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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: Im Mai 2009 wurde Wolfram|Alpha gestartet, ein Service, der seinen Namen von seinem Entwickler, dem britischen Mathematiker Stephen Wolfram, ableitet. Dem Benutzer soll nicht nur eine Liste von Webseiten als Ergebnis auf Anfragen geliefert werden, sondern Antworten auf konkrete Fragen geben. In diesem Report soll gezeigt werden, warum sichWolframjAlpha von Suchmaschinen abgrenzt und was die Berechnung von Antworten auf natürlichsprachliche Fragen möglich machen kann.
    Description: Wolfram|Alpha was started in May 2009 and it's a service whose name derives from the british mathematician Stephen wolfram. As a result for a request the user is not just supported with a list of websites but with answers for concrete questions. In this report it will be shown why Wolfram|Alpha seperates from search engines and moreover what makes the computation of answers for natural language queries possible.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Executing applications in the Grid often requires access to multiple geographically distributed resources. In a Grid environment, these resources belong to different administrative domains, each employing its own scheduling policy. That is, at which time an activity (e.g., compute job, data transfer) is started, is decided by the resource's local management system. In such an environment, the coordinated execution of distributed applications requires guarantees on the quality of service (QoS) of the needed resources. Reserving resources in advance is an accepted means to obtain QoS guarantees from a single provider. The challenge, however, is to coordinate advance reservations of multiple resources. This work presents a system architecture and mechanisms to coordinate multiple advance reservations -- called co-reservations -- for delivering QoS guarantees to complex applications. We formally define the co-reservation problem as an optimization problem. The presented model supports three dimensions of freedom: the start time, the duration and the service level of a reservation. Requests and resources are described in a simple language. After matching the static properties and requirements of either side in a mapping, the reservation mechanism probes information about the future status of the resources. The versatile design of the probing step allows the efficient processing of requests, but also lets the resources express their preferences among the myriads of reservation candidates. Next, the best mapping is found through an implementation of the formal co-reservation model. Then, the mapping has to be secured, i.e., resources need to be allocated to a co-reservation candidate with all-or-nothing semantics. We study several goal-driven sequential and concurrent allocation mechanisms and define schemes for handling allocation failures. Finally, we introduce the concept of virtual resources for seamlessly embedding co-reservations into Grid resource management.
    Description: Die Ausführung von Anwendungen erfordert oft mehrere, geographisch verteilte Ressourcen. In Grid-Umgebungen gehören diese Ressourcen zu verschiedenen administrativen Organisationen, wobei jede ihre eigene Schedulingregeln verwendet. Das bedeutet, zu welcher Zeit eine Aktivität gestartet wird (z.B. ein Rechenjob), wird vom lokalen Ressourcenmanagementsystem entschieden. Die koordinierte Ausführung von verteilten Anwendungen erfordert Dienstgütegarantien für die benötigten Ressourcen. Das Reservieren von Ressourcen im Voraus ist ein Mittel, um Dienstgütegarantien von einem einzelnen Ressourcenanbieter zu erhalten. Die Herausforderung in dieser Arbeit ist, Vorausreservierungen von mehreren Ressourcen zu koordinieren. Es wird ein System für die Koordinierung mehrerer Vorausreservierungen -- Co-Reservierungen genannt -- für die Bereitstellung von Dienstgütegarantien vorgestellt. Wir definieren das Co-Reservierungsproblem als Optimierungsproblem. Das vorgestellte Modell unterstützt drei Freiheitsgrade: die Startzeit, die Dauer und die Dienstgüte einer Reservierung. Anfragen und Ressourcen werden in einer einfachen Sprache beschrieben. Nachdem statische Eigenschaften und Anforderungen beider Seiten überprüft wurden, ermittelt der Reservierungsmechanismus Informationen über den zukünftigen Zustand der Ressourcen. Dieser Schritt ist so allgemein gehalten, daß er sowohl ein effizientes Bearbeiten der Anfragen erlaubt als auch den Ressourcen ermöglicht ihre Präferenzen auszudrücken. Im Anschluss wird die optimale Zuweisung von Anfragen zu Ressourcen ermittelt. Im letzten Schritt muss diese Zuweisung umgesetzt werden, d.h., entweder alle oder keine Ressource wird allokiert. Es werden mehrere sequentielle und parallele Allokationsverfahren vorgestellt sowie deren Auswirkung auf verschiedene Metriken untersucht. Die Einbettung von Co-Reservierungen in das Grid-Ressourcenmanagement wird anhand des Konzeptes der virtuellen Ressource dargestellt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Aktuelle Entwicklungen zeigen, dass Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Anwendungen wie Skype oder Bittorrent im Internet immer mehr an Bedeutung gewinnen. In den letzten Jahren hat es einen explosionsartigen Anstieg an Nutzern und Daten in solchen Netzen gegeben. Dabei stellt der eigentliche Dateitransfer zwischen zwei Rechnern kein großes Problem mehr dar und auch der Speicherbedarf für die große Menge an Daten kann durch die Weiterentwicklung der Hardware gut gedeckt werden. Das eigentliche Problem liegt vielmehr darin, den Rechner zu finden, der die gewünschten Daten hat. Client-Server Architekturen, wie zum Beispiel Napster, haben sich als ungünstig herausgestellt. Wenige Server, die eine große Anzahl an Clients bedienen müssen, sind einerseits sehr anfällig gegenüber Angriffen und Ausfällen (Single Point of Failure)und kommen auch nicht mit der ständig wachsenden Anzahl an Nutzern zurecht. Verteilte Hashtabellen (DHT) bieten hier einen guten Lösungsansatz, der mit einer großen Anzahl an Nutzern skaliert und ausfallsicher ist. Andere dezentrale Lösungen, wie zum Beispiel das P2P Netzwerk Gnutella haben zwar das Problem des Single Point of Failure gelöst, jedoch haben sie starke Nachteile bei der Suche nach Keys. Bei einer Suche wird ein Broadcast verwendet (jeder schickt die Anfrage an jeden weiter) und damit ein enormer Netzwerkverkehr erzeugt. In "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really" wird erklärt, dass eine Suchanfrage bei Standardeinstellungen in der Clientsoftware einen Netzwerkverkehr von 17MB erzeugt. Deswegen wird zusätzlich eine Lösung benötigt, die Keys und Values geordnet verteilt, damit sie gezielt gesucht werden können. Aus diesem Grund beschäftigt sich die folgende Arbeit mit einer völlig dezentralen Architektur, die außerdem eine sinnvolle Platzierung der Keys vornimmt. Die dezentrale Architektur hat den Vorteil, dass die Endgeräte den Hauptteil des Dienstes selbst erbringen und damit jeder zusätzliche Teilnehmer seine eigenen Ressourcen beisteuert. Diese Arbeit präsentiert Chord#, eine dezentrale, skalierbare und selbstorganisierende verteilte Hashtabelle. Chord# wurde ausgewählt, da in dieser Arbeit auch Wert auf Bereichsabfragen gelegt wurde. Diese sind zum Beispiel bei dem Chord Algorithmus nicht möglich, da dieser eine Hashfunktion für die Keys verwendet und somit die Daten zwar gleichmäßig aber unsortiert auf die Teilnehmer verteilt. Es wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe von Chord# auch ohne die Hashfunktion gute Ergebnisse erzielt werden. Außerdem können durch den Verzicht auf die Hashfunktion Bereichsabfragen ermöglicht werden. Dafür wird der Chord# Algorithmus in Java implementiert (ca. 1500 Zeilen Code) und in dem Forschungsnetz PlanetLab ausführlich auf Laufzeiten, Instandhaltungskosten und Skalierung getestet.
    Description: Recent developments show that peer-to-peer (p2p) applications, such as Skype or Bittorrent have become increasingly important in the internet. Over the last years there has been a rapid growth of both users and data in such networks. However, the actual file transfer between two peers is not really an issue anymore. The same holds true for data storage, since the new hardware grants users enough space to store their data. The real problem is finding the peers that possess the desired data. Client-server architectures like Napster have proven to be ineffective addressing that problem. One or few servers being responsible for many peers are vulnerable to attacks or failures (single point of failure). Additionally, they are unable to cope with the rapidly growing number of peers. Distributed hashtables (DHT) are a good approach to solve these problems, since they scale nicely with large numbers of peers and provide a high tolerance for errors. Other decentralized solutions like the p2p network Gnutella solved the problem of Single Point of Failure but show considerable disadvantages when searching for keys. The peers in Gnutella use a broadcast (sending the message to all peers they know)resulting in massive traffic. According to "Why Gnutella Can't Scale. No, Really.", each search using standard client settings yields 17MB traffc. This calls for a different solution, distributing keys and values to peers quickly and efficiently so they can be found fast. For that reason this thesis focuses on a fully distributed architecture using organized key placement. One major advantage of distributed architecture is the fact, that the peers do most of the work themselves. This way, new peers joining the network add resources to it. This thesis presents Chord#, a scalable, self-organizing and completely decentralized DHT. It has been chosen due to its capability to allow range queries. The regular Chord algorithm does not support range queries, because of the hashfunction it uses to evenly distribute the keys among the peers. This results in similar or logical coherent keys most likely not being close together in the network. This thesis shows Chord# achieving same results as Chord - regarding performance costs - without the hashfunction. In dropping the hashfunction this algorithm allows the use of range queries. The Chord# algorithm is implemented in Java (about 1500 lines of code) and thoroughly tested in the research network PlanetLab. The results are evaluated regarding performance, maintenance and scalability.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2017-11-02
    Description: One of the biggest impacts on the performance of a Distributed Hash Table (DHT), once established, is its ability to balance load among its nodes. DHTs supporting range queries for example suffer from a potentially huge skew in the distribution of their items since techniques such as consistent hashing can not be applied. Thus explicit load balancing schemes need to be deployed. Several such schemes have been developed and are part of recent research, most of them using only information locally available in order to scale to arbitrary systems. Gossiping techniques however allow the retrieval of fairly good estimates of global information with low overhead. Such information can then be added to existing load balancing algorithms that can use the additional knowledge to improve their performance. Within this thesis several schemes are developed that use global information like the average load and the standard deviation of the load among the nodes to primarily reduce the number of items an algorithm moves to achieve a certain balance. Two novel load balancing algorithms have then been equipped with implementations of those schemes and have been simulated on several scenarios. Most of these variants show better balance results and move far less items than the algorithms they are based on. The best of the developed algorithms achieves a 15-30% better balance and moves only about 50-70% of the number of items its underlying algorithm moves. This variation is also very robust to erroneous estimates and scales linearly with the system size and system load. Further experiments with self-tuning algorithms that set an algorithm’s parameter according to the system’s state show that even more improvements can be gained if additionally applied. Such a variant based on the algorithm described by Karger and Ruhl shows the same balance improvements of 15-30% as the variant above but reduces the number of item movements further to 40-65%.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-12-15
    Description: Entwurf und Entwicklung eines eingebetteten Hauptspeicher-Datenbanksystems mit Snapshot-Reads.
