean mass of negative and positive ions. The ratio of the electron number concentration to the number concentration of negative ions is used to fit the curves, calculated by the extended model, to the experimentally determined bipolar charge distribution in argon and nitrogen. The extended Fuchs model was found to be rather insensitive to variations in the mobility and mass compared with the model with four different ion parameters. Further experimental studies of the bipolar charge distribution in a gas mixture of pure nitrogen and sulfur hexafluoride, SF6, indicate the importance of the free electrons in the bipolar diffusion charging process.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 70-73 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A primarily experimental investigation of the deposition of droplets from a turbulent two-phase suspension flow on a parallel vertical wall has been found to be closely related to the ratio of fluctuation velocity of the droplets to that of the flow and the size of the droplets. Data are obtained for an air-water mist flow parallel to a vertical flat plat at Re = 1.54 × 105 to 4.2 × 105 by the use of a particle-sizing two-dimensional reference-mode laser-Doppler anemometry technique. Although no rigorous theory can be formulated at present due to the complexities involved, however, an analytical attempt is made in the hope of providing an explanation to the physics of the phenomenon. It is based on an apparent turbulent viscosity of the fluid as felt by the moving particles in a turbulent two-phase suspension flow and the most energetic eddy frequency of the flow.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 54-59 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Predictions of the droplet size and velocity distributions in sprays under isothermal conditions are reported. The calculations are based on the maximum entropy formalism, complying with the conservation laws of liquid mass, momentum and energy. This theoretical approach considers only the macroscopic quantities about the atomization processes, without resorting to the details of the liquid breakup processes such as the onset and growth of instabilities. The derived joint droplet size and velocity distribution function depends on the Weber number as well as the liquid mass, momentum and energy source terms.These parameters represent the conditions under which the atomization occurs. The droplet velocity distributions are truncated Gaussian distributions for any specific sizes. The nondimensional Sauter mean diameter decreases slightly with the Weber number and then approaches an asymptotic constant. The calculated values of D21/D30 are very close to unity which agrees with the experimental observations. The computations also show that the atomization efficiency is very low; less than 2.6 percent.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 127-130 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A new particle size distribution function based on a simple model is presented. Data generated by the normal, log-normal and Rosin-Rammler distribution functions were fitted with this new distribution function and the fitted curves were, for all practical purposes, indistinguishable from all three distributions.The new distribution function can replace all the three functions and thus a means of presenting and comparing the different size distribution patterns in terms of a single mathematical expression is obtained. Additionally, the new distribution function provides the possibility of developing the discussion on the physical meaning of the particle size distribution.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 136-143 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Dispersion of monosized drops downstream a point injection in a grid-generated turbulence is studied. Influence of extra bodyforces is also investigated by use of ferrofluid drops and magnetic field. Datas are obtained through LDV and given for fluid and particles mean and fluctuant velocities. Presence probability repartition for particles downstream the injection is obtained by LDV counting.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Practical experience of particle size analysers using the Coulter principle shows that for measurements made over a range of 2% to 60% of the aperture diameter, the aperture responds linearly to particle volume at least for spheres. In this paper it is shown that the response of a focussed aperture is not significantly different from an unfocussed aperture. It is also shown that a simple linear equation of response successfully applied to a COULTER COUNTER® model ZM in a previous paper, can be used to predict the calibration constant of a new wide range instrument, the COULTER® MULTISIZER.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 6-10 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is well known that broadening of the observed particle size distribution occurs both at the finer end and at the coarser end of the distribution when using the Coulter Counter. This problem can partly be overcome with the aid of electronic pulse editing. However, it has been found that the accuracy can be further improved when the Coulter Counter is equipped with a hydrodynamically focused (HDF) aperture. The standard deviations of the main peaks of samples with diameters of 5.0, 10.2, 15.1 and 20.0 m̈m decreased by 21%-49% with HDF. HDF also prevents artefacts at the fine side of the main peak that originate from particles re-entering the sensing zone of a standard aperture after they have passed through it. In the experimental model used i.e. a silica sample with a diameter of 15.6 m̈m, the estimate of small particles (〉10 μm) decreased from 6.5% to 0.4%.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The electrical sensing zone technique is long established, well researched and widely used. It is often used as a reference method against which others are compared or calibrated. This position should not be allowed to disguise the potential which exists for still greater accuracy and versatility. In this paper the use of the hydrodynamic focussing technique is evaluated and an experimental comparison is made with a normal Coulter stand for several samples. It is clearly shown that hydrodynamic focussing enables higher resolution and accuracy to be obtained for materials with narrow or unusual particle size distributions.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 16-24 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The characteristics of swirling single- and two-phase flows discharging into a sudden pipe expansion were studied in detail by the use of laser-Doppler anemometry. The results are compared with those for the comparable non-swirling case. The central recirculation zone established for a swirl number of 0.56 was found to have an annular shape, which was a result of the subcritical nature of the flow and the area contraction at the end of the test section.The behaviour of the particles in both swirling and non-swirling flow was studied by flow visualization, particle concentration and velocity measurements. Initially, the spreading of the particle jet is about the same for both cases owing to the particle inertia. In the middle of the recirculation bubble the particles start to spread more rapidly under the acting of centrifugal forces established in a swirling flow. This finally results in a high concentration of particles near the wall of the test section and a particle-free region in the core of the vortex. The numerical simulations of the non-swirling flow showed good agreement for both the gas and particle phases in comparison with the experimental results.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A laser diffraction technique for the on-line measurement of crystal growth rates was developed. The crystal growth experiments were executed in a fluidized bed apparatus with a specially designed measuring chamber. It is typical in crystallization from solutions to deal with non-spherically shaped particles at high suspension densities (3-25 Vol.-%). The results achieved in a first approach with commercially available instruments were not understandable. It was shown that the particle size distributions from experiments at high suspension densities depend on the volume concentration. This effect was examined by experiments with constant particle sizes and different volume concentrations.If the volume concentration is detected and used to correct the results achieved for the particle size distribution, understandable and reproducible results can be obtained.The necessary correlation function for the measurements at high suspension densities is introduced.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 80-86 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Inversion of the Laplace integral equation, used in the laser scattering measurement of colloidal particle size distributions, presents sever numerical and experimental difficulties. In the presence of noise the variance of the inversion integral is infinite, indicating maximum uncertainty in the accuracy of the inversion. The regularized inversion of the Laplace intergral equation provides a convenient computational algorithm which requires no a priori knowledge of the unknown linewidth distribution. Using the eigenfunction decomposition of the Laplace kernel, the spectral properties of the regularized inversion may be seen.Regularized inversion represents a type of low pass filter which preserves the properties of the inversion spectrum at low frequencies, but provides a cutoff at a point controlled by the regularization parameter. This filtering reduces the variance of the inversion to a finite value. Regularized inversion is somewhere between optimal filtering and the abrupt truncation used in singular value decomposition and other similar methods. Two examples, a monodisperse and a bimodal linewidth distribution, are used to compare the performance of regularized inversion to that obtained through an optimal filter.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 107-112 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Given the paucity of optical methods for sizing nanoparticles (those between 1 and 100 nm), more methods are needed if, as has been predicted, such particles have a bright future. Linearly polarized light is transformed into elliptically polarized light upon scattering by small spheres at 90°. The resulting circular polarization increases as the fifth power of particle diameter and the shift of the azimuth of the vibration ellipse from the vertical increases as the square if the particles are negligibly absorbing. Titanium dioxide spheres (in air) with diameters between 20 and 120 nm give circular polarizations between about 10-5 and 10-1 for incident light of wavelength 450 nm. The corresponding azimuth shifts (in radians) lie between about 10-2 and 1. These values are within reach of experimental techniques based on polarization modulation. Metallic spheres yield much larger circular polarizations and azimuth shifts (with signs opposite those for negligibly absorbing spheres), both of which increase approximately as the square of particle diameter.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The analysis of particles in the sub-micron range by sedimentation field flow fractionation (SFFF) is not new, but its commercial exploitation is recent. This inevitably will lead to a rigorous evaluation of the technique by many laboratories, for many applications, as well as to rapid development.This paper describes first an evaluation of the new commercial instrument using both ideal and real materials. These experiments lead to a discussion of the software package and of the influence of experimental conditions. A particular study is described of the combination of the SFFF technique with that of quasi-elastic light scattering. The paper concludes that SFFF now offers the technology for realistically measuring particle size distributions at high resolution in the submicron size range. The analysis time is in the order of one hour, but can be reduced at the expense of resolution.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 116-120 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It is shown that if the pinhole in a phase Doppler system' s collection optics is misaligned, even by a matter of micrometers, the effective collection aperture will be different from the aperture of the collection lens. This directly alters the phase characteristics of the resulting signal and can produce systematic and random errors in drop size measurements. The results of misalignment in a simple system are calculated, experimental evidence of the errors presented, and it is shown that replacing pinholes with vertiacl slits will reduce the sensitivity to such errors.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 113-115 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Using computations based on Mie scattering theory, the influence of the size and shape of the receiving aperture on the signal properties of a phase/Doppler system is examined. For circular apertures exceeding a certain size limit, it is shown that the signal phase is non-monotonic with respect to the particle diameter and exhibits abrupt changes of 180° at certain values of the diameter. This difficulty may be overcome by using rectangular apertures with appropriate aspect ratios.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 28
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A method based on the employment of an electrical sensing zone instrument (Coulter Counter) has recently been proposed for the combined measurement of the increase in particle volume (particle swelling) and granulometric characterization of pharmaceutical tablet disintegrants. The performance of the method, as far as its applicability to limited swelling materials is concerned, has been assessed. Both inert materials (polystyrene latices) and limited swelling disintegrants (maize starch and crospovidone in different granulometric fractions) were examined for total particulate volume in aqueous media. The accuracy and repeatability of measurements of both total particulate volume and particle volume increase were defined. The results obtained indicate that the method may be adapted for measuring the increase in particle volume of so-called limited swelling disintegrants.
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  • 29
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Various types of floor tile were tested in a controlled and isolated environment to determine quantitatively the wear rate and size characteristics of material generated from floor tile during operations of sanding, cutting, and breaking. Size characteristics were determined for the aerosolized fractions as well as the settled material worn from the tile surface. In addition to the vinyl composition tile, tests were also conducted with floor tile containing various amounts of glass fiber and sodium phosphate fibers. The tests were conducted in a specially designed glove box which allowed complete sampling and fractionization of the generated aerosol. Due to good measurement repeatability, aerosol generation differences from the various flooring types were determinable.A Frick-Taber accelerated wear machine was employed to establish comparative wear rates of the different flooring materials. Test results were repeatable and measured relative wear rates correlate well with published measurements. Results indicate that the presence of up to 13% glass fibers or phosphate fibers in the tile does not improve the tile's wear characteristics or significantly alter the size distribution of the generated material. Although asbestos-containing floor tile was not tested in this study, results from the simulant fiber tile tests may enable prediction of the behavior of vinyl-asbestos tile under the influence of similar wear mechanisms.
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  • 30
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 169-169 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 31
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 160-168 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: High-pressure injection fuel sprays have been investigated in a single-cylinder research Diesel engine using the laser and phase Doppler anemometry techniques to measure fuel droplet velocities and sizes and their spatial and temporal distributions within the spray. The measurements relate to the determination of the droplets' axial velocity component and diameter on the spray centre line between 75 and 100 nozzle diameters downstream from a single-hole injector nozzle. The experimental program covered the use of both Diesel and a non-combusting alcohol fuel. Measurements at radial locations in the spray and at different fuel loads were also taken for the alcohol fuel. Temporally resolved measurements of droplet velocity and size are presented together with time  -  averaged values in such a way as to isolate the contributions from the leading and trailing regions of each spray and identify two different break  -  up mechanisms occurring as suggested by a conceptual model of the spray behaviour.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 32
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 171-180 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Numerical predictions of two-phase turbulent gas-particle flows are reported for two test cases: for a plane jet and for an axisymmetric free jet. The numerical algorithm uses an Eulerian approach for the fluid phase and the particulate phase is described by using a Lagrangian stochastic model. The k-ε turbulence model was used to characterize the length and time scales of the fluid. In the plane confined jet the influence of the restitution coefficient on the statistical distribution of velocities was analysed. Particular attention was dedicated to the ε equation corrections regarding the problem of the free jet spreading rate overprediction. The influence of the particle tangential momentum equation on the prediction of particle concentration near the centre line in axisymmetric free jets was also analysed. Comparisons between predictions and experimental data are presented and shown to be satisfactory regarding the incomplete knowledge of turbulent multiphase flows.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 33
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A statistical formalism overcoming some conceptual and practical difficulties arising in existing two-phase flow (2 PHF) formulations and modelling techniques is introduced. Basic theorems for the case of dispersed 2 PHF are presented. Phase interaction terms with a clear physical meaning enter the equations and this formalism provides some guidelines to avoid closure assumptions or to close those terms rationally. Continuous phase averaged continuity, momentum, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulence dissipation rate equations can be rigorously and systematically obtained with this methodology in a single step. These equations display a structure similar to that for single-phase flows. It is also assumed that the dispersed phase is well described by a "Boltzmann-type" equation and Eulerian "continuity", momentum and fluctuating kinetic energy equations for the dispersed phase are obtained. A k-ε turbulence model for the continuous phase is used. A gradient transport model is adopted for the dispersed phase fluctuating fluxes of momentum and kinetic energy. Closure assumptions are proposed for the phase interaction terms. This model is then used to predict the behaviour of an axisymmetric turbulent jet of air laden with solid particles varying in sizes and concentrations. Numerical results compare reasonably well with available experimental data.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The paper describes the application of a stochastic separated flow model for the dispersed phase to the prediction of a particle-laden turbulent air jet discharging at 13 m/s from a 15 mm nozzle into stagnant surroundings. Emphasis is placed on the stochastic element of the Lagrangian particle tracking part of the model and on the importance of particle initial conditions over the first 20 jet diameters. Calculations are presented for 80 m̈m sized glass particles which clarify how particles with turbulent Stokes number less than unity acquire axial turbulence much larger than radial. Far from being only a response to the gas-phase turbulence as implied by the model, the axial turbulence is shown to be also produced by an interaction between particle radial turbulence fluctuations and cross-stream spatial gradients in particle mean velocity, here referred to as "fanspreading". In addition, initial particle turbulence levels remain identifiable for about 10 jet diameters; the initial radial turbulence reinforces the fan-spreading contribution and leads to extra generation of axial turbulence farther downstream. In general, the results agree well with experimental measurements.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The intensity angular pattern of the light scattered by a drop at a scattering angle of ca. 90° is related to the size of the scattering drop. A simple relationship between the number of fringes per degree and the size is presented. The possibility of measuring the drop size through visualization of the fringe pattern is demonstrated.
