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  • 1995-1999  (2.061)
  • 1980-1984
  • 1997  (2.061)
  • General Chemistry  (2.015)
  • Ultrastructure
  • Nuclear reactions
Materialart
Erscheinungszeitraum
  • 1995-1999  (2.061)
  • 1980-1984
Jahr
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Inflammation of the bronchi ; Bronchial biopsy ; Ultrastructure ; Vessels ; Laser therapy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  An ultrastructural and autoradiographic analysis of changes in 188 biopsy specimens of bronchial mucosa of the large bronchi from 76 patients with chronic inflammatory lung diseses was carried out. Fibrosis results in an apparent reduction of metabolic activity in endothelial cells, affecting the proliferation of basal cells with changes in cell differentiation. Endobronchial laser therapy with an helium-neon laser induces proliferative and metabolic processes in the lamina propria of the bronchial mucosa with hyperaemia, intensive diapedesis of leucocytes and formation of leucocytic infiltrations and granulation tissue. The proliferative and metabolic activity of endothelial and stromal cells increases, and delicate fibrous connective tissue is formed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Urological research 25 (1997), S. 283-289 
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Schlagwort(e): Detrusor ; Fixation ; Magnesium Osmolarity ; Smooth muscle cells ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Magnesium ions added to fixatives for processing to Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) have been claimed to cause relaxation of detrusor smooth muscle cells [1]. This should facilitate the morphologic evaluation of the tissue. However, magnesium ions are osmotically active and their addition may cause the fixative to become hypertonic to the tissue. To ascertain whether the presence of magnesium ions causes significant changes compared to those found where the osmolarity is raised without the presence of magnesium, human detrusor specimens were fixed in glutaraldehyde to which increasing amounts of MgCl2 or NaCl were added in different concentrations. With the addition of increasing amounts of MgCl2 and NaCl, the osmolarity of the fixative increased, causing significant changes in the morphology and morphometry of the tissue. The intercellular distances increased, the cells shrank and the shape of the cells changed from smooth and rounded to spiky and angulated. With regard to its muscle-relaxing effect, it was not possible to distinguish the specimens fixed in magnesium-containing fixatives from those without. In this study it was not possible to prove any relaxing effect of magnesium ions added to the fixative. On the contrary the magnesium ions caused an increase in the osmolarity, with significant changes in both the morphometry and the morphology of the human detrusor smooth muscle cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Neuronal intranuclear inclusion ; Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Ammon’s horn ; Ultrastructure ; Ubiquitin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report the presence of round eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions in a patient with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The inclusions were limited to the hippocampal pyramidal neurons; they were frequently encountered in the CA1 and CA2 regions and much less frequently in the CA3 and CA4 regions and in the subiculum. Ultrastructurally, they consisted of randomly oriented straight filaments, each about 8–14 nm in diameter, some of which had a tubular appearance in cross-section. Electron-dense, granular material was intermingled with the filaments. Immunohistochemically, all the inclusions were positive for ubiquitin, but were negative for several kinds of cytoskeletal protein, including actin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, neurofilament polypeptides, keratin, tubulin, tau protein and microtubule-associated protein 2. To our knowledge, this type of neuronal intranuclear inclusion has not so far been reported in ALS, and its distribution limited to the hippocampal formation is of great interest.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 240-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Keywords Spectrin ; Dystrophin ; Ultrastructure ; Duchenne muscular dystrophy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Spectrin, a major component of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton, has previously been shown to form a two-dimensional lattice in erythrocytes, and in avian or chicken skeletal muscle. Those results were mainly obtained with antibodies against α-spectrin. Using immunofluorescence of semithin cryosections and single muscle fiber preparations, we show here that β-spectrin forms a costameric network which covers the plasma membrane of human skeletal muscle. These spectrin costameres are correlated with the Z-bands. They are longitudinally connected by fine strands and interrupted by myonuclear lacunae. Under mechanical stretching, the costameres retained their correlation to the Z-bands in normal and dystrophin-deficient muscle, up to the point at which the sarcolemma was disrupted. In stretched muscle, in some regions of the stretched fibers in which the costameres seemed to form double strands, the usually 1:1 correlation of spectrin to the Z-bands changed to a 2:1 relation. In dystrophin-deficient muscle, the costameric scaffold of spectrin in the well-preserved fibers appeared normal, indicating that spectrin can be correctly localized in the absence of dystrophin and that the subcellular spectrin organization does not primarily depend on dystrophin expression. The regular organization and the correlation of spectrin costameres to the Z-bands was notable even in stretched Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) muscle. On the other hand, single teased muscle fibers of DMD muscle showed various degrees of morphological alterations of the costameric network, ranging from a focal disarray to complete loss of costameric organization. Because these findings indicate that the costameric spectrin scaffold undergoes secondary changes during the course of the dystrophic process in dystrophin-deficient muscle, spectrin staining of isolated muscle fibers may also serve as a tool to monitor the effect of gene therapy experiments at the single fiber level.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 93 (1997), S. 285-293 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Pacinian corpuscles ; Reinnervation after ; axotomy ; Regenerated axon terminals ; Ultrastructure ; Cat
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The reinnervation pattern of crural pacinian corpuscles was examined by light and electron microscopy in eight adult cats of both sexes 3–18 months after sciatic nerve crush. Normal pacinian corpuscles are each supplied with a single myelinated axon and a single cylindrical axon terminal which may branch in the distal part of the inner core. Reinnervation of these vibroreceptors was very satisfactory after sciatic nerve crush: in a sample of 68 corpuscles examined 3–18 months after the operation, 92.6% were found reinnervated, while only 7.4% remained denervated. At the nerve entry, 84.2% of the reinnervated corpuscles were supplied with a single myelinated axon, while 15.8% received two myelinated axons; some of the axons branched before or after entering the inner core. Near the mid-level of the inner core, 60.3% of 63 reinnervated corpuscles were innervated with a single axon terminal, 22.2% were biterminal, while 17.5% had three or more terminals. Regenerated axon terminals induced the formation of thin lamellar layers in the axial region of the original core and, exceptionally, also at the outer aspect of the original core. In monoterminal corpuscles, the shape and ultrastructure of regenerated endings resembled those of normal controls, whereas in multiterminal corpuscles their shape and profiles were variable. In contrast to previous reports, reinnervated corpuscles did not ultimately become monoterminal. On the contrary, the mean number of 1.3 terminals found in reinnervated crural corpuscles at 3–5 months increased to 1.9 terminals per corpuscle 6–18 months after axotomy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Regeneration ; Diffuse axonal injury ; GAP43 ; Neurofilament ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Traumatic brain injury in animals and humans is well known to cause axonal damage diffusely scattered throughout the brain without evidence of other brain parenchymal change. This observation has prompted some to posit that such damaged axons are well positioned to mount a regenerative attempt. The present study uses an immunocytochemical marker specific for regenerating neurites to explore this issue. Further, in an attempt to expedite and enhance any potential regenerative effort, this study evaluates the efficacy of intrathecally applied nerve growth factor. Three sets of experiments were performed in adult cats. One group of animals was subjected to moderate fluid percussion brain injury and followed for 7 or 14 days post injury, with the continuous intraventricular infusion of nerve growth factor delivered by implanted osmotic pumps. These animals were compared to a second group of time-matched, sham-operated animals receiving artificial cerebrospinal fluid infusion. To assess axonal damage immunohistochemical staining for the low molecular weight neurofilament subunit (NF-L) was carried out using an NR4 monoclonal antibody. To localize axons exhibiting a regenerative response immunohistochemical staining for the growth associated protein GAP43 was employed. In sham controls, at the light microscopic level NF-L-immunoreactive axonal swellings were numerous at 7 days, but by 14 days post injury their frequency declined markedly. In contrast, GAP43-immunoreactive, disconnected reactive axonal swellings were rarely observed at 7 days but were numerous at 14 days. Ultrastructural analysis at 14 days post injury of carefully matched sections revealed reactive axons demonstrating sprouting consistent with a regenerative effort. Analysis of tissue from animals of 14 days of survival indicated that supplementation with nerve growth factor did not appear to enhance the capacity of damaged brain axons to mount a regenerative attempt. Rather, it appears that regenerative efforts seen reflect a spontaneous response. A third group of adult cats, subjected to the same injury but not subjected to osmotic pump implantation, was allowed to survive for 22–28 days. Animals in this group also demonstrated GAP43 immunoreactivity in reactive axonal swellings in the brain stem. This study demonstrates that diffusely injured axons can mount a sustained regenerative attempt that is associated with a reorganization of their cytoskeleton and accompanied by an up-regulation of growth-associated proteins.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 196 (1997), S. 215-226 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Natural killer cells ; Ultrastructure ; Parallel tubular arrays ; Perforin ; Granzyme B ; Chondroitin sulfate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Human natural killer (NK) cells contain unique granules with parallel tubular arrays (PTA granules) of approximately 30 nm diameter that can be seen only by electron microscopy. In order to clarify the role of PTA granules in NK cell-mediated cytolysis we examined these structures with regard to frequency and expression of lytic proteins (perforin, granzymes). NK cells (CD3−, CD16+, CD56+) were obtained from heparinized blood of healthy donors and enriched by double-step negative selection using mAb coupled to magnetic beads. PTA granules were found in 31.3% of freshly separated NK cells. When NK cells were cultivated, even in the presence of various stimulating agents (rhIL-2, rhIL-4, rhIL-6, rhIL-12, GM-CSF, rhIFNα, anti-CD16 mAb, dexamethasone), PTA granules disappeared and transformed into conventional primary lysosomes. By immune electron microscopy using antibodies directed against perforin and granzyme B we observed distinct immuno-reactivity in the tubules and in the tubule-associated faintly electron-dense matrix of PTA granules. Immuno-labelling for perforin and granzyme B was also found in the fine granular matrix of primary lysosomes. Finally, we tested the distribution of chondroitin 4-sulfate which is suggested to inactivate lytic proteins. Immuno-reactivity for chondroitin 4-sulfate was detected only in the moderately electron-dense matrix but not in the tubules of PTA granules. These observations indicate that perforin and granzyme B are stored in an inactive form in PTA tubules due to highly ordered paracrystalline protein folding. As soon as the tubules decay the lytic proteins are kept in an environment of chondroitin 4-sulfate for inactivation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Meningioma ; Inclusion body ; Vimentin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are rarely found in meningiomas. A 74-year-old woman had an anaplastic meningioma with intracytoplasmic chromophobe inclusion bodies (CIB) histologically. These CIB were various shapes, e.g. round, teardrop-like, fusiform, horseshoe-like, crescentic and perinuclear. The size of CIB ranged from 7 to 14 μm and the nuclei of the tumor cells with CIB were often eccentric. Most CIB were immunopositive only for vimentin, staining more intensely than surrounding cytoplasm in a comparative study using adjacent sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin and vimentin. CIB showed loosely textured filamentous structures which were in parallel and entangled arrangements ultrastructurally. The diameter of the filaments was 13–14 nm and they were thicker than normal intermediate filaments. Moreover, these filaments appeared to be studded with granular and fuzzy substances. These findings suggest that CIB are mainly composed of abnormally synthesized and arranged vimentin filaments.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 93 (1997), S. 579-584 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Hypobaric hypoxia ; Cerebral ; microvasculature ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Prolonged hypoxia results in structural and functional adaptive responses to improve tissue oxygen delivery. Structural changes within the brain include vascular proliferation and elongation. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether ultrastructural changes in capillary walls also occur as part of the adaptive response. Adult rats were exposed to 2 or 3 weeks of moderate hypobaric hypoxia at 0.5 atmospheres and their cerebral microvasculature examined using quantitative ultrastructural methods. We found that hypoxic rats had an 18% increase in their brain capillary diameter but no change in endothelial wall thickness, basement membrane thickness, or coverage of the endothelial wall by pericytes. The increased diameter of cerebral capillaries may play an important role in decreasing the resistance to capillary perfusion which is brought about by the increased erythrocyte fraction in the blood of hypoxic rats. Ultrastructural features relevant to the blood-brain barrier were maintained in hypoxic rats. Pericytes, that are thought to form a second line of defense in the blood-brain barrier, maintained their numerical and size relationships to the endothelial cells. Endothelial junctions were unchanged and endothelial vesicles were somewhat lower in density than normal at 2 weeks of hypoxia, but had regained their normal density by 3 weeks. Mitochondria of the brain capillary endothelial cells maintained normal numerical and volume densities in hypoxia, but the mitochondria of the surrounding neuropil were decreased significantly by about 30%.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 425-435 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Cell culture ; Central neurocytoma ; Histogenesis ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract To clarify the histogenesis and differentiation potential of central neurocytoma, a pathological investigation of seven tumors from three patients was conducted using immunohistochemistry and ultrastructural analysis in addition to systematic in vitro studies. Six tumors were studied immunohistochemically and five were examined ultrastructurally. All cases that were immunostained were positive for synaptophysin in nuclear-free neuropil islands. In five tumors, a few tumor cells, in addition to reactive astrocytes, were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Vimentin staining was also positive in a few tumor cells of five specimens. Neurofilament staining was always negative. All cases for which ultrastructure was examined showed various synaptic abnormalities. Cultured cells were subdivided into three distinct tumor cell types: neuronal cells which stained for neurofilament proteins with neurosecretory granules; small flat undifferentiated cells with a high nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio and scant cytoplasmic organelles; and small round or multipolar astrocytic cells with 10-nm intermediate filaments which stained for GFAP. Our tissue culture studies disclosed that cultured neurocytoma cells form a cellular mosaic similar to subependymal plate layers that are composed of mitotically active cells, neurons and glia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Mucopolysaccharidosis IIID ; Skin ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis IIID (MPS-IIID) is the rarest of the MPS-III syndromes. It is caused by deficient activity of lysosomal N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase (G6S). To date, the clinical and biochemical features of seven patients with MPS-IIID have been reported, but no biopsy or autopsy findings have been described. The purpose of this report is to define the ultrastructure of affected cells seen in a skin biopsy from a 14-year-old boy. The child presented with progressive mental deterioration, hyperactivity and mild to moderate dysmorphism. The diagnosis of a mucopolysaccharidosis was suggested, but the initial urine analyses were negative for elevated mucopolysaccharides, and only the third analysis showed abnormal excretion of heparan sulfate. Because of the diagnostic difficulties posed by this case, a skin biopsy was performed for morphological and biochemical studies. Numerous vacuoles were noted in Schwann cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, eccrine gland and ductal epithelium in resin-embedded sections stained with toluidine blue. Ultrastructurally, many lysosomes were distended with abundant, fibrillar material. Occasionally, lamellated membranous structures were present within the same lysosomes. These findings are consistent with those seen in other forms of MPS, in which the lysosomal storage occurs predominantly, but not exclusively, in mesenchymal cells. Furthermore, deficient activity of G6S was confirmed in cultured skin fibroblasts. This study demonstrates that electron microscopy of skin biopsies is a useful method for identification of patients with clinical features of MPS-IIID whether or not heparan sulfaturia is present.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 499-503 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Meningioma ; Immunohistochemistry ; Glial fibrillary acidic protein ; Ultrastructure ; Intercellular lumina
