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  • 1985-1989  (422)
  • 1945-1949
  • 1840-1849
  • 1985  (422)
  • Engineering  (422)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 285-299 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a finite element analysis of laminated bimodulus composite thin shells of revolution using a 48 d.o.f. doubly curved quadrilateral finite element. All the three displacements of the shell element reference surface are expressed as products of one-dimensional first-order Hermite interpolation polynomials. The constitutive relationship for a bimodulus composite is assumed to depend on the fibre-direction strain experienced by each orthotropic layer. Consequently the true state of strain and the corresponding constitutive relationship in a bimodulus composite structure are to be determined iteratively. The true state of stress/strain is obtained by specifying a maximum error in the locations of the two neutral surfaces (one along each of the orthogonal reference axes) in the shell. The use of the quadrilateral shell finite element is validated by solving the problem of (i) a freely supported single layer (0°) bimodulus composite square plate and (ii) a freely supported single layer (0°) cylindrical panel, which are subjected to sinusoidal transverse loading and for which analytical solutions are available. Next, the problems of a single layer (90°) pinched cylindrical shell and a single layer (0°) open crown hemispherical shell are solved to show the ability of the present program.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 329-347 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Recently developed solid modelling systems for the design of complex physical solids using interactive computer graphics offer the exciting possibility of an integrated design/analysis system. Called geometric modellers, these systems build complex solids from primitive solids (cubes, cylinders, spheres, solid patches, etc.) and macro solids (combination of primitives)3, 4, 8, 16, 18, 25, 38. To provide an effective structural analysis capability for these systems, methods must be devised to ease the burden of discretizing the solid geometry into a user controlled (usually locally graded) finite element mesh. The purpose of this paper is to describe an interactive solid mesh generation system capable of generating valid meshes of well-proportional tetrahedral finite elements for the decomposition of multiply connected solid structures. The system uses a semi-automatic node insertion procedure to locate element node points within and on the surface of a structure. An independent automatic three-dimensional triangulator then accepts these nodes as input and connects them to form a valid finite element mesh oftetrahedral elements. Although this report makes use of a modeller based on a constructive solid geometry representation (a so-called CSG modeller), the mesh generation strategy elaborated herein is completely general and makes no particular use of the CSG representation.
    Additional Material: 20 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 465-479 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A matrix derivation of the method of partial decomposition for substructure equilibrium equations is given and algorithms and subroutines necessary for implementing a multi-level substructuring scheme are presented. The algorithms are based upon partial decomposition of skyline matrices by the Cholesky method. Transformation of co-ordinates and prediction of the skyline for higher level substructures are also discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 509-528 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The use of a complete and nonsingular set of Trefftz functions in the solution of quasi-harmonic equations is demonstrated and shown to be often superior to the more conventional singularity distribution in boundary-type approximation. Procedures for coupling separate domains of such solution and indeed of deriving equivalent finite elements are demonstrated.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 579-582 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 601-616 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The displacement of a slightly compressible liquid by another in a porous medium has been modelled. This problem, which involves a moving boundary, has been numerically solved for the one-dimensional case by using the Galerkin method. State and parameter estimation have been carried out using the extended Kalman filter.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 853-881 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Two methods are compared for integrating the strains that can arise in finite element solutions for Eulerian velocity fields associated with large strain material forming processes. With the Galerkin formulation, partial differential equations for the deformation gradient are solved over the entire domain based on a weighted residual; with the streamline integrated technique, the corresponding ordinary differential equations are integrated along characteristic lines. Both methods have yielded accurate integrations for the radial flow and planar rolling problems studied. A finite element technique is also presented for ensuring that the free surfaces of the fluid flow are streamlines. This technique has been used for ensuring proper boundary conditions in the rolling analysis.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 691-711 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a solar energy application involving thermal storage, one of the heat transfer situations is that of combined convection in vertical annuli for rather complex wall thermal boundary conditions. Predictive data of a high order of reliability are needed for incorporation within the suite of programs treating the whole problem.The program reported here treats the complete equations for combined free and forced convection in a vertical annulus. It allows for viscosity and density variation with temperature, and a variable heat flux or temperature at the walls. It was developed from a similar program for circular tubes.Comparisons are made with published data for velocity profiles and heat transfer performance. These are good, and show the step-wise energy balance method is necessary and valid.The strategy of generation of the required data is explained, together with sample output. These data are themselves analysed computationally; the performance equations agree with original predictions typically to within ± 11 per cent, with a standard deviation of around 2 per cent.The working fluid is water with 37 per cent ethylene glycol. Upward heated and downward cooled flows give aided combined convection. For the given design, laminar flow is predicted for the Reynolds number range 1800-2200.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 775-776 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 763-774 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We derive a closed-form expression for the change in the variational indicator of a finite element mesh with respect to perturbations in nodal point co-ordinates. The expression is evaluated very effectively from standard finite element data obtained in one solution, and may be easily programmed as part of a general finite element code. We present the derivation for two- and three-dimensional isoparametric elements used in linear and nonlincar elasticity. The expression has practical applications in the computation of stress intensity factors in fracture mechanics and in the determination of the ‘optimal’ mesh with a given element-node connectivity. We demonstrate both applications by accurately determining the stress intensity factor of a Mode I crack using a finite element mesh which was improved using mesh optimization.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 825-835 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Many plane stress finite elements which can exactly represent rigid-body and constant-strain modes are too stiff in their response to the simple flexural action of a beam. This problem has received considerable interest. In this paper we explore a new interpretation of the problem and show that the poor bending response of the original 4-node plane stress quadrilateral can be quantitatively predicted by an error model.