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  • 36
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 209-220 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The measured velocity fluctuation of particles in dispersed twophase flow systems is discussed and an interpretation of particle velocity statistics is given. Besides the turbulent velocity fluctuations resulting from the particle's response to the fluid turbulence, two additional apparent fluctuation components may be distinguished, caused by inertial effects of the particles and by a polydisperse particle phase.Especially for larger particles inertial effects may become important and therefore the particle motion in the flow field is strongly governed by the inlet conditions, namely the instantaneous particle velocity. Therefore, the measured axial particle velocity fluctuation at a given location may be considerably increased as particles from different starting locations with different initial velocities may cross the same measuring point. This dynamic particle behaviour is demonstrated by the numerical simulation of particle trajectories in a given flow field. The results show the importance of including appropriate inlet conditions for the numerical prediction of particulate two-phase flows.Further, in experimental realizations of particulate two-phase flows, the particles usually exhibit a certain size distribution. Owing to the different responses of the different sized particles to both the mean flow field and the turbulence characteristics of the flow, the measured particle velocity fluctuations are higher than in the comparable monodisperse case. Therefore, the particle size distribution was taken into account in the present numerical calculations in order to obtain results which are comparable to the corresponding experiments. In this numerical simulation the particle mean velocity and the rms value of the velocity fluctuation were obtained by averaging over the whole particle size distribution and then compared with the measured values. Calculations are presented for two different shaped particle size distributions with a different mean size and compared with calculations with a monosized particle material and experimental results.Further, the behaviour of the different sized particles in the particle size distribution is discussed by considering the changes in the particle size distribution and the particle velocity distribution throughout the flow field.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Pulse holography and the phase-Doppler technique are two of the very few methods with which the size and velocity of individual particles within a two-phase flow may be simultaneously measured. This enables the two-dimensional frequency distributions of particle size and velocity to be compiled and allows the existence of mutual correlations to be verified.The application of both methods to investigations into water droplet collections within the hollow spray cone of a swirl pressure-jet atomizer is described. When comparing the results of measurements obtained by the two methods under identical conditions, one fundamental difference must be taken into account: whereas pulse holography delivers space-averaged concentration-dependent frequency distributions, those derived from the phase-Doppler technique are time-averaged fluxdependent. The methods hence deliver different, but equivalent, results. Since the possibility of conversion exists, both representations are always available. As far as the particle size distributions are concerned, the results obtained from the two methods confirm the expected differences, whilst verifying the compliance of the interconverted size distribution data. Regarding the velocity distributions, however, some unexplained discrepancies still remain.
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  • 38
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 144-151 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A basic requirement of particle size analysis through sedimentation is the perfect dispersion of the particles in suspension. The dispersion must be perfect and stable. To ensure this, for a number of solids DIN 66111 specifies sedimentation liquids and suitable dispersing agents and defines an upper limit for the concentration of the solids in suspension. Some instruments require higher solids concentrations than are recommended in DIN 66111. However, there is no simple test to prove the stability of a dispersion with sedimenting particles.An effective method for testing the stability of a dispersion is to make a number of simultaneous sedimentation analyses, measuring the concentration of the particles at different distances from the surface of the liquid. If the dispersion remains perfect, identical particle concentrations have to be measured, when the measuring time is normalized to one distance from the surface (e.g. t1′ = t(h3/h1), t2′ = t(h3/h2) …). From the particle concentration, distance from the surface and time, the particle size distribution can be calculated.If the results of the lower (and hence later) measurement show a shift to the larger diameters, agglomeration has occurred. If the sensing technique is light extinction, then the effect is particularly pronounced.A photosedimentometer with three light beams at distances from the surface of 1.5, 15 and 150 mm was used to demonstrate the effect of agglomeration on particle size distribution and to optimize sedimentation liquids and dispersing agents. An attempt was made to determine the kinetics of agglomeration from the increase in transmission of a light beam through a suspension.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 39
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 152-159 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A confined jet flow involving glass particles was examined to clarify fundamental aspects of the turbulence structure of two-phase flow. Spherical glass particles of mean diameter 62.4 m̈m were loaded in a primary jet at a mass loading ratio of 0.3. The primary jet diameter was 13 mm and exit velocities at the centre line were set at 20 and 30 m/s. The confined pipe diameter was 60 mm and velocities were set at 10 and 15 m/s. The particle and gas flow characteristics, such as local mean velocities, their fluctuations and size distribution, are discussed for three flow conditions which were obtained by changing the velocities of primary and secondary flows.Laser Doppler anemometry was applied to measure the flows of both particles and tracer, discriminated by scattering light intensity, and the precise particle size, for examining the dependence of particle size on the flow, by phase Doppler anemometry. The signal processing of the phase Doppler anemometer was based on a fast Fourier transform method to detect not only Doppler frequency for velocity but also the phase shift of Doppler signals for particle sizing. The processing system consisted of conventional fast analogue to digital converters, multi-digital signal processor units and a host microcomputer.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 40
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 181-190 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A Lagrangian model of particle motion in turbulence has been developed. The model is stochastic in the sense that the "instantaneous" fluid velocity field is generated from known turbulence energy and time scales of large eddies by using a random sampling. The particle motion during the interaction with the eddies is deterministic as being predicted from solutions of Lagrangian momentum equations. On the basis of a large number of calculated trajectories, the distributions of local particle mean and fluctuation velocity components and of the mean square particle displacement are evaluated in a flow domain. The results of the predictions for the case of particle dispersion in nearly homogeneous and isotropic turbulence behind a grid are compared with existing experimental data and satisfactory agreement is achieved. The model is also applied to the case of the particle dispersion from a point source in a nonhomogeneous turbulence of fully developed pipe flow. The agreement with experiments is satisfactory for both heavy and tracer particles. An explanation is given for the experimentally observed phenomenon that in some cases heavy particles disperse faster than fluid points.
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  • 41
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 256-256 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 42
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    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 248-249 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Generalized Lorenz-Mie theory (GLMT) is validated by comparisons between theoretical results and experimental optical levitation data. Selected results are presented.
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  • 43
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Particle and Particle Systems Characterization 7 (1990), S. 256-256 
    ISSN: 0934-0866
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
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  • 44
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 582 (1990), S. 7-14 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Fluoroderivatives of Diphenylacetylene Complexes of Tungsten. Crystal Structure of [Na-15-crown-5] [WF5(PhC≡CPh)]The reactions of [WCl4(PhC≡CPh)]2 with lithium fluoride, sodium fluoride, and potassium fluoride in acetonitrile suspensions lead in presence of the corresponding crown ethers to the complexes [Li-12-crown-4][WFCl4(PhC≡CPh)] (1), [Na-15-crown-5][WF5(PhC≡CPh)] (2), and [K-18-crown-6][WF5(PhC≡CPh)] (3), respectively. The compounds form orange-yellow crystal powders, soluble in acetonitrile, and only sparingly moisture sensitive. 1-3 are characterized by IR spectroscopy, 2 also by its 13C-nmr spectrum. The crystal structure of 2 was solved by X-ray methods. Space group P212121, Z = 4, 4555 observed unique reflexions, R = 0.039. Lattice dimensions at 20°C: a = b = 1403.4(2); c = 1335.6(2) pm. [Na-15-crown-5][WF5(PhC≡CPh)] forms ion pairs via two Na—F contacts with bond lengths of 226.0 and 257.4 pm; thus the sodium ion being sevenfold coordinated by the five oxygen atoms of the crown ether molecule and by two fluorine ligands. The diphenylacetylene ligand is side on bonded to the tungsten atom of the [WF5(PhC≡CPh)]- unit with W—C bond lengths of 202.9 and 204.9 pm, respectively, corresponding to a metallacyclopropene structure.
    Notes: Die Reaktionen von [WCl4(PhC≡CPh)]2 mit Lithiumfluorid, Natriumfluorid bzw. Kaliumfluorid führen in Acetonitrilsuspensionen in Gegenwart der entsprechenden Kronenether zu den Komplexen [Li-12-Krone-4][WFCl4(PhC≡CPh)] (1), [Na-15-Krone-5][WF5(PhC≡CPh)] (2), bzw. [K-18-Krone-6][WF5(PhC≡CPh)] (3). Die Verbindungen bilden gelborange diamagnetische Kristallpulver, die in Acetonitril leicht löslich, im trockenen Zustand nur wenig feuchtigkeitsempfindlich sind. Von 1 bis 3 werden die IR-Spektren mitgeteilt, von 2 auch das 13C-Kernresonanzspektrum. Von 2 wurde auch eine röntgenographische Strukturanalyse ausgeführt. Raumgruppe P212121, Z = 4, 4555 unabhängige beobachtete Reflexe, R = 3,9%. Die Gitterabmessungen betragen bei 20°C: a = b = 1403,4(2); c = 1335,6(2) pm. [Na-15-Krone-5][WF5(PhC≡CPh)] bildet Ionenpaare, in denen die durch die Kronenethermoleküle komplexierten Na+-Ionen mit zwei F-Atomen des Anions [WF5(PhC≡CPh)]- Kontakte mit Na—F-Abständen von 226,0 bzw. 257,4 pm ausbilden. Der Diphenylacetylenligand ist entsprechend einer Metallacyclopropengruppe seitlich an das Wolframatom mit W—C-Abständen von 202,9 bzw. 204,9 pm gebunden.
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  • 45
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 581 (1990), S. 33-40 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: About Tribenzyltin- and TribenzyltitaniumcyclopentadienylThe organocerium(III) compound Na(THF)[(π-C5H5)3Ce(σ-C5H5)] (I) reacts with (C6H5CH2)3SnCl and (C6H5CH2)3TiCl after a SN-reaction under separation of Nacl and (C5H5)3Ce to tribenzyltin- resp.-titaniumcyclopentadienyl (C6H5CH2)3MC5H5 [M = Sn, (II); Ti, (III)]. A special characterization of II and III was carried out by their elementary analysis, I.R. spectroscopy and 1H, 13C, and 119Sn N.M.R. spectroscopy. These results allow the statement that II and III are better to be described by the formulae (C6H5CH2)3Sn(σ-C5H5) and (C6H5CH2)3Ti(π-C5H5), respectively.
    Notes: Die Organocer(III)-Verbindung Na(THF)[(π-C5H5)3Ce(σ-C5H5)] (I) reagiert mit (C6H5CH2)3SnCl und (C6H5CH2)3TiCl im Sinne einer SN-Reaktion unter Abscheidung von NaCl und (C5H5)3Ce zu Tribenzylzinn- bzw. -titancyclopentadienyl (C6H5CH2)3MC5H5 [M = Sn, (II); Ti, (III)]. Eine eingehende Charakterisierung von II und III erfolgte durch Elementaranalysen, IR-Spektroskopie sowie durch 1H-, 13C- bzw. 119Sn-NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen. Diesbezügliche Resultate gestatten die Aussage, daßII bzw. III durch die Formeln (C6H5CH2)3Sn(σ-C5H5) und (C6H5CH2)3Ti(π-C5H5) zu beschreiben sind.
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: H — C Bond Cleavage in Ferrocene by Organylruthenium ComplexesCp*(Me3P)2RuCH2CMe3 (1) reacts at 85°C with ferrocene (2) by cleavage of one H—C bond in 2 to give CpFe[η5-C5H4Ru(PMe3)2Cp*] (3) (Cp = η5-C5H5; Cp* = η5-C5Me5) and neopentane. The ruthenium atom in 3 has a distorted tetrahedral geometry, the planar Cp ligands in the ferrocenyl fragment are eclipsed. Solutions of 3 in [D6]benzene or [D8]THF exhibit H—D exchange of the ferrocenyl protons. In the [D8]THF molecule only the α-deuterium atoms are exchanged. Reaction pathways for this exchange are discussed.
    Notes: Cp*(Me3P)2RuCH2CMe3 (1) reagiert bei 85°C mit Ferrocen (2) unter Spaltung einer H—C-Bindung in 2 zu CpFe[η5-C5H4Ru(PMe3)2Cp*] (3) (Cp = η5-C5H5; Cp* = η5-C5Me5) und Neopentan. In 3 ist das Rutheniumatom verzerrt tetraedrisch koordiniert, und beide planaren Cp-Liganden im Ferrocenylteil sind ekliptisch angeordnet. Bei Lösungen von 3 in [D6]Benzol oder [D8]THF beobachtet man einen H—D-Austausch der Ferrocenylprotonen. Beim [D8]THF werden nur die α-Deuteriumatome ausgetauscht. Reaktionswege dieses Austauschs werden diskutiert.
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  • 47
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 582 (1990), S. 86-92 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Systems K2NaAlF6/Na2SO4 and K2NaAlF6/K2SO4: Phase Diagrams and Alkali Ion ConductivityThe phase diagrams of the K2NaAlF6/Na2SO4 and K2NaAlF6/K2SO4 systems have been determined by means of thermal, x-ray powder and electrochemical methods in the solidus-liquidus and the sub-solidus region, as well. At the optimum combination of parameters, the alkaliion conductivity increased by about three orders of magnitude upon doping K2NaAlF6 with Na2SO4 and/or K2SO4.
    Notes: Die Phasendiagramme der Systeme K2NaAlF6/Na2SO4 und K2NaAlF6/K2SO4 wurden in ihren solidus-liquidus und sub-solidus Bereichen mittels thermoanalytischer, röntgenographischer und elektrochemischer Methoden aufgeklärt. Durch die Dotierung von K2NaAlF6 mit Na2SO4 und/oder K2SO4 ließ sich die Alkaliionenleitfähigkeit in beiden Systemen im günstigsten Fall um drei Größenordnungen erhöhen.
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  • 48
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 582 (1990), S. 103-110 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Structure of Na4[TiO4]Na4[TiO4] are formed by reaction of the binary oxides as colourless single crystals [(Na2O:TiO2 = 4.4:1.1; 750°C, 52 d, Ni-tube)], spacegroup P1 with a = 878,3(1) pm, b = 578.5(1) pm, c = 647.6(1) pm, α = 124.24(1)°, β = 102.31(1)°, γ = 95.87(1)° (Guinier-Simon-Data), Z = 4. The crystal-structure was solved by fourcircle-diffractometer data [Philips PW 1100; 1981 Io(hkl); R = 9.22%, Rw = 8.76%]. The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, and Effective Coordination Numbers, ECoN, these via Mean Fictive Ionic Radii, MEFIR, calculated, are discussed.