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We studied a recurrent meningioma located in the right frontal lobe. The tumor showed high cellularity and the cells had plump, hyalinous cytoplasm. Immunohistochemically, almost all the tumor cells were positive for epithelial membrane antigen and vimentin, and unexpectedly, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Ultrastructural investigation revealed abundant 8- to 10-nm filaments in the cytoplasm. Conspicuous interdigitations with numerous desmosomes were present. Frequently, intracellular and intercellular lumina lined by microvilli were also found. We considered the present case to be an unusual variant of meningioma with GFAP expression. A few cases of meningioma with triple expression of GFAP, vimentin and cytokeratin have been reported previously. However, the present case showed obvious pathological differences from these, and had no immunoreactivity for cytokeratin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Locus coeruleus ; Ultrastructure ; Dihydroetorphine ; Morphine ; Opioids
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The locus coeruleus (LC) is a major noradrenergic nucleus in the brain. The activity of the LC neurons is chronically regulated by opioids. So far, very little is known about the morphological changes induced by chronic treatment with opioids. In the present study, the effects of chronic treatment with morphine and dihydroetorphine, a new narcotic analgesic with lower physical dependence potential than morphine, were investigated on the ultrastructure of the rat LC. Rats received saline or increasing doses of morphine or dihydroetorphine for 5 days by twice daily subcutaneous injections. Withdrawal was precipitated in half of the opioid-treated rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of naloxone 4 h after the last injections of opioids. The ultrastructure of the LC was examined by electron microscopy. Results showed that chronic morphine treatment induced a marked injury to the LC neurons. The primary changes in the cell body were the indentation of nuclei, the fragmentation and degranulation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, as well as the disaggregation of polyribosomes. Myelinoid bodies were seen in the processes. An accumulation of presynaptic vesicles was observed in some of the terminals which formed synaptic junctions with the LC neurons as compared to the normal controls. Naloxone-precipitated withdrawal from morphine did not stop the morphine-induced injury on the LC neurons except that less accumulation of presynaptic vesicles occurred. Chronic dihydroetorphine treatment only induced a slight change in the ultrastructure of the LC neurons. These results indicate that the LC neurons are more vulnerable to chronic treatment with morphine than to that with dihydroetorphine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 94 (1997), S. 338-344 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; Pericapillary rosette ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This report concerns a comparative immunocytochemical and ultrastructural investigation on pericapillary rosettes (PR) in the lumbar spinal cords of 21 patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 18 age-matched neurologically normal individuals. The purpose of the study was to determine the alteration of PR in relation to the neuronal loss in ALS. The PR were almost always positively immunostained for phosphorylated neurofilament, and some PR immunoreacted with antibodies to synaptophysin and β-amyloid precursor protein. This finding suggests that axonal transport, whether fast or slow, is impaired in the terminal portion of the axon that reaches the capillaries. Some PR were also positively immunostained by the antibody against ubiquitin, anti-calbindin-D 28 K antibody, anti-parvalbumin antibody and the antibody to superoxide dismutase 1. Morphometrically, the number of PR in the anterior horns and lateral column was markedly diminished in ALS compared with controls. At the ultrastructural level, the PR consisted mostly of unmyelinated degenerated axons, and were frequently found outside the basal laminae of the endothelial cell and of the astrocytic foot processes on the opposite side of the capillary, and less often in the space between the two basal laminae. The data indicate that the fate of PR is intimately associated with the neuronal loss of the anterior horn cells and with degenerative change of nerve fibers extending from their mother neurons to the capillaries.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 15
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Mineralization ; Dentine ; Ultrastructure ; Elementanalysis ; Collagen fibrils
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The purpose of this study was to compare the biomineralization of circumpulpal dentine with that of mantle dentine by ultrastructural and element-analytical techniques. Forty upper second molar germs of 10-day-old albino rats were cryofixed in liquid nitrogen-cooled propane and embedded in resin after freeze drying. Semithin dry sections were cut for analyzing the calcium and phosphorus concentration in initial mantle dentine, at the mineralization front of circumpulpal dentine, in the middle region of circumpulpal dentine and in mantle dentine peripheral to circumpulpal dentine. For the morphological evaluation of mineral deposits we compared ultrathin and unstained sections of cryofixed molars with chemically fixed molars. For both dentine types it was found that they develop via identical steps of mineral formation at collagen fibrils and non-collagenous matrix molecules. In circumpulpal dentine no globular mineral protrusions along the mineralization front (i.e. calcospherites) and no indications of interglobular dentine at the transition from circumpulpal dentine to mantle dentine were present. The von Korff fibres were not only visible in mantle dentine but also in circumpulpal dentine. Matrix vesicles were present only during the formation of an initial coherent layer of mantle dentine and could not be observed during successive formation of mantle dentine and circumpulpal dentine. The element-analytical data did not demonstrate any difference in the mineral content between the two dentine types. Therefore, we conclude that mantle dentine and circumpulpal dentine in the rat molar possess a high degree of structural and chemical similarity and that only the extent of terminal branching of the odontoblast processes gives an approximate estimation of the thickness of mantle dentine.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 196 (1997), S. 323-333 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Herbst mechanoreceptors ; Sensory axons ; White Leghorns ; Japanese quail ; Ultrastructure ; Quantitative study
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Herbst corpuscles were studied in the crural region of perinatal and adult chicken and quail in order to find out their number and dimensions and to learn more about their structure, especially in relation to size. Crural corpuscles are arrayed in an encapsulated string between tibia and fibula. They are closely packed together; a small number of corpuscles is found apart from the string, often attached to the periost. The strings of corpuscles are approximately 40 mm long in adult chicken and 20 mm long in the quail. The crural region of the chicken contains 382.8 ± 90.9 (mean ± SD) corpuscles, the numbers ranging from 301 to 582; in the quail, the mean number is 119.2 ± 27.9, with a range from 83 to 167 corpuscles. In the chicken, one axon supplies an average of 1.60 corpuscles; in the quail, the relation of axons to corpuscles is approximately 0.92. In both species, final numbers of crural corpuscles are already attained before hatching and no difference is found in the mean number and range of corpuscles between perinatal and adult birds. In both chicken and quail, individual strings contain corpuscles of various sizes, from large to very small. The chicken corpuscles are generally twice as large in diameter and often longer than those of the quail. The corpuscles are composed of an axon terminal that projects two rows of axonal spines into the clefts of the inner core and ends with an ultraterminal bulb; the terminal is surrounded with a bilaterally symmetrical inner core, amorphous inner space containing collagen fibrils of various thickness, and a capsule. Large chicken corpuscles contain inner cores composed of up to 100 lamellae, while quail inner cores have half that number at the most. The capsules are usually composed of 8 to 10 lamellar layers in both species, but they are thicker in the chicken than in the quail. The possible functional significance of individual structural components of Herbst corpuscles is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-069X
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Diagnosis ; Mechanobullous disease ; Skin ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Electron microscopy combined with morphometry was used to establish values for 24 parameters in normal skin. These results were compared with those similarly obtained from samples of epidermolysis bullosa with a view to facilitating classification of the disease. Six of the eight subtypes of epidermolysis bullosa investigated could be differentiated. Four subtypes showed values for structural components in intact skin which were outside the normal range: (1) epidermolysis bullosa simplex generalisata gravis (hemidesmosomes); (2) epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica Pasini and (3) Cockayne-Touraine (anchoring fibrils); and (4) epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (anchoring fibrils, hemidesmosomes, and lamina lucida and lamina densa aspects of the dermoepidermal junction). Two subtypes revealed specific features which could be assessed qualitatively: distinctive, circumscribed, clumped tonofilament bodies were present in basal keratinocytes from epidermolysis bullosa herpetiformis Dowling-Meara and thick (30 nm diameter) cross-striated anchoring fibrils were absent in epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica generalisata gravis. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex Köbner and Weber-Cockayne forms could not be distinguished.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung 204 (1997), S. 121-128 
    ISSN: 1431-4630
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Surimi ; Sardine ; Starch ; Texture ; Water holding capacity ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Werkstoffwissenschaften, Fertigungsverfahren, Fertigung
    Notizen: Abstract  The effect of waxy corn starch (WCS) on the texture, water-holding capacity and microstructure of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) surimi gels in two different systems was studied. In the type A system, increasing amounts of WCS (2, 4, 6 or 8 g/100 g surimi) were added to surimi while maintaining the gel moisture constant at 78%; in the type B system, WCS was added without correcting the gel moisture. Gels were made using two different heat treatments [heat-induced setting (HS) and direct cooking (DC)]. When starch was replaced by surimi (type A) and a heat treatment was applied that favoured formation of a preliminary actomyosin (AM) network (i.e. HS), gel strength (GS) was lower than in the control and decreased as more starch was added, despite an increase in the amount of water held by the gel. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the matrix network was fibrillar with a globular surface. Starch appeared to be totally gelatinized and surrounded by a continuous matrix. When the amount of dry matter in gels was increased (type B), in no case did starch have a reinforcing effect, despite an increasing water-holding capacity; SEM showed a denser continuous matrix surrounding the gelatinized starch. Both types of gel made using the heat treatment that allows simultaneous gelling of surimi and gelatinization of starch (i.e. DC) exhibited much poorer GS than did HS gels, while addition of starch made practically no difference to gel texture. The findings suggest that the effect of starch is related to the type of gel matrix that forms upon addition of ingredients. Although such gels contained more water or dry matter, their texture parameters were lower, possibly because of the type of network formed by sardine surimi. Nonetheless, gels of acceptable quality were successfully made with added starch by incorporating less surimi.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes ; Ferns ; Spermatozoids ; Flagella ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes spermatozoids are spirals of about five turns. Keels link the elements of the microtubular ribbon with the plates of the lamellar layer (LL) which are uninterrupted, parallel and curved with an inner angle of about 150°. Electron-opaque filaments connect the microtubules of the multilayered structure (MLS) and the osmiophilic crest, the LL and the MLS-associated mitochondrion and the latter and the plasmalemma. The nucleus occupies the 2.5–3 posterior turns and has an inner honeycomb-shaped chromatin mass and an outer highly condensed chromatin mass with randomly scattered electron-transparent areas. The basal bodies of the ca. 50 flagella are bounded by a reticulum of granular material which forms a plug inside their proximal region; the proximal region of the flagellum has a 9 + 0 pattern. The axoneme has a 9 + 2 pattern.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 10 (1997), S. 368-373 
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Egg-cell isolation (angiosperm) ; Micromanipulation ; Plumbagozeylanica ; Viable egg ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract  A protocol for isolating viable eggs in Plumbago zeylanica by mechanical dissection is reported. The optimum solution for isolation was 0.8 M mannitol + 10 mM MOPS + 10 mM CaCl2, (pH 4.5–5.0) with an osmolality of 860–940 mmol/kg. Eggs retain their viability for at least 24 h. Isolated eggs were true protoplasts without cell walls and could tolerate osmolality of 437 mmol/kg to 965 mmol/kg. Observation of the isolated eggs using transmission electron microscopy indicated that they were well preserved and reflected the ultrastructure of physiologically active cells, displaying features similar to those of in vivo egg cells. Notable differences include the absence of a filiform apparatus and the accumulation of dense particles in the plastids, which was most conspicuous in egg cells that were damaged during isolation.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Schlagwort(e): Key words 2 ; 5-di(tert-butyl)-1 ; 4-Hydroquinone ; Ca2+ ATPase inhibitor ; Neurotoxicity ; Ultrastructure ; Motor endplate