    Description: Design and implementation of an embedded main memory database with snapshot reads.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Schaffung einer Zugriffs-Komponente für das Grid-Datenmanagement-System ZIB-DMS, das dessen transparente Einbindung in den Verzeichnisbaum eines Linux-Systems erlaubt. Dazu wird unter Verwendung des FUSE-Rahmenwerkes ein Userspace-Dateisystem mit Anbindung an das ZIB-DMS konzipiert und implementiert. Im Fokus stehen dabei die Abbildung der erweiterten Verwaltungsmechanismen des Systems auf die limitierte Schnittstelle hierarchischer Dateisysteme und die dazu notwendigen Änderungen am ZIB-DMS.
    Description: The goal of this work is to create an access component for the Grid data management system ZIB-DMS, that allows a transparent integration into the directory tree of a Linux system. For this purpose the FUSE framework is used to design and implement a userspace file system with connections to the ZIB-DMS. The focus is on the mapping of the extended management mechanisms of the system to the limited interface of hierarchical file systems and the therefore necessary changes to ZIB-DMS.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: We present a framework for transactional data access on data stored in a DHT. It allows to atomically read and write items and to run distributed transactions consisting of a sequence of read and write operations on the items. Items are symmetrically replicated in order to achieve durability of data stored in the SON. To provide availability of items despite the unavailability of some replicas, operations on items are quorum-based. They make progress as long as a majority of replicas can be accessed. Our framework processes transactions optimistically with an atomic commit protocol that is based on Paxos atomic commit. We present algorithms for the whole framework with an event based notation. Additionally we discuss the problem of lookup inconsistencies and its implications on the one-copy serializability property of the transaction processing in our framework.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: When planning teams for projects with specific goals, employees of a company have to group together so well, that all necessary knowledge for conquering the project’s challenges are met within the member’s skills. A tool that facilitates semantic web technologies can support the team recruiter, who is responsible for chosing the members of the team, in terms of finding the most efficient combinations of the company’s employees based on their expertises.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-01-22
    Description: Key/value stores which are built on structured overlay networks often lack support for atomic transactions and strong data consistency among replicas. This is unfortunate, because consistency guarantees and transactions would allow a wide range of additional application domains to benefit from the inherent scalability and fault-tolerance of DHTs. The Scalaris key/value store supports strong data consistency and atomic transactions. It uses an enhanced Paxos Commit protocol with only four communication steps rather than six. This improvement was possible by exploiting information from the replica distribution in the DHT. Scalaris enables implementation of more reliable and scalable infrastructure for collaborative Web services that require strong consistency and atomic changes across multiple items.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: Basierend auf einem vorhandenen Ansatz zur Einführung von anisotropen Tetraedern im Randbereich eines reinen Tetraedergitters wird ein Gittergenerator für hybride Gitter implementiert. Das hybride Gitter besteht in Randnähe primär aus anisotropen Prismen und im Inneren der Geometrie aus isotropen Tetraedern. Eine erhöhte Auflösung im Randbereich soll zu besseren Ergebnissen von numerischen Strömungssimulationen führen, für welche eine problemangepasste Diskretisierung des zu untersuchenden Gebietes benötigt wird. In dem zuvor genannten Ansatz wird eine Reihe von Übergangselementen vorgeschlagen, die an scharfen Kanten der Oberfläche platziert werden sollen. Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit wird die Idee der Übergangselemente aufgegriffen und bei hybriden Gittern eingesetzt, um auch komplexe Eingabegeometrien vergittern zu können. Der ursprüngliche Gittergenerierungprozess wird überarbeitet und erweitert. Eine neue Menge an Übergangselementen wird eingeführt, es werden gekrümmte Extrusionsvektoren verwendet und es wird die Auswertung der medialen Oberfläche vorgenommen, um Überschneidungen im hybriden Gitter zu vermeiden. Der Gittergenerator wird als Modul in das Visualisierungs- und Analyseprogramm Amira implementiert und die erstellten hybriden Gitter werden auf ihre Elementqualität und die Güte der Strömungssimulationsergebnisse hin überprüft.
    Description: Based on an existing approach for the introduction of anisotropic tetrahedra near the surface boundary of a tetrahedral grid a grid generator for hybrid grids is implemented. The hybrid grid consists near the surface boundary primarily of anisotropic prisms and inside the geometry of isotropic tetrahedra. An increased resolution near the boundary should lead to better results of numerical flow simulations, which needs a problem specific discretization of the analyzed domain. In the aforementioned approach a set of transition elements is suggested, which should be placed at sharp surface corners. As a part of this diploma thesis the concept of using transition elements is applied for creating hybrid grids even for very complex input geometries. The initial grid generation process is revised and enhanced. A new set of transition elements is introduced, curved extrusion vectors are used and the medial surface is evaluated to avoid intersections in the hybrid grid. The grid generator is implemented as a module for the visualization and analysis tool Amira and the element quality of the generated hybrid grids and the quality of flow simulations performed on the grids are tested.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: We study performance and scaling of the Berlin Quantum Chromodynamics Program (BQCD) on the SGI Altix 4700 at Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ). We employ different communication methods (MPI, MPI with two OpenMP threads per process, as well as the shmem library) and run the MPI version on the two types of nodes of that machine. For comparison with other machines we made performance measurements on an IBM p690 cluster and a Cray XT4.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine Serie von Remeshing-Verfahren um die Berücksichtigung von nicht-mannigfaltigen Dreiecksvernetzungen und Merkmalskantenzügen erweitert. Die betrachteten Verfahren arbeiten im Wesentlichen lokal. Daher können die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelten Erweiterungen, die nicht-mannigfaltige Kantenzüge und Merkmalskantenzüge betreffen, separat beschrieben werden. Dabei wird ein Ansatz verfolgt, beide Arten von besonderen Kantenzügen aufgrund ihrer Gemeinsamkeiten einheitlich zu behandeln. Dieser besteht zum einen darin, eine Korrespondenz zwischen Kantenzügen auf der Eingabe- und der Ausgabefläche zu erhalten, indem die Remeshing-Operationen auf den Kantenzügen in entsprechend eingeschränkter Weise verwendet werden. Zum anderen wird beschrieben, wie die Abtastdichte der Kantenzüge dynamisch an die Abtastdichte der Umgebung angepasst werden kann, um für weitgehende Isotropie in der Nähe von Merkmalskantenzügen zu sorgen.
    Description: A unified approach for consistent remeshing of arbitrary non-manifold triangle meshes with additional user-defined feature lines is presented. The method is based on local operations only and produces meshes of high regularity and triangle quality while preserving the geometry as well as topology of the feature lines as well as the input mesh.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This work introduces a novel streamline seeding technique based on dual streamlines that are orthogonal to the vector field, instead of tangential. The greedy algorithm presented here produces a net of orthogonal streamlines that is iteratively refined resulting in good domain coverage and a high degree of continuity and uniformity. The algorithm is easy to implement and efficient, and it naturally extends to curved surfaces.
    Description: In dieser Arbeit wird eine neue Strategie zur Platzierung von Stromlinien vorgestellt. Hierzu werden zusätzliche duale Stromlinien verwendet, die --im Gegensatz zur üblichen Definition-- orthogonal zum Vektorfeld verlaufen. Der vorgestellte Greedy-Algorithmus berechnet ein Netz aus orthogonalen Stromlinien, welches iterativ verfeinert wird, was zu einer guten Abdeckung der Domäne und einer gleichmäßigen Verteilung der Stromlinien führt. Es handelt sich um einen einfach zu implementierenden und effizienten Algorithmus, der direkt auf gekrümmten Oberflächen anwendbar ist.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2020-12-11
    Description: In dieser Diplomarbeit wird untersucht, wie auf der Basis von Literaturreferenzen ein Zitationsgraph durch ein automatisches Verfahren aufgebaut werden kann. Zur Lösung des Problems werden Probabilistische Relationale Modelle herangezogen. Eine problemspezifische Erweiterung des Modells ermöglicht es, dass bestehende Unsicherheiten im Zitationsgraphen mit Hilfe eines Inferenzverfahrens aufgelöst werden können. Zur Evaluierung des Verfahren werden Experimente auf dem Cora-Datensatz durchgeführt.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Die Diplomarbeit präsentiert ein Transaktionsverfahren für strukturierte Overlay-Netzwerke, das an die Erfordernisse verteilter Informationssysteme mit relationalem Datenmodell angepasst ist. Insbesondere wird der Einsatz von Transaktionen für verteilte Wikis betrachtet, die moderne Funktionalitäten, wie Metadaten und zusätzliche Indexe für die Navigation, unterstützen. Konsistenz und Dauerhaftigkeit der gespeicherten Daten erfordert die Behandlung von Knotenausfällen. Die Arbeit schlägt dafür das Zellenmodell vor: Das Overlay wird aus replizierten Zustandsmaschinen gebildet, um Verfügbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Transaktionsverfahren baut darauf auf und verwendet Two-Phase-Commit mit Fehlererkennung und Widerherstellung von ausgefallenen Transaktionsmanagern. Anwendungen wird eine Auswahl an pessimistischen und hybrid-optimistischen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren geboten, die die Minimierung von Latenzeffekten und die schnelle Ausführung von Nur-Lese-Transaktionen ermöglichen. Für die Beispielanwendung Wiki wird der erforderliche Pseudocode angegeben und die verschiedenen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Nachrichtenkomplexität verglichen.