    Notes: Na4[TiO4] wurde aus den binären Oxiden in Form farbloser Einkristalle dargestellt [(Na2O:TiO2 = 4,4:1,1; 750°C, 52 d, Ni-Bömbchen)], Raumgruppe P1 mit a = 878,3(1) pm, b = 578,5(1) pm, c = 647,6(1) pm, α = 124,24(1)°, β = 102,31(1)°, γ = 95,87(1)° (Guinier-Simon-Daten), Z = 4. Die Struktur wurde über Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten [Philips PW 1100; 1981 Io(hkl); R = 9,22%, Rw = 8,76%] aufgeklärt. Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, sowie Effektive Koordinationszahlen. ECoN, diese über Mittlere Fiktive Ionenradien, MEFIR, berechnet, werden diskutiert.
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  • 49
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 582 (1990), S. 121-127 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Studies on N-Methoxyguanidine. 3. Conformation Studies of Mono-, Di-, and Triacetylated N-MethoxyguanidineThe conformations of N′-acetyl-, N′,N″-diacetyl-, and N′,N′,N″-triacetyl-N-methoxyguanidine in the solid state and in solutions are correlated with electron absorption, vibrational, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. In solution the three compounds have the endiamine structural fragment —N=C(NR2)2.
    Notes: Auf der Grundlage von Elektronenabsorptions-, Schwingungs- und Kernresonanzspektren werden die Molekülkonformationen von N′-Acetyl-, N′,N″-Diacetyl- und N′,N′,N″-Triacetyl-N-methoxyguanidin im Festkörper und in Lösung diskutiert. In Lösung besitzen die genannten Verbindungen übereinstimmend das Endiamin-Strukturelement —N=C(NR2)2.
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  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 582 (1990), S. 93-102 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: ZrSn0.5Ti0.5O4 as a Matrix for Ceramic Colours. Structural Investigations on ZrTiO4 and ZrSn0.5Ti0.5O4ZrSn0.5Ti0.5O4 and ZrTiO4 crystallize in Pbcn having the lattice constants a = 481.45(10), b = 559.61(11), c = 510.50(9) pm and a = 478.55(13), b = 547.55(12), c = 502.77(14) pm, respectively. Their crystal structures have been solved and refined using single crystal data. According to the structural data derived in this work ZrTiO4 possesses α-PbO2 type of structure with Zr and Ti randomly distributed over the cation sites. ZrSn0.5Ti0.5O4 is isostructural. As compared to ZrTiO4 the metal-oxygen bond lengths in ZrSn0.5Ti0.5O4 are increased. By substituting M4+ by In3+ (RE3+) and V5+ bright yellow pigments have been obtained.
    Notes: ZrSn0,5Ti0,5O4 und ZrTiO4 kristallisieren in der orthorhombischen Raumgruppe Pbcn mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 481,45(10), b = 559,61(11), c = 510,50(9) pm und a = 478,55(13), b = 547,55(12), c = 502,77(14) pm. Die Kristallstrukturen wurden unabhängig voneinander gelöst und mit Einkristalldaten verfeinert. Die für ZrTiO4 bestimmten Ortsparameter weichen deutlich von den Angaben in der Literatur ab. Beide Verbindungen, die nach der Neubestimmung der Struktur von ZrTiO4 als isotyp anzusprechen sind, kristallisieren in der α-PbO2-Struktur mit verzerrter oktaedrischer Koordination der statistisch verteilten Metallionen. Gegenüber ZrTiO4 nehmen bei ZrSn0,5Ti0,5O4 die Metall-Sauerstoff-Bindungsabstände zu. Durch gekoppelte Substitutionen mit Seltenen Erden oder Indium und Vanadium konnten coloristisch interessante gelbe Mischphasenpigmente dargestellt werden.
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  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 582 (1990), S. 111-120 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On Single Crystal Syntheses of Semimetal Complex Fluorides: without Solvents Li2[GeF6] and Na2[GeF6]For the first time we obtained colourless single crystals of Li2GeF6 and Na2GeF6 in a sealed copper tube by reaction of CuF2 with Ge powder of LiF or NaF without solvent. The crystal structure is redeterminated with R = 3.5% and Rw = 3.5% for Li2GeF6 and R = 9.2% and Rw = 6.1% for Na2GeF6. The compounds crystallize isotypic to Na2SiF6 in the space group P321, Z = 3 [Li3GeF6: a = 840.4(1) pm; c = 461.6(1) pm; Fourcircle Diffractometer Siemens AED 2; MoK\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \alpha $\end{document}; 850 Io(hkl) - Na2GeF6: a = 905.8(1) pm; c = 510.7(1) pm; Fourcircle Diffractometer Philips PW 1100; AgK\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \alpha $\end{document}; 1056 Io(hkl)]. The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, is calculated and compared with MAPLE of the binary components and Cs3GeF7 supplementarily.
    Notes: Erstmals wurden auf „trockenem Wege“ durch Umsetzung von CuF2 mit Ge-Pulver in Gegenwart von LiF bzw. NaF in verschlossenen Cu-Bömbchen farblose Einkristalle von Li2GeF6 erhalten und die Kristallstrukturen verfeinert. Sie kristallisieren isotyp zu Na2SiF6 trigonal, Raumgruppe P321, Z = 3 (a = 840,4(1) pm; c = 461,6(1) pm für Li2GeF6, a = 905,8(1) pm; c = 510,7(1) pm für Na2GeF6). [Li2GeF6: Vierkreisdiffraktometer AED 2, FA. Siemens, MoK\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \alpha $\end{document}, 850 Io(hkl), R = 3,5%, Rw = 3,5%; Na2GeF6: Vierkreisdiffraktometer PW 1100, Fa. Philips, AgK\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \alpha $\end{document}, 1056 Io (hkl), R = 9,2%, Rw = 6,1%]. Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, von Li2GeF6 bzw. Na2GeF6 werden berechnet und mit denen der binären Komponenten sowie mit denen von Cs3GeF7 [2] verglichen.
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  • 52
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 582 (1990), S. 128-130 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zur Struktur von In5Br7Die Kristallstruktur von In5Br7, die in der Raumgruppe Ce (monoklin, a = 18,688(2); b = 18,602(2); c = 19,217(2) Å; β = 104,19(1)°; Z = 16) verfeinert wurde, muß richtig in der Raumgruppe C2/c beschrieben werden. Revidierte Lageparameter, der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, und einige wichtige Abstände werden angegeben.
    Notes: The crystal structure of In5Br7, which was originally described and refined in space group Cc (monoclinic: a = 18.688(2), b = 18.602(2), c = 19.217(2) Å, β = 104.19(1)°, Z = 16), is correctly described in space group C2/c. Revised coordinates, electrostatic parts of the lattice energy (MAPLE), and some important distances are given.
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  • 53
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 582 (1990), S. 143-150 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal Structure and Electrical Conductivity of Ag3YCl6The reaction of YCl3 with an AgCl single crystal in a sandwich diffusion couple (365°C, 140 h) leads to a product layer of single crystalline Ag3YCl6. Single crystals of low-temperature Ag3YCl6-I transform to high-temperature Ag3YCl6-II at 350°C. Ag3YCl6-I (a = 686.69 pm, c = 1830.5 pm, trigonal, R3, Z = 3) is isostructural with Na3GdCl6-I. The compound shows structural disorder with two Ag+-ions occupying statistically half of four octahedral interstices. The specific electrical conductivity of Ag3YCl6 was investigated from room temperature up to the melting point (T = 413°C). The transition from low to high-temperature Ag3YCl6 is accompanied by a sharp increase of the conductivity.
    Notes: Polykristallines YCl3 reagiert mit einem Einkristall von AgCl in Sandwich-Anordnung (365°C, 140 h) an der Kontaktfläche zu einer Produktschicht aus vorwiegend einkristallinem Ag3YCl6. Die daraus isolierten Einkristalle der Tieftemperaturform (Ag3YCl6-I) wandeln sich bei 350°C in eine Hochtemperaturform (Ag3YCl6-II) um. Die Kristallstruktur von Ag3YCl6 I (a = 686,69 pm, c = 1 830,5 pm, trigonal, R3, Z = 3) entspricht der des Na3GdCl6-I. Es liegt eine strukturelle Fehlordnung vor, wobei zwei Ag+-Ionen vier Oktaederlücken statistisch jeweils zur Hälfte besetzen. Die spezifische elektrische Leitfähigkeit von Ag3YCl6 wurde von Raumtemperatur bis oberhalb des Schmelzpunktes (T = 413°C) untersucht. Die Umwandlung der Tiefin die Hochtemperaturform ist von einem sprunghaften Anstieg der Leitfähigkeit begleitet.
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  • 54
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 582 (1990), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses, Halogeno-Exchange Reactions, and Crystal Structures of Functional SilylaminesLithium compounds of aminofluorosilanes (1-7) react with MHal4 (M = Si, Ge, Sn; Hal = Cl, Br) to give compounds of the type (8-10, 12, 14: M = Si, 13, 15, 16: M = Ge, 17: M = Sn). 11, 12, 14, R2SiHalSiHal2F (11, 12: Hal = Cl, 14. Hal = Br), are obtained by an intermolecular halogeno exchange. The halogeno exchange depends on the substituents and is only observed by halogenated disilazanes with the substituents R = alkyl and aryl. The crystal structures of 8 and 12 were determined.
    Notes: Die Lithiumverbindungen der Aminofluorsilane (1-7) reagieren mit MHal4 (M = Si, Ge, Sn; Hal = Cl, Br) zu Verbindungen des Typs (8-10, 12, 14: M = Si, 13, 15, 16: M = Ge, 17: M = Sn). Unter intermolekularem Halogenaustausch werden 11, 12 und 14 erhalten, R2SiHalSiHal2F (11, 12: Hal = Cl, 14: Hal = Br). Der Halogenaustausch ist substituentenabhängig und wird nur an halogenierten Disilazanen mit den Substituenten R = Alkyl und Aryl beobachtet. Von 8 und 12 wurde eine Kristallstrukturanalyse durchgeführt.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Raman Spectra of Anion- and Cation Substituted Ternary Oxides of Molybdenum and Tungsten with the Pyrochlor or Hexagonal Tungsten Bronce Structures. Single Crystal Structure Analysis of CsZnMoO3F3, Rb0.3Nb0.3W0.7O3, and Rb0.3Ga0.1W0.9O3Raman spectra of mixed oxides Ay(BxW1-x)O3 (A = K, Rb, Cs; B = Mg, Al, Ga, Ti, V, Nb, Ta) with defect pyrochlore and hexagonal tungsten bronce (HTB) structure and of oxidefluorides Cs(BMO3F3) (M = Mo, W; B = Ni, Cu, Zn) and AM2O5F (A = Rb, Cs; M = Nb, Ta) with defect pyrochlore structure have been measured. All spectra exhibit bands at wavenumbers greater than 900 cm-1, i. e. in the region of vibrations of terminal M—O bonds (M = MoVI, WVI or NbV, TaV). They are assigned to the stretching vibrations of M—O—B groups which stem from to the partial substitution of M by B. In these groups the M—O bond is very strong and covalent, whereas the B—O bond is weak and mainly ionic. Other bands were assigned to the M—O—M bonds, which are in compounds with the HTB structure in part alternating short and long. The spectral assignment is confirmed by X-ray structural determinations using single crystals of CsZnMoO3F3 (space group Fd3m, a = 1039.0(2) pm, defect pyrochlore structure), Rb0.3Nb0.3W0.7O3 (space group Cmm2, a = 2196(2), b = 1266(1), c = 388.9(4) pm, super structure of HTB) and Rb0.3Ga0.1W0.9O3 (space group P6mm, a = 726.9(5), c = 376.0(2) pm, HTB structure).
    Notes: Die Ramanspektren der gemischten Oxide Ay(BxW1-x)O3 (A = K, Rb, Cs; B = Mg, Al, Ga, Ti, V, Nb, Ta) sowie der Oxidfluoride Cs(BMO3F3) (M = Mo, W; B = Ni, Cu, Zn) und AM2O5F (A = Rb, Cs; M = Nb, Ta) mit Defektpyrochlor- bzw. hexagonaler Wolframbronzen(HTB)-Struktur wurden gemessen. Alle Spektren enthalten Banden mit Wellenzahlen größer als 900 cm-1, d. h. im Bereich terminaler M—O-Valenzschwingungen (M = MoVI, WVI bzw. NbV, TaV). Sie werden den Valenzschwingungen von M—O—B-Gruppen zugeordnet, die durch die partielle Substitution von M durch B entstehen. Hierin ist die M—O-Bindung stark kovalent und besitzt Mehrfachbindungscharakter, die B—O-Bindung ionisch und vergleichsweise schwach. Weitere Banden werden den M—O—M-Bindungen zugeordnet. Diese sind in Verbindungen mit HTB-Struktur zum Teil alternierend kurz und lang. Die Zuordnung der Spektren wird durch Strukturuntersuchungen an Einkristallen von CsZnMoO3F3 (Raumgruppe Fd3m, a = 1 039,0(2) pm, Defektpyrochlor-Struktur), Rb0,3Nb0,3W0,7O3 (Raumgruppe Cmm2, a = 2 196(2), b = 1 266(1), c = 388,9(4) pm, Überstruktur einer HTB-Struktur) und Rb0,3Ga0,1W0,9O3 (Raumgruppe P6mm, a = 726,9(5), c = 376,0(2) pm. HTB-Struktur) bestätigt.
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  • 56
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 583 (1990), S. 78-84 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular S(O)PBr. Matrix I.R. Investigations and ab initio SCF CalculationsMonomeric planar S(O)PBr is found in a matrix reaction between the high temperature molecule SPBr and O3. This is concluded from the i.r. spectra and some isotopic shifts. The spectroscopic results are confirmed by ab initio SCF calculations.
    Notes: In einer Matrixreaktion zwischen dem Hochtemperaturmolekül SPBr und O3 bildet sich monomeres, planares S(O)PBr. Dieser Befund läßt sich aus den IR-Spektren und den beobachteten Isotopenverschiebungen ableiten. Die berechneten Kraftkonstanten entsprechen der Erwartung. Sie werden durch die Ergebnisse von ab initio SCF-Rechnungen gestützt.
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  • 57
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 583 (1990), S. 85-90 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Conformation Studies on N-FormylguanidineThe conformation of N-formylguanidine H—CO—N=C(NH2)2 in solid state, in solution, and in gaseous state is correlated with the infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectra. Syn and anti isomers of the title compound have been found in solution. The activation parameters of the rapid interchange processes of amino protons in solution have been estimated.The reaction between N-formylguanidine and carbon disulfide produces with elimination of the formyl group guanidinium guanidinedithiocarbonate and guanidinium trithiocarbonate, respectively. There is no observable reaction of the title compound with the ethylester of chlorodithioformic acid.