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Female Wistar rats were treated orally for 5 days with 80 mg/kg body weight of 2,5-di(tert-butyl)-1,4-hydroquinone (DTBHQ), a microsomal Ca2+ ATPase inhibitor. Motor endplates of the lumbrical muscles were examined by light and electron microscopy. There was a decrease in body weight in the treated rats from the first day after administration, and toxic signs appeared after the third day, such as adoption of a prone position, salivation, lacrymation, and an abnormal gait and/or muscle weakness. No remarkable macroscopic or light microscopic changes were noted in the lumbrical muscles as well as other peripheral nerves of hind legs of the treated rats killed 1 day after the last DTBHQ treatment. Ultrastructurally, neurotoxicity characterized by loss of synaptic vesicles and mitochondria in the motor endplates, and by destruction of the motor terminals was detected in the lumbrical muscles of the treated rats. These results strongly indicate that DTBHQ targets the motor endplates in the rat lumbrical muscles and suggest that the resultant damage is responsible for the appearance of neurological signs, such as an abnormal gait and loss of muscle control.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Schlagwort(e): Key words HHV-7 ; Viral replication ; Virus morphology ; Ultrastructure ; Herpesviruses
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) was grown in a CD4+ lymphoblastic cell line (SupT1) and in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC). Virus infection was demonstrated by immunohistology with positive control sera, with monoclonal antibodies and by in situ hybridization for viral DNA. Cytopathic effects following HHV-7 infection generally resemble those after HHV-6 infection but are less pronounced. The ultrastructural appearance of HHV-7 and the replicative stages were similar to those described by Kramarsky and Sander for HHV-6. There were some minor discrepancies, including quite an extensive and space-filling tegument, a slightly different structure of the nucleoid, the frequent finding of nucleocapsids without any visible core and apparently scarce or delicate spikes on the envelope. These differences may suggest HHV-7 rather than HHV-6, but this finding needs confirmation. Mature HHV-7 particles measured 170 nm in diameter, with nucleocapsids of 90–95 nm and a tegument of about 30 nm.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1997), S. 91-95 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words ECL cells ; Omeprazole ; Granules/vesicles ; Ultrastructure ; Stomach ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  The ECL cells are histamine- and peptide hormone-producing endocrine cells in the rat oxyntic mucosa. They are rich in secretory vesicles and also contain microvesicles and electron-dense granules. They operate under the control of circulating gastrin. In the present study, we examined the ECL-cell ultrastructure after long term treatment with omeprazole, which is known to induce hypergastrinemia, and after withdrawal of the drug. Rats received omeprazole (400 µmol/kg per day, orally) for 16 days and were killed 1, 5, 20, or 40 days after the last dose of the drug. Oxyntic mucosal specimens were processed for electron microscopy. Electron micrographs of ECL-cell profiles were analyzed planimetrically. The ECL-cell profile area increased promptly in response to omeprazole, the secretory vesicles and granules were reduced in number and volume density, the microvesicles were unchanged in number but reduced in volume density, and vacuoles appeared. Within a week after stopping the omeprazole treatment, the numbers and volume densities of secretory vesicles and microvesicles returned to pre-stimulation values. Also, the vacuoles disappeared promptly. The ECL-cell profile area decreased below the pre-stimulation level within five days after stopping treatment, while, in contrast, the granules increased in number and volume density. Somewhat surprisingly, the cell size and the granule compartment did not return to normal until 40 days after stopping treatment.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Exocytosis ; Endocytosis ; Gastrin cells ; Carbamylcholine ; Ultrastructure ; Pyloric antrum ; Guinea pig (Hartley) ; Mouse (ICR) ; Rat (Sprague Dawley)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. In order to capture the exocytotic figures of gastrin cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, we examined antral cells of the mouse, rat, and guinea pig by electron microscopy following stimulation with the cholinergic secretagogue carbamylcholine. Increased numbers of omega profiles indicative of exocytosis were seen in the basal or lateral cell membrane after stimulation with carbamylcholine. The number of exocytotic figures in stimulated gastrin cells was higher in the guinea pig than in the mouse and rat. Coated and non-coated omega profiles and coated pits in the plasma membrane were smaller than the secretory granules. Omega profiles with or without electron-dense contents were seen. Coated and non-coated vesicles were often visible near the plasma membrane of stimulated gastrin cells in all three species, large cytoplasmic vacuoles also being found in the guinea pig. In the mouse pretreated with horseradish peroxidase, reaction deposits were observed in the omega profiles and in microvesicles near the plasma membrane. These results suggest that, after exocytosis, membrane retrieval and endocytosis occur in the gastrin cells.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 39-42 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Ciliogenesis ; Striated rootlets ; Oviduct ; Ciliated cells ; Ultrastructure ; Human
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. Striated rootlets in ciliated cells are conical banded structures composed of longitudinally aligned filaments. The formation of striated rootlets during ciliognesis in the human oviduct epithelium was studied by electron microscopy. Primitive rootlets appeared at the proximal side of basal bodies before or at the same time as ciliary budding. After the formation of several striations, the tip of the rootlets extended deeply toward the interior of the cell and became differentiated into two distinct parts, viz., the proximal conical part connected to the basal body and the distal fibrillar part. The periodicity of the striations in the fibrillar part was 68.5±2.95 nm, about 5 nm longer than that of the conical part (63.9±2.25 nm). The dark band in the striation was thicker in the fibrillar part than in the conical part. Since the fibrillar part was not observed in the mature cilium, this part was considered as being either degraded or changed into the conical part during ciliogenesis.
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 623-631 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: PECAM-1 (platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1) ; Endothelium ; HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) ; Myocardium ; Ultrastructure ; Human ; Rabbit
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The subcellular localization of PECAM-1 in endothelial cells was examined by using advanced morphological techniques, such as confocal scanning microscopy and immunolabeling procedures for electron microscopy. The localization of PECAM-1 was studied immunohistochemically with five specific monoclonal antibodies and one polyclonal antibody (all anti-human) in human and rabbit myocardium and in isolated endothelial cells. In vivo, PECAM-1 was localized uniformly on the plasma membrane of all vascular endothelial cells, predominantly on the luminal side of vessels. No specific increase in labeling was found at sites of cell-to-cell contact. In vitro, primary isolated cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) showed continuous labeling of the entire cell membrane. Cells of higher passages were labeled in a manner similar to freshly isolated cells. Our findings refute the commonly accepted hypothesis that PECAM-1 is localized only at cell-to-cell contacts. Further, we have not been able to confirm the hypothesis regarding the important mechanical role of PECAM-1 in stabilizing the endothelial monolayer. Since PECAM-1 is also expressed on platelets and is known to bind to itself, the way in which PECAM-1-positive endothelial cells are protected against binding of PECAM-1-positive platelets remains unclear. In view of these findings, the role of PECAM-1 in the leukocyte migration cascade needs to be re-evaluated.
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 655-664 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Peroxisomes ; Ultrastructure ; Digestive gland ; Acanthochiton crinita ; Lepidochitona cinerea (Mollusca ; Polyplacophora)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract . This paper presents the first description of peroxisomes in polyplacophorans. As in other molluscs, the hepatopancreas of chitons is composed of basophilic and digestive cells. In the basophilic cells, the endoplasmic reticulum is abundant and several Golgi stacks can be observed. These cells also possess secretion granules and vacuoles with spherites. The digestive cells are mainly characterized by the presence of many food vacuoles. Several peroxisomes were observed in the basophilic cells of Acanthochiton crinita, most of them almost spherical. The matrix is filled with tubular structures and a crystalline nucleoid is also present in these organelles. In the digestive cells of A. crinita, peroxisomes are also almost spherical and possess two kinds of nucleoids. One of them presents a diamond shape and a bundle of tubular structures forms a second kind of nucleoid, which shows an elongated form. In Lepidochitona cinerea, the peroxisomes of basophilic cells are spherical or oval. Within the matrix, a cluster of dense rods and a prismatic nucleoid were observed. In the digestive cells of this species, almost spherical or oval peroxisomes are common, but they are smaller than the peroxisomes of the preceding cells. Nucleoids were not detected, but a few dense rods could be observed in the matrix. In both cell types of the two species, catalase activity was detected in the peroxisomal matrix. In addition, the elongated nucleoid of A. crinita digestive-cell peroxisomes and the nucleoid of L. cinerea basophilic-cell peroxisomes also present catalase activity.
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  • 28
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 290 (1997), S. 71-78 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Development ; Mucosal surface area ; Ultrastructure ; Villus ; Microvillus ; Morphometric analysis ; Chicken
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The mucosal surface area of the chicken duodenum, jejunum, and ileum was determined during development (from 1-day to 12-week-old animals). The morphometric analysis was performed at three magnification levels. The nominal (serosal) surface area was determined at the macroscopic level, from intestinal length and perimeter. Villus and microvillus amplification factors were estimated at light-microscopic and transmission electron-microscopic levels, respectively. The results show, during the period considered: (1) a similar increase in nominal surface area for the three segments (6.5 to 7.2-fold), (2) a rise followed by a slight decrease in the villus amplification factor in the third week of age in the duodenum, a two-fold increase of this variable in the jejunum and no significant developmental variations in the ileum, (3) an increase in the microvillus amplification factor of 1.5-fold in the duodenum and jejunum and of 1.2-fold in the ileum, although a pronounced decrease in the first week of age was observed in the three segments. In conclusion, total mucosal surface area increased, from 1 day to 12 week, 12- to 13-fold in the duodenum and ileum and 20-fold in the jejunum.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Schlagwort(e): Key words: Kidney (proximal tubule) ; Apical tubule ; Endosome ; Ultrastructure ; Endocytosis ; Membrane recycling ; Rat (Wistar)
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract. The apical cytoplasm of several absorbing epithelia contains well-developed apical tubules (AT) which contribute to membrane recycling from endocytic vacuoles to the apical cell membrane. In this study, we examined three-dimensional structures of the AT in rat kidney proximal tubule cells by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. In thin sections, the AT appeared as straight tubules with a rather constant diameter (70–90 nm), but others were curved and, occasionally, branching. No AT were labeled with the marker for the external cell surface (ruthenium red) or exhibited histochemical enzyme activity for lysosomal hydrolase (acid phosphatase). After intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase, it was absorbed in the kidney proximal tubule cells and the AT were labeled with HRP reaction products. Stereo-viewing of the labeled AT in thick sections revealed that they formed an interconnected tubular network. Scanning electron microscopy allowed a three-dimensional view of the AT, in which a network of branching and anastomosing tubules was revealed. These observations indicate that the AT are intracellular endosomal compartments which form an extensive tubular network in the apical cytoplasm. The possibility that this apical tubular network serves as a large membrane store for membrane recycling is discussed.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Cell differentiation ; Immunolocalisation ; Nitrogenase ; Non-heterocystous cyanobacteria ; Trichodesmium ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Trichodesmium is the first described example of a filamentous cyanobacterium without heterocysts that contains cells specialised for nitrogen fixation. The ultrastructure of cells with and without nitrogenase were compared using primarilyTrichodesmium tenue Wille, but alsoT. thiebautii Gomont andT. erythraeum Ehrenberg et Gomont. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the cytoplasm of certain cells was densely labelled with antibodies against Fe-protein (dinitrogenase reductase). Comparative TEM-image analysis revealed that these cells were also distinguished by a denser thylakoid network, dividing the vacuole-like space into smaller units. The nitrogenase-containing cells also exhibited less extensive gas vacuoles as well as fewer and smaller cyanophycin granules compared to cells which lacked nitrogenase. Carboxysomes were present in both cell types in equal proportion. Longitudinal sections showed that cells with nitrogenase were arranged adjacent to each other, and that groups of cells with and without nitrogenase may coexist in the same trichome. The correlation between modifications in ultrastructure and the presence of nitrogenase suggests a new type of cyanobacterial cell specialisation related to nitrogen fixation. The results obtained also question the systematic affiliation of the genusTrichodesmium.
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Protoplasma 200 (1997), S. 31-34 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Schlagwort(e): Blastocystis hominis ; Central vacuole ; Accumulation ; Basic proteins ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary Basic proteins ofBlastocystis hominis were detected by the ammoniacal silver and ethanolic phosphotungstic acid techniques using electron microscopy. The central vacuole showed many silver grains when treated with ammoniacal silver and an increased electron density when treated with phosphotungstic acid. The intensity of positive reactions correlated with the electron density of the central vacuole, because cells having an electron-lucent central vacuole showed no silver grain deposits. Since it is known that the concentration of electron-dense materials in the central vacuole increases during log phase of growth, and then decreases in stationary phase, this organelle must accumulate basic proteins during cell growth.
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  • 32
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Schlagwort(e): Algae ; Chloroplast ; Micrasterias ; Photosynthesis ; Ultrastructure ; UV-B
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Exposure of postmitotic growing and non-growing cells of the unicellular green alga Micrasterias denticulata to different UV-B cut-off wavelengths together with simulated sunlight in a sun simulator has revealed a marked resistence of the algae against strong irradiation. While down to a cut-off wavelength of 284 nm irradiated during the most sensitive stage of cell development chloroplast ultrastructure remains unaffected, severe changes in arrangement and structure of stroma and grana thylakoids occur only at the lowest cut-off wavelengths of 280 and 275 nm. The structural alterations end up in a more or less complete desintegration of grana and stroma thylakoids with the remaining membraneous structures appearing in negative staining thus indicating drastic changes in membrane composition. Photosynthetic activity determined by chlorophyll fluorescence (ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence) and oxygen evolution responded more sensitively to UV-B irradiation. With decreasing UV cut-off wavelengths and prolonged incubation a decrease of photochemistry of PS II occured reaching its lowest values after 60 min at 275 and 280 nm. Oxygen production was even maintained under strong UV irradiation with a cut-off wavelenght of 275 nm up to 15 min. With prolonged UV-B treatment any activity was lost. HPLC separations of pigments exhibited the appearance of break-down products (mainly derivatives of chl b and chl a) with decreasing cut-off wavelength and increasing exposure time. The xanthophyll cycle pigments seemed to be unaffected at least for an irradiation period of 60 to 90 min at low UV cut-offs. Possible mechanisms of UV stress avoidance or protection are discussed with regard to the varying altitudes of the natural habitats of the algae.