    Description: The diploma thesis presents a transaction processing scheme for structured overlay networks and uses it to develop a distributed Wiki application based on a relational data model. The Wiki supports rich metadata and additional indexes for navigation purposes. Ensuring consistency and durability requires handling of node failures. Such failures are masked by providing high availability of nodes. This in turn is achieved by constructing the overlay from replicated state machines (cell model). Atomicity is realized using two phase commit with additional support for failure detection and restoration of the transaction manager. The developed transaction processing scheme provides the application with a mixture of pessimistic, hybrid optimistic and multiversioning concurrency control techniques to minimize the impact of replication on latency and optimize for read operations. The pseudocode of the relevant Wiki functions is presented and the different concurrency control techniques are evaluated in terms of message complexity.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: masterthesis , doc-type:masterThesis
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Die Arbeit präsentiert ein Transaktionsverfahren für strukturierte Overlay-Netzwerke, das an die Erfordernisse verteilter Informationssysteme mit relationalem Datenmodell angepasst ist. Insbesondere wird der Einsatz von Transaktionen für verteilte Wikis betrachtet, die moderne Funktionalitäten, wie Metadaten und zusätzliche Indexe für die Navigation, unterstützen. Konsistenz und Dauerhaftigkeit der gespeicherten Daten erfordert die Behandlung von Knotenausfällen. Die Arbeit schlägt dafür das Zellenmodell vor: Das Overlay wird aus replizierten Zustandsmaschinen gebildet, um Verfügbarkeit zu gewährleisten. Das Transaktionsverfahren baut darauf auf und verwendet Two-Phase-Commit mit Fehlererkennung und Widerherstellung von ausgefallenen Transaktionsmanagern. Anwendungen wird eine Auswahl an pessimistischen und hybrid-optimistischen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren geboten, die die Minimierung von Latenzeffekten und die schnelle Ausführung von Nur-Lese-Transaktionen ermöglichen. Für die Beispielanwendung Wiki wird der erforderliche Pseudocode angegeben und die verschiedenen Nebenläufigkeitskontrollverfahren hinsichtlich ihrer Nachrichtenkomplexität verglichen.
    Description: The report presents a transaction processing scheme for structured overlay networks and uses it to develop a distributed Wiki application based on a relational data model. The Wiki supports rich metadata and additional indexes for navigation purposes. Ensuring consistency and durability requires handling of node failures. Such failures are masked by providing high availability of nodes. This in turn is achieved by constructing the overlay from replicated state machines (cell model). Atomicity is realized using two phase commit with additional support for failure detection and restoration of the transaction manager. The developed transaction processing scheme provides the application with a mixture of pessimistic, hybrid optimistic and multiversioning concurrency control techniques to minimize the impact of replication on latency and optimize for read operations. The pseudocode of the relevant Wiki functions is presented and the different concurrency control techniques are evaluated in terms of message complexit
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2016-06-30
    Description: Berlin als Stadtstaat ist Kommune und Land der Bundesrepublik zugleich und Standort vieler renommier-ter Wissenschafts- und Kultureinrichtungen. In enger Zusammenarbeit der Wissenschaftseinrichtungen mit dem IT-Dienstleistungszentrum Berlin (ITDZ, ehemals Landesbetrieb für Informationstechnik), der für die Behörden Berlins zuständigen Einrichtung, wurde seit 1993 ein landeseigenes Glasfasernetz mit einer derzeitigen Länge von 856 km Glasfaserkabel (je Kabel bis zu 144 Einzelfasern) zur gemeinsamen Nutzung von Wissenschaft und Verwaltung errichtet und weiter ausgebaut. 1994 erfolgte der offizielle Start des Berliner Wissenschaftsnetzes BRAIN (Berlin Research Area Information Network), als durch einen Beschluss des Senats von Berlin die Nutzung des landeseigenen Glasfasernetzes durch die Wissen-schaftseinrichtungen festgeschrieben wurde. Bereits 1995 wurden durch die Wissenschaftseinrichtungen auf diesem Glasfasernetz die ersten sieben Anschlüsse in ATM-Technik (Classical BRAIN-ATM) in Betrieb genommen, 1999 wurden anschließend auch erste Strecken in Ethernet-Technik (Classical BRAIN-GE) betrieben. Diese heterogenen Netze mit unterschiedlichen Netzgeräten wurden dezentral von den Netzadministratoren der beteiligten Einrichtungen nach globalen Absprachen betreut. Die dezentrale Administration erschwerte das Management und die Erweiterungen der Gesamtnetze. Basierend auf den vorliegenden Erfahrungen vereinbarten die Berliner Wissenschaftseinrichtungen, ein technisch neues Verbundnetz in Gigabit-Ethernet-Technik mit einheitlichen Geräten und einem zentralen Netzwerkmana-gement aufzubauen und zu betreiben. Seit November 2003 betreibt BRAIN auf dem landeseignen Glasfasernetz ein auf MPLS-Technik basie-rendes Gigabit-Ethernet-Netz, das „BRAIN-Verbundnetz“, mit den Diensten LAN-to-LAN-Kopplung der Einrichtungen, regionaler IP-Verkehr, Übergang zum Verwaltungsnetz und WiN-Backup. Das BRAIN-Verbundnetz löste die dezentral betreuten Vorläufernetze komplett ab. Von den derzeit 27 BRAIN-Teilnehmern nutzen 24 Einrichtungen an 53 in der Stadt verteilten Standorten die Dienste des BRAIN-Verbundnetzes, 18 Standorte sind mit 1000 Mbit/s und 35 Standorte mit 100 Mbit/s angeschlossen. Für verteilte Standorte einer Einrichtung besteht zudem die Möglichkeit, diese über dedizierte Fasern oder Bandbreiten miteinander zu vernetzen. Seit dem 2. Quartal 2007 wird im Rahmen eines Pilotprojekts der Nutzen eines zentral gemanagten Fibre Channel-Netzwerks "BRAIN-SAN" ermittelt, um Möglichkeiten einer verteilten Datenhaltung der Berliner Hochschulen und wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen zu schaf-fen. Zusätzlich zu den vorgenannten Diensten nutzt der DFN-Verein die BRAIN-Struktur für die Verbindun-gen der X-WiN-Kernnetzknoten in Berlin und Potsdam untereinander und für Zugangsleitungen zu den Anwendern. Mit Stand 2007 nutzt das Berliner Wissenschaftsnetz BRAIN vom landeigenen Glasfasernetz 2100 km Einzelfasern und verbindet insgesamt 43 Einrichtungen (BRAIN-Teilnehmer und DFN-Anwender) aus Wissenschaft, Bildung und Kultur mit 129 Standorten. Der Betrieb von BRAIN wird im wesentlichen durch seine Nutzer finanziert. Das Land Berlin trägt aller-dings pauschal die überwiegenden Kosten für die Wartung des Glasfasernetzes, soweit es vom ITDZ be-reit gestellt wird. Zentrales Planungs- und Steuerungsorgan für BRAIN ist die von der Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wis-senschaft und Forschung eingerichtete BRAIN-Planungsgruppe. Sie besteht aus Mitarbeitern der Rechen-zentren der drei Berliner Universitäten und des ZIB. Nach außen wird BRAIN in rechtlicher und wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht treuhänderisch vom ZIB vertreten, die BRAIN-Geschäftsstelle befindet sich ebenfalls im ZIB.