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 883-898 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The numerical solution of two-dimensional, transient, incompressible Navier-Stokes problems is considered. The dual variable method, originally developed in the context of a finite difference discretization, is a technique to considerably reduce the size of the linear system to be solved at each time step. The steps involved in the method are (1) the determination of the rank of the discrete divergence operator, A, (2) the determination of a basis for the null space of A, N(A), and (3) the calculation of a particular solution of the discrete continuity equation.A finite element implementation of the method is presented using quadrilateral piecewise bilinear velocity/constant pressure elements. Algorithms for the determination of a basis for N(A) and a particular solution are presented. Numerical comparisons of primitive versus dual variable formulations on several problems demonstrate the advantage of the dual variable method, in terms of both execution speed and memory requirements.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 959-965 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The ability of the collapsed Q-8 finite element to model strain singularities is studied in this paper. It is shown that its ability to model an r-1 singularity in strains depends strongly on the element size and number of Gauss points used for sampling stresses inside an element.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1001-1012 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Conventional error analyses norms in the finite element method are based on the percentage error or its equivalent in some computed value as compared to the theoretically predicted value. In problems where two or more field variables are coupled, it is possible that if the field interpolation functions do not ‘consistently’ reproduce limiting situations of physical behaviour, there may be very large errors which are exaggerated enormously when some structural parameters become indefinitely large in a penalty limiting sense. The percentage error norms therefore saturate quickly to a value approaching 100 per cent and do not sensibly reflect the relationship between error and the structural parameter, even on a logarithmic plot.Errors due to these spurious constraints have recently been recognized as belonging to a special class described as ‘errors of the second kind’. A new error norm, called the additional stiffening parameter, helps to recognize the manner in which errors of the second kind can be blown out, of propprtion by a large variation in some structural parameter. Recent investigations in some multi-field problems are summarized here to demonstrate the usefulness of this concept.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1039-1048 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A new hourglassing control technique for quadrilateral and hexahedral elements used in dynamic finite element codes is presented. Based on expansion of the strees in a Taylor series and retention of additional terms beyond the usual constant stress term, this technique has the advantage that actual rather than artificial material properties are used. Simplifications that render this technique competitive with artificial viscosity and stiffness procedures in terms of additional storage and computation requirements are described.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 16
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1049-1066 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A structure is defined by a set of governing points. These points can be used to define lines, surfaces and solids. A governing point can be connected to a design variable. The values of the design variables are determined in order to minimize the weight of the structure subject to a number of stress constraints. Three simple structures are then designed.
    Additional Material: 35 Ill.
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  • 17
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1149-1156 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple shear flexible triangular plate/shell element with three/five displacement degrees-of-freedom at the three corner nodes only, is identified. It does not lock or have zero-energy mechanisms. The specific geometrical configurations in which this is possible are derived through field consistency patch tests.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 18
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1157-1164 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In problems of structure interaction with infinite surrounding of incompressible, inviscid fluid media, added mass matrices on wet surfaces have been considered for modelling the effects of outgoing waves. For an arbitrary geometry of the wet surface, an expression for the added mass matrix is derived according to a finite element procedure which utilizes the force-displacement relations of representative elements on the boundary. In the element mass matrix a certain symmetry, which characterizes interactions between the interior and exterior surfaces, helps reduce the quadratic matrix equation of the cloning algorithm to a linear eigenvalue problem. A benchmark example is included to establish the numerical accuracy of the proposed formulation.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 19
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1168-1169 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 20
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1171-1185 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method for determining the optimum step-size in numerical differentiation of a tabulated function is described. In test cases it gives an average error of about four times the error in the data; thus, it is more than twice as accurate as previously published methods. A Fortran program is presented.
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  • 21
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1289-1293 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The stiffness matrix for the DKT plate-bending element is formulated explicitly in a global co-ordinate system. This approach avoids transformations of stiffness, and elasticity properties for anisotropic materials, from local to global co-ordinates, which were required in previous formulations. A FORTRAN listing of the algorithm is appended for potential users.
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  • 22
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1315-1338 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: We present the results of a numerical study of the preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm, the minimal residual algorithm, the biconjugate gradient algorithm and the bi-minimal residual algorithm using both simple test matrices and more realistic test matrices derived from physical problems. The application of the methods to unsymmetric matrices is considered. We emphasize the importance of a good preconditioning, look at various methods including ICGG(n) and incomplete block factorization, and make some practical recommendations. Some of the folk-lore surrounding the semi-iterative methods is dispelled.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1363-1364 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 24
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1269-1281 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Finite elements with ‘Special’ basis functions have been proposed to develop better approximations for problems where the behaviour is known to be non-polynomial. This paper discusses extension of Gaussian quadrature integration procedures of non-conventional form to the evaluation of the finite element matrices for ‘Special’ elements. Algorithms for general ‘Special’ elements are discussed. The techniques are applied to ‘Special’ one- and two-dimensional elements for spherically symmetric potential flow. The accuracy of the new ‘Special’ element is shown to be superior to linear and quadratic elements for spherically symmetric potential flow problems.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 25
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1339-1344 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper shows that the elasto-viscoplastic model, presented the first time in1, enables to take an isotropic and kinematic hardening law into account easily and gives an economical and accurate solution to cyclic plasticity problems.