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Schlagwort(e): Riseriellus occultus ; Heteronemertea ; Proboscis ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We have examined with transmission electron microscopythe epithelial layer exposed to the rhynchocoel fluidof the proboscis in the heteronemertine Riseriellus occultus. This epithelium is organized asa monociliated, pseudostratified myoepitheliumconsisting of two cell types: apically situatedmonociliated supportive cells and subapical myocyteslacking cilia. The low supportive cells form acontinuous adluminal sheet and reach with numerouscytoplasmic processes into the extracellular matrix;these cells are characterized by numerous, irregularlyshaped, apical folds projecting into the rhynchocoelfluid, delimiting broad extracellular spaces. Theauthors suppose that both apical and basal folds couldaccommodate stretching of the endothelium when theproboscis is everted. The apical folds of thesupportive cells increase the interface of these withthe rhynchocoel fluid; this feature, together with thepresence of pinocytotic vesicles in such cells,suggest that they could be involved in the exchange ofsubstances between the rhynchocoel fluid and theproboscis. The myocytes are scattered singly withinthe monociliated pseudostratified myoepithelium. Theyare situated between the supportive cells and thesubjacent extracellular matrix. Basement membraneseparating both cells types is lacking. Myofibrillarparts protrude basally from the myocyte somata. Themyofibrillar parts lie in direct apposition to theextracellular matrix, and are oriented circular to thelongitudinal axis of the proboscis. We consider themyocytes to be intra-epithelial, myoepithelial cells.
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 196-199 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma ; Ultrastructure ; Myofibroblast ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Twenty-eight cases of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma were studied immunohistochemically for cytoskeletal phenotyping of stromal cells. Electron microscopy was also used to study the ultrastructure of five of the tumors. All typical stromal cells showed intensive immunostaining for vimentin, but were negative for smooth muscle actin and desmin. Ultrastructurally, most of these cells appeared to be exclusively fibroblasts. However, in some areas stromal cells were seen that morphologically resembled myofibroblasts by their shapes and arrangement, and were characterized by the coexpression of vimentin and smooth muscle actin. Electron microscopy confirmed their myofibroblastic nature. The present study showed that the typical stromal cells in nasopharyngeal angiofibromas were fibroblasts and not myofibroblasts. In these tumors myofibroblasts occurred only focally, in connection with fibrotic areas and exclusively as a vimentin+/actin+ cytoskeletal phenotype. This indicates that myofibroblasts are not primary stromal tumor cells in nasopharyngeal angiofibromas, but occur due to regressive changes.
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology and head & neck 254 (1997), S. 73-77 
    ISSN: 1434-4726
    Schlagwort(e): Development ; Stria vascularis ; Spiral ligament ; Ultrastructure ; Rat cochlea
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The ultrastructural morphology of the interface region between the stria vascularis (SV) and spiral ligament (SL) was examined in the neonatal rat cochlea via transmission electron microscopy. At postnatal day (PND) 3, morphology of both basal cells and fibrocytes was simple and immature. Only a small number of fibrocytes was observed in the SL. Intercellular junctions between basal cells and fibrocytes, and between adjacent fibrocytes, were few. At PND 7, the number of fibrocytes increased, and more organelles appeared within their cytoplasm. From PND 11 to 14, nuclei of the basal cells appeared to be more spindle-shaped and contained more heterochromatin. The cytoplasm of the fibrocytes was pale, and a greater number of cytoplasmic vesicles and mitochondria emerged. More intercellular junctions were observed between basal cells and fibrocytes at the interface region and between fibrocytes in the SL. By PND 21, the morphology of basal cells and fibrocytes and their intercellular junctionsappeared to be adult-like. These morphological observations correlate with previous reports on the functional maturation of the developing rat cochlea.
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 30 (1997), S. 31-36 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Schlagwort(e): Parotid gland ; Oncocytoma ; Oncocytic carcinoma ; Mitochondria ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract One case of oncocytoma and another of oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland are reported with ultrastructural studies. The incidence of oncocytoma varies from 0.1% to 1.4% of all parotid gland tumors, while oncocytic carcinoma is extremely rate. The oncocytoma was composed of polyhedral cells with fine eosinophilic granular cytoplasm and a rounded nucleus. The tumor cell clusters were surrounded by basement membrane. The tumor cells of the oncocytic carcinoma were also characterized by eosinophilic cytoplasm, but cellular atypia and mitotic figures were found. Electron microscopically, the cytoplasm of the oncocytoma was packed with abundant mitochondria. They were oval or elongated in shape with stacked cristae. Although the tumor cells of the oncocytic carcinoma also contained many mitochondria, their number was less than that of the benign case, and stacked cristae were very few. Basement membrane was not seen. The ultrastructural characteristics of oncocytoma and oncocytic carcinoma of the parotid gland are discussed with reference to previous reports.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Schlagwort(e): Preconditioning ; Ultrastructure ; Ischemia and reperfusion ; Adenosine receptor ; Nicorandil
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The effect of preconditioning (PC) on acute ischemic myocardial injury was investigated in an openchest dog model. Preconditioned dogs received four 5-min occlusions of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), each separated by 10 min of reperfusion. Four groups were used to assess the effect: non-PC group (G-1), PC group (G-2), 8-phenyltheophylline-(adenosine receptor blocker) infused PC group (G-3), and nicorandil- (ATP-sensitive K-channel opener) infused PC group (G-4). The LAD was occluded for 60 min, followed by 60 min of reperfusion in all dogs. The rate of ultrastructural myocardial severe injury was 26% in G-1, 0% in G-2, 5% in G-3, and 0% in G-4. Biochemical analayses also indicated higher values of myocardial contractile function in G-2 and G-4 than G-1 and G-3. These data suggest that the adenosine receptor and K channel may play a key role in PC.
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 30 (1997), S. 76-80 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Retina ; Rat ; Oxalate ; Potassium pyroantimonate ; X-ray analysis
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Intracellular calcium plays an important role in the intracellular signal transduction as one of the second messengers. In this study, we examined the ultrastructural distribution of calcium in rat retina, using the oxalate pyroantimonate technique and X-ray microanalysis. Large amounts of precipitates were observed inside the disc of outer segments of photoreceptor cells (OS) and the synaptic vesicles of the inner (IPL) and outer plexiform layer (OPL). Precipitates also were observed in the ribosome-rich regions in the cytoplasm and the euchromatinic part in the cell nuclei of the ganglion, amacrine, and bipolar and horizontal cells. However, few precipitates were found in the inner segment of the photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). X-ray microanalysis with an energydispersive X-ray detector revealed that these precipitates had a peak of antimony and calcium. Therefore, it was suggested that these precipitates were Ca[Sb(OH)6]2, the reaction products of the oxalate-pyroantimonate technique. Our findings showed that calcium precipitates are abundant in retinal regions that are related to visual transmission.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Schlagwort(e): Systemic triglyceride storage disease ; Cardiomyopathy ; Endomyocardial biopsy ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Ultrastructural changes of a biopsied myocardium were observed by transmission electron microscopy in a patient with cardiomyopathy secondary to systemic triglyceride storage disease with Jordans' anomaly. There were many lipid droplets in the cardiocytes, and lipofuscin and mitochondria were increased. The volume fraction of myofibrils in the cardiocytes decreased because of an abundance of lipid droplets and mitochondriosis. Myocardial contractility may have been reduced by myofibrillar scarcity and low energy production resulting from an abnormality in the metabolism of fatty acids in the cardiocytes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Schlagwort(e): Oral malignant melanoma ; Ultrastructure ; Radiosensitivity ; Nucleus ; Melanosome
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The response to radiation of the SSM-1 cell line, derived from oral malignant melanoma, was investigated by survival curve and by light and electron microscopic abservation. Survival curve of the cells was investigated by the colony formation assay. X-irradiation with 2, 4, and 8 Gy was performed against the cell line. Morphological changes of the cells at 6, 24, 72, and 120h after irradiation were examined by both light and electron microscopy. The survival curve of the SSM-1 cells showed higher radiosensitivity than that of cutaneous melanoma cell lines. Giant cells and multinucleated cells were found only 120h after 8Gy irradiation. Ultrastructural observation revealed changes in nucleus and melanosomes; melanosomes increased in number at 120h after 8Gy irradiation. Further alterations after irradiation were noticed primarily in the nucleus. Radiosensitivity of the SSM-1 cell line derived from oral malignant melanoma was higher than that of cutaneous melanoma cell lines. The results of this study may support the concept that radiotherapy is effective for oral malignant melanoma.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Medical molecular morphology 30 (1997), S. 102-109 
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Schlagwort(e): Ultrastructure ; Rats ; Muscle spindles ; Immobilization ; Recovery
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract This study is concerned with the morphological recovery process of muscle spindles following a long period of immobilization. The right hindlimbs of rats were fixed with a plaster cast for 4 weeks. Thereafter, four groups of rats were examined by electron microscopy. One group served as the control after the cast was removed. The other three groups were examined after free walking for 4, 8, and 12 weeks, respectively. The muscle spindles (tibialis anterior muscle) of the individual animals were then ultrastructurally analyzed. The morphological alterations (of the outer capsule, intrafusal muscle fibers, and intrafusal nerve components) gradually recovered during free walking and regained almost all normal features in 12 weeks after returning to walking.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Schlagwort(e): Parathyroid gland ; Ultrastructure ; Golden hamster ; Ethanol
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Several previous studies have indicated that ingestion of ethanol can induce hypocalcemia or osteoporosis. However, few data are available concerning the effects of ethanol on the parathyroid gland. To clarify the mechanism of ethanol-induced hypocalcemia, we studied the ultrastructure to the parathyroid gland in golden hamsters after shortterm treatment with ethanol. Ethanol was administered by gavage via an intragastric tube at 6g/kg of 50% ethanol in distilled water. The mean serum calcium concentration was significantly low at 3 and 5h after administration. The Golgi complexes of the parathyroid chief cells significantly decreased 1 and 3h after administration. The lipid droplets and the large vacuolar bodies significantly increased 5h after administration. These findings suggest that the cellular activity of the parathyroid gland is suppressed after shortterm treatment with ethanol.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Schlagwort(e): Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) ; Endotoxin ; Lung ; Ultrastructure ; In situ hybridization
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract To evaluate the relationship between pulmonary damage and the induction of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in endotoxin shock, we injected 10mg/kg ofE. coli endotoxin intraperitoneally to Wistar male rats and observed the changes of the lung during the following 8h by electron microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and in situ hybridization. Morphological observation revealed infiltration of macrophages, aggregation of neutrophil in stasis in vascular lumens, and intraalveolar hemorrhage accompanied by epithelial damage. Endothelial constitutive NOS (ecNOS) was immunohistochemically localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of the endothelium of pulmonary arteries and in the cytoplasm of bronchial epithelial cells of control rats. After endotoxin administration, inducible NOS (iNOS) was detected in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, bronchial epithelial cells, bronchial smooth muscle cells, alveolar epithelial cells, and macrophages. Reverse transcription polymerase cham reaction (RTPCR) confirmed the expression of ecNOS mRNA and iNOS mRNA in the lung in endotoxin-treated rats and controls. In situ hybridization showed that ecNOS mRNA was expressed in vascular endothelial cells of pulmonary arteries in control rats. After endotoxin administration, iNOS mRNA was expressed in vascular endothelial cells. vascular smooth muscle cells, bronchial epithelial cells, alveolar epithelial cells, and macrophages that had infiltrated the alveolar and perivascular regions. After endotoxin administration, morphological changes and NO overproduction were observed, and it is concluded that NO may play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the bloodair barrier in pulmonary structures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    ISSN: 1860-1499
    Schlagwort(e): Uterine cervix ; Small cell carcinoma ; Xenograft ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Small cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix is a rare type of gynecological tumor that frequently expresses neuroendocrine differentiation. Its histological origin is unclear. We examined the histopathological characteristics of small cell cervical carcinoma in a patient with elevated serum adrenocorticotropin hormone. We then studied the morphological alteration in xenotransplanted tumors (passages 1–9) using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. The primary cervical tumor was characterized by a sheetlike arrangement of uniform small cells with hyperchromatic nuclei and a high nucleocytoplasmic ratio. A ribbon-like or trabecular pattern was also observed in a small area of the tumor. Neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin A, and S-100 were positive for the tumor cells, but cytokeratin was negative. Dense-core granules were detected by electron microscopy. In the xenografted tumor, a serial change from squamous cells to round-to-oval cells was observed. Cytokeratin was immunohistochemically stained in the squamous tumor cells but not in the other tumor cells. In contrast, chromogranin A was stained in some of the round-to-oval cells. Basal lamina underlaid the squamous tumor cells, and desmosome-like junctions were apparent. The cytoplasm was filled with well-differentiated organelles including electron-dense tonofilaments. Elliptical tumor cells resembled the primary carcinoma ultrastructurally. These findings suggest that small cell cervical carcinoma with neuroendocrine properties shares the characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Schlagwort(e): Gangliosides ; Neuronal differentiation ; Neuroblastoma ; Ganglioneuroblastoma ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract Exogenous administration of gangliosides induced neuronal differentiation with prominent neuritogenesis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in vitro. Neuritogenesis was characterized by ruffling of the cell membrane, the development of lamellipodia and filopodia, and the subsequent elongation and branching of the neurites ultrastructurally. Both axons and neurites were identified. Increased numbers of cell organelles in the neurites and cell bodies were noted. Nonsynaptic contacts and gap junctions formed between neurites or between each neurite and cell body. These findings could be implicated in histopathologic changes from neuroblastoma to ganglioneuroblastoma.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    ISSN: 1861-387X
