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  • Electronic Resource  (16,437)
  • 1985-1989  (16,437)
  • 1820-1829
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (16,437)
Material
  • Electronic Resource  (16,437)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 139-145 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interaction of benzil and thioxanthone triplets with triethylamine leads to the production of free radicals that are able to initiate the polymerization of methylmethacrylate and vinyl acetate. The process is mediated by a charge transfer complex. The initiation efficiency is higher in benzene than in acetonitrile, a result explained in terms of competition between back electron transfer, production of free ions and ketyl radical formation. The initiation efficiency decreases when the carbonyl concentration increases, because of the occurrence of a radical molecule reaction such as The α-hydroxy radicals produced in this reaction are unable to initiate the polymerization chain.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 171-183 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(enamine-ketones) were prepared by the nucleophilic (Michael-type) addition of various aromatic diamines to 1,1′-(1,3- or 1,4-phenylene)bis(2-propyn-1-one)(1,3 or 1,4-PPO) in m-cresol at 5-23°C. The low molecular weight polymers (inherent viscosity of 0.25 dL/g) exhibited limited solubility in organic solvents. Glass transition temperatures were generally undetectable by differential scanning calorimetry while polymer decomposition temperatures (10% weight loss), as measured by thermogravimetric analysis, were observed from 355 to 419°C. Polymers prepared from 1,4-PPO were semi-crystalline as shown by wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The poly(enamine-ketone) structure was confirmed by matching infrared spectral characteristics of the polymers with those of well-characterized model enamine ketones.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 971-977 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Monomers and polymers of 2-benzylidene-1,3-dithioles (dithiafulvenes) were synthesized. Polymerization of substituted dithiafulvenes with diacid chlorides, p-phenylene diisocyanate, or terephthalaldehyde yielded yellow polymers with inherent viscosities ranging from 0.10 to 0.21 dL/g.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 989-997 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The syntheses, characterizations, and electrical properties of four regiospecifically substituted poly(phenylacetylene)s are described. Tungsten(VI) chloride/tetra-n-butyltin (WCl6/n-Bu4Sn) catalyst system (Higashimura-Masuda, H.-M. catalyst) was used to polymerize 3-bromo-, 3-chloro-, 3-trimethylsilyl-, and 3-trimethylstannylphenylacetylenes in order to obtain high-molecular-weight and soluble materials. Characterizations of these polymers were done by IR and UV spectroscopic methods, GPC, DSC, and elemental analysis. The electrical conductivities of the polymers were measured on the surface of pressed pellets by a four-point probe.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 999-1015 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The synthesis and characterization of polymethacrylates and polyacrylates containing 4-methoxy-4′-hydroxy-α-methylstilbene side groups attached either directly or through flexible spacers containing eleven, eight, six, three, and respectively two methylenic units, and of the polysiloxanes containing the same mesogenic group connected through flexible spacers containing eleven, eight, six, and respectively three methylenic units are described. All polymers exhibit thermotropic liquid crystallinity. The nature of the mesophase is determined by the spacer length. However, the nature of the polymer backbone determines the thermal stability of the mesophase. That is, for the same spacer length and similar polymer molecular weight, the most flexible polymer backbone leads to the highest isotropization temperature.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 979-988 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of polyarylates having inherent viscosities of 0.4-1.1 dL/g was prepared by the two phase polycondensation of 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-(4-chloroformylphenyl)indanecarbonyl chloride with various bisphenols in an organic solvent-aqueous alkaline solution system in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Similarly, copolyarylates of high molecular weights were prepared from a mixture of the phenylindanedicarbonyl chloride, terephthaloyl chloride, and 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-phenyl)propane. All the polyarylates were characterized by their amorphous nature and high solubility in organic solvents. They gave transparent and tough films by the solution casting. The films had tensile strength of 33-46 MPa, elongation at break of 3-16%, and tensile modulus of 1.2-1.6 GPa. These polyarylates had glass transition temperatures in the range of 205-310°C, and began to decompose at ca. 350°C in air.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The temperature dependence of the binding of butyl orange by a homopolymer of 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and copolymers of DMAEMA and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (VPy) has been examined at various pH's. The binding is very much dependent upon the temperature of the system, the pH of the binding medium, and the DMAEMA content in the polymer. In this case maximal binding is obtained at approximately 15-25° in the temperature range measured, although in most cases which have been examined, the degree of binding increases steadily with increasing temperature. This peculiar temperature dependence of the binding becomes more pronounced as the pH and the DMAEMA content are increased. The appearance of the peculiarity is discussed in terms of the pH-induced conformational changes of the polymer and the hydrophobicity of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 343-355 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The oxidative degradation of polybutadiene-styrene-acrylonitrile (ABS) copolymer was extensively investigated. Three factors were studied: the influence of ageing temperature on the rate of the oxidation of the copolymer; the efficiency of β-carotene as chain breaking antioxidant; and the effect of butadiene content on the rate of the oxidative degradation of the ABS copolymer.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 389-392 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 397-397 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 399-408 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: When PVC films containing zinc(II) chloride were heated in the temperature range 65-95°C, broad absorptions developed in the 250-900 nm region with maxima around 610 nm. The development of the color, the rate of which was proportional to the ZnCl2 content, was preceded by an induction period, the length of which depended on the temperature. The activation energy of the process decreased as the ZnCl2 content of the film increased. Color developments in air and in vacuum were compared.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 423-430 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Copolyamides of nylon-4,6 and nylon-4,T were prepared by a two-step method: (1) a prepolymerization in an autoclave (40 min at 210°C) and (2) a postcondensation in the solid state (4 h, 260°C). On these materials was studied the melting behavior with DSC, the crystalline structure with WAXS, the water absorption, and the mechanical properties with a torsion pendulum. In these copolyamides the order was found to remain high, but the crystalline structures of -4,6 and -4,T were not isomorphous. The torsion moduli increased with -4,T content both at RT and at 140°C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 431-446 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Diacids with variable spacer length were prepared by condensation of trimellitic anhydride and ω-amino acids. From these diacids, homopolyesters were prepared by thermal condensation with the acetates of hydroquinone or 4,4′-dihydroxy biphenyl and a series of copolyesters containing 4-hydroxy benzoic acid. The same LC poly(ester imide)s could also be prepared in a “one-pot procedure” from trimellitic anhydrid, lactams, and bisphenol acetates. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) traces of most poly(ester imide)s exhibit two endotherms representing the solid → LC phase transition (Tm1) and the LC phase → isotropic melt transition (Tm2). Observation under the polarizing microscope and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements suggest that the LC phase formed immediately above the melting points (Tm1) have a smectic character. Poly(ester imide)s of 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl possess higher melting points and a broader temperature range of the LC phase than those of hydroquinone. The copolyesters possess a nematic melt over a broad temperature range. Thermomechanical analyses under low pressure (0.05 kg/mm2) gave heat distortion temperatures close to the melting points (Tm1), and under high pressure (1 kg/mm2), values between Tm1 and the glass transition temperatures (Tg). Thermogravimetric measurements indicate that processing from the melt is feasible up to temperatures around 340°C.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 1099-1114 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Water-soluble graft copolymers of well-defined structure having hydrophobic polymethacrylate branches with different ester groups were prepared by the macromonomer method. Methacrylate macromonomers of controlled molecular weights having a methacryloyloxyl end group were synthesized by radical polymerization of the corresponding monomer in the presence of thioglycolic acid followed by the reaction of glycidyl methacrylate with the terminal carboxyl group. These macromonomers were copolymerized with methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate to prepare tailor-made graft copolymers composed of a hydrophlic backbone and different kinds of hydrophobic branches, which were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR, and GPC. The viscosities of the aqueous solutions of the sodium salts of these graft copolymers were measured. It was found that the viscosity of the dilute solution of the graft copolymer was remarkably high compared with the corresponding random copolymer irrespective of the ester group in branch segments. Solubilizing behavior of Orange-OT in aqueous solutions of the graft copolymers and the random copolymer were also investigated to study the nature of the hydrophobic domain of the graft copolymers.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3451-3463 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In this study, a radiation-induced copolymer, namely, polyethylene-g-acrylic acid and EVA-g-acrylic acid, in the form of a membrane, particulate, or tube was used as a substrate. The carboxyl groups of the grafted acrylic chains were oxidized into peracids. Optimal conditions for the oxidation, including the catalyst, reaction time, and temperature were investigated. Novel bigraft copolymers were then synthesized from the grafted polymeric peracid. A third component (e.g., 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) was grafted through the decomposition of peracid groups. Abnormality in morphology of the acrylic acid grafted and HEMA bigraft membrane was investigated by SEM and TEM observation, which showed the levelling effect of the third component and manifested a third circular domain generated inside the membrane at high degree of grafting.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3495-3501 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Plasma polymerization of perfluorobenzene/sulfur dioxide (PFB/SO2) mixture was investigated by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and XPS. Plasma polymer films like Nafion were obtained from the plasma polymerization of PFB/SO2 mixture. The plasma polymerization deposited fluoropolymers with sulfur moieties including sulfonate and sulfonic acid groups. The elemental composition, F/C, and S/C atomic ratio of the formed plasma polymers were 0.65-0.67 and 0.24-0.27, respectively, which were independent of the starting mixture composition. The polymers showed cation-exchange ability of which the capacity was 0.49 meq/g polymer, and initiated the polymerization of pyrrole.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3531-3531 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 18
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3551-3567 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 4-Methacryloxy-2,3,5,6-tetrabromobenzyl phosphonates (MTBBP) are prepared by the reaction of corresponding 4-hydroxy-2,3,5,6-tetrabromobenzyl phosphonates (HTBBP) with methacryloyl chloride. Comparisons of flame retardancy among the copolymers of methylmethacrylate (MMA) with MTBBP or with 4-methacryloxy-2,3,5,6-tetrabromotoluene(MTBT) and the mixture of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with triphenyl phosphite reveal that the combination of phosphorus and bromine elements produces a synergistic effect on flame retardancy, and the chemical grafting of the fire-resistant elements into the polymer backbone gives a better effect than the physical mixing of their compounds with polymer. The unsatisfactory results of homopolymers of the synthesized methacrylate monomers prepared by free radical polymerization in solution may be due to their less reactivities; however, they can readily copolymerize with a liquid vinyl monomer such as MMA by means of bulk polymerization.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3569-3587 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new approach is presented to calculate both the distribution of particles with iradicals and the average number of radicals per particle in emulsion polymerizations carried out using oil-soluble initiators. The convergence and accuracy of the approach were examined. It was found that, in agreement with previously published experimental results, the present approach predicts a kinetic behavior similar to that found for water-soluble initiators. This effect is primarily due to the desorption of initiator radicals from the polymer particles rather than the contribution of the fraction of oil-soluble initiator dissolved in the aqueous phase.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3589-3602 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The optically active polynucleotide analogs were prepared by grafting nucleic acid base derivatives onto poly(vinyl alcohol). The (R)-ethyl 2-(5-bromouracil-1-yl)propanoate was obtained either by reaction of 5-bromouracil sodium salt with (S)-ethyl 2-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy]propanoate or reaction of 5-bromouracil with (S)-ethyl lactate in the presence of triphenyl phosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate. Subsequent hydrolysis of the ester is aqueous acid provided the optically pure (R)-bromouracilypropanoic acid. The monomer model compounds were prepared by an esterification reaction of the pendant groups with 3-pentyl alcohol in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and a catalytic amount of 4-pyrrolidinopyridine. Poly(vinyl alcohol) underwent reaction with the (R)-bromouracilylpropanoic acid or the (R)-adeninylpropanoic acid in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and a catalytic amount of 4-pyrrolidinopyridine. The resulting polymers were optically active and percents grafting were almost quantitative.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3603-3618 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Undecyl and phenyl oxazolines were synthesized. They were copolymerized in different mole ratios using methyl nosylate as initiator. A series of di- and triblock copolymers with narrow molecular weight distributions as indicated by GPC were obtained. A three-armed block copolymer was also obtained by using 1,3,5-tris(bromomethyl)benzene as initiator. When the nonpolar undecyl block crystallized as a coating, the critical surface energy approached 21.0 dyn/cm, and the contact angle of water on the surface could be higher than 107°. The melting point increased as the chain length of crystallizable undecyl block increased, and the melting peak on DSC was very sharp when the length was equal to or longer than 25 monomer units. When these copolymers were coated on substrates, the work of adhesion with pressure sensitive adhesives was greatly reduced.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
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  • 23
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3637-3649 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The anionic polymerization of ∊-caprolactam (CLM) has been shown to proceed at high reaction rate when catalyzed by metallic lactamates and initiated by acyllactams. The role of initiator and catalyst concentration on the process of ∊-caprolactam anionic polymerization has been explored, with the aim of selecting the most suitable experimental conditions for reaction injection molding (RIM). The overall polymerization rates and physical properties for reaction injection molding of star-shaped nylon 6 homopolymer have been studied by the quasi-adiabatic process. In order to model the actual rapid molding conditions, time vs. temperature reaction profiles were measured, and the relative rates of polymerization subsequently determined from these data.