    Description: Berlin as a city state is both local authority and federal state of the Federal Republic, as well as a location of many renowned institutions of research and culture. In close cooperation of the institutions of research with the IT service centre Berlin (ITDZ, the former Landesbetrieb für Informationstechnik) - which is the appropriate facility for the authorities of Berlin - a glass fibre network of a total extension of 856 kilome-tres of fibre optics (144 fibres each cable optic) for the common use of research and administration has been established and advanced since 1993. In 1994, when a resolution of the Senate of Berlin laid down the use of the appropriate fibre networks by the research facilities, this was the official beginning of the Berlin Research Area Information Network (BRAIN). The first seven interfaces in this fibre network in ATM technology (Classical BRAIN-ATM) were already established by the research facilities in 1995. In 1999, first systems run in Ethernet technology (Classical BRAIN-GE). These heterogeneous networks with different interfaces have been supported locally by the network administrators of the research facili-ties following global agreements. Management and advancement of the overall networks were encum-bered by these local administrations. Based on the existing experience, Berlin's research facilities agreed on the building and advancement of a technically new integrated network in gigabit Ethernet technology with standardised facilities and a centrally managed network. Since November 2003 the Berlin Research Area Information Network established a Gigabit Ethernet - called “BRAIN Integrated Network” - based on MPLS technology, including LAN to LAN linking of the facilities, local IP traffic, interface to the administration's network and WIN back-up. This BRAIN Inte-grated Network has completely replaced the locally administered predecessor networks. 24 of 27 BRAIN participants use the services of the BRAIN Integrated Network on 53 locations spread all over the city. 18 locations are connected with 1000 Mbit/s and 35 locations with 100 Mbit/s. Moreover, spread locations of a single facility have the possibililty to communicate by dedicated fibres or bandwidths. From the 2nd quarter 2007 within the scope of a pilot scheme, the advantage of a centrally administered fibre channel network "BRAIN-SAN" will be determined in order to accomplish possibilities of a spread data manage-ment of Berlin's universities and research facilities. In addition to the aforementioned services the DFN association makes use of BRAIN's structure for the connection of the X-WiN-core network nodes in Berlin and Potsdam und for access pathways to the us-ers. As from 2007, Berlin's research network BRAIN uses 2100 kilometres of single fibres from the country's fibre glass network and connects a total of 43 facilities (BRAIN participants and DFN users) from re-search, education and culture with 129 locations. The operations of BRAIN are funded basically by its users. However, the country of Berlin bears most of the costs for the maintenance of the glass fibre network, as far as it is provided by ITDZ. Central planning and steering body for BRAIN is the BRAIN planning group, which has been arranged by the administration of the Senatsverwaltung für Bildung, Wissenschaft und Forschung. It consists of staff from the computing centres of Berlin's three universities and of ZIB. BRAIN is represented legally and economically on a trust basis by the ZIB, where the BRAIN office is located also.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: German
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: For medical diagnosis, visualization, and model-based therapy planning three-dimensional geometric reconstructions of individual anatomical structures are often indispensable. Computer-assisted, model-based planning procedures typically cover specific modifications of “virtual anatomy” as well as numeric simulations of associated phenomena, like e.g. mechanical loads, fluid dynamics, or diffusion processes, in order to evaluate a potential therapeutic outcome. Since internal anatomical structures cannot be measured optically or mechanically in vivo, three-dimensional reconstruction of tomographic image data remains the method of choice. In this work the process chain of individual anatomy reconstruction is described which consists of segmentation of medical image data, geometrical reconstruction of all relevant tissue interfaces, up to the generation of geometric approximations (boundary surfaces and volumetric meshes) of three-dimensional anatomy being suited for finite element analysis. All results presented herein are generated with amira ® – a highly interactive software system for 3D data analysis, visualization and geometry reconstruction.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: reportzib , doc-type:preprint
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: This work introduces novel internal and external memory algorithms for computing voxel skeletons of massive voxel objects with complex network-like architecture and for converting these voxel skeletons to piecewise linear geometry, that is triangle meshes and piecewise straight lines. The presented techniques help to tackle the challenge of visualizing and analyzing 3d images of increasing size and complexity, which are becoming more and more important in, for example, biological and medical research. Section 2.3.1 contributes to the theoretical foundations of thinning algorithms with a discussion of homotopic thinning in the grid cell model. The grid cell model explicitly represents a cell complex built of faces, edges, and vertices shared between voxels. A characterization of pairs of cells to be deleted is much simpler than characterizations of simple voxels were before. The grid cell model resolves topologically unclear voxel configurations at junctions and locked voxel configurations causing, for example, interior voxels in sets of non-simple voxels. A general conclusion is that the grid cell model is superior to indecomposable voxels for algorithms that need detailed control of topology. Section 2.3.2 introduces a noise-insensitive measure based on the geodesic distance along the boundary to compute two-dimensional skeletons. The measure is able to retain thin object structures if they are geometrically important while ignoring noise on the object's boundary. This combination of properties is not known of other measures. The measure is also used to guide erosion in a thinning process from the boundary towards lines centered within plate-like structures. Geodesic distance based quantities seem to be well suited to robustly identify one- and two-dimensional skeletons. Chapter 6 applies the method to visualization of bone micro-architecture. Chapter 3 describes a novel geometry generation scheme for representing voxel skeletons, which retracts voxel skeletons to piecewise linear geometry per dual cube. The generated triangle meshes and graphs provide a link to geometry processing and efficient rendering of voxel skeletons. The scheme creates non-closed surfaces with boundaries, which contain fewer triangles than a representation of voxel skeletons using closed surfaces like small cubes or iso-surfaces. A conclusion is that thinking specifically about voxel skeleton configurations instead of generic voxel configurations helps to deal with the topological implications. The geometry generation is one foundation of the applications presented in Chapter 6. Chapter 5 presents a novel external memory algorithm for distance ordered homotopic thinning. The presented method extends known algorithms for computing chamfer distance transformations and thinning to execute I/O-efficiently when input is larger than the available main memory. The applied block-wise decomposition schemes are quite simple. Yet it was necessary to carefully analyze effects of block boundaries to devise globally correct external memory variants of known algorithms. In general, doing so is superior to naive block-wise processing ignoring boundary effects. Chapter 6 applies the algorithms in a novel method based on confocal microscopy for quantitative study of micro-vascular networks in the field of microcirculation.
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit führt I/O-effiziente Algorithmen und Standard-Algorithmen zur Berechnung von Voxel-Skeletten aus großen Voxel-Objekten mit komplexer, netzwerkartiger Struktur und zur Umwandlung solcher Voxel-Skelette in stückweise-lineare Geometrie ein. Die vorgestellten Techniken werden zur Visualisierung und Analyse komplexer drei-dimensionaler Bilddaten, beispielsweise aus Biologie und Medizin, eingesetzt. Abschnitt 2.3.1 leistet mit der Diskussion von topologischem Thinning im Grid-Cell-Modell einen Beitrag zu den theoretischen Grundlagen von Thinning-Algorithmen. Im Grid-Cell-Modell wird ein Voxel-Objekt als Zellkomplex dargestellt, der aus den Ecken, Kanten, Flächen und den eingeschlossenen Volumina der Voxel gebildet wird. Topologisch unklare Situationen an Verzweigungen und blockierte Voxel-Kombinationen werden aufgelöst. Die Charakterisierung von Zellpaaren, die im Thinning-Prozess entfernt werden dürfen, ist einfacher als bekannte Charakterisierungen von so genannten "Simple Voxels". Eine wesentliche Schlussfolgerung ist, dass das Grid-Cell-Modell atomaren Voxeln überlegen ist, wenn Algorithmen detaillierte Kontrolle über Topologie benötigen. Abschnitt 2.3.2 präsentiert ein rauschunempfindliches Maß, das den geodätischen Abstand entlang der Oberfläche verwendet, um zweidimensionale Skelette zu berechnen, welche dünne, aber geometrisch bedeutsame, Strukturen des Objekts rauschunempfindlich abbilden. Das Maß wird im weiteren mit Thinning kombiniert, um die Erosion von Voxeln auf Linien zuzusteuern, die zentriert in plattenförmigen Strukturen liegen. Maße, die auf dem geodätischen Abstand aufbauen, scheinen sehr geeignet zu sein, um ein- und zwei-dimensionale Skelette bei vorhandenem Rauschen zu identifizieren. Eine theoretische Begründung für diese Beobachtung steht noch aus. In Abschnitt 6 werden die diskutierten Methoden zur Visualisierung von Knochenfeinstruktur eingesetzt. Abschnitt 3 beschreibt eine Methode, um Voxel-Skelette durch kontrollierte Retraktion in eine stückweise-lineare geometrische Darstellung umzuwandeln, die als Eingabe für Geometrieverarbeitung und effizientes Rendering von Voxel-Skeletten dient. Es zeigt sich, dass eine detaillierte Betrachtung der topologischen Eigenschaften eines Voxel-Skeletts einer Betrachtung von allgemeinen Voxel-Konfigurationen für die Umwandlung zu einer geometrischen Darstellung überlegen ist. Die diskutierte Methode bildet die Grundlage für die Anwendungen, die in Abschnitt 6 diskutiert werden. Abschnitt 5 führt einen I/O-effizienten Algorithmus für Thinning ein. Die vorgestellte Methode erweitert bekannte Algorithmen zur Berechung von Chamfer-Distanztransformationen und Thinning so, dass diese effizient ausführbar sind, wenn die Eingabedaten den verfügbaren Hauptspeicher übersteigen. Der Einfluss der Blockgrenzen auf die Algorithmen wurde analysiert, um global korrekte Ergebnisse sicherzustellen. Eine detaillierte Analyse ist einer naiven Zerlegung, die die Einflüsse von Blockgrenzen vernachlässigt, überlegen. In Abschnitt 6 wird, aufbauend auf den I/O-effizienten Algorithmen, ein Verfahren zur quantitativen Analyse von Mikrogefäßnetzwerken diskutiert.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2022-07-19
    Description: One crucial step in virtual drug design is the identification of new lead structures with respect to a pharmacological target molecule. The search for new lead structures is often done with the help of a pharmacophore, which carries the essential structural as well as physico-chemical properties that a molecule needs to have in order to bind to the target molecule. In the absence of the target molecule, such a pharmacophore can be established by comparison of a set of active compounds. In order to identify their common features,a multiple alignment of all or most of the active compounds is necessary. Moreover, since the “outer shape” of the molecules plays a major role in the interaction between drug and target, an alignment algorithm aiming at the identification of common binding properties needs to consider the molecule’s “outer shape”, which can be approximated by the solvent excluded surface. In this thesis, we present a new approach to molecular surface alignment based on a discrete representation of shape as well as physico-chemical properties by points distributed on the solvent excluded surface. We propose a new method to distribute points regularly on a surface w.r.t. a smoothly varying point density given on that surface. Since the point distribution algorithm is not restricted to molecular surfaces, it might also be of interest for other applications. For the computation of pairwise surface alignments, we extend an existing point matching scheme to surface points, and we develop an efficient data structure speeding up the computation by a factor of three. Moreover, we present an approach to compute multiple alignments from pairwise alignments, which is able to handle a large number of surface points. All algorithms are evaluated on two sets of molecules: eight thermolysin inhibitors and seven HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Finally, we compare the results obtained from surface alignment with the results obtained by applying an atom alignment approach.