    Schlagwort(e): Primary leptomeningeal meningiomatosis ; Meningioma ; Whorl formation ; Immunohistochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract We report a 10-year-old girl with a primary leptomeningeal tumor. She presented with a 5-week history of increased intracranial pressure, progressive cranial nerve deficits, and spinal compression signs. She had previously had a granulosa cell tumor, a benign estrogen-producing ovarian tumor, which was resected 6 months before the initial neurological symptoms developed. At autopsy, the brain and spinal cord showed diffuse neoplastic involvement of the leptomeninges. The tumor was composed of small cells with a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, which were immunoreactive for vimentin but not for epithelial membrane antigen or cytokeratin. In addition, the tumor contained many small cellular whorls with desmosome-like junctional complexes between the cells, suggesting that the tumor was a meningioma, basically of the meningothelial type. The term ‘meningeal meningiomatosis’ has been used synonymously with “primary meningeal sarcomatosis”. The present tumor was considered to be a rare example of “meningeal meningiomatosis” of true meningothelial cell origin.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 179-183 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): luminescence ; photochemistry ; redox chemistry ; self-assembly ; self-complexation ; template syntheses ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Photochemical control of a self-assembled supramolecular 1:1 pseudorotaxane (formed between a tetracationic cyclophane, namely the tetrachloride salt of cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), and 1,5-bis[2-(2-(2-hydroxy)ethoxy)ethoxy]naphthalene) has been achieved in aqueous solution. The photochemical one-electron reduction of the cyclophane to the radical trication weakens the noncovalent bonding interactions between the cyclophane and the naphthalene guest - π-π interactions between the π-electron-rich and π-electron-poor aromatic systems, and hydrogen-bonding interactions between the acidic α-bipyridinium hydrogen atoms of the cyclophane and the polyether oxygen atoms of the naphthalene derivative - sufficiently to allow the guest to dethread from the cavity; the process can be monitored by the appearance of naphthalene fluorescence. The radical tricationic cyclophane can be oxidized back to the tetracation in the dark by allowing oxygen gas into the system. This reversible process is marked by the disappearance of naphthalene fluorescence as the molecule is recomplexed by the tetracationic cyclophane. This supramolecular system can be chemically modified such that the π-electron-rich unit, either a naphthalene derivative or a hydroquinone ring, and the tetracationic cyclophane are covalently linked. We have demonstrated that the π-electron-rich residue in this system is totally “self-complexed” by the cyclophane to which it is covalently attached. Additionally, the self-complexation can be switched “off” and “on” by electrochemical two-electron reductions and oxidations, respectively, of the tetracationic cyclophane component. Thus, we have achieved the construction of two switches at the nanoscale level, one driven by photons and the other by electrons.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 187-192 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): Diels-Alder reactions ; pericyclic reactions ; retro reactions ; oxide anion ; synthetic methods ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The widespread application of the retro-Diels-Alder reaction in synthesis has been hampered by the high temperatures usually required to effect cycloreversion. The discovery of the anionic oxy-Cope reaction was followed by predictions that the accelerating effect of the oxide anion should also be observed with other pericyclic reactions. Recently, such predictions have been confirmed for the retro-Diels-Alder reaction, which often proceeds rapidly at room temperature by oxide anion rate acceleration. Such mild retro-Diels-Alder reactions have now been employed in the synthesis of a range of molecular targets, including temperature-sensitive enediynes.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): electron transfer ; heterosupermolecules ; self-assembly ; titanium oxide ; viologens ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A TiO2 nanocrystallite has been modified to recognise and selectively bind, by complementary hydrogen bonding, a uracil substrate incorporating a viologen moiety. Band-gap excitation of the self-assembled donor (TiO2 nanocrystallite)-acceptor (viologen) complex results in electron transfer. Some implications of these findings for the self-assembly of functional nanostructures containing both condensed phase and molecular components are considered.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): EPR spectroscopy ; exchange coupling ; iron ; Moessbauer spectroscopy ; O ligands ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: An asymmetric triangular FeIII complex has been synthesized by an unusual FeII-promoted activation of salicylaldoxime. Formation of the ligand 2-(bis(salicylideneamino)methyl)phenol in situ is believed to occur through the reductive deoximation of salicylaldoxime by ferrous ions. The trinuclear ferric complex has been characterized on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility, and EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopies. The molecular structure established by X-ray diffraction consists of a trinuclear structure with a [Fe3(μ3-O)(μ2-OPh)]6+ core. Two iron ions are in a distorted octahedral environment having FeN2O4 coordination spheres, and the five-coordinated third iron ion, with an FeNO4 coordination sphere, is in a trigonal bipyramidal environment. The magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed an St = 5/2 ground state with the antiparallel exchange interactions J = - 34.3 cm-1, J' = - 4.7 cm-1, and D = - 0.90 cm-1. The EPR results are consistent with a ground state of S = 5/2 together with a negative D5/2 value. The Mössbauer isomer shifts together with the quadrupole splitting also provide evidence for the high-spin state of the three ferric sites. Magnetic Mössbauer spectra lead to the conclusion that the internal magnetic fields possibly lie in the plane of the three ferric ions.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): crystal structure ; cyclobutenes ; nickel ; radialenes ; radical reactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The reaction of hexakis(dibromomethyl)benzene with [(Bu3P)2-Ni(COD)] (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) in DMF at 65-70°C yielded a mixture of the title compounds. The mixture was separated by column chromatography to yield hexabromotricyclobutabenzene (3 a) and hexabromohexaradialene (4) in 24 and 16% yields, respectively. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy suggest that 3 is obtained as the syn-all-trans isomer 3 a, and the symmetric anti-all-trans isomer 3 b is not obtained at all. The X-ray structures of 3 a and 4 are reported. The hexaradialene 4 has a chair conformation, and deviates from planarity by 43.6°. Heat or radical impurities cause the clean transformation of 3 a to 4.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 210-218 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): ab initio calculations ; Baeyer-Villiger reactions ; migrations ; peroxyacids ; substituent effects ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The Baeyer-Villiger reaction of p-anisaldehyde with peroxyacetic acid in nonpolar solvents to give p-anisylformate was examined on the basis of ab initio molecular orbital calculations. To explain the experimental observations, the free-energy change was evaluated for each case in the absence and in the presence of an acid catalyst. It was found that, without catalysts, the rate-determining step corresponds to the carbonyl addition of peroxyacetic acid to p-anisaldehyde and the reaction hardly occurs. Acetic acid was found to catalyze the carbonyl addition and change the rate-determining step from the carbonyl addition to the migration of the carbonyl-adduct intermediate. Trifluoroacetic acid was observed to catalyze both the carbonyl addition and migration, and the carbonyl addition was demonstrated to be a rate-determining step. The results provided a convincing explanation of the complex kinetics seen experimentally. Further calculations were performed for the reaction of benzaldehyde with peroxyacetic acid to give phenylformate. Migratory aptitude was found to depend on the catalyst. Isotope effects were also investigated, and the exceptional isotope effect observed experimentally was shown to be due to the rate-determining carbonyl addition caused by autocatalysis. It is concluded that the mechanism of the reaction varies with catalysis or substituent effects.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 219-225 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): arenes ; C-C coupling ; dyes ; fluorescence ; terrylenes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Terrylenimides 3 and 4 represent a new class of blue colorants, exhibiting absorption maxima at 650 to 700 nm and fluorescence emissions in the NIR region (673 to 750 nm). The terrylenimides were synthesized by means of various organometallic coupling reactions, catalyzed by transition metal complexes (Nio, Pdo) and starting from the aromatic bromides, boronic acids, or organotin compounds. The terrylenimides have all the properties expected of excellent fluorescent dyes: high extinction coefficients, high fluorescence quantum yields, and very good thermal, chemical, and photochemical stabilities. Owing to its extended π system, 3 can reversibly accept four negative charges. By varying the substituents, 3 and 4 can be modified to serve either as soluble dyes or as insoluble pigments.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): chromium ; clusters ; iron ; molybdenum ; tungsten ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A mixture of Na2MO4, M(CO)6, FeCl3·6H2O, and (EtCO)2O was heated at 120°C to produce the heterooctanuclear clusters Na2Fe2[M3O4-(O2CEt)8]2 (M = Mo, 1; W, 2). The bioxo-capped clusters Na[M3O2(O2CEt)9] (M3 = MoW2, W3) were treated with Fe-(CO)5, Cr(CO)6, and Mo(CO)6 in (EtCO)2O at 120°C to afford Na2M'2-[MoW2O4(O2CEt)8]2 (M' = Fe, 3; Cr, 4; Mo, 5) and Na2Mo2[W3O4(O2CEt)8]2 (6), respectively. The isomorphous clusters 1, 2, 5, and 6 were characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structures, similar to those of the analogues Na2Cr2[M3O4-(O2CEt)8] (M = Mo, 7; W, 8) and Na2V2[M3O4(O2CEt)8]2 (M = Mo, 9; W, 10), consist of two incomplete cubane-type [M3O4(O2Et)8]4- units centrosymmetrically bridged by two M'(III) metal ions through μ-oxo and propionate groups; the resulting cluster dianions are linked by Na+ ions into infinite chains. Clusters 1-10 do not dissolve in water and common organic solvents at room temperature. Unlike the chromium(III) clusters 7 and 8, the iron(III) and vanadium(III) clusters 1 and 9 are soluble in aqueous acid solution, as a result of their decomposition into isolated [Mo3O4]4+ cluster units. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibilities of 1, 2, and 7-10 were measured over the range 2-200 K and modeled by means of the spin-Hamiltonian H = - 2JS1S2 to give spin exchange coupling constants J/k of -0.60, -0.72, -1.76, -1.31, -4.80, and -1.46 K, respectively. These figures show that antiferromagnetic spin exchange coupling interactions between the magnetic, bridging M'(III) ions are very weak. These species show characteristic bands in the IR spectra at 740-820 cm-1, which can probably be assigned to ṽ(M-μ-O).
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 232-236 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): carbenes ; density functional calculations ; mass spectrometry ; thiamin ; ylides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The 1, 2-hydrogen shift isomers of neutral (singlet and triplet) thiazole (1) and its radical cation have been investigated by a combination of mass spectro-metric experiments and hybrid density functional theory calculations. The latter were used to probe the structures and stabilities of selected C3H3NS and C3H3NS.+ isomers and transition state structures. Although 3H-thiazole-2-ylidene (2) is less stable than 1, by 31.5 kcalmol-1, it is expected to be capable of independent existence, since the 1, 2-hydrogen shift from carbon to nitrogen involves a very large energy barrier of 72.4 kcalmol-1. The other 1, 2-hydrogen shift reaction from C(2) leads not to the expected cyclic 1H-thiazole-2-ylidene structure (3), which is apparently unstable, but rather to the ring-opened species HSCH=CHNC (4), which is 34.5 kcalmol-1 higher in energy than 1. The barrier in this case is lower but still large (54.9 kcalmol-1). The triplet ground states of 1, 2 and 4 are considerably destabilised (69.5, 63.2 and 58.7 kcalmol-1) relative to their singlet states. Interestingly, in addition to 2.+ and 4.+, the cyclic radical cation 3.+ is predicted to be stable although it is substantially higher in energy than ionised thiazole 1.+ (by 53.9 kcalmol-1), whereas 2.+ and 4.+ are much closer in energy (only 10.2 and 27.0 kcalmol-1 higher, respectively). Dissuading 2.+ and 3.+ from isomerising to 1.+ are energy barriers of 52.6 and 15.3 kcalmol-1, respectively. Experimentally, dissociative ionisation of 2-acetylthiazole enabled the generation of 2.+, which could be differentiated from 1.+ by collisional activation mass spectrometry. Reduction of the ylide ion 2.+ in neutralisation-reionisation mass spectrometry experiments yielded the corresponding neutral molecule 2. This direct observation of a thiazolium ylide provides support for postulates of such species as discrete intermediates in a variety of biochemical transformations.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 249-252 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): high-temperature synthesis ; network structures ; nitridosilicates ; silicon ; structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The novel nitridosilicate BaSi7N10 was obtained by the reaction of barium metal with Si(NH)2 in a special high-frequency furnace at 1650 °C. The single-crystal structure determination (a = 687.29(3), b = 671.29(3), c = 963.28(4) pm, β = 106.269(3)°, PC, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0497, wR2 = 0.0924) reveals a network structure of connected SiN4 tetrahedra. BaSi7N10 is the first nitridosilicate with both corner and edge-sharing SiN4 tetrahedra. Unlike the situation in normal oxosilicates, vertex-sharing of SiN4 tetrahedra is not exclusively favored over edge-sharing. With a Si:N molar ratio of 7:10, BaSi7N10 is the most highly condensed multinary nitridosilicate known and has almost the same degree of condensation as binary Si3N4.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 237-248 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): ab initio calculations ; allenes ; ketenes ; matrix isolation ; rearrangements ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Alkoxyvinylketenes4are generated by flash vacuum thermolysis (FVT) or photolysis of 3-alkoxycyclobutenones3. The thermal interconversion of4and allene carboxylic acid esters5under FVT conditions is demonstrated by Ar matrix FTIR spectroscopy. In addition, ethoxy-vinylketene4bundergoes thermal elimination of ethene with formation ofs-cis-ands-trans-acetylketene(8). An analogous aminovinylketene-to-allenecarbox-amide conversion is observed on FVT of 3-dimethylaminocyclobutenone3c. A facile 1, 3-chlorine migration in 2, 3-buta-dienoyl chloride(5d)is also reported. Consistent with the experimental observations, 1, 3-methoxy, 1, 3-chloro, and 1, 3-dimethylamino migrations in vinylketene are calculated (G2(MP2, SVP) level) to have moderate barriers of 169, 157, and 129 kJ mol-1, respectively, significantly less than the corresponding 1, 3-H shift barrier (273 kJ mol-1). The stabilization of the four-center transition structures is rationalized in terms of the donor-acceptor interaction between the lone pair electrons of the migrating donor substituent and the vacant central carbon p orbital of the ketene LUMO. The predicted migratory aptitude in the series of substituted vinylketenes, R-C(=CH2)-CH=C=O, is in the order N(CH3)2〉SCH3〉SH〉Cl〉NH2〉OCH3〉OH〉F〉H〉CH3, and correlates well with the electron-donating ability of the R group.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): dinitrogen ; hydrido complexes ; insertions ; olefins ; rhodium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Reduction of the hydrido chloride complex [Rh(H)Cl{CH3C(CH2CH2-P(tBu)2)2}] (4) with NaH under a nitrogen atmosphere results in formation of two products: the dinitrogen complex [Rh(N2)-{CH3C(CH2P(tBu)2)2}] (2) and the unusual low-valent hydrido-olefin complex, [RhH{CH2=C(CH2CH2P(tBu)2)2}] (3). In the presence of N2, complexes 2 and 3 are in equilibrium in solution; 2 is about 2.9kcalmol-1 more stable than 3 + N2. Both complexes co-crystallize in the solid state; they occupy the same crystallographic site in the crystal lattice (P2-(1)/c; Z = 4; a = 12.173(2), b = 14.121 (3), c = 15.367 (3); α = 90, β = 106.50(3), γ = 90°). The mechanism of the reversible interconversion of 2 and 3 has been studied in detail. Complex 3 undergoes rapid olefin insertion/β-hydrogen elimination processes. The insertion rates were measured at different temperatures by saturation transfer NMR experiments, providing evidence for a highly organized late transition state (δS≠≈ - 40 e.u.), which can be caused by a concerted “trans migration”. This theoretically unfavorable process is assisted by a distortion from the ideal square-planar configuration, including a decrease of the P-Rh-P angle and some bias of the double bond toward the hydride as indicated by the X-ray crystal structure of 3. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, the intermediate formed upon olefin insertion is slowly trapped by free dinitrogen to form complex 2. The dinitrogen dissociation from 2 was found to be the rate-determining step for the overall interconversion of 2 and 3 (δG≠298 = 24.1 kcalmol-1).