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  • 24
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3829-3835 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This paper reports that 60Co γ-ray irradiation can convert cis-polyphenylacetylene (cis-PPA) films prepared with rare-earth coordination catalysts to highly photosensitive materials. The dependence of the photosensitivity on irradiation dose, preparation methods, and microstructure of the PPA films has been investigated by means of a potential discharge technique. The photosensitivity was enhanced with increasing irradiation dose. The critical dose to produce a light response was 5 × 103 Gy. The maximum surface potential discharge rate was 618 V/s, and the dark decay was approximately 2 V/s for cis-PPA films irradiated with 60Co γ-ray (dose: 2 × 105 Gy). The cis-transoidal-PPA and an electrophotographic photoreceptor device incorporating cis-PPA showed a higher irradiation effect. The structure and properties of 60Co γ-ray irradiated rare-earth PPA films are similar to the unirradiated films.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly[N,N′-(sulfo-phenylene)phthalamid]es and poly[N,N′-(sulfo-p-phenylene)pyromellitimide] were prepared in water-soluble form and were found to have unique solution properties, similar in some respects to xanthan. The polymer most investigated, poly[N,N′-(sulfo-p-phenylene)terephthalamide] (PPT-S), is produced as the dimethylacetamide (DMAC) salt by the solution polymerization of 2,5-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid with terephthaloyl chloride in DMAC containing LiCl. The isolated polymer requires heating in water to dissolve; the resulting cooled solutions are viscous or gels at concentrations as low as 0.4%. They are highly birefringent, exhibit circular dichroism properties, and are viscosity-sensitive to salt. Solutions of this polymer mixed with those of guar or hydroxyethyl cellulose give significantly enhanced viscosity. The polymer is relatively low molecular weight, ca. 5000 estimated from viscosity data. Some meta and para isomeric analogs of PPT-S were prepared; these polymers have similar properties except they are more soluble in water, and higher concentrations are required to obtain significant viscosity. Poly[N,N′-(sulfo-p-phenylene) pyromellitimide] (PIM-S) was prepared similarly from 2,5-diaminobenzenesulfonic acid and pyromellitic dianhydride. Its aqueous solution properties are similar to those of PPT-S. It appears that these relatively low-molecular-weight rigid-chain polymers associate in water to form a network that results in viscous solutions at low concentrations.
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  • 26
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3895-3901 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Aromatic polyamides (aramids) having pendant t-butyl group were synthesized by the direct polycondensation of 5-t-butylisophthalic acid with various aromatic diamines in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) using triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents. The aramids having inherent viscosities of 0.6-2.4 dL/g were obtained in quantitative yields. These polymers were readily soluble in various solvents such as NMP,N,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and pyridine, and gave transparent, tough and flexible films by casting from the NMP solutions. The aramids had glass transition temperatures between 250 and 330°C, and started to lose weight around 350°C, with 10% weight loss being recorded at about 450°C in air.
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  • 27
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3915-3926 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Water-soluble comb-shaped polymers were prepared through grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ethers (MPEG) onto acrylic and methacrylic ester copolymers by transesterification reactions. The grafting was alkali-catalyzed, and performed in refluxing toluene solution or in melt at 155°C. The grafting efficiency was found to be on the order of 1 graft/10 monomer units. Epoxy groups in glycidyl methacrylate copolymers were also utilized for grafting. The crude graft copolymers were purified through chromatography and characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy. Polymers prepared from MPEG 2000 were crystalline with melting points 10-15°C lower than the MPEG used. All polymers were shown to be surface active with CMC on the order of 1.5 g/L, and surface tensions of 38-45 dyn/cm. When used as emulsifiers the graft copolymers containing bulky lipophilic ester groups (2-ethylhexyl t-butyl) gave oil-in-water (o/w) and water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions from xylene/water with higher stability than those containing straight chain ester groups (methyl nbutyl n-docecyl). The most stable emulsions were obtained by dissolving the polymers in the organic phase.
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  • 28
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3977-3983 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Initiation of polymerization of methyl methacrylate with redox system montmorillonite (with lattice Fe3+)-thiourea has been achieved. The rates are dependent on both clay mineral and thiourea. Amidosulfenyl radicals are believed to initiate the polymerization on the clay surface. The polymerization produced nonextractable clay-polymer adduct up to an extent of 70 wt %. The pH of the medium (in the acidic range) did not affect the polymerization rate.
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  • 29
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4013-4033 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new family of polynucleotide analogs were prepared by grafting nucleic acid base derivatives onto polytrimethylenimine. Several new optically pure α-nucleic acid base substituted propanoic acids were prepared as pendant groups. The (R)-ethyl adeninylpropanoate was obtained from adenine and (S)-ethyl lactate by utilizing a diethyl azodicarboxylate-triphenyl phosphine method. Subsequent hydrolysis of the ester in aqueous acid gave the (R)-adeninylpropanoic acid without racemization. The reaction of cytosine sodium salt with (S)-ethyl 2-[(methylsulfonyl)oxy] propanoate produced the 20% racemized (R)-ethyl 2-(cytosin-1-yl)propanoate. The optically pure ester was obtained by recrystallization from ethyl alcohol, which was hydrolyzed in aqueous acid to give the (R)-acid with 66% enantiomeric excess. The (R)-2-(hypoxanthin-9-yl)propanoic acid was prepared by reaction of (R)-2-(adenin-9-yl)propanoic acid with sodium nitrite. The pendant groups were allowed to react with N-hydroxy compounds in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide to give the active esters. These active esters underwent reaction with N,N-dipropylamine to provide monomer model compounds. The pendant groups were grafted onto polytrimethylenimine by using the active ester method. The racemization reactions were observed in the grafting reactions. The resulting polymers showed a range of percent grafting from 60 to 80%.