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  • 26
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 27
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1361-1362 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
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  • 28
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1345-1359 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Introduced herein is a generalization of Newmark's time marching integration scheme, called the β-m method. Like the SSpj method (introduced in Parts 1 and 2 of this series), the β-m method provides a gcneral single-step scheme applicable to any set of initial value problems. The method is specialized by specifying the method order m along with rn integration parameters, β0, β1, …, βm-1. For a particular choice of m, the integration parameters provide a subfamily of methods which control accuracy and stability, as well as offering options for explicit or implicit algorithms. For the most part, attention is focused on the application to structural dynamic equations. Most well-known methods (e.g. Newmark, Wilson, Houbolt, etc.) are shown to be special cases within the β-m family. Hence, one computationally efficient and surprisingly simple algorithm unifies old and new methods. Stability and accuracy analyses are presented for method orders m = 2, 3 and 4 to determine optimal parameters for implicit and explicit schemes, along with numerical verification.
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  • 29
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1381-1390 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A numerical scheme has been constructed to simulate the imposition of a step in heat transfer at the surface of a multi-layered substrate. The numerical simulation of this process is carried out by applying an extended version of the Keller Box-Scheme to multi-layered diffusion problems. Numerical calculations show that accurate choice of length and time-scales is critical in determining the behaviour of the heat flow through the substrate. Thus, the results from the numerical simulations are of value to the experimentalist, particularly in determining the accurate shape of the response curves which enable experimental apparatus to be designed effectively. The proposed scheme yields heat fluxes as accurately as temperatures, and can be easily adapted to other related applications.
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  • 30
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1601-1623 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Various mathematical programming methods for structural optimization are studied. In a companion paper, these methods have been studied based on certain theoretical considerations. In this paper, the methods are studied based on solving a set of test problems. The methods that are studied include recursive QP, feasible directions, gradient projection, SUMT and multiplier methods. Various computer codes have been developed, and are studied together with some existing programs such as CONMIN and OPTDYN. The test problems considered have 3-47 design variables and 3-252 constraints. The evaluation criteria consist of studying the accuracy, reliability and efficiency of a code. It turns out that globally convergent algorithms (multiplier methods, in particular) are very reliable but not efficient. Primal algorithms (like CONMIN), which are not proved to be globally convergent, are efficient but not reliable.
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  • 31
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1671-1680 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A one-dimensional exterior electromagnetic scattering problem is formulated using a differential equation approach followed by a finite element discretization. By interpreting the resulting linear algebraic equations as node voltage equations for a transmission line, a boundary element is obtained which satisfies the requirement of no wave reflection at the edge of the finite element region. Numerical results which show the elimination of non-physical standing waves from the scattered field are presented and discussed.
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  • 32
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1521-1533 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simple and logical finite element formulation is presented for the analysis of rings and sectors, with Timoshenko effects. The elemental properties are derived from the governing differential equation of motion using the Galerkin method. A quintic polynomial, satisfying the compatibility of derivatives up to second order, has been used for the ring finite element. The interpolating function is the same as for a thin ring. The efficiency of the formulation has been illustrated by the numerical results presented.
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  • 33
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1547-1553 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: For about a decade, each and every researcher who used isoparametric quadratic elements to solve fracture mechanics problems employed only incomplete versions of these elements. Although complete formulations of isoparametric elements are almost as available as incomplete ones in general-purpose finite element computer programs, no attempt to use complete formulations has been seen yet. The purpose of this paper is to show how the complete quadratic isoparametric elements can be employed in the field of fracture mechanics.
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  • 34
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    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1641-1657 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a method of analysing the distribution of a two-dimensional electromagnetic field in a conducting medium of known cross-section carrying sinusoidal current and of unknown numerical values of boundary conditions on conductors surfaces. The method combines the finite element and separation of variables methods. An example is given of application of the method to calculation of impedance and electrodynamic forces of two thick, full and round conductors carrying oppositely directed sinusoidal currents. On the basis of numerical computation, graphs of resistance, reactance and electrodynamic forces are plotted.
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  • 35
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2306-2307 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 36
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 13-18 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 37
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 37-63 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Structural reanalysis problems, such as in nonlinear finite element analysis or optimum design, involve progressive changes in the global stiffness matrix and its matrix factors. Although many studies have been devoted to the subject of matrix factor modification, most investigations have dealt with the problem separately from sparse matrix methods. This paper introduces a graph-theoretic model for the forward solution procedure which is applicable for identifying the modified entries of the matrix factors due to changes in the original matrix. Applications of this graph-theoretic model to existing refactorization methods are presented. The relation between substructuring and sparse matrix ordering strategies, and their effects on reanalysis are discussed. Modification of a sparse matrix associated with an n × n finite element grid ordered by the nested dissection scheme is analysed.