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 261-267 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): NMR spectroscopy ; peptides ; protein structures ; structure elucidation ; zinc ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Besides its functional role in many hydrolytic metalloenzymes, zinc acts as a structural component by being attached to bis(cysteinyl) protein sequences in some of the same enzymes, and in other metalloproteins and zinc fingers, and by being an essential constituent in metallothioneins. It is not always obvious whether the zinc-binding proteins are pre-organized for the incorporation of the metal or whether the zinc ion provides the structurizing power and stability for the observed peptide conformations. We have addressed the coordination chemistry aspects of this question by synthesizing zinc complexes of small model peptides and by determining their structures in solution by 2D NMR spectroscopy. The peptides chosen were of the terminally protected bis(cysteinyl) type: Cys-Cys, Cys-Gly-Cys, Cys-Phe-Cys, and Cys-Gly-Ile-Cys. The zinc ions fold these peptides into structures that can be superimposed on those of the natural proteins.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 279-285 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): electron transfer ; indene ; kinetics ; rhodium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The reduction of the indenyl complex [Rh(η5-C9H7)(η4-cod)] has been investigated in the context of structural effects induced by the transfer of one electron. The reduction of this complex occurs in two steps, leading first to the radical anion and then to the highly frangible dianion. Both species eliminate the indenyl anion. In the presence of free cyclooctadiene, the related cleavage leading to the indenyl anion and bis-cyclooctadiene rhodium fragments now follows a Michaelis-Menten-type mechanism involving precoordination of one extra COD ligand to the initial radical anion. These results suggest the modification of the hapticity of the indenyl ligand in connection with 17- and 19-electron metalcentered intermediates.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 268-278 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): heterocycles ; heteroporphyrins ; nickel ; porphyrinoids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The nickel(I) and nickel(II) complexes of 5,20-bis(p-tolyl)-10, 15-diphenyl-21-oxaporphyrin (ODTDPPH) and 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21, 23-dioxaporphyrin (O2TPP) have been investigated. These oxa analogues of 5,10,15,20-tetraarylporphyrin, where one or two pyrrole rings are replaced by a furan moiety, have been synthesized by condensation of the respective precursors, namely 2,5-bis(arylhydroxymethyl)furan, pyrrole, and arylaldehyde. Insertion of nickel(II) into ODTDPPH or O2TPP yielded high-spin five- and six-coordinate ([(ODTDPP)NiIICl] and [(O2TPP)NiIICl2]) complexes, which can be reduced with moderate reducing reagents. The EPR spectra of [(ODTDPP)NiI] and [(O2TPP)NiICl] revealed the NiI oxa(dioxa)porphyrin rather than a NiI anion radical electronic structure. In the structures of [(ODTDPP)NiIICl], [(O2TPP)NiIICl2], and [(ODTDPP)NiI], determined by X-ray diffraction, the furan ring is planar and coordinates in the η1 fashion through the trigonal oxygen atom; the nickel ion lies in the furan plane for the latter two complexes, but slightly outside it in [(ODTDPP)NiIICl]. The Ni-N and Ni-O bond lengths decrease upon reduction of high-spin five-coordinate [(ODTDPP)NiIICl] to four-coordinate [(ODTDPP)NiI]. The pattern of downfield pyrrole resonances in 1H NMR spectra of [(ODTDPP)NiIICl] and [(O2TPP)-NiIICl2] has been established. The downfield positions of furan resonances are unusual for NiII heteroporphyrins; they have been accounted for by the nearly in-plane coordination of the furan moiety as opposed to the side-on coordination found for thiophene- or selenophene-containing heteroporphyrins. An example of ion-pair formation, [(O2TPPH)2][NiIICl4], was produced from [(O2TPP)NiIICl2] by acidification with HCl.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): light-emitting diodes ; polymers ; semiempirical calculations ; electroluminescence ; polymer/metal interface ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The early stages of metal/polymer interface formation between aluminum and poly(2,5,2′,5′-tetrahexyloxy-8,7′-dicyanodi-p-phenylenevinylene) or their ring-substituted derivatives have been studied theoretically by using quantum-chemical calculations as well as experimentally by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. This class of conjugated polymer is of interest in the development of organic light-emitting diodes. The theoretical and experimental results indicate that aluminum preferentially reacts with the polymer by forming covalent bonds with the nitrogen and carbon atoms of the cyano groups. When the side chains of the phenylene rings include carbonyl groups, however, the theoretical results indicate that the carbonyl moiety is another preferred site of interaction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): bipyridines ; discotic liquid crystals ; hydrogen bonds ; liquid crystals ; mesophases ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A new type of disc-shaped molecule (1 a-c) has been synthesised and characterised. The molecules were built up by linking three lipophilic, N-monoacylated 2,2′-bipyridine-3,3′-diamine wedges to a central 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl unit. They show liquid crystalline behaviour, as shown by DSC, polarisation microscopy and X-ray diffraction. In all cases the mesophase was characterised as a Dho phase. From 1H NMR results it was shown that the interior of compounds 1 a-c preferentially adopts a C3 symmetrical conformation owing to strong intramolecular H-bonding, which gives rise to an extended core. This large core induces strong interactions between molecules, leading to mesophases of enhanced thermal stability.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): ab initio calculations ; cobalt ; planar carbon ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Quantum-chemical methods have been employed to study the nature of stabilization in dinuclear cobalt complexes of the general formula [{(C5H5)Co}2(μ-CR12BCBR2R3)] (6) as well as the “antivan't Hoff-Le Bel” configuration of the planar tetracoordinate carbon (ptC) atom of the bridging diborylcarbene ligand 9. Extended Hückel and ab initio Hartree-Fock calculations have been carried out for the model compounds 6b (R1 = R2 = R3 = H) and 6c (R1 = R2 = H; R3 = C6H5). Ab initio electron deformation density maps and natural population analysis calculations show that complexes 6 are stabilized through push-pull effects by which the ptC experiences π electron density delocalization and σ electron density accumulation. The calculated electronic configuration of the ptC in the free ligand 9b is σ2.978π1.501, and in 6b σ3.944π1.356. Electron density donation from one cobalt atom to an aryl group on the bridging ligand further contributes to the stabilization of the complexes 6.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. cpi 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997) 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): gallium ; iron ; scandium ; spectroelectrochemistry ; manganese ; phenoxyl radicals ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The hexadentate macrocyclic ligands 1,4,7-tris(3,5-dimethyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (LCH3H3), 1,4,7-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (LBuH3) and 1,4,7-tris(3-tert-butyl-5-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (LOCH3-H3) form very stable octahedral neutral complexes LMIII with trivalent (or tetravalent) metal ions (GaIII, ScIII, FeIII, MnIII, MnIV). The following complexes have been synthesized: [LBuM], where M = Ga (1), Sc (2), Fe (3); [LBuMnIV]PF6 (4′); [LOCH3M], where M = Ga (1 a), Sc (2 a), Fe (3 a); [LOCH3MnIV]PF6 (4 a'); [LCH3M], where M = Sc (2 b), Fe (3 b), MnIII (4 b); [LCH3MnIV]2(ClO4)3(H3O)(H2O)3 (4 b'). An electrochemical study has shown that complexes 1, 2, 3, 1 a, 2 a and 3 a each display three reversible, ligand-centred, one-electron oxidation steps. The salts [LOCH3FeIII]ClO4 and [LOCH3GaIII]ClO4, have been isolated as stable crystalline materials. Electronic and EPR spectra prove that these oxidations produce species containing one, two or three coordinated phenoxyl radicals. The Mössbauer spectra of 3 a and [3 a]+ show conclusively that both compounds contain high-spin iron(III) central ions. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal that 3 a has an S = 5/2 and [3a]+ an S = 2 ground state. The latter is attained through intramolecular antiferromagnetic exchange coupling between a high-spin iron(III) (S1 = 5/2) and a phenoxyl radical (S2 = 1/2) (H = - 2JS1S2; J = - 80 cm-1). The manganese complexes undergo metal- and ligand-centred redox processes, which were elucidated by spectroelectrochemistry; a phenoxyl radical MnIV complex [MnIVLOCH3]2+ is accessible.