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  • 30
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4035-4049 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The interactions of H2 and NH3 plasmas with the surfaces of various poly(alkylmethacrylate)s and of poly(phenylmethacrylate) have been studied with XPS and SSIMS. Experiments on poly(methylmethacrylate) reveal that during short treatment times with the NH3 plasma chain, scission takes place and nitrogen is not incorporated into the surface. The chain scission also takes place with the H2 plasma. With the aid of SSIMS results, the nature of the chain scission could be deduced. Comparison of these results with those on poly(n-butylmethacrylate) and poly(t-butylmethacrylate) reveals a reaction mechanism in which hydrogen atoms generated in both plasmas play an important role in the chain scission process. After longer treatment time with the NH3 plasma, the poly(methylmethacrylate) surface becomes deoxygenated and nitrogen is incorporated into surface structures of low molecular weight. Experiments on poly(phenylmethacrylate) reveal that already during short treatment times with the NH3 plasma, nitrogen is incorporated into the aromatic ring. Chain scission does not play an important role. One of the processes with the H2 plasma is hydrogenation of the aromatic ring, leading to poly(cyclohexylmethacrylate).
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  • 31
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4087-4097 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Solutions of 3-methoxythiophene (MeOT) in dimethylformamide (DMF) were electrolyzed at controlled electrode potentials. The polymerizations were studied under homogeneous conditions in solutions in which the polymer was soluble in the medium, and no coating of the electrodes occurred. The reaction proceeded at high coulombic efficiency and a first order dependence on monomer concentration was observed. The molecular weights of the polymers were determined by gel permeation chromatography. All samples showed a narrow distribution of molecular weights, with Mw/Mn ranging from 1.01 to 1.07. The molecular weight was low (about 3000 Daltons) and did not change in magnitude during the course of the reaction from 10 to 86% conversion, or with change in electrode potential from 1.55 to 1.65 V vs. SCE. The data are interpreted on a model based upon the competitive formation of chemically unreactive bipolarons.
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  • 32
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4129-4141 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The influence of preparation history upon the thermal cyclodehydration reaction of polyhydrazide samples has been investigated. Solid polyhydrazide samples were prepared from DMSO solutions using the phase-inversion technique. Significant differences in conversion rates were observed between samples prepared by nonsolvent immersion precipitation and by evaporation of solvent. It appeared that contact with the nonsolvent water during the sample preparation process has considerable influence on the conversion rate. Not only does the immersion in and washing with water lead to a better removal of the solvent also the pH of the water determines the rate of conversion. A distinct change in the conversion rate is found for washing water at a pH of 7. Basic washing solutions showing lower conversion rates than acid ones. A mechanism explaining these phenomena is proposed.
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  • 33
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4169-4179 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polysulfides (PI and PII) having spiroorthocarbonate moiety in the main chain were synthesized by the polyaddition of unsaturated spiroorthocarbonate (1 or 2) and dithiols in excellent yields. It is confirmed by DSC and x-ray measurement that PII is the crystalline polymer. PI and PII were treated with a cationic catalyst such as BF3 · OEt2 and BzS+SbF6- to afford the crosslinked polymer and to partially undertake the main chain scission. Further, it was also found in the reaction of PI and PII with adipoyl chloride as the crosslinking reagent that PI underwent cleavage of the main chain, but PII mainly gave crosslinked polymers.
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  • 34
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4181-4190 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 2-Vinyl anthraquinone has been polymerized, via radiation-induced initiation, in dimethyl-sulphoxide and in dichloromethane. Solvent to monomer ratios of 1 : 0.030 to 1 : 0.0167 mol have been examined for dose rates in the range 0.035 to 0.129 Gy s-1 and exposure times in the range 1.44 × 104 to 4.32 × 106 s. Rates of polymerization were found to lie in the range from 2.4 × 10-8 to 1.92 × 10-6 mol L-1 s-1. Values for the chain transfer constant to dimethyl-sulphoxide and to dichloromethane have been calculated. In addition, values of the kinetic ratio kp2/kt, for the polymerization of 2-vinyl anthraquinone have been estimated. The dependence of Rp on the monomer concentration and on the radiation intensity have been shown to be in broad agreement with a simplified steady-state kinetic scheme. A value of G(radical) for 2-vinyl anthraquinone was obtained via electron spin resonance studies, and shown to be 0.24. This G(radical) value and those obtained indirectly from kinetic data are discussed in relation to the molar mass values obtained from the poly(2-vinyl anthraquinone) products.
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  • 35
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4227-4227 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 36
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4281-4289 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of the apparent reaction rate constants of phenylacetylene polymerized in CCl4 in the presence of light-activated W(CO)6 and of the molecular weight of the resulting polymer indicates that the propagating centers are conserved to high monomer conversions, though some chain transfer to monomer occurs, limiting molecular weights to about 100,000. Although solutions of the polymer are deep red in color, the molecular conformation is more coil-like than rod-like. The NMR spectra suggest that the steric purity of the polymer is limited, so that it can only be referred to as trans-rich polyphenylacetylene, confirming other results on tungsten-catalyzed polyphenylacetylene.
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  • 37
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4305-4318 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of 10 acetylene-terminated aromatic amide monomers was synthesized by the triethylamine-promoted reaction of bis[p-(m-chlorocarbonylphenoxy)phenyl] sulfone or bis[p-(m-chlorocarbonylphenoxyl)phenyl]ketone with o- or p-ethynyl- and o- or p-trimethylsilylethynylaniline. Yields were essentially quantitative. Structures were verified by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectral data. Thermal characteristics of the monomers were investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The initial glass transition temperatures were generally well below the onset of cure which occurred in the 160-225°C range for the terminal ethynyl monomers and in the 260-295°C range for their trimethylsilylethynyl analogs. Onset of decomposition in air for the resinified terminal ethynyl monomers took place in the 400-485°C range, while resins from the trimethylsilylethynyl monomers underwent breakdown at substantially lower temperatures.