    Description: Die Identifizierung neuer Leitstrukturen (lead structures) zur Entwicklung optimierter Wirkstoffe ist ein äußerst wichtiger Schritt in der virtuellen Wirkstoffentwicklung (virtual drug design). Die Suche nach neuen Leitstrukturen wird oft mit Hilfe eines Pharmakophor-Modells durchgeführt, welches die wichtigsten strukturellen wie auch physiko-chemischen Eigenschaften eines bindenden Moleküls in sich vereint. Ist das Zielmolekül (target) nicht bekannt, kann das Pharmakophor-Modell mit Hilfe des Vergleiches aktiver Moleküle erstellt werden. Hier ist insbesondere die gleichzeitige Überlagerung (multiple alignment) aller oder nahezu aller Moleküle notwendig. Da bei der Interaktion zweier Moleküle die "äußere Form" der Moleküle eine besondere Rolle spielt, sollte diese von jedem Überlagerungsalgorithmus, der sich mit der Identifizierung von Bindungseigenschaften befasst, berücksichtigt werden. Dabei kann die "äußere Form" durch eine bestimmte Art von molekularer Oberfläche approximiert werden, die man als solvent excluded surface bezeichnet. In dieser Arbeit stellen wir einen neuen Ansatz zur Überlagerung molekularer Oberflächen dar, der auf einer diskreten Repräsentation sowohl der Form als auch der molekularen Eigenschaften mittels Punkten beruht. Um die Punkte auf der molekularen Oberfläche möglichst regulär entsprechend einer gegebenen Punktdichte zu verteilen, entwickeln wir eine neue Methode. Diese Methode ist nicht auf Moleküloberflächen beschränkt und könnte daher auch für andere Anwendungen von Interesse sein. Basierend auf einem bekannten Point-Matching Verfahren entwickeln wir einen Point-Matching Algorithmus für Oberflächenpunkte. Dazu erarbeiten wir u.a. eine effiziente Datenstruktur, die den Algorithmus um einen Faktor von drei beschleunigt. Darüberhinaus stellen wir einen Ansatz vor, der Mehrfachüberlagerungen (multiple alignments) aus paarweisen Überlagerungen berechnet. Die Herausforderung besteht hierbei vor allem in der großen Anzahl von Punkten, die berücksichtigt werden muss. Die vorgestellten Algorithmen werden an zwei Gruppen von Molekülen evaluiert, wobei die erste Gruppe aus acht Thermolysin Inhibitoren besteht, die zweite aus sieben HIV-1 Protease Inhibitoren. Darüberhinaus vergleichen wir die Ergebnisse der Oberflächenüberlagerung mit denen einer Atommittelpunktüberlagerung.
    Keywords: ddc:004
    Language: English
    Type: doctoralthesis , doc-type:doctoralThesis
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 253-279 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Technique. This work is based not only on the fixed preparations, but also on fresh cover-slip preparations treated with neutral red or 2 per cent osmic acid for a short time.Golgi elements and fatty yolk. The Golgi elements are hollow vesicular bodies with a distinct osmiophilic rim and a central osmiophobic substance. In the youngest oocyte they form a circumnuclear ring. Gradually the vesicles spread out, grow in size, store up fat in their interior, and give rise to the fatty yolk. On account of their higher refractive index, due to the presence of fat, the Golgi vesicles can be occasionally seen even in the young oocytes without any treatment.Mitochondria. The mitochondrial granules also form a circumnuclear ring and are later distributed uniformly.Albuminous yolk. The albuminous yolk is nucleolar in origin. Early in oogenesis, the nucleous buds off small, homogeneous, and highly chromatic particles in the cytoplasm, which sooner or later disappear. Subsequently, the nucleolus becomes less chromatic and develops vacuolar bodies in its interior, which, becoming vacuolated exactly like the parent nucleolus, migrate into the the cytoplasm. These bodies become more and more chromatic and travel toward the periphery of the egg, where they grow in size. Ultimately they break down into small, homogeneous, and highly chromatic bodies which are the definitive albuminous yolk spheres and which subsequently grow enormously in size.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Maturation of the male germ cells in the rat shows some slight modifications of the typical procedure in sex cells, a distinct and rather prolonged synapsis occurring before synizesis and a confused stage immediately after it. The clumping in synizesis is not extreme. In the mixed strain of rats both twenty-one and thirty-one tetrads appear in the late diakinesis. This procedure in the male resembles the maturation of the oocytes in only two points, the beginning of the process, the deutobroch nuclei, and the end of it when the haploid number of chromosomes take their places on the spindle.
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 493-541 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The cells of the blastoderm which are to form the serosa are two- to four-nucleate; the smaller cells of the embryonic rudiment, uninucleate. The band-like embryonic rudiment encircles the yolk at the equator of the egg. The amnion does not begin to form until after the serosa completely covers embryo and yolk. The epithelium of the midgut arises from cells situated at the tips of stomodaeum and proctodaeum. These cells, though not differentiated from adjacent ectoderm at the time of the invagination, are nevertheless interpreted as part of the preprimordium of the endoderm. In the eighty-four-hour stage a fold of amnion grows over the dorsal side of the embryo, entirely covering it in the course of the next few hours. A portion of the amnion thus forms the dorsal wall of the embryo. At the completion of the amnion the embryo rotates so that its ventral side is directed toward the egg center. The amnion raptures just before the larva begins to feed on the yolk which still remains around it. The serosa is consumed before hatching, which takes place about five and one-half days after deposition.
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 585-609 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The caeca of fourteen bantam fowls have been studied. These fowls ranged in age from six days' incubation to three years after hatching. Between the fifth and sixth days of incubation rectal caeca arise as evaginations from the intestine at the junction of the ileum with the colon. The develoing caeca closely resemble histologically the intestine to which they are attached.The caeca are essentially devoid of content until about the nineteenth day of incubation, but during the remaining days of incubation are gorged with a bluish-gray material similar to that found in the colon. Thus, an early defecatory function is indicated.In general, the proximal third of the caeca remains histologically similar to the intestine, but the distal two-thirds undergoes regression. The latter involves the atrophy of the epithelium and glands, accompanied by the appearance of lymphoid tissue. Much of the lymphoid tissue eventually disappears, to a large extent by atrophy and dissolution of the leukocytes. However, to some extent, lymphocytes develop into granulocytes which escape with other leukocytes into the lumina of the caeca and there disintegrate.Lymph nodules begin to appear in the caeca about one week after the chick hatches. The leukocytes, at least in part, arise in situ from the reticular stroma. Eosinophils arise in certain areas of the tunica propria, and in the earlier stages of their development resemble large lymphocytes, in the cytoplasm of which basophilic, amphophilic, and acidophilic granules are intermingled.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In the ovary of the rat the ova arise by proliferations from the germinal epithelium, all cells of which are potential ova. This proliferation begins with the differentiation of the gonad, and may last as long as 369 days postpartum. The embryonic ovary is filled with ova which pass through the typical maturation phases. This continues until five days after parturition. These ova degenerate, none being found in the ovary of the twenty-day rat. After the fifth day postpartum, nuclear development in the ova changes until, by the twentieth day, no typical maturation phases are present. With the degeneration of the embryonic ova the ovary takes on the adult structure.The ovary of the adult female rat shows a modified type of meiosis in the germ cells, while that of the embryo shows the typical phases, indicating that this is the primitive type, with the modified form an acquired characteristic.Ova in a single rat may show both twenty-one and thirty-one chromosomes.Follicle cells are formed from the cells of the germinal epithelium and, like the sex cells, may have both forty-two and sixty-two chromosomes in a single follicle. The lutein cells also show both forty-two and sixty-two chromosomes in a single corpus luteum. The chromosomes of the lutein cells enlarge with the expansion of the cell to a size greatly in excess of the chromosomes of the somatic cells. The theca interna is derived from the tunica albuginea.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 89-133 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the telophases each chromosome becomes inclosed in an individual sac or vesicle which, together with its contents, is called a chromosomal vesicle. The vesicular membrane is of cytoplasmic origin, but is formed under the influence of the chromosome and a droplet of karyolymph. A precise numerical correspondence between chromosomes and chromosomal vesicles has not been established, but it is evidence that most, if not all, of the chromosomal vesicles retain their individuality during the resting stage and until after the new chromosomes have been fully formed.The transformation of the telophase chromosome into the reticulum of the resting stage and the manner in which a new chromosome is formed from a portion of this reticulum are described in detail. In the early prophases each developing chromosome is embedded in a sheath or matrix of less deeply basophilic material, which disappears before the middle prophase is reached.The formation of chromosomal vesicles is interpreted as a device for doing more rapidly and effectively, under stress of special circumstances, the work that the nucleus must accomplish during the so-called resting stage.