    Notes: Auf der Grundlage von Infrarot-, Kernresonanz- und Massenspektren wurde die Molekülkonformation von N-Formylguanidin H—CO—N=C(NH2)2 im Festkörper, in Lösung und in der Gasphase untersucht. In Lösung können syn- und anti-konformationsisomere Formen der Titelverbindung nachgewiesen werden. Für die tautomeren Austauschvorgänge der Aminoprotonen in Lösung wurden die Aktivierungsgrößen abgeschätzt.N-Formylguanidin reagiert mit Kohlenstoffdisulfid unter Austritt der Formylgruppe zum Guanidiniumguanidindithiocarbonat bzw. Guanidiniumtrithiocarbonat. Mit Chlordithioameisensäureethylester findet keine Umsetzung statt.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Koordinationsgeometrien und kooperative Ordnungseffekte in Kupfer(II)-Komplexen mit Dianionen von dreizähnigen Schiffschen Basen. I. Kristall- und Molekülstruktur sowie EPR-Untersuchung von N-Salicylidenglycinato-2-Methylimidazol-Kupfer(II)N-Salicylidenglycinato-2-Methylimidazol-Kupfer(II)  -  [Cu(salgly)(2-MeIm)]  -  C13H13N3O3Cu  -  kristallisiert monoklin, Raumgruppe P21/c, a = 1 248,4, b = 1 157,3, c = 964,5 pm, β = 108,91°, Z = 4; Strukturbestimmung mit 1 504 beobachteten Reflexen, R = 5,8%. In der Molekülstruktur des Komplexes sind die CuII-Ionen von den O,N,O-Atomen des dreizähnigen salgly2⊖-Liganden und dem 3-N-Atom von 2-MeIm annähernd quadratisch umgeben. Die Koordinationspolyeder werden jeweils durch ein apikal koordiniertes O-Atom (Bindungsabstand 248 pm) der Carboxylgruppe eines Nachbarkomplexes zu quadratischen Pyramiden ergänzt, die in der Kristallstruktur parallel ausgerichtete Zickzackketten bilden. Die EPR-Parameter der Titelverbindung (g1c = 2,176, g2c = 2,146, g3c = 2.056) liefern eine quantitative Bestätigung für die leicht gestört antiferrodistortive Ordnung der Komplexmoleküle. Vom kooperativen gc-Tensor eines Einkristalls wurden aufgrund der Strukturdaten orthorhombische molekulare g-Komponenten erhalten. Sie wurden verfeinert, um eine noch bessere Übereinstimmung mit den EPR-Parametern einer Reihe vergleichbarer Kupfer(II)-Komplexe zu erzielen.
    Notes: N-Salicyclideneglycinato(2-methylimidazole)copper (II)  -  [Cu(salgly)(2-MeIm)]  -  C13H13N3O3Cu  -  crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, a = 1 248.4, b = 1 157.3, c = 964.5 pm, β = 108.91°, Z = 4; structure determination with 1 504 significant reflections, R = 0.058. The molecular stucture of the complex is characterized by an approximately square coordination of CuII with O, N, O atoms of the tridendate dianion salgly2⊖ and the 3-N atom of 2-MeIm. The coordination polyhedron is completed to square pyramid by an apically coordinated carboxyl oxygen atom (bond distance 248 pm) from the neighboring complex molecule, thus forming zigzag chains oriented on parallel lines in the crystal structure. The EPR parameters of the title compound (g1c = 2.176, g2c = 2.146, g3c = 2.056) confirm the slightly disturbed antiferrodistortive ordering of the complex molecules quantitatively. From the cooperative gc tensor of a single crystal and the structural data orthorhombic molecular g components were evaluated. They were refined, in order to achieve a still better agreement with the EPR parameters of a series of comparable copper(II) complexes.
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  • 59
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Position of Dopant Rare Earth and Vanadium in Zirconia Pigments  -  an X-Ray InvestigationCrystal growth of ZrSiO4(V) and ZrSiO4(RE) from oxidic melts has been optimized with respect to crystal quality and concentration of the coloring dopants. Best results have been obtained using LiVO3/V2O5 or V2O5 melts for ZrSiO4(V) and MoO3 melts (with RE2O3 in excess) for ZrSiO4(RE). According to micoroprobe analysis the distribution of the dopants is homogeneous, and there is a negative correlation of the concentrations of vanadium and silicon, and of RE with Zr, respectively. From X-ray investigations using single crystals a proposal for the crystallographic position of the dopant ions has been derived: V occupies strognly distorted interstitial tetrahedral sites, whereas RE substitute zirconium atoms.
    Notes: Die Kristallzüchtung von ZrSiO4(V) und ZrSiO4(SE) aus Oxidschmelzen wurde bezüglich Kristallqualität und Einbau der farbgebenden Gastionen optimiert. Im Falle von ZrSiO4(V) wurden die besten Ergebnisse mit LiVO3/V2O5- und V2O5-Schmelzen erzielt, bei ZrSiO4(SE) mit MoO3-Schmelzen jeweils mit einem deutlichen Überschuß an SE2O3. Mikrosondenanalysen belegen eine homogene Verteilung der farbgebenden Ionen und eine negative Korrelation ihrer Konzentration mit derjenigen von Si bei ZrSiO4(V) und Zr bei ZrSiO4(SE). Aus Röntgenbeugungsuntersuchungen an Einkristallen wird als Einbauposition für V4+ ein stark verzerrt tetraedrischer Zwischengitterplatz abgeleitet, während SE, am Beispiel von Tb gezeigt, in isomorpher Substitution Zirkon-Positionen besetzen.
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  • 60
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 27-35 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions to the Chemistry of Phosphorus. 200. Tetraisopropyl-tetradecaphosphane(4), P14(i-Pr)4 - Preparation and Structural CharacterizationTetraisopropyl-tetradecaphosphane(4) (1) has been obtained by reacting i-PrPCl2, P4, and magnesium and subsequently thermolysing the crude reaction product, and has been isolated in pure form. Whereas the 31P{1H}-NMR spectrum provides only limited structural information, the 13C{1H, 31P}-DEPT-NMR and the 1H{31P}-NMR spectrum of 1 reveals the presence of two symmetrical configurational isomers 1a and 1c and one asymmetrical diastereomer 1b. This would only be possible, if 1 is 3,4,10,11-tetraisopropyl-hexacyclo[6.6.0.02,6.05,14.07,12.09,13]tetradecaphosphane. When crystallizing 1 pure 1a precipitates, which at +10°C in solution is retransformed into the isomeric mixture 1a, 1b, 1c by inversion of the configuration.
    Notes: Tetraisopropyl-tetradecaphosphan(4) (1) wurde durch Reaktion von i-PrPCl2, P4 und Magnesium und anschließende Thermolyse des Rohproduktes gewonnen und analysenrein isoliert. Während das 31P{1H}-NMR-Spektrum für die Struktur von 1 nur begrenzte Aussagekraft besitzt, liegen nach dem 13C{1H, 31P}-DEPT-NMR- und dem 1H{31P}-NMR-Spektrum zwei symmetrische Konfigurationsisomere 1a und 1c und ein asymmetrisches Diastereomer 1b vor. Dies ist nur möglich, wenn es sich bei 1 um 3,4,10,11-Tetraisopropyl-hexacyclo-[6.6.0.02,7.05,14.07,12.09,13]tetradecaphosphan handelt. Bei der Kristallisation von 1 scheidet sich reines 1a ab, das bei +10°C in Lösung durch Inversion wieder in das Isomerengemisch 1a, 1b, 1c umgewandelt wird.
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  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 36-44 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthese und Kristallstruktur der neuartigen Schichtverbindung CsTi2Cl7Reaktionen im System CsCl—TiCl3—Ti ergaben CsTiCl3 (CsNiCl3-Typ, a = 7,3086(7) Å, c = 6,0670(8) Å), und die neuen Verbindungen CsTi2Cl7, die durch eine Einkristall-Röntgen-Strukturanalyse charakterisiert wurde (P2/c, Z = 2, a = 7,0076(4) Å, b = 6,2256(4) Å, c = 12,000(2) Å, β = 92,175(6)°, R/Rw = 0,026/0,035 für 1 403 Reflexe, 2Θ ≤ 60°, MoKα). Die Struktur besteht aus TlCl6-Gruppen, die einerseits durch cis-Kantenverknüpfung zu TiCl2Cl4/2-Bändern und diese dann weiterhin über ein Chlor pro Titan zu Schichten ∞2[Ti(Cl)Cl4/2Cl1/2]- verbunden sind. Das eine verbliebene Chlor pro Titan ragt in den Bereich zwischen den Schichten und hat eine Ti—Cl-Bindungslänge, die 0,208 Å kürzer als der Durchschnitt (2,466 Å) für die restlichen fünf Bindungen ist, was auf einen bedeutenden π-Bindungsanteil in der ersteren hindeutet. Eine mögliche Wechselwirkung mit dem dxy1-Orbital des gegenüberliegenden Titan(III)-Atoms wird auch in Betracht gezogen.
    Notes: Reactions in the CsCl—TiCl3—Ti system afford CsTiCl3 (CsNiCl3 type, a = 7.3086(7) Å, c = 6.0670(8) Å) and the new phase CsTi2Cl7, the structure of which was determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction means (P2/c, Z = 2, a = 7.0076(4) Å, b = 6.2256(4) Å, c = 12.000(2) Å, β = 92.175(6)°, R/Rw = 0.026/0.035 for 1403 reflections, 2Θ ≤ 60°, MoKα). The structure can be generated by condensation of TiCl6 groups first through cis edges to form TiCl2Cl4/2 ribbons and then by interconnection of these with one chlorine per titanium to give layers, viz., ∞2[Ti(Cl)Cl4/2Cl1/2]-. The remaining, singly bonded chlorine projects into the interlayer region and has a Ti—Cl distance 0.208 Å less than the average for the five, 2.466 Å, reflecting significant pi bonding of the chlorine to titanium. Possible interaction of the dxy1 orbitals on adjacent titanium(III) atoms is also considered.
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  • 62
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 45-49 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ternary Germanides of Lithium and Rare-Earth-Metals with Fe2P-Type Structure: LiErGe, LiHoGe, LiNdGe and LiSmGeIn the systems Li—M—Ge (M = Er, Ho, Nd, Sm) the compounds LiErGe, LiHoGe, LiNdGe and LiSmGe were prepared. They crystallize hexagonally (space group P-62m), and a C22-(Fe2P-type) lattice was found. The crystal structure of LiErGe was determined by X-ray single crystal investigation. Structural features of the compounds are discussed in comparison.
    Notes: In den Systemen Li—M—Ge (M = Er, Ho, Nd, Sm) wurden die Verbindungen LiErGe, LiHoGe, LiNdGe und LiSmGe dargestellt und röntgenorgraphisch untersucht. Sie kristallisieren hexagonal (Raumgruppe P62m) im Fe2P-Typ. Einkristalluntersuchungen wurden für LiErGe durchgeführt. Die Strukturen der Verbindungen werden vergleichend diskutiert.
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  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 18-26 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal Structures of [ReCl4(PhC≡CPh)]2 · 2 CH2Cl2 and PPh4[ReOCl4]Single crystals of [ReCl4(PhC≡CPh)]2 · 2 CH2Cl2 were obtained by chilling dilute solutions of the solvate [ReCl4(PhC≡CPh)POCl3] in CH2Cl2. PPh4[ReOCl4] was formed by the reaction of the diphenyl acetylene complex [ReCl5(PhC≡CPh)] with PPh4Cl · H2O in CH2Cl2 solution.[ReCl4(PhC≡CPh)]2 · 2 CH2Cl2: space group P21/c, Z = 2, 2244 observed independent reflexions, R = 0.038. Lattice parameters (19°C): a = 987.2 pm; b = 1533.9 pm; c = 1193.8 pm; β = 90.17° The compound forms centrosymmetrical dimeric molecules with ReCl2Re bridges with Re—Cl distances of 241.2 and 267.6 pm. The longer Re—Cl bond is situated in trans-position to the equatorial, side-on coordinated diphenyl acetylene ligand with mean Re—C distances of 200 pm.PPh4[ReOCl4]: space group P4/n, Z = 2, 1487 observed, independent reflexions, R = 0.047. Lattice parameters (19°C): a = b = 1272.0 pm; c = 771.3 pm. The compound crystallizes in the AsPh4[RuNCl4] type; it consists of [ReOCl4]- anions and PPh4+ cations. The anions are tetragonal with C4v symmetry and bond lengths Re—O = 165.4 pm and Re—Cl = 232.6 pm; the bond angle OReCl is 106.7°.
    Notes: Einkristalle von [ReCl4(PhC≡CPh)]2 · 2 CH2Cl2 wurden aus verdünnten Lösungen des Solvats [ReCl4(PhC≡CPh)(POCl3)] in CH2Cl2 durch Abkühlen erhalten. PPh4[ReOCl4] entstand durch Umsetzung des Diphenylacetylenkomplexes [ReCl5(PhC≡CPh)] mit PPh4Cl · H2O in CH2Cl2-Lösung.[ReCl4(PhC≡CPh)]2 · 2 CH2Cl2: Raumgruppe P21/c, Z = 2, 2244 unabhängige beobachtete Reflexe, R = 3,8%. Gitterkonstanten (19°C): a = 987,2; b = 1533,9; c = 1193,8 pm; β = 90,17°. Die Verbindung bildet zentrosymmetrische dimere Moleküle mit ReCl2Re-Brücken mit Re—Cl-Abständen von 241,2 und 267,6 pm. Die lange ReCl-Bindung befindet sich in trans-Position zu dem äquatorial angeordneten, seitlich koordinierenden Diphenylacetylenliganden mit Re—C-Abständen von im Mittel 200 pm.PPh4[ReOCl4]: Raumgruppe P4/n, Z = 2, 1487 unabhängige beobachtete Reflexe, R = 4,7%. Gitterkonstanten (19°C): a = b = 1272,0; c = 771,3 pm. Die Verbindung kristallisiert im AsPh4[RuNCl4]-Typ; sie besteht aus PPh4+- und [ReOCl4]--Ionen. Die Anionen haben C4v-Symmetrie mit Abständen ReO = 165,4 pm und ReCl = 232,6 pm bei einem OReCl-Bindungswinkel von 106,7°.
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  • 64
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 50-56 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Fluorides with Divalent Iron: On the Structure of CsFeF3By „reaction with the wall“ according to 3 CsF + 2 FeF3 + Fewall = 3 CsFeF3 we obtained for a first time colourless single crystals of CsFeF3. The lattice constants were redetermined with a = 616.39(6) pm, c = 1487.02(15) pm (Four circle diffractometer PW 1100, AgK\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \alpha $\end{document}, R = 4.33%, Rw = 2.79%). CsFeF3 crystallizes isotypic to BaTiO3 in the space group P63/m mc. Parameters see text.The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, and the „Effective Coordination Numbers“, ECoN, via the „Mean Fictive Ionic Radii“, MEFIR, are calculated and discussed.