    Zusätzliches Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): helical structures ; heme proteins ; iron ; peptides ; synthesis design ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: In this paper we describe the design, synthesis, and spectroscopic characterization of a covalent helix-heme-helix sandwich named FeIII mimochrome I. It contains deuterohemin bound through both propionyl groups to two identical N-and C-terminal protected nonapeptides as α-helical scaffolds. Each peptide moiety bears a His residue in the central position, which acts as axial ligand to the metal ion. The newly developed synthetic strategy is based on a combination of solution and solid-phase methodologies. It represents a powerful method for obtaining a large variety of analogues containing two symmetric or unsymmetric peptide chains covalently bound to the deuteroporphyrin ring. UV/Visible spectroscopic characterization in buffered 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol/water solution proves low-spin bis(his-tidine) iron(III) coordination; circular dichroism (CD) measurements show an α-helical conformation for the peptide moieties. Thus, all the data are in agreement with the designed hypothetical model regarding both the iron(III) coordination and the peptide chain structural organization.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): cobalt ; helical structures ; heme proteins ; NMR spectroscopy ; por-phyrinoids ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: FeIII mimochrome I is the prototype of a new class of hemoprotein models characterized by a covalent helix-heme-helix sandwich. It contains deuterohemin bound through two propionyl groups to two identical N- and C-terminal protected α-helical nonapeptides, each of which bears a His residue (a potential axial lig-and of the iron ion) in the central position. In order to understand better the three-dimensional structure of FeIII mimochrome I and its correlation with spectral properties, we have characterized the fully diamagnetic parent compound CoIII mimochrome I by UV/visible, CD, and NMR spectroscopy, coupled with conformational energy calculations. CoIII mimochrome I is a highly water-soluble compound present in solution as two isomers, which slowly interconvert only at very low pH values. These isomers were isolated and separately characterized. Their UV/visible spectral properties are very similar, while their CD spectral properties differ markedly in both the far UV and Soret regions. The isomers were identified by 1H NMR spectroscopy as diastereomers of the δ and δ type. This is the first example of an accurate three-dimensional structure determination in solution of a hemoprotein mimetic that allows a straightforward correlation between structure and spectral properties.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 335-339 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): single-molecule detection ; single-molecule manipulation ; laser-induced fluorescence ; optical trapping ; confocal fluorescence microscopy ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: With the tight focus of a gaussian laser beam, single molecules in solution at room temperature can be trapped and detected by observation of fluorescent photons. The focus defines an ultrasmall probe volume on the order of 1 femtoliter, and the electric field gradient associated with this focus enables an individual molecule to be trapped and manipulated.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 568-572 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): cesium ; indium ; layered compounds ; metalla(crown ethers) ; pi interactions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The reaction of CsCl with In(CH2Ph)3 yields the triorganochloroindate Cs[(PhCH2)3InCl] (1). Treatment of In(CH2Ph)3 with dry O2 gives the alkoxide [(PhCH2)2InOCH2Ph]2 (2), whereas the reaction of 1 with O2 leads to Cs2[O{PhCH2In(OCH2Ph)2}4] (3). According to X-ray structural investigations, 1 contains Cs2Cl2 four-membered rings as basic structural motif. The dimers are connected by Cs-π-electron interactions to form a layer structure. Compound 3 can be described as a metalla(crown ether) fragment coordinating two Cs+ ions. Additional shielding of the Cs centers by weak Cs-π-electron contacts was observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): cobalt ; cytochrome c ; electron transfer ; kinetics ; volume profile ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Reversible Outer-Sphere Electron-Transfer Reactions between Horse Heart Cytochrome cII/III and [Co(phen)3]3+/2+ and [Co(bpy)3]3+/2+ were studied in detail, in particular as a function of temperature and pressure. It was possible to construct a volume profile for both reactions from the pressure data. The transition state was found to be halfway between the reactant and product states on a volume basis in all studied systems. This is in agreement with the λ≠ parameter estimated from the Marcus theory. For all the systems investigated, the differences in the activation volumes are in good agreement with the reaction volumes determined from spectrophotometric and electrochemical measurements at elevated pressure, and from the difference in the partial molar volumes of the metal complexes. The activation and reaction volumes of the bipyridine system are significantly smaller than those of the corresponding phenanthroline and terpyridine systems. A detailed mechanistic analysis is presented. The results show that the different kinetic and thermodynamic techniques employed complement one another.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): acidity ; adenosinephosphates ; adenosinethiophosphates ; protonated isomers ; semiempirical calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The acidity constants of H2-(AMPS)± were determined by potentiometric pH titrations in aqueous solution at 25°C and I=0.1M (NaNO3). Titrations with a combined single-junction glass electrode were hampered in the presence of AMPS by a “poisoning” effect; the problem could be avoided by use of two separated electrodes. The values of the acidity constants PKHH2(AMPS) = 3.72 ± 0.03 and pKHH2(AMPS) = 4.83 ± 0.02 are relatively close to each other; the buffer regions of the two equilibria overlap, and therefore a micro acidity constant scheme was developed and the constants for the various sites calculated. It is concluded that the thiophosphateprotonated species (AMPS⋅H)- dominates at about 75% occurrence, while the form (H⋅AMPS)-, with the proton at the N1 site of the adenine residue, occurs at about 25%. Semiempirical AM1 and PM3 calculations including water as a solvent locate the proton in (AMPS⋅H)- mainly on the terminal oxygen atoms rather than the sulfur. The acid-base properties of H2(AMPS)± are considerably more complicated than those of the parent nucleotide, H2(AMP)±; for the latter the two (intrinsic) acidity constants are well separated and consequently practically all protons have left the N1 site before deprotonation at the monoprotonated phosphate group occurs. Finally, an estimate for the acidity constants of H2(ATPγS)2- is given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): alcohols ; nitriles ; NMR spectroscopy ; olefins ; zeolites ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The reaction products and intermediates from the interaction of acetonitrile with olefins (oct-1-ene) or alcohols (tert-butyl alcohol) in zeolite H-ZSM-5 at 296 K have been characterized with 13C and 15N solid-state NMR. It has been shown that coadsorption of acetonitrile and olefin on H-ZSM-5 gives rise to the intermediate N-alkylnitrilium cation represents a persistent species inside a zeolite under anhydrous conditions. Upon admittance of water to the pores of the zeolite, the N-alkylnitrilium cation slowly converts into N-alkylamide in accordance with the classic Ritter reaction. In the case of acetonitrile and alcohol, just after coadsorption both the intermediate N-alkylnitrilium cation and the final N-alkyl-amide are identified simultaneously; the former slowly disappears over a few days. Thus, 1) it has been shown that the Ritter reaction can occur not only in liquid acidic media but also on a solid acid catalyst, zeolite H-ZSM-5; 2) N-alkylnitrilium cations have been detected and characterized with solid-state NMR as persistent intermediates in the Ritter reaction for the first time while the reaction proceeds.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): clusters ; ruthenium ; sandwich complexes ; arsenic sulfides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The reaction of [Cp(*)2Ru2-(CO)4] [a: Cp(*) = Cp* (η5-C5Me5); b: Cp(*) = Cpx (η5-C5Me4Et)] with β-realgar in boiling n-decane gives [Cp(*)2Ru2-As4S4] (1a,b). in good yields along with some [Cp(*)2Ru2-As4S2] (2a,b). According to X-ray diffraction analyses of 1b and 2a, their structures belong to two different types of inorganic clusters. Whereas 1b has a cage structure in which the [Cp(*)2Ru2 unit is inserted into the As4S4] cradle, 2a has a sandwich structure in which two coplanar η2-As4S ligands and the Cp* ligands are oriented parallel to one another. Analysis of the As-S connectivity in the core of 1 b reveals a structural relationship to the extremely rare form of arsenic sulfide As4S4(II), and not to the metastable high-temperature form β-As4S4 used in the synthesis. At lower temperatures (60, 115°C) formation of CO-containing products is observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): alkaloids ; Heck reactions ; heterocycles ; indoles ; total syntheses ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Arcyriacyanin A (1) has been synthesized by three different routes. In the first synthesis the bisbromomagnesium salt of 2,4′-biindole (5) was treated with dibromomaleimide (6) to yield arcyriacyanin A (1). The second approach used an intramolecular Heck reaction for the cyclization of a 4-(triflyloxy)arcyriarubin 8 to N-methylarcyriacyanin A (2). Thirdly, compound 2 was obtained by a domino Heck reaction between 3-bromo-4-[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indol-3-yl]-1-methylmaleimide (9) and 4-bromoindole (10). The N-methyl derivative 2 could be transformed into arcyriacyanin A (1) by standard methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): band theory ; electronic structure ; stacking interactions ; square-planar complexes ; one-dimensional complexes ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A qualitative theoretical study is presented of the ligand effects on the strength of the M…M nonbonded interaction in dimers and stacks of 8-ML4 chains. It is found that π-acidic ligands enhance and π-basic ligands weaken the M…M bonding interaction. A large amount of structural data can be rationalized with the help of a simple orbital model. Other features of the crystal structures of such compounds are correctly accounted for by semiempirical molecular orbital and electronic band calculations (extended Hückel level). Electronic effects control the deviation from linearity of stacks of complexes with mixed ligands, whereas coupled electronic and steric effects determine the conformational preference. The predictive capability of theoretical band calculations is found to be good.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 679-683 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): high-temperature synthesis ; materials science ; nitridosilicates ; nitrogen ; silicon ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Because of its low chemical reactivity Si3N4 has hardly been used as a starting material for the preparation of multinary silicon nitrides or nitridosilicates, but has gained increasing importance as a nonoxidic material for high-performance applications. A novel synthetic approach is presented, which starts from silicon diimide (Si(NH)2) and makes available a large variety of novel nitridosilicates. The structures of these nitridosilicates represent a significant extension from those found in the family of oxosilicates. Because of their outstanding chemical and physical stability, nitridosilicates might be of particular interest for the development of novel inorganic nitridic materials.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): bipyridine ligands ; dendrimers ; dioxygen quenching ; luminescence ; ruthenium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Several synthetic strategies have been explored to prepare dendrimers having the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complex as their core (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine). Dendritic ligands have been synthesized by attaching branches in the 4,4′-positions of bpy. The largest dendritic bipyridine ligand contains 54 peripherical methylester units. Four RuII dendritic complexes have been prepared. Their absorption and emission spectra are very similar to those of the unsubstituted parent RuII-bipyridine complexes. The large dendritic complexes, however, exhibit a more intense emission and a longer excited-state lifetime than [Ru(bpy)3]2+ in aerated solutions. This is due to the shielding effect of the dendrimer branches on the Ru-bipyridine core, which limits the quenching effect of molecular oxygen. For the largest dendritic complex, which contains 54 peripherical methylester units, the excited-state lifetime in aerated acetonitrile solution is longer than 1 μs, and the rate constant for dioxygen quenching is twelve times smaller than for [Ru(bpy)3]2+.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): asymmetric synthesis ; dioxiranes ; ruthenium ; sulforaphane ; sulfoxides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A new enantioselective (80% ee) synthesis of (R)-sulforaphane and its epimer (S)-sulforaphane is described, which makes use of the pseudo-tetrahedral complex fragment [CpRu-(CHIRAPHOS)]+ as a chiral auxiliary. Reaction of the chloride complexes [CpRu(L-L)Cl] [L-L = 1,-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe), (2S,3S)-and (2R,3R)-bis(diphenylphosphino)-butane ((S,S)- and (R, R)-CHIRAPHOS, respectively)] with phthalimidobutyl methyl sulfide gives the thioether complexes [CpRu(L-L)(MeSC4H8NPhth)]PF6. Oxygen transfer from dimethyldioxirane (DMD) produces the corresponding sulfoxide complexes in high yield and high diastereoselectivity. Cleavage of the phthaloyl group with aqueous hydrazine and subsequent reaction with thiophosgene yields the sulforaphane complexes [CpRu(L-L)(MeS(O)C4H8NCS)]PF6. Treatment of these with sodium iodide finally liberates the sulforaphane without noticeable racemization.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 1292-1298 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): carbohydrates ; conformation analysis ; cyclodextrins ; inclusion compounds ; Raman optical activity ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Conformational flexibility in cyclodextrins (CDs) as a function of methylation, solvent interaction and the extent of inclusion complex formation has been studied by using vibrational Raman optical activity (ROA). The work exploited the sensitivity of ROA to skeletal mobility by comparing the intensity of the glycosidic ROA couplet between about 850 and 970 cm-1 in maltoheptose (MH), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD) and heptakis(2,3,6-tri-β-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (TM-β-CD) in buffered aqueous solution, in DMSO and with sodium benzoate and benzoic acid as guests in buffered aqueous solution. Increases in couplet signal strength were interpreted in terms of a reduction in conformational flexibility of the CD ring. In buffered aqueous solution the ROA intensity order MH 〈 TM-β-CD 〈 β-CD 〈 DM-β-CD was observed. The linear molecule MH is expected to be the most flexible of the four oligosaccharides studied, while the changes registered for the three CD macrocycles may be related to the degree of intramolecular hydrogen bond formation and its influence on conformational flexibility. In DMSO, the same ROA intensity order is observed, but with an approximately constant increase relative to the values obtained in aqueous solution. This can be explained by the tighter binding of DMSO in the CD cavities compared with H2O. For the inclusion complexes, our results indicate that the tighter the guest is bound, the larger is the reduction in the conformational flexibility of the CD macrocycle. The residual mobility sensed by ROA in CDs is similar to that sensed in proteins; this provides further insight into their analogous ligand-binding and catalytic properties.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): ab initio calculations ; cyclizations ; cycloketones ; radicals ; ring expansions ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Alk-5-enoyl radicals were made to cyclize in exo and endo modes to give the corresponding cycloketone radicals, which are related through one-carbon ring expansion. Relative kinetic data were determined for the ring closure of the 2-methylhept-5-enoyl radical generated by the reaction of the corresponding phenylseleno ester with Bu3SnH over the temperature range 233-323 K. The conversion to absolute rates provided Arrhenius expressions for the 5-exo-trig and 6-endotrig cyclizations. Ab initio and semiempirical (AM1) calculations were performed on the hex-5-enoyl and hept-5-enoyl radicals, respectively, and the outcomes aided in the rationalization of the preexponential factors and activation energies. Both 1,5-and 1,6-ring closure occur via a lower energy “chairlike” transition state. The observed high regioselectivity is due to favorable entropic and enthalpic factors associated with the formation of the smaller ring. The stereoselectivity was higher in the 1,6-ring closure (70:30) than in the 1,5-ring closure (55:45), the trans isomer being predominant in both. For the onecarbon ring expansion studies, the radicals of interest were obtained by deoxygenation of suitable alcohols via the O-phenyl thiocarbonates with (TMS)3-SiH. The one-carbon ring expansion in the cyclopentanone series for the secondary alkyl radicals was studied over the temperature range 343-413 K by means of free-radical clock methodology and yielded the Arrhenius expression. The rate constant was 4.2 x 103 s-1 at room temperature and the reverse reaction (ring contraction) was found to be at least 10 times slower. Since the intermediacy of acyl radicals can be excluded, the reaction must occur via 3-membered cyclic intermediate radicals (or transition states).