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 283-333 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The significance of the ultimobranchial body has been the object of a comparative study of the structure in twenty-four species of urodeles. In nineteen of these it has not hitherto been described.Caudal to the last branchial arch, it develops as a thickening and later as an outpushing from the ventral wall of the pharynx. Due to the growth mechanics of the region, it comes to lie obliquely to the pharynx, ventral to it, and dorsal or dorsolateral to the pericardial cavity in its anterior region. It persists throughout life as an epithelioid or epithelial structure, usually of irregular shape, frequently containing vesicles; in some cases it exhibits a considerable amount of secretory activity of variable quality. Except in Amphiuma and Necturus, where it is regularly paired, and in occasional instances in individuals of other species, where it occurs on both sides, it is usually present on the left side only. Its occurrence is constant in all of the species of urodeles for which it has been examined.It is variable in size, form, and position. This, together with the quite inconstant indication of secretory activity, marks it as a structure of little or no physiological significance. ‘Colloid’ is, however, present in some instances, and hence a comparison with the thyroid was considered.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 435-478 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The perivisceral fluid of Pheretima indica (Horst) contains five types of leucocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, lamprocytes, and linocytes. The granulocytes differentiate either from free lymphocytes, from peritoneal epithelial cells lining the leucocytopoietic organs, or from lymphocytes (hemocytoblasts) embedded in these organs. The lymphocyte is a hemocytoblast. The eosinophilic granulocyte is the most numerous of the several types of granulocytes. Morphologically and tinctorially, it resembles the eosinophil of fishes. The eosinophil granule is thought to arise either by a ripening of a basophil granule and to pass through a metachromatic phase during this process, or by being formed immediately without such a ripening process in small hemocytoblasts. The stimulus for the excessive production of eosinophils is thought to be the degree of infection of the leucocytopoietic organs by a species of the gregarine, Monocystis.A series of segmentally arranged leucocytopoietic organs is described for the first time in the oligochaetes. These organs are essentially foldings of the septa and offer sacculations in which leucocytopoiesis may take place.A discussion of the possible phylogeny of the hemocytopoietic organs of the invertebrates and vertebrates is given.
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  • 30
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 555-587 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The germ cells of Lebistes are found in cysts; the younger cysts are toward the cortex. Mitochondria and Golgi apparatus are present. During maturation leptotene, bouquet, pachytene, and diakinesis figures are seen. The spermatocyte chromosomes number twenty-three; an X-Y pair is probably present, though the evidence is not conclusive. In spermatid formation the centriole divides to form a rodlet and an axial filament; the nucleus segregates into two materials, one of which is extruded; the remainder first contracts to a cup, comes in contact with the rodlet, then again forms a sphere. The mitochondria are arranged along the proximal part of the axial filament; the sphere flattens and elongates; the rodlet sinks into the head substance and is enfolded by it. The Golgi remnant is sloughed off with the residual cytoplasm, which disappears at the same time the Sertoli cells show an increase in size, suggesting their ingestion of the spermatid remnants. The mature sperm form spermatozeugmen, which are stored in the testicular canal; they are transferred to the female by aid of the modified anal fin.
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  • 31
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 81-103 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A comparative study of the embryology of the rabbit in races of large and small adult size shows a consistently more rapid rate of cell multiplication and of increase in mass in large-race embryos than in those of small race.This more rapid rate of growth is transm tted by and influenced equally by sperm and egg cell, as is shown by the results of reciprocal crosses.Rate of differentiation is independent of rate of growth and unaffected by it. Consequently, embryos of the large race have attained greater size than those of the small race at corresponding stage of differentiation.The fundamental difference in rate of growth is already in evidence in forty-eight-hour embryos and becomes increasingly clear at later stages. Embryos produced by the large race have undergone about one more cell division at forty-eight hours after mating and so are approximately in the thirty-two-cell stage when embryos of the small race are in the sixteen-cell stage.
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  • 32
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 135-199 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Definite information concerning the time of development and location of the different imaginal discs of Drosophila melanogaster was needed in order to interpret especially the gynandromorphs, mosaics, and intersexes that have been extensively reported in cultures of this fly. This information was also desirable for many of the mutant types. It was not known, for example, when an organ was reduced or absent, whether its imaginal disc showed a corresponding reduction, or whether it was full size in the larvae and pupae, and failed to carry through to the later stages.Three mutant types with eyes smaller than those of the wild type, namely, lozenge, bar, and eyeless, were examined. It was found that there is a corresponding difference in size as far back as the imaginal disc could be detected. Similarly for the two mutants, vestigial and no-wing. Conversely for the mutant, bithorax, in which the metathorax is larger than the normal and has assumed many of the characters of the normal mesothorax, the imaginal disc was correspondingly enlarged.It follows that the effects of the mutant genes for these characters can be observed in the very earliest condition of the imaginal disc.
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  • 33
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 45-79 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: It was found that thyroid deficiency in the albino rat (Mus norvegicus albinus) is followed by a trend to increased concentration of epinephrin in the suprarenals. The basis of this lies in the relatively greater retrogression of the cortex as contrasted with the medulla which becomes a relatively greater proportion of the organ as a whole. Confirmatory evidence is found in cell counts per unit area and the part of the disappearance of lipoid from the cortical cells of the suprarenals of thyroidless animals.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 123-151 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From a study of over 1000 mothers, the female chromosome number appears to be 2N = 22; N = 11. The male number has not been exactly determined, but is presumably not haploid. Only one maturation division occurs in the parthenogenetic egg, and the authors have seen only one in the sexual egg. During the growth stages of the eggs, the chromatin is totally obscured by a large amount of deeply staining nucleolar material which exhibits several phases. Ultimately, this material is apparently absorbed into the ooplasm. Just before the egg is laid, the ovoid chromosomes, in late prophase or in metaphase, are seen in a germinal vesicle situated always at one side of the egg. The maturation division occurs immediately after egg laying. A degenerate body, hitherto undescribed, is noted in the ripe parthenogenetic egg, situated at the pole opposite the germinal vesicle. It is believed to arise by reorganization of nucleolar substance. The body in the sexual egg desribed by Weismann and Ishikawa ('91) as the Paracopulationzelle is noted and its interpretation by these authors questioned, but, for lack of sufficient evidence, no counter-explanation is offered. The possible relation between experimental sex control and the time of maturation division in the parathenogenetic egg is discussed.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 37-87 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The vesicular nucleus of this amoeboflagellate is similar in structure in both phases of its life-cycle. It has a fairly large caryosome surrounded by a pericaryosomal area in which there are small oxyphilic pericaryosomal granules on a fine reticulum. On the inner surface of the definite caryotheca is a layer of epithecal chromatic granules.Nuclear division is similar in both amoeba and flagellate phases. During the prophase the nucleus enlarges, and the expanded caryosome becomes resolved into basophilic and oxyphilic components and assumes either an oblong, dumb-bell, or spindle shape. The pericaryosomal granules enlarge, shift about, and eventually become arranged in an equatorial band around the elongated caryosome. In the metaphase the equatorial plate of chromosomes appears after the inward migration of the pericaryosomal granules, accompanied by the formation of a definite intranuclear spindle, usually with polar masses, polar granules, and a centrodesmose. After the poleward migration of the daughter plates of chromosomes in the anaphase, the telophase constriction of the nuclear membrane produces two daughter nuclei with a portion of the spindle remaining outside. The epithecal layer of granules remains in place on the nuclear membrane during the entire process of mitosis. Plasmotomy normally follows mitosis, but may be delayed, giving rise to multinucleate individuals. In the flagellate the blepharoplast usually divides simultaneously with, but independently of, the nucleus. There are many divergences in the details of mitosis, but these are thought to be variations of one type of division rather than examples of different processes.