    Notes: Durch „Reaktion mit der Wand“ gelang es, erstmals unter striktem Ausschluß von Sauerstoff, gemäß 3 CsF + 2 FeF3 + FeWand = 3 CsFeF3 farblose Einkristalle von CsFeF3 zu erhalten. Die Gitterkonstanten wurden mit a = 616,39(6), c = 1487,02(15) pm (Vierkreisdiffraktometer PW 1100, AgK\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \bar \alpha $\end{document}, R = 4,33% und Rw = 2,79%) neu bestimmt. CsFeF3 kristallisiert isotyp zu BaTiO3(hexagonal) in der Raumgruppe P63/mmc. Parameter siehe Text.Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, sowie „Effektive Koordinationszahlen“, ECoN, werden über „Mittlere Fiktive Ionenradien“, MEFIR, berechnet und diskutiert.
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  • 65
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 71-77 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Ba5(Ir, Ru)3O12: A New Crystal Structure with Isolated OctahedratripelA new compound, Ba5(Ir, Ru)3O12 was prepared and investigated by single crystal X-ray work (space group D2h16-Pnma; a = 10.853; b = 5.897; c = 19.819 Å; Z = 4). „Isolated“ octahedratripel of face connected [Ir/RuO6] groups are characteristic to this oxide. Ir and Ru are in statistic distribution. One of these metal positions contains an access of Ir, the other two of Ru, respectively. Coulomb Energy calculations show a dominant oxidation state +4 on one of the three Ir/Ru-point positions.
    Notes: Die neue Verbindung Ba5(Ir, Ru)3O12 wurde dargestellt und mit Röntgenmethoden an Einkristallen untersucht (Raumgruppe D2h16-Pnma; a = 10,853; b = 5,897; c = 19,819 Å; Z = 4). Flächenverknüpfte [Ir/RuO6]-Gruppen bilden Oktaedertripel, die „isoliert“ auftreten und ein typisches Strukturmerkmal darstellen. Ir und Ru sind statistisch verteilt, eine der Punktlagen enthält einen Überschuß an Ir, die zwei anderen an Ru. Berechnungen der Coulomb-Energie zeigen, daß eine der durch Edelmetalle besetzten Punktlagen die Ladung +4 enthält.
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  • 66
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 57-70 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The First Tetraferrate(III): K14[Fe4O13]For the first time K14[Fe4O13] was obtained by annealing intimate mixtures of K2O and LiFeO2 (molar ratio 2.2:1) in closed Ni-cylinders (6 months, 610°C) in the form of yellow-brown single crystals. The structure determination (four circle diffractometer, MoKα, 3377 of 3377 Io(hkl); R = 4,52%, Rw = 2,53%) confirms the space group P21/c; a = 677.9, b = 2956.2, c = 672,1 pm, β = 120.31°, Z = 2.Essential part of the structure are tetranuclear [Fe4O13]14--groups, oligomers consisting of four corner-sharing FeO4-tetrahedra. Within the structure these groups are connected by two crystallographically distinct K-particles thus forming bands which are arranged according to a „closest packing of bands“ interconnected by the rest of the K-particles.The structure is described via Schlegel-diagrams. It is isotypic with Na14[Al4O13].
    Notes: K14∞0[Fe4O13] wurde erstmals durch Tempern inniger Gemenge von K2O und LiFeO2 (Einwaageverhältnis 2,2:1) in verschlossenen Ni-Zylindern (6 Monate, 610°C) in Form von derben gelblich-braunen Einkristallen erhalten. Die Strukturaufklärung (Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten, MoKα, 3377 von 3 377 Io(hkl), R = 4,52%, Rw = 2,53%) belegt die Raumgruppe P21/c; a = 677,9 pm, b = 2956,2 pm, c = 672,1 pm, β = 120,31°, Z = 2.Wesentlicher Teil der Struktur sind „isolierte“ vierkernige Baugruppen [Fe4O13]14-, Oligomere aus vier über Ecken verknüpften FeO4-Tetraedern. Sie werden im Kristallverband durch zwei kristallographisch verschiedene K-Teilchen zu „Bändern“ verknüpft, die (im Sinne einer „dichtesten Bandpackung“ angeordnet) von den übrigen K-Teilchen verbunden werden. Die Struktur wird mit Hilfe von Schlegel-Diagrammen beschrieben. Sie ist isotyp zu der von Na14[Al4O13].
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Contributions on the Thermal Behaviour of Anhydrous Phosphates. III. Chemical Vapour Transport of Phosphates of Ti3+ and Ti4+Equilibrium experiments have been carried out in the system Ti/P/O at 900°C in evacuated silica ampoules. Besides the ternary phases TiPO4, TiP2O7 and Ti2P2O9 another up to now not identified ternary compound has been observed in the phase triangle TiO2/TiPO4/TiP2O7.Well developed crystals of green TiPO4 have been grown by a chemical vapour transport reaction (1000 → 900°C) using iodine as transport agent (TA).Crystalline TiP2O7 has been obtained by the same method (1000 → 900°C) TA: I(2) adding small amounts of TiP or elemental phosphorus to the starting material. Using PI3 as transport agent titanium(III) trimetaphosphate, TiP3O9, has been deposited in a non-stationary chemical transport reaction.With estimated thermodynamic values for TiPO4,s (ΔBH298° = -394 [kcal/mol]; S298° = 23,1[cal/mol · K]), TiP2O7,s (ΔBH298° = -607 [kcal/mol]; S298° = 39,4 [cal/mol. · K]) and TiP3O9,s (ΔBH298° = -778[kcal/mol]; S298° = 50,4[cal/mol·K]) several heterogenous equilibria will be compared with the experimental results. The influence of moisture on the transport behaviour will be discussed.Heavy attack on the silica ampoules has been observed when we used PtCl2 or HgCl2 as transport agents. This attack lead to the formation of the new silico-phosphate Ti4P6Si2O25.
    Notes: Gleichgewichtsexperimente bei 900°C in Quarzglasampullen gaben Aufschluß über die im untersuchten Bereich des Systems Ti/P/O auftretenden Bodenköper. TiPO4, TiP2O7, „Ti2P2O9“ sowie eine noch nicht näher charakterisierte Verbindung im Phasendreieck TiO2/TiPO4/TiP2O7 sind nachweisbar.TiPO4 wurde in regelmäßig ausgebildeten, grünen Kristallen (Kantenlänge bis zu 5 mm) durch chemischen Transport im Temperaturgradienten 1000 → 900°C mit Iod als Transportmittel (TM) erhalten.TiP2O7 ließ sich bei einem geringen Zusatz (≈ 10 mg) von TiP oder elementarem Phosphor zum Ausgangsbodenkörper abscheiden (TM: Iod; 1000 → 900°C). Auch Titan(III)-trimetaphosphat, TiP3O9, konnte (unter Verzicht auf P4O10,s als Ausgangskomponente) aus TiP2O7,s und PI3,g in einem nichtstationär verlaufenden Transportexperiment in hellblauen Kristallen dargestellt werden.Aufgrund einer Abschätzung der thermodynamischen Daten von TiPO4,s (ΔBH298° = -394[kcal/mol]; S298° = 23,1 [cal/mol · K]), TiP2O7,s (ΔBH298° = -607 [kcal/mol]; S298° = 39,4 [cal/mol · K]) und TiP3O9,s (ΔBH298° = -778 [kcal/mol]; S298° = 50,4 [cal/mol · K]) wird die Bedeutung heterogener Gleichgewichte für das Verständnis der experimentellen Befunde, sowie der Einfluß von H2O auf das Transportverhalten diskutiert.Bei Verwendung von Chlor enthaltenden Transportmitteln entsteht durch Angriff auf die Quarzglasampullen das Phosphat-Silicat Ti4P6Si2O25 des dreiwertigen Titans.
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  • 68
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 109-114 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation of Dichlornitronium-hexafluoroarsenate and -hexafluoroantimonate ONCl2+MF6-(M = As, Sb)The preparation of ONCl2+MF6- (M = As, Sb) by oxidative chlorination of CNCl with Cl2/AsF5 and Cl2/SbF5 is reported. Both salts are characterized by Raman Spectroscopy. The difficulties in evaluating a force field for the cation are discussed.
    Notes: Es wird über die Darstellung von ONCl2+MF6- (M = As, Sb) durch oxidative Chlorierung von ONCl mit Cl2/AsF5 und Cl2/SbF5 berichtet. Beide Salze werden ramanspektroskopisch charakterisiert, und es wird die Problematik einer Kraftfeldberechnung für das Kation diskutiert.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Solubility of LaCl3 in Hydrochlorid Acid. Comparative Study of the Saturated Metal Chloride —HCl—H2O SystemsThe results of solubility investigations in the LaCl3—HCl—H2O system at 15, 25 and 35°C were presented. On the basis of the experimental data, of references and of a model of the authors conclusions were drawn on the structure of the saturated and almost saturated solutions.
    Notes: Das System LaCl3—HCl—H2O wird bei 15, 25 und 35°C untersucht. Unter Berücksichtigung von Literaturhinweisen werden nach einem Modell der Verfasser Folgerungen auf die Struktur der gesättigten und fast gesättigten Lösungen, auf ihre Konzentrationsabhängigkeit und auf ihren Zusammenhang mit dem Verlauf der Sättigungskurve gezogen.
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  • 70
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 583 (1990), S. 186-194 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Kokristallisation in Systemen mit Doppelsalzen vom Carnallit-TypDie Systeme RbCl · MgCl2 · 6H2O—NH4Cl · MgCl2 · 6H2O—H2O und CsCl · MgCl2 · 6H2O—NH4Cl · MgCl2 · 6H2O—H2O werden bei 50°C untersucht. Es wird die Bildung kontinuierlicher Reihen von Mischkristallen beobachtet. Eine vollständige Übereinstimmung der Verteilungskoeffizienten der Komponenten wurde experimentell bestimmt und berechnet unter Verwendung der Löslichkeits-Daten der zwei Doppelsalze.Das 2RbCl · CoCl2 · 2H2O—RbCl · MgCl2 · 6H2O—H2O System wurde bei 25°C untersucht, und es wurde gefunden, daß das System zum einfachen eutonischen Typ gehört. Die beiden Doppelsalze bilden keine Mischkristalle miteinander. Diese Tatsache wird mit dem unterschiedlichen Charakter der Metall-Liganden-Wechselwirkung von Mg2+- und Co2+-Ionen in wäßrigen Halogenid-Systemen erklärt.
    Notes: The RbCl · MgCl2 · 6H2O—NH4Cl · MgCl2 · 6H2O—H2O and CsCl · MgCl2 · 6H2O—NH4Cl · MgCl2 · 6H2O—H2O systems have been investigated at 50°C. The formation of continuous series of mixed crystals is observed. An almost complete coincidence of the distribution coefficients values of the components between the solid and liquid phases determined experimentally and calculated theoretically using only solubility data for the two double salts has been established.The 2 RbCl · CoCl2 · 2H2O—RbCl · MgCl2 · 6H2O—H2O system has been studied at 25°C. It has been established that this system belongs to the simple eutonic type. The two double salts form no mixed crystals between each other. This fact is explained by the different character of the metal-ligand interaction of Mg2+ and Co2+ ions in aqueous halide systems.
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  • 71
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 115-120 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Crystal Structure of Dichloromethylsulfonium-hexafluoroarsenateDichloromethylsulfonium-hexafluoroarsenate crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 867.5(9) pm, b = 792.7(5) pm, c = 1200.8(10) pm, β = 96.99(8)°, Z = 4. A distorted octahedral coordination around sulfur is formed by three short interionic sulfur-fluorine contacts. In addition chlorine-fluorine contacts are observed in the solid.
    Notes: Dichlormethylsulfonium-hexafluoroarsenat kristallisiert in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c mit a = 867,5(9) pm, b = 792,7(5) pm, c = 1200,8(10) pm, β = 96,99(8)°, Z = 4. Durch drei kurze interionische Schwefel-Fluor-Kontakte ergibt sich eine verzerrt oktaedrische Koordination am Schwefel. Weiterhin werden im Festkörper Chlor-Fluor-Kontakte beobachtet.
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  • 72
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    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Molecular SiO2, Matrix IR Investigations and Ab Inito SCF-CalculationsDimeric SiO2 is formed in a matrix reaction between (SiO)2 and O2. Its structure can be deduced from the IR spectra of different 18O-substituted isotopomers. The observed frequency shifts (16O/18O and 28Si/29Si) are in accordance with those calculated by a normal coordinate analysis. The structure concluded from experimental data is also confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. With the help of these calculations the dimerisation energy 2SiO2 ⇌ (SiO2)2 is obtained: -453 kJ mol-1. The mechanism of formation of (SiO2)2 from (SiO)2 and O2 is discussed with respect to some similarities to the elementary process during oxidation of the surface of silicon wafers.
    Notes: In einer Matrixreaktion zwischen (SiO)2 und O2 bildet sich dimeres SiO2. Seine Struktur läßt sich aus den IR-Spektren verschiedener 18O-substituierter Isotopomerer nachweisen. Die beobachteten Frequenzverschiebungen (16O/18O und 28Si/29Si) stimmen mit denen überein, die in einer Normalkoordinatananalyse berechnet werden. Die aus experimentellen Daten abgeleitete Struktur wird auch durch quantenchemische Rechnungen unterstützt. Nach diesen Rechnungen beträgt die Dimerisierungsenergie [2SiO2 ⇌ (SiO2)2] -453 kJ mol-1. Der Bildungsmechanismus des (SiO2)2 aus (SiO)2 und O2, dem in Hinblick auf Elementarprozesse bei der Oberflächenoxidation von Silicium Wafern Bedeutung zukommt, wird diskutiert.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Structure of Tetrafluoro(η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) Niobium and Tetrafluoro(η5-cyclopentadienyl) NiobiumA facile preparation method for (η5-C5Me5)NbF4 3 and (η5-C5H5)NbF4 4 is reported by using AsF3 as a fluorinating agent. Single crystals obtained from AsF3 contain the solvent molecule as well as HF. The composition of the crystal is [(η5-C5Me5)NbF4(AsF3)2]2 · [(η5-C5Me5)NbF4(HF)AsF3]2 5. The X-ray crystal structure of 5 will be reported. 5 crystallizes triclinic with one furmula in the space group P1 and lattice constants a = 843.1(4), b = 1154.9(6), c = 1910.2(10) pm, α = 91.68(3)°, β = 99.30(3)°, γ = 104.44(2)°.