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  • 38
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4257-4265 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two-dimensional NMR spectra of commercially available poly(N-vinylcarabazole) are presented and analyzed. Complete assignments for the aromatic region of the carbon spectrum are made using the edited spectrum and literature references for model compounds. The proton spectrum is assigned from its correlations with the carbon spectrum and with a J-correlated two-dimensional spectrum. One of the protons (number 1) is shifted to rather unusual high fields by the stacked structure of the carbazole rings, independent on the polymer tacticity. From the aliphatic carbon spectrum a meso probability of 0.45 is estimated for the commercial polymer, and another J-correlated two-dimensional spectrum helps assigning the triad and tetrad splittings in the aliphatic proton spectrum.
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  • 39
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 1883-1890 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Amphiphilic block copolymers, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate)-b-poly(2-dimethylethylammoniumethyl methacrylate), were synthesized by the reaction between two prepolymers. Carboxyl-terminated poly(methyl methacrylate) and hydroxyl-terminated poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) were prepared by radical polymerization of the corresponding monomers in the presence of thioglycolic acid and 2-mercaptoethanol as a chain transfer agent, respectively. Two condensation methods, i.e., DCC and the acid chloride method, were used for the reactions of these prepolymers. The subsequent quarternization produced the amphiphilic block copolymers. Surface property of poly(methyl methacrylate) films containing this amphiphilic block copolymer was examined by measuring contact angles for water. The addition of only 0.5 wt% of the block copolymer was sufficient to make poly(methyl methacrylate) surfaces hydrophilic. The block copolymer formed a polymeric micelle in acetone-water mixed solvent.
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  • 40
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4297-4303 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure for synthesizing an open-chain polyimide has been developed. O-Substituted hydroxylamines were found to behave as difunctional nucleophiles in acylation under appropriate conditions, and thus the reaction of equimolar amounts of benzyloxyamine and terephthaloyl chloride gave rise to the corresponding novel type of polyimide, an open-chain polyimide. The results of polymerization under various conditions indicated the reaction to proceed efficiently in N, N-dimethylacetamide in the presence of an acid acceptor system composed of double the molar quantity of triethylamine and the molar quantity of pyridine to give the polyimide with a high molecular weight. In contrast to the conventional polyimides having cyclic imide structures, the resulting open-chain polyimide exhibited remarkable solubility in common organic solvents and a low glass transition temperature.
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  • 41
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4329-4339 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Cationic polyacrylamides (C-PAM) which contain both primary and quaternary amines were prepared according to the Hofmann reaction by adding choline chloride to a solution of polyacrylamide in water. The reaction was 90% complete after 60 min at 20°C. The degree of amination was over 70% and the proportion of primary and quaternary amines could be altered widely by controlling the relative concentrations of NaOH, NaOCl, and choline chloride.C-PAM was dansylated (fluorescently labeled) in a homogeneous system using aqueous dimethylformamide as solvent. The optimum excitation wavelength for dansylated C-PAM in water at room temperature (22 ± 1°C) was 333 nm and the corresponding emission wavelength 538 nm. The fluorescence intensity was almost constant at pH levels above 5, but decreased rapidly below pH 4 and was almost zero at pH 2.
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  • 42
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 4365-4374 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Polyaniline-tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) complexes can be synthesized either from emeraldine base or emeraldine hydrochloride by a relatively simple method. The complexes demonstrate greater stability than the emeraldine hydrochloride at elevated temperatures and under high current densities. The electrical conductivity of the complexes synthesized from emeraldine base can be varied from 〈 10-6 to 0.2 S/cm by varying the amount of TCNE incorporated. The complexes synthesized from emeraldine hydrochloride are slightly more conductive than the starting emeraldine hydrochloride. In both types of complexes, it appears that electron transfer between the polyaniline and TCNE has occurred resulting in the formation of some positively charged polyaniline nitrogen and TCNE anions.
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  • 43
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 1925-1933 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The copolymers of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 2-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate, 2-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, or 2-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide have been prepared. Studies were made of the binding of a “binding probe,” methyl orange, by the copolymers in aqueous solution. The first binding constants accompanying the binding were evaluated. Furthermore, the intensity of fluorescence of a hydrophobic fluorescent probe, 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate, in the presence of these polymers was investigated. The nature and phenomena of dye binding and hydrophobic fluorescent probe binding with the polymers are discussed.
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  • 44
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 1915-1923 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation of a monodisperse hydrophilic polyamide was achieved in the anionic polymerization of a bicyclic oxalactam, 8-oxa-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-7-one (abbreviated BOL) with the use of N-benzoyl BOL and potassium pyrrolidonate (2 and 0.5 mol % to BOL, respectively) in dimethyl sulfoxide at 25°C. The number-average molecular weight of the polyamide increased in direct proportion to the monomer conversion, and was consistent with the value calculated from the amounts of the consumed monomer and activator. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the polyamide obtained until the middle stage of polymerization (polymerization time, 〈 10 min; monomer conversion, 〈 60%) was found to be narrow (Mw/Mn = 1.1). The MWD was gradually broadened in the later stage of the polymerization, which may result from the redistribution of molecular weight of the resulting polyamide not only by the polymerization-depolymerization equilibrium, but also by transamidation between polymer chains.
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  • 45
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 1935-1956 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Graft polymerization of acrylates and acrylamide complexes of Mn(II), Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) from alcohol solutions onto a polyethylene powder preirradiated in air up to total doses of 10-300 kJ/kg was studied. Graft copolymers with a metal content of as high as 1.7 mass% were obtained. The addition of a σ- or a coordinate-bound metal atom to the monomer molecule (acrylic acid, acrylamide) was shown to decelerate the process of thermal homopolymerization by 4 to 8 times, significantly reduce the reaction order in respect with monomer concentration in solution, and in most cases produce no effect on the polymer chain termination mechanism. The grafting of metal-containing monomers was found not to alter the structure of the monomer unit, valent state, and coordination of the metal atom, either. The graft polymerization of the monomers from solution is distinguished by a weak effect of the radical reaction inhibitors. The effective activation energies for the grafting of the metal-containing monomers lie within 42-60 kJ/mol.