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  • 38
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 65-88 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A solution procedure for the analysis of planar and axisymmetric-contact- problems involving sticking, frictional sliding and separation under large deformations is presented. The contact conditions are imposed using the total potential of the contact forces with the geometric compatibility conditions, which leads to contact system matrices and force vectors. Some key aspects of the procedure are the contact matrices, the use of distributed tractions on the contact segments for deciding whether a node is sticking, sliding or releasing and the evaluation of the nodal point contact forces. The solutions to various sample problems are presented to demonstrate the applicability of the algorithm.
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  • 39
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 89-104 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Relations between displacement models using reduced integration and hybrid mixed models based on the Hellinger-Reissner and the Herrmann principles have been investigated. Five different isoparametric elements are considered for the case of plane stress, plane strain and plate bending elasticity problems.It is proved that the following relations hold for both models, provided the number of terms of a polynomial expressing the stress or strain component in the formulation of the mixed models is equal to the number of integration points of the reduced integration. If the stiffness matrix of the mixed model is evaluated by the identical integration rule with the reduced integration, the stiffness matrices of both models are identical. Thus, both models are equivalent, if the stiffness matrix of the mixed model is integrated exactly by the identical integration rule with the reduced integration.The displacement models using uniform reduced integration and selective reduced integration are equivalent to the mixed models based on the Hellinger-Reissner and the Herrmann principles except for the 6-node element, respectively.
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  • 40
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 131-143 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A six-node plate bending element has been developed by employing mixed formulation based on a modified Hellinger-Reissner principle and the Reissner-Mindlin plate bending theory. The numerical result indicates that, among the types of assumed independent transverse shear strains considered, a combination of 2α version with either 5α version or 6α version is free of spurious kinematic modes and leads to accurate and reliable solutions even for very thin plates.
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  • 41
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 145-161 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 42
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 163-168 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A fully discrete stability and accuracy analysis of some algorithms for the one-dimensional heat equation is presented. Results illustrate that 2-pass explicit schemes which simultaneously employ lumped and coupled capacity matrices are capable of improved performance over the standard 1-pass explicit scheme.
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  • 43
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 169-182 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general matrix operator is established for solving linear boundary value problems in slip-line field theory. The operator will enable a wider class of problems to be solved than were previously possible with the matrix slip-line field technique. As an illustration, a range of solutions are generated involving the previously intractable Coulomb friction boundary condition.
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  • 44
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 193-193 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 45
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2273-2287 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A software system for the automated computer simulation of two-dimensional elastostatic problems by the finite element method is described. This system consists of two parts, automated mesh generation and automated stress analysis. The mesh generation is based on a method in which equilateral triangles are generated successively in the unmeshed region. Automated mesh refinement is carried out in the latter part of the simulation process. The stress analysis is based on the assumed stress hybrid method and the successive over relaxation method. The computer program developed for this paper can generate a succession of increasingly refined triangular meshes until a certain mesh convergence criterion is achieved. The mesh convergence criterion is based on a comparison of nodal stresses in successive analyses until all the stress differences are within a specified tolerance.
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  • 46
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 267-283 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In a previous paper1, design sensitivity analysis of static response of structural systems when general boundary conditions are imposed during the analysis phase was developed and presented. This paper presents methods for design sensitivity analysis of dynamic response of structural systems when general boundary conditions are imposed during the analysis phase: Eigenvalue as well as transient response problems are discussed. Design sensitivity expression for eigenvalue constraints is derived. For the transient problem, point-wise as well as the integral-type constraint functions are treated. Advantages of these design sensitivity analysis procedures for the dynamic problem are the same as for the static problem. Namely, they are compatible with any existing finite element analysis computer code. Also, they can handle general boundary conditions that are design independent or dependent. Three simple examples are presented to show use of the procedures. Based on these applications, general-purpose numerical procedures can be developed and incorporated into existing computer codes.
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  • 47
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 317-328 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A geometrically nonlinear formulation for a 48 degrees-of-freedom (d.o.f.) quadrilateral shell element is presented. Each of the three displacement functions of u, v and w is based on the bicubic Hermitian polynomial. The surface of the element is modelled using linearized ratronal B-spline functions which may be linked to the geometric data bases generated by the computer-aided design system. The displacement functions and the 48 d.o.f. are expressed in both curvilinear and Cartesian forms, whereas the strain-displacement equations are expressed in curvilinear co-ordinates. The use of Cartesian displacement functions and degrees-of-freedom allow for the proper representation of the six rigid body motions even for the element with nonzero Gaussian curvature, such as a bellows. Two examples are demonstrated: snap-through buckling of a spherical cap and large deflection of a semi-toroidal bellows shell. Results compare well with alternative solutions.
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  • 48
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 361-365 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 49
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 367-383 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This communication discusses a 4-node plate bending element for linear elastic analysis which is obtained, as a special case, from a general nonlinear continuum mechanics based 4-node shell element formulation. The formulation of the plate element is presented and the results of various example solutions are given that yield insight into the predictive capability of the plate (and shell) element.