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  • 36
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: In sections the protoplasm of the spinning gland of Platyphylax designatus Walker appears to be a syncytium with large, branching nuclei, which contain both nucleoli and chromatin granules embedded in a delicate linin reticulum.In the normal gland the nucleus is sharply marked off by a nuclear membrane from the granular, homogeneous cytoplasm. The Golgi apparatus appears as rings, loops, or comma-like structures, evenly distributed and without orientation to the nucleus or lumen of the gland.The nucleoli first increase both in number and size within the nucleus, then migrate out into the cytoplasm, where they undergo further growth, and finally are dissolved and passed out into the lumen of the gland as liquid secretion.Small vacuoles appear near the periphery of the gland in early periods of activity.In glands active for forty-eight hours all stages of the secretory process may be seen.In glands active for longer periods only vacuoles are present which we interpret as the remains of the secretory inclusions. There is a progressive decrease in the nuclear content of the nucleus.Throughout the activity of the gland the Golgi apparatus changes little from the normal condition, both in form and distribution. As activity progresses, the bodies become smaller and slightly more dispersed. No relation of Golgi apparatus to the secretory phenomenon is apparent.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 415-433 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The diploid number of twenty-six chromosomes was found in the mature parthenogenetic female-producing eggs and also in the somatic cells of the female embryos developing from such eggs. In the maturation stages of a few of these eggs the chromosomes were markedly larger than in the corresponding stages of the majority of the eggs. Whether this size difference of the chromosomes is correlated with male- and female-producing individuals has not been determined. The mature parthenogenetic male-producing eggs contain the haploid number of thirteen chromosomes, and this number was found also in the somatic cells of the young male embryos. The mature sexual eggs contain thirteen chromosomes.In spermatogenesis the secondary spermatocyte divisions are usually omitted and the secondary spermatocytes develop directly into the motile spermatozoa containing thirteen chromosomes. A few, however, of the secondary spermatocytes divide, forming spermatids containing fewer than thirteen chromosomes. These cells develop into the non-motile and rudimentary spermatozoa.The motile spermatozoa containing thirteen chromosomes unite with the parthenogenetic male-producing eggs containing thirteen chromosomes, thus producing the fertilized eggs with the diploid number of twenty-six chromosomes. These fertilized eggs develop into female-producing females which reproduce parthenogenetically.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 519-529 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The liver has a rhythmic function with alternating assimilatory and secretory stages. The height of the assimilatory stage in rabbit's liver is characterized by the following qualities: All the cells are usually expanded and contain much glycogen and few bile components. The bile capillaries are narrow and generally empty. The glycogen content is high (about 13 per cent); the total glycogen weight is also high (about 17 grams). The liver has a relatively heavy weight (about 140 grams), a large volume, notably firm consistency, and a light brown color.The secretory stage at its height has the following characteristics: All cells are shrunken and are rich in bile components, but contain little glycogen. The bile capillaries are expanded and filled with secretion (fixation with barium chloride). The glycogen content is low (about 1 per cent), and the total glycogen weight is also low (about 1/2 gram). Weight of liver low (about 50 grams). Volume small and consistency fairly flaccid. Color dark reddish brown.Between these two extremes are various intermediary stages. Such variations as these probably occur during the normal functioning of the liver in man and also in other animals.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 1-43 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parenchymal cells in the parathyroids of Rana catesbeiana (Shaw) are found to undergo a very curious cyclic change. The cytoplasm is broken down by a process of cytolysis. The nuclei are decomposed by chromatolysis and pycnosis. The entire parenchyma is finally liquefied, except for a layer of cells lining the capsule.The parathyroid body is reconstructed by young cells which are produced from rather definite growth centers. The process of regeneration begins some time before cytolysis is completed and continues until the entire organ is restored.The cytolytic and regenerative processes transpire in such sequence that the amount of apparently healthy tissue present at any one time is a rather large portion of the total mass normally present.The relationship between the parenchymal tissue and the stroma of the parathyroid is described.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 153-171 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A description of the gross embryology of the sex apparatus of a common diplopod, the corn millipede. The life-cycle of this animal involves eleven instars extending over a period of three years.In the male the true first legs are shed at the ninth ecdysis and the large clasping appendages are substituted through the last three instars. In the region of the second body somite the fused coxal plate and the penes are developed at the final molt; the second appendages are reduced at this time. The greatest changes occur in the region of the seventh somite, where the legs are shed about the eighth ecdysis and the gonopods developed through the remaining instars. It is evident that these gonopods arise as a modification of the sternites of the seventh somite.In the female the second legs are reduced to vestiges at the final molt. The structures at the mouth of the oviducts are developed from the surrounding tissues and the modified sternites of the reduced second legs. These changes are in progress as early as the seventh instar, but the greatest changes occur at the final ecdysis.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 281-316 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The arterial system of Uromastix hardwickii retains many primitive features and shows great resemblance and relationship to that of Sphenodon. The heart is typically reptilian. Two systemics and a pulmonary arch arise from the ventricle. The conus arteriosus is absent. The carotids arise together from the right systemic by means of a small common carotis primaria. A very well-developed ductus caroticus connects each carotid with the systemic arch of its side. The ductus arteriosus (ductus Botalli) is absent.The dorsal aorta is formed by the union of both the systemic arches. The left systemic joins entire while the right one, which is termed systemicocarotid trunk, gives off the carotids, the vertebral, a single subclavian, and two pairs of parietal arteries, before the union. Anterior epigastric arteries are altogether absent. The dorsal aorta gives off fifteen pairs of parietal arteries which are segmentally arranged. All the main branches supplying the alimentary canal and other viscerala organs arise independently of one another, there being no such combination as is found in Varanus.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The rate of locomotion in Amoeba proteus is dependent upon the nature of the substratum, the nature of the different divalent and monovalent cations present, and the ratio of the amount of the monovalent cations to the amount of calcium or strontium. Calcium is more efficient than strontium in antagonizing potassium. Magnesium and barium do not antagonize potassium. The four monovalent cations studied in antagonizing calcium are efficient in the following order: Na〉K〉Li〉Rb. Calcium and potassium are more effective against antagonistic cations when combined with chlorine than when combined with phosphate.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 543-561 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The parietal fossa or pit is situated in the middorsal line between the ear capsules. From its floor four (sometimes only two) apertures lead into the ear capsules. The anterior apertures are the foramina of the endolymphatic ducts; the posterior ones are the fenestrae. Through the fossa each endolymphatic duct passes from its formen to its external aperture in the dorsal integument, describing in its course a loop with the convexity directed anteriorly. The part of the duct involving the loop is enlarged into an endolymphatic pouch. Into the angle of this loop a small muscle is inserted which is a continuation of the anterior trunk muscles, or one taking a more lateral origin from the edge of the fossa. The fenestra may or may not be closed by a definite fenestral membrane. The posterior semicircular canal (posterior utriculus) bears a peculiar relation to the fenestra. The endolymphatic pouch, like the sacculus, contains otoconia, and sometimes siliceous sand grains. Various functions have been assigned to the endolymphatic organ. There is no convincing experimental evidence as to its significance.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 611-625 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: By the use of a new technique it was possible to demonstrate the Golgi granules about the idiosome of spermatids and in the so-called Golgi bead of the mature spermatozoon. Other osmiophile granules in the cytoplasm, assumed to be Golgi granules, aggregate during metamorphosis into groups which formed neutral fat spheres, giving stains with both sudan III and scharlach R. Evidence is adduced supporting the view that the Golgi apparatus is a lipin and probably a phospholipin. The fat spheres produced are probably a result of fatty degeneration in the residual body of the spermatid. They may also serve as the source of lipin in Popa's ‘Lipo-gel’ phenomenon.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 46
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 47
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    American Journal of Anatomy 43 (1929), S. i 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 48
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    American Journal of Anatomy 43 (1929), S. 385-401 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 49
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 50
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    American Journal of Anatomy 44 (1929), S. 79-109 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
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  • 51
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 52
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 345-369 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The specimen described presents a typical intersexual condition, in which not only the primary sex characters, but also the accessory sex organs and the secondary sex characters are of a mixed type. Both gonads are ovotestes, in which the ovarian as well as the testicular tissues are morphologically normal, but functionally underdeveloped. Stromal hyperplasia is distinct, especially so in the left gonad; it is probably a functional factor in the generative process of the spermatic tissue.Sex transformation in the intersexual frogs may probably be initiated by an abnormality in sex differentiation or in the genetical constitution of sex, and is only subsequently influenced and modified by environmental action. Absolute dominancy of male sex in the process of sex transformation is questionable. There are indications that in frogs sex transformation may possibly occur in a female direction.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Following the isolation of sperm in the epididymides of male guinea-pigs by the separation of this organ from the testis, the animals were found to remain fertile for periods varying from twenty to thirty-five days, whether they were allowed to mate but once during this period, or five times during the period, or twenty times during the period. Motile sperm were found as long as fifty-nine days after the operation. It was concluded, on the basis of these data, that an aging process which sperm isolated in the epididymis undergo is more important than the number of matings (up to at least nine or ten) in the determination of the period during which sperm motility is retained and in the determination of the period during which fertilizing capacity is retained.If the behavior of sperm isolated in the epididymides can be taken as an indication of the processes of sperm development which occur normally, the epididymis would seem to be an organ in which sperm may at one time be attaining an optimal functional state and may at another time be aging and becoming incapable of functioning. The possible significance of this suggestion for the rǒle of the epididymis in sperm development and for the history of sperm after they leave the testis is discussed.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 563-584 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: From the structure of statocysts, in the so-called phylogenetic tree of the Cephalopoda, the genus Scaeurgus is to be placed on the same branch as Polypus.Meleagroteuthis has the same number of processes as Watasenia, Enoploteuthis, Abralia, Illex, and Stigmatoteuthis, which have ten processes, but in this genus the structure of statocysts seems to be tolerably well developed. For this reason, the author places this genus as a branch between Abralia and Illex.Those three genera - Gonatus, Sthenoteuthis, and Onychoteuthis - which have eleven processes in a statocyst are to be placed in the same branch as Berryteuthis, Gonatopsis, Ommastrephes, Eucleoteuthis, Moroteuthis, and Symplectoteuthis, which have the same number of processes; of these, Gonatus, which has the most primitive structure of the statocyst, is to be put in the lowest position on that branch; but Sthenoteuthis, which has the same structure of the organ as Ommastrephes, is to be placed on the twig near Ommastrephes; and, lastly, Onychoteuthis has the same organ as that of Moroteuthis, which fact induces the author to set this genus in the position nearest to Moroteuthis.The statocyst of Lolliguncula corresponds exactly to that of Loligo, which has twelve processes; this condition puts this genus on the same twig as Loligo.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 201-225 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: There are eleven pairs of chromosomes in the somatic cells of the opossum.The sex chromosomes are of the x-x type in the female and the x-y type in the male.The number and type of the chromosomes are constant in the wide variety of tissues and organs studied, except that one dividing giant cell of the spleen showed an 8n number of chromosomes.The arrangement of the chromosomes in equatorial plates is that of an autosomal ring surrounding the centrally located sex chromosomes.