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  • 46
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 1957-1965 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 7,8-Dicyano-7,8-diphenylquinodimethane (DCDPQ) was prepared by oxidation of the dianion of α,α′-dicyano-α,α′-diphenylxylene. 1H-NMR of a solution of the purified compound showed that the cis and trans isomers were present in a 1:1 ratio. Following further spectroscopic and electronic characterization the polymerizability of the title compound was investigated. DCDPQ did not homopolymerize at 65°C in the presence of AIBN. DCDPQ copolymerized with p-methoxystyrene and p-aminostyrene in the presence of AIBN at 65°C. Characterization of the latter two copolymers indicated that they were nearly alternating. The copolymerization between DCDPQ and p-aminostyrene proceeded in the absence of AIBN.
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  • 47
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2189-2201 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The preparation and properties of highly crystalline ionomers formed by the copolymerization of propylene and low levels of ethylcholoroaluminium 10-undecenoate have been investigated. Few of the variables studied had dramatic effects on the copolymerization. Thus, a five-fold increase in undecenoate concentration gave only about a 20% increase in acid incorporation into the copolymer. Increasing temperature resulted in increased acid content, but handling problems in a I gal stirred reactor limited polymerization of 80°C. Rates were lowered in the presence of complex, but the effect was minimized by hydrogen. Rheological measurements showed an increase in low shear melt viscosity of the pottasium salts by up two orders of magnitude relative to the acid from. Ionomers containing two or more carboxyl groups as their potassium salts, and having a broad molecular weight distribution, had an extended rubbery plateau range, covering most of the shear ranges of normal processing. The zero-shear activation energy for viscous flow was 42 kcal, comparable to ABS and polystyrene. These ionomers are promising candidates for thermoforming applications
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  • 48
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2357-2366 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: p-Divinylbenzene (DVB) 13C-labeled at the methine carbon of the vinyl group was copolymerized in suspension with styrene at 70, 70-95, and 135-155°C using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. The number of unreacted vinyl groups in each copolymer was determined by 13C CP-MAS NMR analysis of solid samples, direct polarization 13C-NMR analysis of CDCl3-swollen gels, and bromination. Results from the three methods agree methods agree qualitatively. Even the 1% DVB-crosslinked networks contained 40% unreacted DVB-vinyl groups when prepared by high conversion polymerization at 70°C and 16% unreacted DVB-vinyl groups when polymerization was finished at 95°C. The analyses were also applied to some commercial crosslinked polystyrenes. Every sample examined contained pendent vinyl groups
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  • 49
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2483-2486 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 50
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2487-2487 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 51
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    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2457-2482 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A study of converting wood into thermoplastic materials was undertaken to develop a new technique in effective utilization of wood wastes. Thermoplasticizatoin of wood carried out by means benzylation. Various reaction parameters, such as alkalinity of reaction media, reaction temperature, and time were taken into account to produce benzylated wood with different degrees of substitution (based on weight gain) FTIR, DSC, DMTA, SEM and x-ray crystallography were used to characterize the chemical and mechanical properties of benzylated wood. Experimental data showed that preswelling and reaction temperature had critical effects on benzylation reaction. Lignin in wood appeared to inhibit benzylation but extractives had little effect. Different species showed some variation in reaction rates. The thermoplasticized wood exhibited good melting properties and were readily molded into bulk materials or extruded into films and sheets. A wide range of glass transition temperatures from 66 to 280°C for the benezylatedwoods was achieved, and they were larely dependent on the weight gain. The molded and extruded products exhibited acceptable mechanical strength for structural engineering applications. The property and structure relationship for the thermoplasticized wood were discussed
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  • 52
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2491-2496 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: N-(Ethylene)phthalimidyl acrylate was synthesized starting from phthalimide or phthalic anhydride using two different routes. Free radical or anionic polymerization of the ester resulted in low-molecular-weight polymers.
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  • 53
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2673-2683 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Poly(ether urethane)s as biomaterials display certain favorable mechanical and biocompatibility properties. Earlier studies suggest that improved blood compatibility might be attained by introducing hydrocarbon groups at the surface. We synthesized and characterized a series of polyurethanes in which a N-2,3-dihydroxypropyl-N′-octadecyl urea chain extender (ODCE) was incorporated into the poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMO)/4,4′-methylenebis(phenylene isocyanate) (MDI) system. Molecular weights of the polymers varied between 40,000 and 250,000. An electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) study of the ODCE polyurethane surface revealed a substantially enhanced hydrocarbon concentration compared to a control PTMO/MDI/ethylene diamine (ED) polyurethane surface. Also, bulk composition analyses and ESCA data of the ODCE polymers indicated that the percentage of carbon was higher in the surface region than in the bulk. Thus, the ODCE polymer showed a marked increase in hard-segment concentration in the surface region compared to the bulk region and to the ED polymer.
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  • 54
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2749-2760 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A side reaction was found in the reaction of a 2-oxazoline compound with a carboxylic acid. It is an oxazoline ring opening addition to an amide group formed by the main reaction. In addition, certain phosphites were found to act as catalyst for the side reaction. The rate constants of the main and side reactions in the system of 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline and n-octanoic acid were obtained through simulation of the reactions on an analog computer. The side reaction makes it impossible for a very high molecular weight polymer to form in the reaction of a bis-2-oxazoline with a dicarboxylic acid, but makes it possible for a new crosslinked polymer to form when excess bis-2-oxazoline and a dicarboxylic acid are heated in the presence of a certain phosphite.
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  • 55
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2723-2748 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The isomerization, polymerization, and degradation aspects of endo-N-phenylnadimide and endo-N-isobutylnadimide (NPNI-N and NIBNI-N) were investigated using infrared analysis (IR), differential thermal analysis (DTA), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectroscopic (GC-MS) techniques. Although the endotherm related to the retro-Diels-Alder reaction is not registered in the DTA thermographs, on-line mass spectrometric studies revealed the occurrence of this process. The formation of the Diels-Alder adduct of cyclopentadiene with N-isobutylnadimide (NIBNI) during the polymerization of NIBNI-N is proved. GPC studies on NPNI-N and NIBNI-N cured at 300°C for 3.0 h showed the average degree of polymerization to be three to four. The polymers obtained by curing NPNI-N and NIBNI-N at 300°C for 3.0 h showed 109.8 kJ/mol as the activation energy for degradation. The dynamic and isothermal pyrolysis studies clearly indicated the presence of intact norbornyl units in the polymer, and the breakage of —CH2— bridges in the strained norbornyl structural elements was found to be the point of aromatization during degradation.