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  • 50
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 385-385 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 51
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 386-386 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 387-388 
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  • 53
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 54
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 437-449 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper extends the earlier work by the present authors for a single embedded crack in an infinite solid and presents a solution to the problem of multiple coplanar cracks in an infinite medium. An alternating method in conjunction with an analytical solution for a single crack is used to determine the stress intensity factors for interacting multiple coplanar embedded cracks in an infinite body. The alternating method, as implemented here, leads to a highly accurate evaluation of the appropriate stress intensity factors.
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  • 55
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 421-435 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A finite element is developed for the three-dimensional deformation of a circular ring. The derivation is based on ring theory. The unique feature of the element is that it provides for coupling between the in-plane and out-of-plane loads and deflections. The element is derived in terms of polar co-ordinates so that no co-ordinate transformation is needed to assemble the elements. Three ring deflection problems are solved using an assembly of the elements. Two of the solutions are compared with analytical results and one is compared with experimental results. The comparisons verify the theory.
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  • 56
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 481-485 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: An equation related to the ‘first theorem of structural variation’ is simplified for computational purposes.
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  • 57
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 487-507 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: This paper reviews the derivation procedure of conventional stress-based elements and then shows how the procedure can be simplified by using degrees-of-freedom which are amplitudes of the boundary loading modes (‘mode-amplitude technique’). This gives one class of element based on stress assumptions and uses only one virtual principle. The natural formulation of hierarchical stress elements is shown.
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  • 58
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 733-761 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The paper presents a general-purpose computer program for the inelastic analysis of reinforced concrete frames based on the method of imposed rotations. The program is capable of calculating the response of the structure to a given loading and also capable of performing collapse load analysis of the given structure. The program has been tested for a variety of problems and has been found to be extremely efficient compared to the other existing routines with much more limited capabilities. Complete listing and information for using the program has been presented.
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  • 59
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 789-800 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The five-spot waterflooding problem has been modelled as a two-dimensional moving boundary problem with a sharp interface separating the water and oil regions. The Galerkin method was used to solve for the shape and movement of the interface, as well as for the pressures in the reservoir. Having obtained a working model, the extended Kalman filter was then used to estimate the interfacial position when using corrupted pressure measurements from a single sensor in the field.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 663-670 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Three boundary integral equations for the solution of an important class of elastic slab problems are considered. Some numerical examples are examined in order to illustrate the application of the integral equations to particular boundary-value problems.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 723-732 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 837-851 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates represent the logical choice for description of the middle surface of the majority of shells in engineering practice. By means of orthogonalization of originally skew parameter lines at integration points for shell analysis by the finite element method (FEM), the remaining minority can be treated without having to resort to skew curvilinear co-ordinates. Therefore, it does not seem to be worth while to extend existing computer codes for shell analysis by the FEM, restricted to orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates, to general curvilinear co-ordinates. Depending on the structure of such a code, this extension may require a substantial amount of recoding. (However, it is advisable to consider general curvilinear co-ordinates if a new computer code for shell analysis by the FEM, based on thin- or thick-shell theory, is written).Based on these considerations, the concept of ‘discrete orthogonalization of parameter lines’ has been developed. It is presented in this paper and applied to the analysis of a hyperbolic paraboloid groined vault subjected to dead load. In the numerical investigation it is demonstrated that treating skew parameter lines incorrectly as orthogonal has a significant effect on the results for the displacements and the internal forces.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 585-600 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A generally applicable and simple joint/interface element for three- and two-dimensional finite element analysis is presented. The proposed element can model joints/interfaces between solid finite elements and shell finite elements. The derivation of the joint element stiffness is presented and algorithms for the treatment of nonlinear joint behaviour discussed. The performance of the element is tested on typical problems involving shell-to-shell and shell-to-solid interfaces.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 617-635 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A 48 degrees-of-freedom quadrilateral element, including the effect of both material and geometric nonlinearities, is formulated and appropriate numerical procedures are adopted for the development of a systematic and efficient approach for the static nonlinear analysis of general shell structures. The element surface is described by a variable-order polynomial in curvilinear co-ordinates. The displacement functions are described by bicubic Hermitian polynomials in curvilinear co-ordinates. Without being confined to the assumption of axisymmetry, this formulation allows for the treatment of shells with a more general shape and with a complex spread of plastic zones. In the formulation for geometric nonlinearity, the total Lagrangian approach is adopted. Only small strains and small rotations are allowed. In the formulation for plastic deformation, the concept of a layered element model is used. In the inelastic range, the material is assumed to obey the Von Mises yield criterion and the Prandtl-Reuss flow rule. A tangential stiffness formulation is combined with the modified Newton-Raphson iteration method for the solution of nonlinear problems. A systematic choice of examples ranging from fiat plates to cylindrical panels and to spherical caps is solved and compared with available solutions to evaluate the recommended formulations and procedures in terms of their accuracy and efficiency.