    Notes: Es wird über eine einfache Darstellung von (η5-C5Me5)NbF4 3 und (η5-C5H5)NbF4 4 durch Chlor-Fluor Austausch mittels AsF3 berichtet. 3 kristallisiert mit AsF3 und HF als [(η5-C5Me5)NbF4(AsF3)2]2 · [(η5-C5Me5)NbF4(HF)AsF3]2 5 aus. Die Einkristall Röntgenstrukturanalyse von 5 wird mitgeteilt. 5 kristallisiert triklin in der Raumgruppe P1 mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 843,1(4), b = 1154,9(6), c = 1910,2(10) pm und α = 91,68(3)°, β = 99,30(3)°, γ = 104,44(2)° mit einer Formeleinheit in der Elementarzelle.
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  • 74
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Element-Element-Bonds. VI. Crystalline 2-Chloro-1,3,2-benzoxathiastibole - a Multiply Linked Coordination PolymerYellow 2-chloro-1,3,2-benzoxathiastibole 4a first prepared by Anchisi and coworkers [3] from o-hydroxythiophenol and antimony trichloride, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n {a = 1109.9(3); b = 610.5(2); c = 1201.5(2) pm; β = 100.35(2)° at -120 ± 3°C; Z = 4}. An X-ray structure determination (R = 0.029) shows the molecules to form coordination polymeric layers via Sb…Cl, Sb…O and Sb…η2-arene interactions in the solid. Characteristic structural features are Sb—Cl…Sb—Cl helices (Sb—Cl…Sb 119°; Cl—Sb…Cl 95°) and centrosymmetric, four membered Sb2O2-rings (O—Sb…O 64°; Sb—O…Sb 116°). The ligands set up a strongly distorted octahedron around the antimony atom: Sb—S 242; Sb—Cl 243; Sb…Cl 328; Sb—O 201; Sb…O 287; Sb…C 338 and 341 pm; S—Sb—O 85°; S—Sb—Cl 94°; O—Sb—Cl 92°.
    Notes: Das nach ANCHISI und Mitarb. [3] aus o-Hydroxythiophenol und Antimon(III)-chlorid dargestellte, gelbe 2-Chlor-1,3,2-benzoxathiastibol 4a kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/n {a = 1109,9(3); b = 610,5(2); c = 1201,5(2) pm; β = 100,35(2)° bei -120 ± 3°C; Z = 4}. Nach den Ergebnissen der Röntgenstrukturanalyse (R = 0,029) bauen die Moleküle im Kristall über Sb…Cl-, Sb… O- und Sb…η2-Aren-Wechselwirkungen koordinationspolymere Schichten auf. Charakteristische Strukturelemente sind Sb—Cl…Sb—Cl-Schrauben (Sb—Cl…Sb 119°; Cl—Sb…Cl 95°) und zentrosymmetrische, viergliedrige Sb2O2-Ringe (O—Sb…O 64°; Sb—O…Sb 116°). Die Liganden am Antimonatom bilden ein stark verzerrtes Oktaeder: Sb—S 242; Sb—Cl 243; Sb…Cl 328; Sb—O 201; Sb…O 287; Sb…C 338 und 341 pm; S—Sb—O 85°; S—Sb—Cl 94°; O—Sb—Cl 92°.
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  • 75
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 580 (1990), S. 151-159 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Layer-Anions in the Crystal Structures of the Isotypic Compounds Sr2[Ga2S5], Ba2[In2S3], and Ba2[In2Se5]The compounds Sr2[Ga2S5], Ba2[In2S5], and Ba2[In2Se5] have been prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of the elements at temperatures between 1150°C and 1250°C. They are isotypic (space group Pbca, Z = 8) with the lattice constants see „Inhaltsübersicht“. In the anionic part of the structure GaS4-(InS4-/InSe4)-tetrahedra share three common vertices to form layers with rings built by four and eight tetrahedra. The cations are placed between the sheets and have the coordination number seven.
    Notes: Die Verbindungen Sr2[Ga2S5], Ba2[In2S5] und Ba2[In2Se5] wurden aus stöchiometrischen Gemischen der Elemente bei Temperaturen zwischen 1150°C und 1250°C dargestellt. Sie kristallisieren zueinander isotyp (Raumgruppe Pbca, Z = 8) mit den Gitterkonstanten Sr2Ga2S5 a = 1252,3(6) pm, b = 1203,4(6) pm, c = 1118,0(5) pm; Ba2In2S5 a = 1316,7(6) pm, b = 1272,3(6) pm, c = 1178,4(5) pm; Ba2In2Se5 a = 1365,7(6) pm, b = 1318,2(6) pm, c = 1222,5(5) pm. In der Anionenteilstruktur sind GaS4(InS4/InSe4)-Tetraeder über drei gemeinsame Ecken zu unendlich ausgedehnten Netzen verknüpft, in denen Ringe aus vier und acht Tetraedern vorliegen. Die Kationen befinden sich zwischen den Schichten und erreichen die Koordinationszahl sieben.
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  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 584 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 584 (1990), S. 7-11 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: New Compounds of the Ba8Pt4Y3O17.5-Type: Ba8Pt4Ln3O17.5 · (Ln = Er, Yb, Tm)The hitherto unknown compounds (I):Ba8Pt4Er3O17.5, (II): Ba8Pt4Yb3O17.5 and (III): Ba8Pt4Tm3O17.5 were prepared and investigated by single crystal X-ray technique. They crystallize with cubic symmetry; space group Oh1-Pm3m, Z = 1. (I): a = 8.3441 Å; (II): a = 8.3145 Å; (III): a = 8.3296 Å. Pt4+ and Ln3+ ions show an octahedral and Pt2+ ions a planar coordination by oxygen. A typical feature of the crystal structure is an unoccupied space in the middle of the unit cell.
    Notes: Die bisher unbekannten Verbindungen (I): Ba8Pt4Er3O17,5, (II): Ba8Pt4Yb3O17,5 und (III): Ba8Pt4Tm3O17,5 wurden einkristallin dargestellt und röntgenographisch untersucht. Sie gehören zur Raumgruppe Oh1-Pm3m (I): a = 8,3441 Å; (II): a = 8,3145 Å; (III): a = 8,3296 Å; Z = 1. In diesen Verbindungen sind Pt4+- und Ln3+-Ionen oktaedrisch und Pt2+-Ionen planar durch Sauerstoff koordiniert. Die Kristallstruktur zeichnet sich durch einen Hohlraum in der Mitte der Elementarzelle aus.
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  • 78
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 584 (1990), S. 12-20 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Concerning the Synthesis of the Heptaphospha-nortricyclanes R3P7 R = Et, i-Pr, n-Bu, i-Bu, SiH2Me, SiH3, Et2P - SiMe2The preparative access to the compounds Et3P71,i-Pr3P72,n-Bu3P73,i-Bu3P74, (H3Si)3P75, (MeH2Si)3P7 6, and (Et2P - SiMe2)3P6 7 through the reaction of Li3P7 · 3 DME with either EtBr, i-PrBr, n-BuBr, H3SiI, MeSiH2Br or Et2P - Sime2Cl, respectively, is described. At 20°C the compounds 1 to 4 are yellow-greenish, viscid liquids (viscosity increases with the size of R), which are well soluble in ethers and non-polar solvents. 5 forms colorless crystals, which (similar to those of 6) decompose, when exposed to sunlight. 6 and 7 are generated quantitatively, these compounds, however, cannot be isolated undecomposed. While the formation of 1 occurs quantitatively via the red intermediate Li2EtP7, it is possible to isolate Li(i-Pr)2P7 from the residue of the reaction leading to i-Pr3P7. This Li-phosphide is said to cause the formation of higher, P-rich phosphanes like i-Pr3P9. Treatment of Li3P7 with (Me3C)3SiBr does not yield [(Me3C)3Si]3P7. The ratio R3P7(sym.): R3P7(asym.)  -  being 1:3 in Et3P7 or Me3P7-shifts with increasing size of R, favouring the symmetrical isomer. There are no hints for the formation of an asymmetrical isomer in (H3Si)3P7  -  as already known from (Me3Si)3P7, where an asymmetric isomer does not exist either.
    Notes: Der präparative Zugang zu den Verbindungen Et3P71,i-Pr3P72,n-Bu3P73,i-Bu3P74, (H3Si)3P75, (MeH2Si)3P7 6, (Et2P - SiMe2)3P6 7 durch Umsetzung von Li3P7 · 3 DME mit EtBr bzw. i-PrBr, n-BuBr, i-BuBr, H3SiI, MeSiH2Br, Et2P - Sime2Cl wird beschrieben. Die Verbindungen 1 bis 4 sind bei 20°C gelb-grüne, viskose Flüssigkeiten (Viskosität mit der Größe von R steigend), gut löslich in Ethern und unpolaren Lösungsmitteln. (H3Si)3P75 bildet farblose Kristalle, die sich (wie ihre Lösungen) bei Lichteinfluß zersetzen, ähnlich wie die von 6.6 und 7 werden auch quantitativ gebildet, sind aber nicht unzersetzt isolierbar. Während die Bildung von 1 über die rote Zwischenstufe Li2EtP7 quantitativ erfolgt, ist bei der Umsetzung zum i-Pr3P7 das Li(i-Pr)2P7 faßbar, auf das die Bildung P-reicherer Phosphane wie i-Pr3P9 zurückgeführt wird. Li3P7 läßt sich nicht mit (Me3C3) SiBr zum [(Me3C)3Si]3P7 umsetzen. Das Verhältnis R3P7(sym.):(asym.)  -  beim Et3P7 1:3 (wie beim Me3P7)  -  verschiebt sich mit größerem R zugunsten des sym.-Isomers. Im (H3Si)3P7 sind  -  wie im (Me3Si)3P7  -  keine Anzeichen für die Bildung des asym-Isomers vorhanden.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Transition Metal Complexes of P-rich Phosphanes and Silylphosphanes. II. Crystal and Molecular Structures of Chromium Carbonyl Complexes with Heptaphosphanortricyclane as LigandsThe crystal structures of the complexes P7(Et)3Cr(CO)5 2, P7(Et)3[Cr(CO)5]2 5, P7(i-Pr)3[Cr(CO)5]2 7, P7(i-Pr)3Cr2(CO)9 8 und P7(Et)3Cr4(CO)19 11 have been determined with single crystals. 2 crystallizes in the space group P1 with a = 1675.5(8) pm; b = 1978.6(9) pm; c = 1382.3(6) pm; α = 94.13(4)º; β = 105.66(4)º; γ = 99.10(5)º and Z = 8 formula units in the elementary cell. 5: space group P1; a = 1171.5(4) pm; b = 1406.6(7) pm; c = 1042.6(7) pm; α = 99.22º(2); β = 114,84(4)°; γ = 107.26(3)°; Z = 2.7: space group Pbca; a = 1855.2(10)pm; b = 1948.3(8)pm; c = 1742.9(8) pm; Z = 8. 8: space group P21/a; a = 1750.8(8)pm; b = 1255.9(4) pm; c = 1381.1(6) pm; β = 103.95(5)° Z = 4.11: space group P21/n; a = 1466.6(6) pm; b = 2114.0(7) pm; c = 1314.1(4) pm; β = 92.13(3)°; Z = 4. The primary complexation starts at a homonuclear (2b)P atom in 2. In the complexes 5 and 7 in addition a basal P atom is used as donor. The nortri-cyclane acts as a bidentate ligand in 8 and 11. In the latter also two basal P atoms have donor functions. The complexation induces only small changes in the ligands if an equatorial P atom is used. In case of basal P atoms or bidentate ligands the changes are more pronounced. The distances P=Cr range from 233.4 to 239.1 pm in case of equatorial P atoms and from 231.7 pm to 239.5 pm in case of basal P atoms. The compounds are discussed in comparison with the ligand P7(SiMe3)3.
    Notes: Die Kristallstrukturen der Komplexe P7(Et)3Cr(CO)5 2, P7(Et)3[Cr(CO)5]2 5, P7(i-Pr)3[Cr(CO)5]2 7, P7(i-Pr)3Cr2(CO)9 8 und P7(Et)3Cr4(CO)19 11 wurden an Einkristallen bestimmt. 2 kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P1 mit a = 1675,5(8) pm; b = 1978,6(9) pm; c = 1382,3(6) pm; α = 94,13(4)º; β = 105,66(4)º; γ = 99,10(5)º und Z = 8 Formeleinheiten in der Elementarzelle. 5: Raumgruppe P1; a = 1171,5(4) pm; b = 1406,6(7) pm; c = 1042,6(7) pm; α = 99,22º(4); β = 114,84º(4); γ = 107,26(3)º; Z = 2. 7: Raumgruppe Pbca; a = 1855,2(10) pm; b = 1948,3(8) pm; c = 1742,9(8) pm; Z = 8. 8: Raumgruppe P21/a; a = 1750,8(8) pm; b = 1255,9(4) pm; c = 1381,1(6) pm; β = 103,95(5)º; Z = 4. 11: Raumgruppe P21/n; a = 1466,3(6) pm; b = 2114,0(7) pm; c = 1314,1(4) pm; α = 92,13(3)º; Z = 4. Die primäre Donorfunktion in 2 wird von einem homonuklear (2b)P-Atom ausgeübt. In den Komplexen 5 und 7 erfolgt die Bildung der zweikernigen komplexe durch ein P-Atom des Dreiringes. Im Komplex 8 fungieren zwei (2b)P-Atome gemeinsam als zweizähniger Ligand. Dieser wird durch zwei Donorfunktionen der (3b) P-Atome der Basis zu dem vierkernigen Komplex 11 erweitert. Die Komplexbildung bewirkt bei der Donorfunktion der equatorialen P-Atome nur geringe Veränderungen an Bindungsabständen an Bindungsabständen und -winkeln. Wird eine Donorfunktion eines P-Atoms der Basis verwendet, treten größere Veränderungen auf. Dieses ist auch bei einer Funktion der Nortricyclane als zweizähniger Ligand der Fall. Die Cr-P-Abstände liegen im Bereich von 233,4 pm bis 239,1 pm für äquatoriale P-Atome und von 231,7 pm bis 239,5 pm für basale P-Atome. Die Veränderungen werden im Vergleich mit dem Liganden P7(SiMe3)3 diskutiert.
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  • 80
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 87-92 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Pattern of IR3O12-Octahedra-Trippel in Ba4Ir3-xTixO10 (x = 1.55)The hitherto unknown compound Ba4Ir1,45Ti1,55O10 was prepared and investigated by X-ray single crystal methods. It crystallizes with orthorhombic symmetry, space group C2v12-Cmc21, a = 5.78; b = 13.36; c = 13.03 Å; Z = 4. (Ir, Ti)3O12 groups, containing face connected octahedra, are joined into a twodimensional network. The crystal chemical relationships in respect to other alkaline earth oxoiridates with Ir3O12 groups are discussed.