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  • 56
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2805-2809 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 57
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2839-2848 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A series of novel ABA block copolymers were synthesized containing a rigid-rod (B) block for reinforcement and a flexible coil (A) block as the matrix. Poly[(benzo[1, 2d: 4, 5d′]bisthiazole-2,6-diyl)-1,4-phenylene] (PBT) was the rigid-rod (B) block utilized in this study and was polymerized in such a way as to provide carboxylic acid end-groups. The carboxy-terminated PBT was copolymerized with the AB monomers, 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid and 4-amino-3-mercaptobenzoic acid, which generates a benzimidazole or benzthiazole (A) block, as well as grafts the blocks together. Composition of the blocks could be varied by the weight of AB monomer used in the copolymerizations. Solution behavior of the copolymers in methanesulfonic acid was determined, and fibers were obtained by wet spinning techniques. The block copolymers exhibited typical tenacities of 200 ksi, 16 Msi modulus, and an elongation to break of 1.4%. Critical concentration values for fabrication increased approximately 3% over mechanical mixtures of the same heterocyclic components.
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  • 58
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2963-2994 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Binding of a noble metal salt, e.g., PdCl42- to a functional ligand on a polymer surface, e.g., amine, quaternary ammonium, sulphonic acid, followed by reduction to zerovalent state and subsequent reductive deposition of transition metal ions, such as copper, nickel, and cobalt, provides a sequence of events leading to controlled zerovalent metal polymer composites. Metallization of submicron and larger beads are described. Large amounts of metal can be incorporated. The metallized beads retain the shape of the starting beads, even at high bonding of metal. They adapt the properties of the metal, e.g., magnetic properties. The submicron particles are sensitive to hydrolysis. Multicomponent systems, such as multimetallic beads, are provided by additive codeposition of metal ions, or by codeposition of metal and dye. Direct deposition of metal to preimmobilized dye ligands is also possible, leading to magenta, cyan, or yellow metallic beads, with no adverse influence on the magnetic properties. Further deposition of noble metals by subtractive deposition on active metal surfaces is also described. Submicron latices can be immobilized by coating on polyester-based films, e.g., KODAK ESTAR base, and then activated with palladium and metallized to form highly conductive film surfaces.
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  • 59
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 2995-3014 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Metallization of water-soluble polymers incorporating metal-binding ligand is achieved by binding palladium ions at substoichiometric quantities, followed by reduction to polymer-zero-valent palladium complex and deposition of transition metal ions by electroless plating solutions. The polymers studied include poly[N,N,N-trimethyl-N-(m- and p-vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride], poly-L-glutamic acid, poly-L-lysine, and a copolymer of 2-phenylhydroquinone-2-amino-phthalic acid. Noble metal polyelectrolyte solutions were directly reduced with dimethylamineborane to stable microdispersions. The reactive nickel, cobalt and copper microdispersions were coated on KODAK ESTAR filmbase. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ESCA, and IR were used for material characterization. Conductivity and magnetic properties were also measured. Hydrophobic materials such as graphite and fluorinated graphite were metallized in organic solvents using hydrophobic trioctylammonium-tetrachloropalladate as the activating noble metal complex. The metallized conductive graphites were evaluated for their electrochemical properties.
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  • 60
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3043-3051 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Two polymer fractions, respectively with 28-38% and 6-9% sulphonated (—SO3H) phenylene rings, may be isolated in the solid-liquid reaction between p-polyphenylene sulfide and SO3 in refluxing dichloroethane-liquid SO2. The products relative yield depends on the experimental conditions of the reaction. No solvent has been found for these polymers.The reaction of the sulphonated polymers with SOCl2 leads to formation of higher substitution products containing both and functional groups. The polymers in chlorophenyl phenylsulphonylchloride form are soluble in excess SOCl2 and/or CHCl3, depending upon the concentration of ring chlorine.The mechanism of sulphonation in the heterogeneous medium and the presence of cross-links in the reaction products are discussed.
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  • 61
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3113-3149 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The spontaneous polymer formed from 3-hydroxyoxetane (HO), as first reported by Wojtowicz and Polak, is linear, low molecular weight, water-soluble, atactic, poly(3-hydroxyoxetane) (PHO) of high crystallinity with —OCH2CH(OH)CH2OH end units. The highly crystalline nature of this atactic polymer may be related to the crystalline nature of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) since PHO can be considered a copolymer of vinyl alcohol and formaldehyde. Spontaneous PHO apparently is formed in a cationic polymerization by the carboxylic acids produced by the air oxidation of HO on standing at room temperature for several months. The polymerization can be duplicated by the addition of 2% hydroxyacetic acid to HO. The rate of this unusual cationic polymerization increases greatly with acid strength, e.g., trifluoromethanesulfonic acid reacts explosively with pure HO. A mechanism is proposed for this cationic polymerization. High molecular weight, water-soluble, linear atactic, and highly crystalline PHO (mp = 155°C) was made by polymerizing the trimethylsilyl ether of HO with the i-Bu3Al-0.7 H2O cationic catalyst followed by hydrolysis. Two 1H-NMR methods for measuring the tacticity of PHO were developed based on finding two different types of methylene units at 400 MHz with the methine protons decoupled. Also, an 1H-NMR method was developed for measuring branching in HO polymers. High molecular weight, linear PHO with enhanced isotacticity (80%) has been obtained in low yield as a water-insoluble fraction with Tm = 223°C. The low molecular weight PHO prepared previously by the base-catalyzed, rearrangement polymerization of glycidol is highly branched.
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  • 62
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3173-3183 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The thermal degradation of a series of copolymers of vinyl acetate and methyl acrylate and the two homopolymers poly(vinyl acetate) and poly(methyl acrylate) obtained using Ce(IV) as initiator has been investigated using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TGA) in dynamic nitrogen. The kinetic parameters E, n, and A have been obtained following several methods of thermogravimetric analyses. The stability increases as the methyl acrylate content in the copolymer composition increases. The incorporation of 5 mol % of vinyl acetate in the copolymer produces a marked decrease in stability compared to the homopolymer poly(methyl acrylate). There is evidence for an intramolecular lactonization process in vinyl acetate - methyl acrylate copolymers.