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 683-689 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: As an approximation for the mechanism behind noise emission from a rock drilling rod, the transient damped vibrations of a beam (the drilling rod) in bending and shear is studied. At one end the beam is supported by a distributed damped Winkler-type foundation. In order to determine required transfer function from an applied moment at the other end of the beam, it is divided into two finite elements. Each element is treated as a uniform Rayleigh-Timoshenko beam in an ambient medium. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique is utilized. Good agreement between calculated and measured strains is obtained. A single-figure measure which is approximately proportional to the sound power radiated from the vibrating beam is calculated for different damping materials at the supported end. It is found that a relatively high value of the stiffness of the Winkler-type foundation is needed if a significant level of reduction in the sound power radiated from the beam is to be achieved.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 713-721 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: At present there are many general methods of approximating a possibly nonlinear operator equation by a finite equation system. The most commonly applied methods are the finite element and the finite difference. Numerous papers (e.g. References 9 and 10) have dealt with a comparison of these methods.In Reference 12 the Galerkin finite difference method (GFDM) is developed. The GFDM is a special finite element method designed t o solve nonlinear and possibly coupled partial differential equations numerically. It consists of a finite difference scheme derived from a Galerkin finite element method through the use of special local basis functions and a special grid.In this paper, we are concerned with extending the GFDM to derive ‘normal’ difference schemes. e.g. five-point schemes on two-dimensional domains for a general class of operators, even in nonlinear cases.Using GFDM or the finite element method on two-dimensional regions generally leads to at least 7- or 9-point schemes as well as expensive approximations of the nonlinear terms. Often, numerical integration is necessary. These computational costs are due to the non-orthogonality of the continuous and differentiable local basis functions that are needed in this case.The basic idea of the multi-bases approaches, which are the major concern in this paper11, is to reduce the smoothnessproperties ofthelocal basis functions in favour oftheir orthogonality. Thiscan beachieved with the help of so-called transfer operators which map the non-orthogonal and differentiable basis onto an only bounded but orthogonal basis.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 777-778 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 779-787 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: The eigenvalue problem for the Laplace operator is numerical investigated using the boundary integral equation (BIE) formulation. Three methods of discretization are given and illustrated with numerical examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 801-824 
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Mixed finite element procedures with triangular and quadrilateral elements are evaluated and applied for nonlinear elastic and elastic-plastic analysis of some engineering problems. The elastic-plastic analysis involves implementation of von Mises, Drucker-Prager and Cap models. A number of special techniques such as symbolic programming, utilization of dihedral symmetry and the frontal solution are used to achieve computational economy. The procedure is also adopted for simulation of construction sequences in geomechanics such as excavation involving stress-free surface. The proposed procedures are evaluated and verified with respect to closed-form solutions, other finite element (displacement) procedures and field observations.
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  • 71
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 899-908 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Non-Newtonian fluid motion generated by a vertical porous hot plate in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is studied when viscous and ohmic dissipations are significant. When the temperature of the plate is very large, a general differential approximation for the radiative flux enables the asymptotic flow, valid far away from the tips of the plate, to reduce to a set of nonlinear and coupled ordinary differential equations. The solutions of these differential equations are studied for both small and large values of the absorption coefficient. The temperature, velocity and magnetic field distributions are discussed quantitatively. A primary conclusion of the analysis is that the distributions of temperature, velocity and magnetic field are much larger for a fluid with a large absorption coefficient than for a fluid with a small absorption coefficient.
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  • 72
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 929-939 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A body-fitted curvilinear co-ordinate system is used to solve the equations of two-dimensional incompressible laminar flow over bluff obstructions by finite differences. Arbitrary conditions at the corner are removed by this method. Results for a backward-facing step are in reasonable agreement with those obtained with conventional mesh systems, and the differences are explained. A treatment of a channel expansion, in comparison with empirical data, is also included. The capability of the present method to handle arbitrary two-dimensional geometries is stressed and demonstrated, using a triangle and a semi-circle as examples.
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  • 73
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 967-970 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 74
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1166-1166 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 75
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1295-1314 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Three formulations of the boundary element method (BEM) and one of the Galerkin finite element method (FEM) are compared according to accuracy and efficiency for the spatial discretization of two-dimensional, moving-boundary problems based on Laplace's equation. The same Euler-predictor, trapezoid-corrector scheme for time integration is used for all four methods. The model problems are on either a bounded or a semi-infinite strip and are formulated so that closed-form solutions are known. Infinite elements are used with both the BEM and FEM techniques for the unbounded domain. For problems with the bounded region, the BEM using the free-space Green's function and piecewise quadratic interpolating functions (QBEM) is more accurate and efficient than the BEM with linear interpolation. However, the FEM with biquadratic basis functions is more efficient for a given accuracy requirement than the QBEM, except when very high accuracy is demanded. For the unbounded domain, the preferred method is the BEM based on a Green's function that satisfies the lateral symmetry conditions and which leads to discretization of the potential only along the moving surface. This last formulation is the only one that reliably satisfies the far-field boundary condition.