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  • 56
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study concerns the voice box or syrinx of the fowl in its possible relation to sex. Although neither hens nor capons crow, ovariotomized hens have been known to do so. It appears that a slight sexual dimporphism exists in the syrinx of certain fowls, and it was thought that a particular form might be essential to the act of crowing. However, no sexual dimorphism is apparent in the syrinx of the Brown Leghorn fowl.The syringeal structures of crowing birds (cocks and ovariotomized females) contain no features which cannot be demonstrated in normal females. Variations were found in the syrinx in this breed and in other breeds, but they had nothing to do with sex. There is a gradual ossification with increasing age and size. It may be concluded that there is no apparent reason why the female fowl should not crow, provided it had the instinct to do so properly developed. The sex hormones, if they act in voice production, must act entirely through the conditioning of the central nervous system.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 531-553 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The external genitalia and the internal reproductive organs are described. Compound gonads, with a normal development of testicular and ovarian tissues, are found in the positions of the gonads of normal individuals. The genital ducts arise in both types of tissue and serve as common ducts.It is demonstrated microscopically that the male tissue has one and the female tissue two sex chromosomes. The diploid number (or nearly so) is present in both tissues. This is the constitution of the normal sexes.The origin of the gynandromorphs is accounted for by assuming either the theory of dispermy in the binucleated egg or chromosomal elimination.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929) 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
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  • 59
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 1-36 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The first spermatocytes of Circotettix verruculatus have eleven chromosomes. Five of these are regularly atelomitic and three are telomitic. The other three are variable and may have both diads telomitic, both atelomitic, or one diad telomitic while the other is atelomitic. The locus of fiber attachment and, consequently, the form of the chromosome are constant for the individual. The point of fiber insertion is known to be inherited according to mendelian principles, and is, therefore, a measure of the frequencies of the telomitic and atelomitic diads in a group of individuals.Samples of five geographically different populations were studied with respect to the proportion of atelomitic to telomitic diads in the three variable tetrads. The proportion for each of the three chromosomes was compared with that for the corresponding tetrads from the other localities. The data were subjected to statistical analysis, and significant differences between some of the groups were found in the proportion of atelomitic to telomitic diads in corresponding chromosomes.A possible correlation between these cytological differences among the various localities and the formation of geographical races or subspecies are discussed. An inversion of the portion of a chromosome, which causes an apparent, although not a real, change in the locus of fiber attachment, is suggested as the origin of atelomitic chromosomes. The effect which heteromorphism of synaptic mates may have on crossing-over is considered.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 227-259 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study was made in the guinea-pig of the distribution of melanin pigment in the normal dark-eye and in various mutant types, such as the brown type of dark-eye (b), light and dark salmon-eye (sm), dark red-eye (crB), brown red-eye (crb), albino (ca), pink-eye (p), and pseudopink-eye (P sm b). The genes which affect pigmentation in the eye have definite qualitative or quantitative effects on the production of melanin. Eyes of the genetic constitution ca, p, or sm possess very little pigment. But eyes which have the dominant allelomorphs of these genes, C, P, or Sm, have a large amount of pigment. The non-yellow gene, cr, and the brown gene, b, cause the deeper retinal layer, which is normally intensely pigmented throughout its entirety, to become less pigmented. There is a corresponding reduction in the melanin in the pigmented areas of the iris and choroid. In all types of eyes with reduced pigment, such as the albino, pink-eye, and pseudopink-eye, pigment persists in the deeper retinal layer even when it is almost absent from other regions. Moreover, in all eyes which have less pigment than the normal type there is a decided tendency for chromatophores to be located adjacent to blood vessels. This tendency is outstanding in the iris and quite noticeable in the choroid.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Morphology 47 (1929), S. 335-413 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: An attempt is made to define lips, and on Danforth's interpretation of homology, homologous lips are found at certain stages of development in some representatives of all classes of vertebrates. The primary lips characteristic of selachians, after the maxillary and premaxillary bones have developed within the territory of the upper lip (toadfish, cod), may disappear (trout, Spelerpes), accompanied by a forward migration of the lower jaw. The secondary lips of higher forms are first indicated in certain teleosts and amphibians. Lips vary in structure to accord with their physiological functions, whether sensory, prehensile, or adhesive. Lips of the cod are highly sensory; those of the tadpole and of grazing animals, in different ways, are notably prehensile; the lips of petromyzon and the vampire, having abundant villi, are most effectively adhesive. Therefore, the smaller villi of the lips of suckling animals are presumably for tight adhesion to the nipple. The opossum and rat, however, nurse before their lips have developed. No free macroscopic villi are found on human lips, but there is a zone of thick epithelium tending to form villi. Such a zone is shown to be a widespread feature of vertebrate lips.
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  • 62
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: During the past few years many functions have been assigned to the epididymis which have been supplementary to its rǒle in sperm storage and to its secretory activity. One of these, the suggestion that sperm attain full maturity and are strengthened in consequence of some action of its secretion, has been reinvestigated as the first part of a study which is intended to include other aspects of the problem.No evidence in support of the theory was obtained from a series of experiments on various mammals representing a repetition and extension of earlier work. On the contrary, the strengthening and attainment of full spermatozoon maturity would seem to be the outcome of changes which are inherent in the sperm themselves. It is suggested, therefore, until other aspects of the subject can be reinvestigated, that the epididymis is simply a reservoir for sperm in which the processes of sperm development which start while they are still contained in the testis are free to continue because of the favorable environment present in the epididymis.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929) 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 64
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 105-121 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Two types of cytoplasmic inclusions, differing in reactions to vital dyes and to osmic fixation and impregnation have been demonstrated in Peranema trichophorum. The mitochondria are rod-like and lie in more or less spiral rows, forming a single layer beneath the periplast. They are stained supravitally with Janus green, but not with neutral red. They may be demonstrated by staining in iron hematoxylin after Mann-Kopsch fixation. They are also blackened in prolonged osmic impregnation, but are bleached readily with hydrogen peroxide.The small spherical osmiophilic inclusions are scattered in distribution, although sometimes more numerous in the anterior third of the organism. These bodies are stainable supravitally with neutral red, neutral violet, and brilliant cresyl blue. They are densely blackened in osmic impregnation, and are not bleached in the usual treatment with hydrogen peroxide. They are not however, demonstrated by Mann-Kopsch fixation and iron hematoxylin. After being stained supravitally with neutral red, these inclusions may be blackened under direct observation by exposure to osmic vapor in hanging-drop preparations.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 173-251 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The purpose of this study was to determine whether structural elements of the cytoplasm can be demonstrated to be specifically concerned with certain physiological processes that are experimentally induced in tissue at the time of fixation. The methods for bringing into view variations in cell structure correlated with cell activity were as follows: the increase of the process of secretion by subcutaneous injection into the living animal of phenol red and of urea; the increase of the process of reabsorption by injection of glucose: the inhibition of reabsorption of sugar by injection of phlorhizin.Variations of the same magnitude in the form, position, quantity, and interrelationships of granules, globules, chondriosomes, and Golgi substance were found to occur in normal untreated animals and in those treated experimentally. Some evidence was found that in cells of the proximal tubule a characteristic form of Golgi body appears which seems to be correlated with increased reabsorption of sugar.
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  • 66
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological study has been made of a series of Phrynosoma testes taken at frequent intervals throughout the year. As it was important to differentiate between the amount of interstitial tissue and the number of cells, it was necessary to take into account the percentage of tissue, total testis volume and the number of cells per unit volume.The results show a definite interstitial-cell cycle. Volume of interstitial tissue and size of individual cells are greatest during the breeding season, but the interstitial-cell number is then minimal. The maximal number of interstitial cells occurs after the close of the breeding season. There is, apparently, no reversion of interstitial cells to a connective-tissue-cell type.The above changes are correlated with the spermatogenetic cycle and with increases in total tubule length, in tubule diameter, and in testis volume. The time in which important changes in ovarian volume occur and at which ovulation takes place is coincident with the testicular changes.Interstitial cells have been stated to have no endocrine function for the reason that their number is at a minimum during the breeding season. If, however, interstitial tissue is responsible for sex characters and activity, the present work would indicate that it is the volume of tissue, and not the number of cells, that is important.
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  • 67
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    Journal of Morphology 48 (1929), S. 385-431 
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Direction of peristalsis of the dorsal vessel in prepupa, chrysalis, and adult of Lepidoptera is not constantly forward; phases of forward peristalsis alternate with phases either of backward peristalsis throughout the whole dorsal vessel or of diverging waves originating in the third to fourth abdominal segments, proceeding backward and forward. Periodic reversal in the silkworm begins twenty-four hours after spinning, forty-eight before pupation. Pupation occurs during a vigorous backward phase. Soon after pupation, and sometimes during pupation, backward phases consist of diverging waves. Later, and in the adult, complete reversal intermittently occurs. Backward phases in the pupa are long (e.g., fifteen minutes), the average rate slow and variable, quickening at eight to ten days to that of the adult. Any long backward phase shows a gradual slowing down, except approaching pupation when the pulse quickens to equal that of forward beating. Average rate of forward beating is constant at constant temperature, but absolute rate in a long phase gradually slackens. Pauses (sometimes one and one-half hours long in older pupae) often follow forward phases. Alternating phases in the adult, compared with the pupa, are short, about one minute and usually less than one hundred beats. In old moths the phases become still shorter, often being reduced to single beats. Opposing waves occasionally conflict. Periodic reversal occurs for hours after excision of the dorsal wall with the pericardium and heart. As in ascidians, back pressure cannot explain reversal.
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929), S. 109-129 
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929), S. 155-163 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    Topics: Medicine
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929) 
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929), S. 221-237 
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    Topics: Medicine
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    The @Anatomical Record 42 (1929), S. 1-68 
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    The @Anatomical Record 42 (1929), S. 91-113 
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    The @Anatomical Record 42 (1929), S. 169-175 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The @Anatomical Record 42 (1929), S. 217-241 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    The @Anatomical Record 42 (1929), S. 177-187 
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    The @Anatomical Record 42 (1929), S. 243-265 
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    The @Anatomical Record 42 (1929), S. 355-363 
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929) 
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929), S. 1-26 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929), S. 165-169 
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929), S. 197-198 
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929), S. 209-214 
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929), S. 251-255 
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    The @Anatomical Record 43 (1929), S. 199-208 
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    The @Anatomical Record 44 (1929) 
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    The @Anatomical Record 44 (1929), S. 181-182 
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    The @Anatomical Record 44 (1929), S. 279-294 
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    American Journal of Anatomy 43 (1929), S. 1-42 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    American Journal of Anatomy 43 (1929), S. 221-246 
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    American Journal of Anatomy 43 (1929), S. 347-383 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    American Journal of Anatomy 44 (1929) 
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    American Journal of Anatomy 44 (1929), S. 171-198 
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    American Journal of Anatomy 44 (1929), S. 283-329 
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    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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