    Notes: Die bislang unbekannte Verbindung Ba4Ir1,45Ti1,55O10 wurde einkristallin dargestellt und mit Röntgenmethoden untersucht. Sie kristallisiert orthorhombisch, Raumgruppe C2v12-Cmc21, a = 5,78; b = 13,36; c = 13,03 Å; Z = 4.(Ir, Ti)3O12-Baugruppen flächenverknüpfter Oktaeder bilden zweidimensionale Netze aus. Die kristallchemischen Beziehungen zu anderen Erdalkalimetall-Oxoiridaten mit Ir3O12-Baugruppen werden diskutiert.
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  • 81
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 93-98 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Reactivity of the I3+ Cation towards Ammonia, Nitriles, and PyridinesThe reaction behaviour of I3+ (in I3+AsF6-) towards ammonia, nitriles (CF3CN, CH3CN, BrCN), and pyridines (C5H5N, C5F5N) has been investigated. The novel cation [CH3CNI]+ (in the AsF6- salt) and the pyridinium salt [C5H5NI]+[AsF6]- were prepared quantitatively and characterized by chemical analysis and 1H n.m.r. and i.r. spectroscopy. NI3 was found to be an intermediate in the reaction of I3+AsF6- and NH3. The results are discussed on the basis of a simple thermodynamic model.
    Notes: Das Reaktionsverhalten von I3+ (in I3+AsF6-) gegenüber Ammoniak, Nitrilen (CF3CN, CH3CN, BrCN) und Pyridin (C5H5N, C5F5N) wurde untersucht. Das neuartige Kation [CH3CNI]+ (als AsF6-Salz) sowie das Pyridimium-Salz [C5H5NI]+[AsF6]- konnten quantitativ synthetisiert und elementaranalytisch sowie spektroskopisch (1H-NMR, IR) charakterisiert werden. NI3 wurde als Intermediat bei der Reaktion von I3+AsF6- und NH3 nachgewiesen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse werden auf der Basis einfacher thermodynamischer Modelle diskutiert.
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  • 82
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 99-105 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Crystal Structure of LnAl3Cl12 (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho) and Thermal Decomposition to LnCl3LnAl3Cl12 (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho) was prepared in crystalline form for the first time. The crystal structure of DyAl3Cl12 was determined on single crystals by X-ray methods. DyAl3Cl12 crystallizes with trigonal symmetry, space group P3112, Z = 3. Thermal decomposition of LnAl3Cl12 to the corresponding lanthanide trichloride is described.
    Notes: LnAl3Cl12 (Ln = Tb, Dy, Ho) wurde erstmals in kristalliner Form dargestellt. Die Kristallstruktur von DyAl3Cl12 wurde anhand von röntgenographischen Einkristalluntersuchungen bestimmt. Die Verbindung kristallisiert in der trigonalen Raumgruppe P3112, Z = 3. Der thermische Abbau von LnAl3Cl12 zum entsprechenden Lanthanoidtrichlorid wird beschrieben.
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  • 83
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 106-114 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: An Oxomanganate(V) of New Type: K11{Li[OMnO3]}4By heating of well ground mixtures of the oxides [K2O2, LiMnO4, K:Mn = 2.2:1, Ag-tube, 580°C, 30 d] blue-green tetragonal single crystals of K11{Li[OMnO3]4} have been prepared for the first time: space group I42m; a = 787,18(7) pm, c = 1750.9(3) pm.The structure was determined by four-circle-diffractometer data [MoKα, 1236 from 1303 Io(h kl), R = 3.9%, Rw = 3.1%], parameters see text. The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, and the Effective Coordination Numbers, ECoN, these via Mean Fictive Ionic Radii, MEFIR, have been calculated.
    Notes: Erstmals wurde K11{Li[OMnO3]4} durch Tempern inniger Gemenge der Oxide [K2O2, LiMnO4, K:Mn = 2,2:1, Ag-Bömbchen, 580°C, 30 d] in Form von blaugrünen tetragonalen Einkristallen erhalten: Raumgruppe I42m mit a = 787,18(7) pm, c = 1750,9(3) pm.Die Struktur wurde mittels Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten [MoKα, 1236 von 1303 Io(h kl), R = 3,9%, Rw = 3,1%] bestimmt, Parameter siehe Text. Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, und Effektive Koordinationszahlen, ECoN, diese über Mittlere Fiktive Ionenradien, MEFIR, wurden berechnet.
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  • 84
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 115-124 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: On the Constitution of K3[FeO4]For the first time black orthorhombic single crystals of K3[FeO4] were prepared by heating well ground mixtures of the oxides (K2O2 and KFeO2 with K2O2:KFeO2 = 1.78:1.0, Ag-tube, 470°C, 18 d, 350°C, 5 d). Spacegroup Pnma with a = 770.16(13) pm, b = 909.20(17) pm, c = 783.70(14) pm.The structure has been determined by four-circle-diffractometer data [MoKα, 1241 of 1278 I0(hkl), R = 3.2%, Rw = 3.1%]; parameters as given in the text. The Madelung Part of the Lattice Energy, MAPLE, and the Effective Coordination Numbers, ECoN, these via Mean Fictive Ionic Radii, MEFIR, will be calculated and discussed.
    Notes: Erstmals wurde K3[FeO4] durch Tempern inniger Gemenge der Oxide (K2O2 und KFeO2 mit K2O2:KFeO2 = 1,78:1,0, Ag-Bömbchen, 470°C, 18 d, 350°C, 5 d) in Form von schwarzen, orthorhombischen Kristallen erhalten: Raumgruppe Pnma mit a = 770,16(13) pm, b = 909,20(17) pm, c = 783,70(14) pm.Die Struktur wurde mittels Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten [MoKα, 1241 von 1278 I0(hkl), R = 3,2%, Rw = 3,1%] bestimmt; Parameter siehe Text. Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, und Effektive Koordinationszahlen, ECoN, diese über Mittlere Fiktive Ionenradien, MEFIR, werden berechnet und diskutiert.
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  • 85
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    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 125-135 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The First Quinquinary Oxotellurate (VI): K3Na2LiTeO6Colourless single crystals of K3Na2LiTeO6 are formed by reaction of the binary oxides (closed Ag-cylinder in supremaxglass ampoule; K2O:Na2O:Li2O:TeO3 = 3:2:1:2; 720°C; 40 d). The structure elucidation (four-circle diffractometer, MoKα, 3286 symmetry independent I0(hkl); R = 1.9%) confirms the space group Cc with a = 928.3(1), b = 1187.4(2), c = 678.7(1) pm, β = 93.8(1)°, Z = 4 (Guinier-deWolff-data).Essential part of the structure are chains ∞1{LiTeO6} which are connected to sheets ∞2{Na2LiTeO6}by sodium.The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, and Effective Coordination Numbers, ECoN, the latter derived from Mean Fictive Ionic Radii, MEFIR, are calculated and discussed.
    Notes: Neu dargestellt wurde aus den binären Oxiden in Form farbloser, kugeliger Einkristalle K3Na2LiTeO6 (geschlossene Ag-Bömbchen in Supremaxampullen; K2O:Na2O:Li2O:TeO3 = 3:2:1:2; 720°C; 40 d).Die Strukturaufklärung (Vierkreisdiffraktometerdaten; MoKα, 3286 I0(hkl), alle verwendet; R = 1,9%), belegt die Raumgruppe Cc. Aus Guinier-deWolff-Daten folgt a = 928,3(1), b = 1187,4(2), c = 678,7(1) pm, β = 93,8(1)°, Z = 4.Charakteristisch für die Struktur sind aus [TeO6]-Oktaeder und tetraedrischen [LiO4]-Gruppen gebildete Ketten ∞1{LiTeO6}, die über Na+zu Schichten ∞2{Na2LiTeO6} verknüpft sind.Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, sowie Effektive Koordinationszahlen, ECoN, diese über Mittlere Fiktive Ionenradien, MEFIR, werden berechnet und diskutiert.
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  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 136-140 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Kristall- und Molekül-Struktur von Bis(N, N-dipropyl-N′-diphenoxythiophosphoryl-thioureato) Nickel(II) [(C6H5O)2P(S)NC(S)N(C3H7) 2]2NiDer Ni-Komplex [(C6H5O)2P(S)NC(S)N(C3H7) 2]2Ni ist monoklin und kristallisiert in der Raumgruppe P21/n mit a = 8,890(3), b = 21,692(5), c = 11,670(4) Å, β = 108,35(5)°, V = 2136(1) Å3, F(000) = 916, Mr = 534,01, Z = 2, Dm = 1,358 Mg m-3. Die Messungen wurden mit durch Graphit monochromatisierter MoKα-Strahlung, π = 0,7107 Å, μ = 0,76 mm-1 bei T = 293 K durchgeführt. Die Lösung der Struktur erfolgte nach einer Schweratommethode und wurde verfeinert bis auf R = 0,044 für 3095 unabhängige Reflexe. Das Ni-Atom liegt im Symmetriezentrum und ist koordiniert durch der vier Schwefelatome der zwei Ligandenmoleküle in einer planaren Anordnung. Die Ni—S-Bindungslängen sind 2,205 bzw. 2,226 Å. Die Winkel S—Ni—S betragen 97,65 bzw. 82,35°.
    Notes: The Ni complex [C6H5O2P(S)N(C3H72]2Ni is monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 8.890(3), b = 21.692(5), c = 11.670(4) Å, β = 108.35(5)°, V = 2136(1) Å3, F(000) = 916, Mr = 534.01, Z = 2, Dm = 1.318, Dx = 1.358 Mg m-3, graphite monochromatized MoKα- radiation, π = 0.7107 Å, μ = 0.76 mm-1, T = 293 K. The structure was solved by a heavy atom method and refined to R = 0.044 for 3095 independent reflexions. The Ni atom lies in the centre of symmetry and is coordinated by four S atoms of the two molecules of the ligand in a planar arrangement. Ni—S bond lengths are 2.205 and 2.226 Å resp., the angles S—Ni—S are 97.65 and 82.35° resp.
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  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 141-148 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Preparation and Crystal Structure of CrSO4 · 3 H2OEvaporating a solution of Cr2+ in dilute sulphuric acid at 70°C light blue crystals of CrSO4 · 3 H2O were grown. Its x-ray powder diffraction pattern is quite similar to that of CuSO4 · 3 H2O. The crystal structure refinement of CrSO4 · 3 H2O (space group Ce, a = 5.7056(8) Å, b = 13.211(2) Å, c = 7.485(1) Å, β = 96.73(1)°, Z = 4) from single crystal data, using the parameters of the copper compound as starting values, results in a final R-value of R = 3.8%.The surrounding of the Cr2+ ion can be described as a strongly elongated octahedron. The basal plane of the CrO6-octahedron consists of three hydrate oxygen atoms and one sulphate oxygen atom. The two more distant axial oxygen atoms also belong to sulphate groups. Thus they are forming chains of alterning CrO6-octahedra and SO4-tetrahedra along [110] and [1-10] linked via common corners. These chains are connected via sulphate groups and by bridging hydrogen bonds to a 3-dimensional network.
    Notes: Durch Kristallisieren aus einer schwefelsauren Lösung von Chrom(II)-Sulfat (T ≈ 70°C) ist das hellblaue Trihydrat CrSO4 · 3 H2O erhältlich. Die Verbindung ist isotyp zu CuSO4 · 3 H2O. Die Strukturverfeinerung anhand von Einkristalldaten erfolgte in der Raumgruppe Cc mit a = 5,7056(8) Å, b = 13,211(2) Å, c = 7,485(1) Å, β = 96,73(1)°, Z = 4 und konvergierte bei R = 3,8%.Cr2+ ist verzerrt oktaedrisch koordiniert. Die Basisfläche des Oktaeders wird von drei Hydratsauerstoffatomen und einem Sulfatsauerstoffatom aufgespannt. Zwei weitere Sauerstoffatome von Sulfatgruppen vervollständigen in einem größeren Abstand die elongierten Oktaeder. Diese sind untereinander über gemeinsame Sulfatpolyeder verknüpft. Dadurch ergeben sich Ketten, in denen CrO6-Oktaeder und SO4-Tetraeder abwechseln. Diese Ketten, deren Orientierung jeweils [110] und [1-10] in c-Richtung wechselt, sind über Sulfatgruppen und Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen miteinander verbunden.
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  • 88
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 159-165 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [Na-Benzo-15-Crown-5][WF2Cl2(N3S2)]The cyclothiazeno complex [Na-benzo-15-crown-5][WF2Cl2(N3S2)] has been prepared by reaction of sodium fluoride with [WCl3(N3S2)]2 in acetonitrile solution in the presence of benzo-15-crown-5, forming brown crystals, which were characterized by IR spectroscopy as well as by an X-ray structure determination. Space group C2/m, Z = 4, 2917 observed unique reflexions, R = 0.037. Lattice dimensions at 20°C: a = 1773.8, b = 1008.9, c = 1269.5 pm, β = 92.46°. The compound consists of ion pairs, in which the sodium ion is seven-coordinated by the oxygen atoms of the crown ether molecule, and by the two fluorine ligands of the [WF2Cl2(N3S2)] unit. The tungsten atom is a member of the planar WN3S2 ring; the fluorine atoms are coordinated in trans position to the nitrogen atoms of the cyclothiazeno ring.
    Notes: Der Cyclothiazenokomplex [Na-Benzo-15-Krone-5][WF2Cl2(N3S2)] wird aus [WCl3(N3S2)]2 und überschüssigem NaF in Acetonitril bei Gegenwart von Benzo-15-Krone-5 in Form brauner Kristallnadeln erhalten, die durch ihr IR-Spektrum und durch eine Kristallstruktur-analyse charakterisiert werden. Raumgruppe C2/m, Z = 4, 2917 unabhängige, beobachtete Reflexe, R = 3,7%. Gitterabmessungen bei 20°C: a = 1773,8; b = 1008,9; c = 1269,5 pm; β = 92,46°. Die Verbindung bildet Ionenpaare, in denen das Natriumion siebenfach von den fünf O-Atomen des Kronenethers und von den zwei F-Atomen des [WF2Cl2(N3S2)]--Ions umgeben ist. Das Wolframatom ist Bestandteil des ebenen WN3S2-Ringes, die beiden F-Atome befinden sich in den trans-Positionen zu den N-Atomen des Cyclothiazenoringes.