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  • 76
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1391-1401 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The best approach for the numerical determination of stress intensity factors at crack tips in plane and antiplane elasticity problems is frequently the numerical solution of the corresponding Cauchy-type singular integral equation by the Gauss-Chebyshev method, followed by the application of the natural extrapolation formula for the numerical determination of the stress intensity factors. It is shown here that this approach converges for Hölder-continuous and discontinuous (with jump discontinuities) loading distributions along the crack (or cracks) and that in all cases the rate of convergence is greater than that believed up to now. This superconvergence result is based on a theorem on the numerical equivalence of the Gauss-Chebyshev direct method to a relevant indirect method for the numerical solution of Cauchy-type singular integral equations, also proved here. Numerical results in various crack problems corroborate the theoretical ones.
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  • 77
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1427-1445 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: When the finite element method is applied to the analysis of tidal currents in an inland sea with many islands, a system of linear equations with large band and sparse coefficient matrix is solved at each time step, and therefore the finite element methods usually suffer a severe economic disadvantage for practical calculations. The method used in this paper for solving a system of linear equations with large band and sparse coefficient matrix is the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient (ICCG) method: The ICCG method was compared with other methods such as the Gaussian elimination method, the Gauss-Seidel method and the conjugate gradient method. This method showed significant improvement in computation time and it can overcome the disadvantage that the efficiency to solve the matrix equations which appear in the finite element analysis of tidal currents usually diminishes as the bandwidth grows. The simulation results of tidal currents in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan were compared with field data and good agreements were obtained.
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  • 78
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1487-1497 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is presented for the calculation of weight functions used in fracture mechanics to determine stress intensity factors of cracks loaded by stress gradients. The reference solution for the stress intensity factor and for the reference crack opening displacement field is computed numerically by use of finite elements. The accuracy of the method is checked by comparison with well-known solutions from the literature.
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  • 79
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1499-1520 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A simplified technique for the dynamic analysis of geometrically nonlinear plate structures is developed. The essence of this technique is the construction of a linear substitute of the nonlinear problem. The linear substitute problem is derived from an equivalence criterion which involves balancing the energies of the linear substitute model and the nonlinear model over one period of oscillation. The linearized equations are discretized by a finite element method, and solutions at different amplitudes are obtained numerically by an incremental-iterative scheme. To verify the equivalent energy linearization approach, example problems consisting of the free and forced vibration of nonlinear circular plates with various boundary conditions are studied. All results are compared to theoretical and numerical solutions in the literature. In addition, the forced vibration results are compared to available experimental results. These comparisons tend to validate the assumptions made in the equivalent energy linearization procedure. The proposed method is found to be computationally more efficient than other available procedures.
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  • 80
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1557-1557 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 81
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1556-1556 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 82
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1561-1576 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: An analysis of accuracy and stability of algorithms for the integration of elastoplastic constitutive relations is carried out in this paper. Reference is made to a very general internal variable formulation of plasticity and to two families of algorithms that generalize the well-known trapezoidal and midpoint rules to fit the present context. Other integration schemes such as the radial return, mean normal and closest point procedures are particular cases of this general formulation. The meaning of first and second-order accuracy in the presence of the plastic consistency condition is examined in detail, and the criteria derived are used to identify two second-order accurate members of the proposed algorithms. A general methodology is also derived whereby the numerical stability properties of integration schemes can be systematically assessed. With the aid of this methodology, the generalized midpoint rule is seen to have far better stability properties than the generalized trapezoidal rule. Finally, numerical examples are presented that illustrate the performance of the algorithms.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1558-1559 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 84
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1583-1599 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A comprehensive study of various mathematical programming methods for structural optimization is presented. In recent years, many modern optimization techniques and convergence results have been developed in the field of mathematical programming. The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) to discuss the applicability of modern optimization techniques to structural design problems, and (b) to present mathematical programming methods from a unified and design engineers' viewpoint. Theoretical aspects are considered here, while numerical results of test problems are discussed in a companion paper. Special features possessed by structural optimization problems, together with recent developments in mathematical programming (recursive quadratic programming methods, global convergence theory), have formed a basis for conducting the study. Some improvements of existing methods are noted and areas for future investigation are discussed.
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  • 85
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1659-1669 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element technique of analysing the hydrodynamic pressure, resulting from the vibration of a structure submerged in an unbounded fluid domain, is presented. A suitable boundary condition is proposed for the surface where the unbounded fluid domain is truncated. Pressure is assumed to be the nodal unknown and the fluid is treated as being incompressible and inviscid. The proposed method is computationally very efficient and its implementation in a finite element program is quite straightforward. The efficiency of the method is demonstrated by analysing some two-dimensional problems.
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  • 86
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1759-1776 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element formulation is developed with emphasis primarily focused on providing stress predictions for thin to moderately thick plate (shell) type structures. Plate element behaviour is specified by prescribing independently the neutral surface displacements and rotations, thus relaxing the Kirchhoff hypothesis. Numerical efficiency is achieved due to the simplicity of the element formulation, i.e. the approach yields a displacement dependent multi-layer model. In-plane layer stresses are determined via the constitutive equations, while the transverse shear and short-transverse normal stresses are determined via the equilibrium equations. Accurate transverse stress variations are obtained by appropriately selecting the displacement field for the element. A selective reduced integration technique is utilized in computing element stiffness matrices. Static and spectral (eigenvalue) tests are performed to demonstrate the element modelling capability.