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 417-423 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): asymmetric synthesis ; butyrolactones ; carbonylations ; catalyst system ; palladium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: A catalyst system based on [Pd2(dba)3]·CHCl3/(-)-BPPM has been found to effect asymmetric cyclocarbonylation of certain prochiral allylic alcohols to produce good yields of optically enriched γ-butyrolactones. The reaction was performed under an atmosphere of H2 (400 psi) and CO (400 psi) at 100°C in methylene chloride for 48 hours. Asymmetric cyclocarbonylation of allylic alcohols with aliphatic substituents proceeded with moderate enantioselectivities (ee = 25-43%). However, enantiomeric excesses of up to 83% were obtained for substrates containing aromatic substituents, in which case the ee was found to be more sensitive to steric, rather than to electronic factors. Recrystallization of the lactones containing an aromatic group from a mixture of CH2Cl2/Et2O/hexanes (0.5/1.0/8.5), by slow evaporation of the solvent or at low temperature, improved the enantiopurities to 〉98% ee on a reproducible basis. The asymmetric center of the aromatic lactones was assigned the (S)-configuration based on the X-ray crystal structure analysis of enantiopure (S)-(+)-3,3-dimethyl-2-(2′-methylphenyl)-γ-butyrolactone (2k). A hydridopalladium intermediate is believed to play a key role in this reaction. Enantioselectivity is thought to be brought about by the preferential formation of 6b. The carbon skeleton of 6b fits into the chiral scaffold of (-)-BPPM.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): carbohydrates ; glycoproteins ; HIV oligosaccharides ; protecting groups ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The high-mannose nonasaccharide 1 is part of the glycoprotein gp 120 of the viral coat of HIV-1. The mannan portion of this triantennary glycan was prepared by a number of consecutive glycosidation steps without the need for any protecting-group manipulation. This was achieved by carefully tuning the reactivity of the glycosyl donors by employing our cyclohexane-1,2-diacetal (CDA) methodology. The method was further extended with one-pot procedures for oligosaccharide synthesis, thus reducing the number of steps to form the protected nonasaccharide 21 from the monosaccharide building blocks to five.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): acid-base equilibria ; adenine palladium ; platinum ; structure elucidation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Steric blockage of the N1 and N7 sites of 9-methyladenine for metal complexation is achieved by twofold methylation of the exocyclic amino group. With 6′,6′,9-trimethyladenine (TrimeA), binding of MII(dien) (M = Pt, Pd) as well as of trans-[Pt(NH3)2Cl]+ therefore takes place through N 3. X-ray crystal structure determinations and NMR spectroscopic studies of three compounds are reported, and the effects of PtII and PdII on the geometry and the acid-base properties of the TrimeA ligand have been measured and compared with those of the free base. TrimeA has a very pronounced self-stacking tendency in water (K=85M-1 according to the isodesmic model of indefinite noncooperative self-association). Acidity constants derived from potentiometric pH titrations, spectrophotometry, and NMR shift experiments display excellent agreement with each other. Twofold protonated TrimeA, that is H2(TrimeA)2+, carries protons at the N7 and N1 sites; the acidity constants are pKHH2(TrimeA) = - 0.75 and pKHH(TrimeA) = 4.15. These values compare well with those of other adenine residues. Protonation of [Pt(dien)-(TrimeA-N3)]2+ occurs at the N7 position, as shown by spectrophotometry and NMR spectroscopy. The acidity constant of the H+ (N7) site in this complex is low, that is pKHH[Pt(dien)(TrimeA)] = 0.3 (as determined by spectrophotometry), but it is not as low as that for the same site when a proton resides at N1 of unmetalated TrimeA. The pKa of the doubly protonated complex, pKHH2[Pt(dien)(TrimeA)], in which the second acidic proton is situated at N1, is about-1.2 ± 0.3. These findings indicate that upon metalation of N3, the sequence of adenine protonation is reversed. While the N7 site still displays basic properties, the N1 site has undergone a dramatic loss in basicity.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 441-444 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): alkenes ; allylsilanes ; C-C coupling ; cross-metathesis ; jasmonates ; molybdenum ; ruthenium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The applicability of olefin cross-metathesis for the synthesis of different unsymmetrically substituted functionalized olefins is described. The coupling of different functionalized olefins in the presence of Grubbs' ruthenium catalyst or Schrock's molybdenum catalyst afforded the crossed products in good yields and with very high selectivities. Derivatives of jasmonic acid and functionalized allylsilanes were prepared by this catalytic method for carbon-carbon double bond formation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 1009-1016 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): alkynes ; cobalt ; endohedral metallofullerenes ; fullerenes ; macrocycles ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: We have been investigating the synthesis of endohedral metallofullerenes since we successfully opened an orifice on the framework of C60 in the form of a cobalt complex having the metal sitting on top of the opening. A second approach aims at the synthesis of spherically-shaped acetylenic macrocycles, which are expected to rearrange to endohedral metal complexes of fullerenes in a controlled process analogous to the gas-phase coalescence of mono- and polycyclic polyynes during fullerene formation by the graphite evaporation method. Since the potential benefits from obtaining endohedral metal complexes of C60 are enormous, both approaches are being actively pursued in our group.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 1025-1031 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): boronic acids ; heme proteins ; molecular recognition ; myoglobin ; saccharides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Phenylboronic acid groups as sugar recognition sites were successfully introduced into native myoglobin by a cofactor-reconstitution method. Spectrophotometric pH titration demonstrated the sugar-induced pKa shift of the H2O coordinated to the heme center of the semisynthetic myoglobin bearing phenyl-boronic acids (met-Mb(PhBOH)2). By means of circular dichroism (CD) and paramagnetic 1H NMR spectroscopies, it was proven that sugars that were bound to phenylboronic acid sites induced the rearrangement of the heme crevice to reinforce the heme cofactor-apoprotein interactions. The structural changes that were induced by the binding of sugars subsequently enhanced the dioxygen storage activity of Mb(PhBOH)2. Such sugar-induced structural and functional changes did not occur for other modified Mbs that had no sugar-recognition units. Interestingly, a randomly modified Mb with phenylboronic acid units did not show any sugar response. In Mb(PhBOH)2, the information from the sugar-binding event was efficiently transmitted to the active center, so that the activity was efficiently altered upon sugar binding. In conclusion, the active site specific incorporation of molecular recognition units as nonnatural functional molecules can provide a novel strategy for the design of stimuli-responsive semisynthetic proteins.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 482-490 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): allylsilanes ; catalysis ; cyclizations ; oxidations ; palladium ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Palladium-catalyzed oxidation of cyclic 1,3-dienes 3, 5, 9, 11, and 13, with an allylsilane group in the side chain, led to an intramolecular 1,4-syn-addition to the conjugated diene through a carbocyclization. Acyclic trienesilanes 7 also underwent analogous 1,4-oxidations. The reaction was carried out in acetone-acetic acid (2:1) with a slight excess of LiCl. p-Benzoquinone was employed as the oxidant and Li2PdCl4 as the catalyst. The reaction proceeds through an intramolecular trans addition of the allylsilane to a (π-diene)palladium complex to produce a bicyclic (π-allyl)palladium intermediate. Subsequent trans attack by chloride at the π-allyl intermediate gives the product. The intermediate (π-allyl)palladium complex was isolated and fully characterized. It was unambiguously demonstrated that the allylsilane had attacked the coordinated double bond trans to palladium (trans-carbopalladation). The use of CuCl2 as the oxidant, instead of p-benzoquinone, gave a less stereoselective addition, but interestingly, with the opposite stereochemistry.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 1410-1417 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): helical structures ; molecular dynamics simulations ; NMR spectroscopy ; peptides ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: β-Peptides consisting entirely of homochiral β-amino acids R-CH(NH2)-CH2CO2H form 31-helices in solution, as shown previously by NMR analysis of pyridine and methanol solutions. The stability of the helical secondary structure of one such β-peptide (H-β-HVal-β-HAla-β-HLeu-(S,S)-β-HAla(αMe)-β-HVal-β-HAla-β-HLeu-OH, 1) has been investigated by molecular dynamics simulations using the GROMOS 96 molecular model and force field (962 methanol molecules; T = 298, 350, 400 K; with and without NOE distance restraints). The restraints derived from the NMR studies were equally well satisfied by both the restrained and the unrestrained room-temperature molecular dynamics simulations. The 31-helical conformation of 1 was shown to be so stable that it was restored spontaneously within 400 ps after unfolding had been induced by a sudden increase of the temperature from 298 to 350 K.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 1400-1404 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): DNA structures ; hydrogen bonds ; nucleic acids ; RNA ; tertiary structure ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Tight packing between structural elements is a prerequisite for molecular recognition and catalysis. In proteins, α-helices and β-sheets present the amino acid side chains on the surface while the polar amide bonds are buried. The opposite is found in double- and polystranded nucleic acids, where negatively charged phosphates occupy the surface and the side chains are hydrogen bonded in the core. Thus the question arises: How do densely packed nucleic acid molecules achieve close approach, despite the repulsion between phosphates that would appear to preclude tight contacts? One obvious answer is by mediating interstrand contacts through coordinated cations that can screen the negative charges. In this contribution, however, we highlight a variety of alternative direct interactions involving atoms of the sugar-phosphate backbone that can promote tight packing of RNA and DNA into functional molecules. We have analyzed the existing nucleic acid crystal structures in terms of the presence of close contacts between backbone regions. In RNA, ribose 2′-hydroxyl groups were observed to mediate such contacts in the majority of cases. However, their absence in DNA does not prevent oligodeoxynucleotides from packing tightly, aided by various interactions between backbone atoms.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): fullerenes ; endohedral helium complexes ; NMR spectroscopy ; ring currents ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Bis- to hexakisadducts of C60 (1-6) and mono- to tetrakisadducts of C70 (7-13) containing 3He atoms (endo-hedral helium complexes) were prepared and studied by 3He NMR spectroscopy to determine the influence of degree of functionalization and addition pattern on the chemical shift of the 3He atom. In the series of C60 derivatives, which included the previously measured 6-6 monoadduct 3He@C61H2, the 3He resonance was shifted considerably upfield relative to that of 3He@C60 (δ = -6.36) up to the bisadduct 1 (δ = -11.45). The resonances of the higher adducts 3-6, however, were shifted only slightly further up-field and all appeared in a rather narrow spectral range between δ = -11.84 and -12.26. The absence of further substantial upfield shifts was rationalized in terms of the compensation of deshielding due to the functionalization-induced decrease in the diamagnetic π-electron ring currents that extend around the fullerene sphere by the shielding that results from the weaker pentagonal-ring paramagnetic currents and the increased number of localized benzenoid substructures in 3-6. In contrast, all 3He resonances of the C70 adducts are shifted downfield relative to the signal of 3He@C70 (δ = -28.81). A monotonic relationship exists between the chemical shift and the degree of functionalization, whereby the 3He chemical shifts steadily decrease from monoadduct 7 (δ = -27.53) to the isomeric tetrakisadducts 12 (δ = -21.09) and 13 (δ = -20.68). This deshielding was explained by the reduction of the strong diamagnetic ring currents extending along the polar corannulene perimeters as a result of the functionalization at α- and β-type polar bonds in 7-13. In both series, the addition pattern was also found to have a distinct influence on the 3He chemical shift.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 1105-1112 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): ab initio calculations ; alkynes ; carbon allotropes ; electronic structure ; semiempirical calculations ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis, isolation, spectroscopic characterization, and computational investigations of the rod-shaped dicyanopolyynes 1-6 (C2nN2, n = 4-9), which are model substances for the hypothetical one-dimensional carbon allotrope carbyne sp-C∞, are described. Based on the trends in the spectroscopic behavior of 1-6 with increasing chain length, the electronic as well as the NMR properties of carbyne are predicted. For the investigation of the synthetic potential of this compound class, a first selected series of regioselective derivatizations is presented with the synthesis of the [4+2] and [3+2] cycloadducts 7-12.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): crystal engineering ; dibenzofuran ; molecular quadrilaterals ; supra-molecular chemistry ; template synthesis ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The template-directed syntheses of two new tetracationic cyclophanes, cyclobis(paraquat-2,8-dibenzofuran) and cyclobis(paraquat-3,7-dibenzofuran), incorporating dibenzofuran subunits has been accomplished. Initially, the cyclophanes were self-assembled around a macrocyclic polyether template, bis-p-phenylene[34]crown-10 (BPP34C10), to form catenanes: the mechanical bond order of the catenane formed determined the requisite “amacrocyclic” templates for synthesis of the free cyclophane. X-ray crystallography shows that both of the cyclophanes possess rectangular covalent frameworks. Furthermore, these cyclophanes form self-assembled tapes in the solid state, since the dibenzofuran moieties have a tendency to associate with each other through crossed ∞-∞ stacks. The dibenzofuran-containing catenanes also form two-dimensional supramolecular arrays in the solid state on account of extended ∞-∞ stacking interactions. In addition, the serendipitous discovery of a plerotopic tecton (consisting of a dibenzofuran nucleus covalently linked from the 2- and 8-positions by methylene groups to 4,4′-pyridylpyridinium (hydrogen bond acceptor) and protonated bipyridinium (hydrogen bond donor) units) has been made. The tecton dimerizes in the solid state to form a supramolecular macrocycle, since its complementary hydrogen bonding sites are oriented in a horseshoelike fashion by the 2,8-disubstituted dibenzofuran unit. However, this superstructure is not retained in the 1:1 complex of the tecton with BPP34C10: cocrystallization of the tecton with this crown ether opens the macrocyclic two-component supermolecule to afford a hydrogen-bonded pseudopolyrotaxane.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemistry - A European Journal 3 (1997), S. 561-567 
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): conformation ; dendrimers ; fullerenes ; molecular dynamics ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: The synthesis, complete characterization and molecular dynamics simulations of dendrimers 4-8 involving [60]fullerene as core tecton and first- to thirdgeneration benzyl-ether-based dendrons as branches is described. In dendrimer 7 a core branching multiplicity of 12, the highest known to date, is realized for the first time with a Th-symmetrical C60 core having an octahedral addition pattern. This unique structural type of core building block is only possible on the base of C60 and has no precedent in organic chemistry. NMR investigations as well as molecular modelling studies show that, owing to high core branching multiplicity, dendrimer 7 and to a minor extent the mixed adduct 8 already represent globular and densely packed macromolecules, although only first-generation dendrons are involved in their construction.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    ISSN: 0947-6539
    Schlagwort(e): extraction ; interfaces ; ionophores ; molecular dynamics ; counterion effect ; solvation ; Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: We report molecular dynamics simulations on ionophores of different topologies and on their complexes with alkali and alkaline-earth cations, with or without counterion, at the water/chloroform interface. As ionophores we consider two phosphoryl-containing podands (the “chainlike” monopodand MP and the “octopuslike” tripodand TP) and the bicyclic cryptand 222. We find that all the solutes behave as surfactants: they remain adsorbed at the interface, without migrating to bulk phases. Their precise location and solvation depend on the nature and conformation of the ionophore, of the cation and of the counterion. Schematically, two types of solutes can be distinguished, depending on their hydrophilic/hydrophobic character. The first type (cryptand 222 and its complexes, or the [MP⋅K+] complex), which have a hydrophobic exterior, stay on the chloroform side of the interface and are partially hydrated by “water fingers”. The second type (free MP and TP, [MP⋅K+]Pic- and [MP⋅Sr2+](Pic-)2 complexes), which are more hydrophilic, are partitioned to a greater extent between the two liquid phases. The status of the ion pairs at the interface depends on the interplay between cation … anion and anion … solvent interactions. When cation-anion interactions are strong enough (as in [MP⋅Sr2+](Pic-)2), the ion pairs remain intimate. Otherwise they dissociate, leading to solvent-separated ion pairs adsorbed at the interface (in the [222⋅K+] Pic- complex) or to the migration of the anion to the water phase (in the [222⋅K+] Cl- complex).
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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