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Characterization of Electrode Materials Based on V2O5 by X-Ray and Photoelectron SpectroscopyThe investigation of various LixV2O5 compounds and V2O5 itself by X-ray and photoelectron spectroscopy resulted in new knowledge about the change of the structure of V2O5 during discharge in positive electrodes of secondary lithium batteries. The structures of the compounds produced by electrochemical reduction of V2O5 in aprotic lithium salt solutions are similar to these received on a chemical way. In the case of overdischarging of LixV2O5 (x 〉 1) the V2p3/2 binding energy is decreased, the change of the lattice becomes irreversible, and the material is after that only uncompletely rechargeable.
    Notes: Durch röntgen- und photoelektronenspektroskopische Untersuchungen an verschiedenen LixV2O5-Verbindungen und an V2O5 wurden weitere Erkenntnisse zur Strukturumwandlung des V2O5 während seiner Entladung in positiven Elektroden von sekundären Lithiumzellen erhalten. Es treten während der elektrochemischen Reduktion des V2O5 in aprotischen Lithiumsalzlösungen ähnliche Strukturen auf wie bei chemisch hergestellten Verbindungen. Im Falle einer Überentladung (x 〉 1) nimmt die V2p3/2-Bindungsenergie ab, die Gitteränderung wird irreversibel und das Material ist danach nur unvollständig wiederaufladbar.
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  • 90
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersuchungen von CsCl, K2SO4 und K2CrO4 als Hochtemperatur-Eichsubstanzen für die Differential Scanning CalorimetrieDie Auswahl von Bezugssubstanzen mit Daten von Standardqualität ist wichtig für sinnvolle Messungen mit der DSC. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Ergebnisse der kritischen Bestimmung der Daten für solche Materialien mitgeteilt. Neue Untersuchungen werden für die drei Salzsysteme CsCl, K2SO4 und K2CrO4 als Standardreferenzsubstanzen für die Hochtemperatur-DSC vorgenommen und mitgeteilt. Die Untersuchungen werden auf Bi und KNO3, zwei voraussichtliche Materialien für Messungen bei niedrigen Temperaturen, ausgedehnt und hier ebenfalls mitgeteilt.
    Notes: The selection of reference materials having calibration quality data sets is essential to meaningful measurements with DSC. In the present work the results of critical evaluations of the data sets for such materials are reported. New studies for three salt systems, CsCl, K2SO4, and K2CrO4 as calibrants for high temperature DSC, were undertaken, and are reported. The studies were extended to include Bi and KNO3, two prospective candidate materials for measurements at lower temperatures, and these results are also reported herewith.
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  • 91
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The Thermal Behaviour of Caesiumchloroferrates (III). On Cs3[FeCl6]. A Combined Investigation by Simultaneous Thermal Analysis and Raman Spectroscopy at Higher TemperaturesA solid mixture (CsCl + FeCl3) reacts during heating at about 240°C forming Cs[FeCl4] whereas (3CsCl + FeCl3) under the same conditions yields a mixture of Cs3[Fe2Cl9] and CsCl. Depending on the heterogenity of the educt mixture the product also may contain several amounts of Cs[FeCl4]. Cs3[FeCl6] is not formed.The processes during the first heating of these mixtures were studied in situ using Raman spectroscopy. The results are compared with the thermoanalytical curves as well as with preparative results.
    Notes: Während das feste Gemenge (CsCl + FeCl3) unter Aufheizen bei etwa 240°C unter Bildung von Cs[FeCl4] reagiert, bildet sich aus 3 CsCl + FeCl4 reagiert, bildet sich aus (3 CsCl + FeCl3) unter gleichen Bedingungen ein Gemenge von Cs3[Fe2Cl9] und CsCl, das je nach Heterogenität des Ausgangsgemenges auch Anteile von Cs[FeCl4] enthalten kann. Cs3[FeCl6] wird nicht gebildet.Die Vorgänge beim ersten Aufheizen dieser Gemenge werden in situ mittels Ramanspektroskopie verfolgt und mit den thermoanalytischen Kurven sowie mit präparativen Befunden verglichen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Structure Refinement of the Copper Ion Conductor CuTeClThe crystal structure of the copper ion conductor CuTeCl has been refined with single crystal data. CuTeCl crystallizes tetragonally in space group I41/a m d with the lattice parameters a = 1560.9(3) pm, c = 479.5(2) pm and Z = 16. With regard to the tellurium and halogen partial structure the compound is isotypic with CuTeBr and CuTeI, but differs from these with respect to the multiplicity and occupation of the Cu-sites. A special structural feature of CuTeCl are fourfold ∞1[Te]-helices parallel to the c-axis. The Te—Te distances (d = 275.8 pm) are discussed in comparison with those in the element (d = 283.5 pm). A detailed analysis of the thermal parameters of the copper atoms with the aid of geometrically modelled vibrational ellipsoids shows a connection between the structural and conductance data. Furthermore it allows conclusions to be drawn about the contribution of the different copper ions to the conductance. The findings are in agreement with earlier investigations of the copper pathways in CuTeBr.
    Notes: Die Kristallstruktur des Kupferionenleiters CuTeCl wurde auf der Basis von Einkristalldaten verfeinert. CuTeCl kristallisiert tetragonal in der Raumgruppe I41/a m d mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 1560,9(3) pm, c = 479,5(2) pm und Z = 16. Die Verbindung ist hinsichtlich der Te- und Halogenteilstruktur zu CuTeBr und CuTeI isotyp, unterscheidet sich jedoch in der Zähligkeit und Besetzung der Cu-Lagen. Besonderes Strukturmerkmal von CuTeCl sind vierzählige ∞1[Te]-Helices parallel zu c. Die Te—Te-Abstände (d = 275,8 pm) werden im Vergleich zu denen im Element (d = 283,5 pm) diskutiert. Eine ausführliche Analyse der thermischen Parameter der Cu-Atome unter Zuhilfenahme der Simulation ihres Schwingungsverhaltens auf rein geometrischer Basis zeigt, daß diese Strukturdaten mit Leitfähigkeitsmessungen korreliert werden können. Sie läßt weitergehend Schlüsse auf den unterschiedlichen Beitrag der Cu-Ionen zur Leitfähigkeit zu. Die Ergebnisse sind im Einklang mit früheren Untersuchungen der Cu-Leitfähigkeitspfade in CuTeBr.
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  • 93
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    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 586 (1990), S. 194-202 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations on the Constitution of the Anions in Trimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium Alumosilicate Solutions and of its Crystallized CompoundsDouble four-ring alumosilicate units were identified in trimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammoniumalumosilicate solutions by 29Si n.m.r. spectroscopic investigations and by the use of molybdate and trimethylsilylation method. It was shown, that double four-ring silicate and alumosilicate structures also exist in the isolated crystalline products.
    Notes: In Trimethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammoniumalumosilicatlösungen können im Ergebnis von 29Si-NMR-spektroskopischen Untersuchungen, der Anwendung der Molybdatmethode und der Trimethylsilylierung mit anschließender gaschromatographischer Trennung der Ester Doppelvierring-Alumosilicatspezien nachgewiesen werden. Die aus solchen Lösungen isolierten kristallinen Produkte enthalten Doppelvierringsilicat- bzw. -alumosilicatstrukturen.
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 587 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 95
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Direkte elektrochemische Synthese und Kristallstruktur des Zink(II)-carbamato-Komplexes{[N-methyl-N′-[(2-pyrrolyl)methylen]ethylendiamin][N-methyl-N-[2-[(2-pyrrolato)methylenamino]ethyl]carbamato]}zink(II)Die elektrochemische Oxidation von anodischem Zink in Acetonitril-Lösung einer Schiffschen Base, die aus Hpyrrol-2-carbaldehyd und N-methylethyldiamin dargestellt wurde, ergibt[Zn(C8H13N3)(C9H11N3O2)], dessen Kristallstruktur röntgenographisch bestimmt wurde. Die Verbindung kristallisiert im orthorhombischen Kristallsystem, mit der Raumgruppe Pbca und a = 13,757(2), b = 17,748(4), c = 14,808(4) Å, Z = 8. Die Verfeinerung führte bis zu einem R-Wert von 0,049 für 1407 unabhängige, beobachtete Reflexe. Die Kristallstruktur besteht aus monomeren Molekülen, in denen die zentrale ZnN4O-Einheit eine verzerrt trigonal bipyramidale Geometrie aufweist. Die Carbamatogruppe ist einzähnig gebunden.
    Notes: The electrochemical oxidation of anodic zinc in an acetonitrile solution of a Schiff base derived from Hpyrrole-2-carbaldehyde and N-methylethylenediamine gives [Zn(C8H13N3)-(C9H11N3O2)], whose crystal structure has been determined. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) with a = 13.757(2), b = 17.748(4), c = 14.808(4) Å and Z = 8. Refinement converged to R = 0.049 for 1407 independent observed reflections. The crystal structure consists of monomeric molecules in which the central ZnN4O unit has distorted trigonal bipyramidal geometry and the carbamato group is monodentate.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 587 (1990), S. 23-28 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Syntheses and Structure Analyses of Iodocuprates (I). XI. Crystal Structure of Tl4Cu2I6Tl4Cu2I6 was prepared by melting TlI and CuI or by hydrothermal synthesis in concentratet aqueous HI solution. The crystal structure analysis of Tl4Cu2I6 (orthorhombic, Pnnm, a = 919.6(1), b = 955.2(2), c = 933.6(2) pm, Z = 2) shows that the compound contains dinuclear anions [Cu2I6]4- which are built up by edge sharing CuI4-tetrahedra. The coordination of TlI with I- is analogous to the yellow TlI.
    Notes: Tetrathallium-di-μ-iodo-bis(diiodocuprat(I)) Tl4Cu2I6 kann durch Umsetzung von CuI mit TlI in der Schmelze oder durch Hydrothermalsynthese in konzentrierter, wäßriger HI hergestellt werden. Die Kristallstrukturaufklärung von Tl4Cu2I6 (orthorhombisch, Pnnm, a = 919,6(1), b = 955,2(2), c = 933,6(2) pm, Z = 2) ergab, daß die Verbindung zweikernige Anionen [Cu2I6]4- enthält, bei denen zwei CuI4-Tetraeder über eine gemeinsame Kante verknüpft sind. Die Koordination des TlI mit I- entspricht der im gelben Thalliumiodid.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Dicyclopentadienidehalides of Lanthanides. Part 7. Magnetism of the Two Modifications of Gadolinium-dicyclopentadienidebromide, [Gd(C5H5)2Br]2 and ∞1[Gd(C5H5)2Br]Magnetic susceptibility data of the two modifications of Gd(C5H5)2Br have been determined in the temperature range between 295 and 3 K. Modification I, [Gd(C5H5)2Br]2, is composed of binuclear units (Gd—Gd distance ≈427 pm) whereas II, ∞1[Gd(C5H5)2Br], forms one-dimensional polymers (Gd—Gd distance 488 pm). In either case Curie-Weiss behaviour is observed down to 6 K with magnetic moments close to the Gd3+ free-ion value of Θtheor = 7.94 μB (I: μ = 7.91 μB, Θp = -0.3 K; II: μ = 7.96 μB, Θp = -0.9 K). The behaviour of I which may be affected by an antiferromagnetic coupling of the Gd centres within the binuclear units cannot be described on the basis of isotropic exchange interactions. II exhibits a second Curie-Weiss range below 5 K with a smaller slope compared to the high temperature region.
    Notes: Die magnetischen Suszeptibilitäten der beiden Modifikationen von Gd(C5H5)2Br wurden zwischen 295 und 3 K ermittelt. Modifikation I, [Gd(C5H5)2Br]2, besteht aus isolierten Zweikern-Einheiten (Gd—Gd-Abstand: ≈427 pm), während II, ∞1[Gd(C5H5)2Br], eindimensional-unendliche Baugruppen aufweist (Gd—Gd-Abstand: 488 pm). In beiden Fällen wird bis 6 K Curie-Weiss-Verhalten beobachtet mit einem für Gd3+-Ionen (μtheor = 7,94 μB) zu erwartenden magnetischen Moment und kleinen negativen Θp-Werten (I: μ = 7,91 μB, Θp = -0,3 K; II: μ = 7,96 μB, Θp = -0,9 K). I zeigt bei etwa 5 K ein Suszeptibilitätsmaximum, das auf intramolekularen Antiferromagnetismus hinweist. Eine Beschreibung des Verhaltens durch Berücksichtigung isotroper Austauschwechselwirkungen mit Hilfe des Heisenberg-Modells gelingt allerdings nicht. Im Falle von II wird unterhalb 5 K ein zweiter linearer χ-1-T-Verlauf beobachtet.
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Complex Cation [(AnH)3(H2O)2]3+ in Trianilinium-tri-μ-chloro-nonachloro-trirhenate(III)-dihydrate, (AnH)3[Re3(μ-Cl3)Cl9] · 2 H2ODark red single crystals of trianilinium-tri-μ-chloro-nonachloro-trirhenate(III)-dihydrate grow from hydrochloric acid solutions of “ReCl3 · 2 H2O” and anilinium hydrochloride. An important feature of the crystal structure (monoclinic, P21/a, Z = 4, a = 1595.98(12), b = 1594.53(11), c = 1319.65 (9) pm, β = 100.20(1)°, Vm = 497.68(1) cm3 mol-1) are complex cations of the composition [(AnH)3(H2O)2]3+. The N—O- and O—O-distances in the hydrogen bonded cation [(AnH)3(H2O)2]3+ are 281 to 289 pm and 287, respectively. The cationic layers build up corrugated layers parallel (010) and leave two channels in the [010] direction per unit cell into which the anionic clusters, [Re3Cl12]3-, are embedded.
    Notes: Dunkelrote Einkristalle von Trianilinium-tri-μ-chloro-nonachloro-tri-rhenat(III)-dihydrat erhält man aus salzsauren Lösungen von „ReCl3 · 2 H2O“ und Aniliniumhydrochlorid. In der Kristallstruktur (monoklin, P21/a, Z = 4, a = 1595,98(12), b = 1594,53(11), c = 1319,65(9) pm, β = 100,20(1)°, Vm = 497,68(1) cm3 mol-1) sind drei Aniliniumkationen und zwei Wassermoleküle über Wasserstoff-Brückenbindungen zu einem komplexen Kation [(AnH)3(H2O)2]3+ verbunden. Innerhalb dieser Baugruppe findet man N—O-Bindungsabstände zwischen 281 und 289 pm sowie einen O—O-Abstand von 287 pm. Die komplexen Kationen [(AnH)3(H2O)2]3+ sind parallel (010) zu gewellten Schichten angeordnet, die je Elementarzelle zwei Kanäle in Richtung [010] freilassen, in die die Anionen [Re3Cl12]3- eingebettet sind.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 590 (1990) 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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