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  • 87
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1813-1831 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A finite element modelling technique which utilizes a triangular element with 45 degrees-of-freedom and seven-point integration has been tested for analysis of thin plate and shell structures. The element is based on the degenerate solid shell concept and the mixed formulation with assumed independent inplane and transverse shear strains. Numerical result indicates effectiveness of the present modelling technique which features combined use of elements with kinematic modes and those without kinematic modes in an attempt to eliminate both locking and spurious kinematic modes at global structural level.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1803-1812 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In this paper we introduce finite element methods of Petrov-Galerkin type for the approximate solution of two-point boundary-value problems for singularly perturbed, second-order, ordinary, linear differential equations. We write down Petrov-Galerkin methods on a uniform mesh which have asymptotic error estimates, as the mesh size tends to zero, whose magnitude is independent of the singular perturbation parameter. This is in marked contrast to standard finite element methods which do not possess such a property on a uniform mesh. For these, typically, the error on a fixed uniform mesh blows up as the singular perturbation parameter tends to zero.This robust behaviour of these Petrov-Galerkin methods for singularly perturbed problems is achieved by choosing trial spaces of standard piecewise polynomial type, while the test spaces consist of hinged piecewise polynomials.We consider self-adjoint and non-self-adjoint two-point boundary-value problems with Dirichlet boundary conditions. We define hinged test spaces for both types of problem. We then introduce a number of sample problems and we present numerical solutions of these sample problems using a Petrov-Galerkin method with the appropriate hinged test space.
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  • 89
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1887-1896 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The Reynolds' equation, which governs the pressure distribution in the oil film of a lubricated bearing, has been solved numerically using finite difference and finite element methods. The latter depends on finding the integral formulation of the Reynold's equation, which is minimized to determine the pressure distribution. The finite control volume method uses the basic flow equations, assumes a given interpolation function for the pressure and, by considering the net flow towards each nodal point, the geometry stiffness is obtained which is identical to the element stiffness matrix obtained by the classical finite element approach. The motivation of the finite control volume method (FCVM) lies in the fact that the calculus of variation, a stumbling block for solution of certain flow problems, is not considered.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 1935-1937 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 91
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
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  • 92
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2001-2012 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A functional in the form of a convolution of the temperature variation in the space-time domain has been derived. It has been used as the basis for a finite element formulation of heat conduction in solids. Numerical illustrations have indicated that the space-time finite element algorithm provides a more rapid convergence to the exact solutions than the usual finite element analysis with discretization in space only.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2099-2126 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A general class of time-dependent co-ordinate transformations is introduced in a variational formulation for evolution problems. The variational problem is posed with respect to both solution and transformation field variables. An approximate analysis using finite elements is developed from the continuous variational form. Modified forms of the variational functional are considered to ensure the deforming mesh is not top irregular. ODE system integrators are utilized to integrate the resulting semidiscrete systems. In Part I we consider the formulation for problems in one spatial dimension and time, including, in particular, convection-dominated flows described by the convection-diffusion, Burgers' and Buckley-Leverett equations. In Part II the extension of the method to two dimensions and supporting numerical experiments are presented.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2127-2127 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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  • 95
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2131-2144 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A family of stable algorithms for integration in time of the spatially discretized generalized Boussinesq equation is presented. In space, the finite element approximation is employed enabling arbitrary layout and variable physical properties. Furthermore, the proposed spatial-temporal discretization neither involves inversion of non-diagonal matrices of large scale nor even their storage. The method is theoretically investigated and numerically tested. Comparison is made with known results.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2189-2199 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: The unilateral buckling of thin elastic plates, according to Kirchhoff's theory, is studied by using a boundary integral method. A representation for the second member of the equation is given. In the matrix formulatiea, boundary unknowns are eliminated; therefore, the unilateral buckling problem reduces to compute the eigenvalues and the eigenvectors of a matrix depending on the contact zone with the rigid foundation. An iterative process allows this zone and the buckling load to be computed. The capacities of the proposed method are illustrated by four examples.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2257-2272 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: A method is proposed to approximate the solutions of a certain class of differential equations, linear or nonlinear, in two or three, dimensions, provided that the boundary conditions are given on a rectangle or a parallelepiped, respectively. For other boundary shapes the co-ordinate system must be transformed to meet that requirement. As in illustration, an example is given for the solution of Poisson's equation in two dimensions with a constant heat source, giving the temperatures on the rectangle together with the heat-flow distribution along its edges. The basis of the method is a Taylor-series development around one point; the result is given in terms of as many partial derivatives in that point as is desired. A similar method has already been described by Small2 for the ‘heat equation’ ∂θ/∂t = ∂2θ/∂x22. Compared with finite difference and finite element solutions, these methods have the advantage that the solution is continuous, whereas first and second derivatives such as heat fluxes are available at hardly any effort. The results are compared with those of the exact solution. Even if the size of the determinant is limited to 4 × 4, the accuracy is already better than 98.98 per cent. When more effort is spent to solve a system of 10 equations, the accuracy is better than 99-95 per cent.
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. 2304-2304 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985) 
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    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 21 (1985), S. i 
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    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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