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  • 63
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3227-3236 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In the copolymerization of α-methylstyrene (α-MeSt) and N-phenylmaleimide (NPMI), the resulting copolymers were found to have a high alternating structure regardless of the ratio of comonomers in the feed. The monomer reactivity ratios were r1 = 0.21 (NPMI) and r2 = 0.03 (α-MeSt) (Kelen-Tüdös method), the equilibrium constant of CT complex K was 0.02 L mol-1, and the energy of activation EA was 73 kJ mol-1. From the equation Rp = Rp(f) + Rp(CT) proposed by Shirota and coworkers, Rp(f) and Rp(CT) were calculated, and it was found that in toluene the copolymerization proceeds predominantly by the addition of free monomers. Copolymers prepared at an equimolar ratio of comonomers in the feed have a glass transition temperature Tg of 539 K (DSC method).
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3251-3261 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A wide range of functional diblock copolymers containing both functional polymer and hydrocarbon polymer, have been prepared by the combination of anionic polymerization and borane chemistry. The distinctive hydroboration reactivity between various polydienes enables us to selectively functionalize one polydiene segment in diblock copolymers which contain two different polydiene segments. In turn, the hydroborated polymers are valuable intermediate compounds which can be converted to a whole family of functional polymers with a variety of other functionalities under mild reaction conditions. The hydroxylated diblock copolymer is used as an example to demonstrate the chemistry. The two-phase nature of these copolymers is also shown by the observation of two distinctive glass transition temperatures associated with the individual polymer segments.
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  • 65
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3263-3269 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Eight new diisocyanate monomers containing s-triazine ring have been prepared from the parent diacids via the Curtius rearrangement of the corresponding diacyl azides. The parent diacids were synthesised by the reaction of p- and m-hydroxybenzoic acid with 6-methoxy-2,4-dichloro-s-triazine, 6-phenoxy-2,4-dichloro-s-triazine, 6-phenyl-2,4-dichloro-s-triazine, and 2-diphenylamino-4,6-dichloro-s-triazine respectively. Polyurethanes have been synthesised by solution polymerization of these diisocyanates with ethylene glycol in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAC). The resulting polymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy, viscosity measurement, solubility tests, and softening points.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3271-3284 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Enzyme-catalyzed preparation of polymers offers several potentially valuable advantages over the usual polymerization procedures. (1) Such polymerizations may allow the polymer to retain functionality that would be destroyed under normal polymerization conditions. (2) The selectivity provided by enzyme catalysts may permit polymers, including optically active polymers, to be prepared that are either not accessible or accessible only with difficulty by other methods. (3) The characteristics of the enzyme and the mild polymerization conditions may permit formation of polymers having highly regular sizes and backbone structures. This report describes the first successful use of an enzyme-catalyzed polycondensation to prepare a chiral (AA-BB)x polyesters of more than a few repeat units. Polymerization of bis(2,2,2-trichloroethyl) alkanedioates (BB) with diols (AA) using the enzyme porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) as a catalyst is detailed. The polycondensations were carried out at ambient temperature in anhydrous, low polarity organic solvents such as ether, THF, and methylene chloride. End group analysis by NMR provided Mn values of 1300-8200 daltons while GPC provided Mw values of 2800-14900 daltons for the polymers. Based on proton NMR spectra obtained during the polymerization, relatively rapid formation of an AA-BB “dimer” and an AA-BB-AA “trimer,” slower formation of a BB-AA-BB “trimer,” and subsequent condensation of these to give higher polymers are suggested to be components of the polymerization mechanism.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3285-3302 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Chemiluminescence has been used to study the thermooxidation of poly(phenylene sulfide) film at 85-110°C in oxygen. To identify reaction products, the degraded surfaces were immediately analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, then exposed to light and reanalyzed. In the proposed reaction sequence, thiyl radicals generated by oxidation of thiol end groups undergo chain transfer with polymer and bimolecular termination giving thiones, emitters that account for part of the chemiluminescence spectrum. Reaction is extensive at the surface, and subsequent exposure of the thermooxidized surface to light results in considerable loss of sulfur as well as carbon. The role of the thione products in subsequent degradation and chemiluminescence is discussed.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3303-3314 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Ethyl 2-(vinyloxy)ethoxyacetate (4; CH2=CH—OCH2CH2OCH2—COOC2H5), a vinyl ether having both carboxylic acid ester and oxyethylene unit in its pendant, afforded well-defined living polymers when polymerized by the hydrogen iodide/iodine (HI/I2) initiating system in toluene at -40°C. The polymers possessed a narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn ≤ 1.15), and their molecular weight (Mn) increased proportionally to monomer conversion or the molar ratio of the monomer to hydrogen iodide. The polymer molecular weight also increased upon addition of a fresh feed of the monomer to a completely polymerized reaction mixture. Polymers of high molecular weights (Mn 〉 5 × 105) and broad molecular weight distributions were obtained by BF3OEt2 in toluene at -40°C. Polymerization rate of 4 with HI/I2 is ca. 100 times greater than that of the corresponding alkyl vinyl ether, and thus 4 was found to be one of the most reactive vinyl ethers thus far studied. Alkaline hydrolysis of the pendant ester groups of the polymers gave a vinyl ether-based polymeric carboxylic acid 6 with a narrow molecular weight distribution.
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 3315-3325 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A nonaqueous potentiometric direct titration method was used to determine the composition diagrams for the copolymerization of maleic anhydride with styrene and with vinyl acetate in methyl ethyl ketone at 50°C. The data were analyzed using nonlinear least-squares minimization routines to fit composition equations for the terminal, penultimate, and complex models directly. The applicability of each model to both systems were evaluated statistically. The penultimate model was found to best describe both systems, although in the case of the maleic anhydride/vinyl acetate system this was only a small improvement over the terminal model. Although significant comonomer complexation occurs in both systems, the complex model did not provide statistically significant improvement in fit to the data compared with the terminal model.
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 83-83 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 102-102 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 111-111 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 119-121 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 141-141 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 144-145 
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 25-32 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 59-63 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 115-117 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 127-131 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 142-143 
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 229-234 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 201-208 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 209-213 
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    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 235-237 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 85
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 321-324 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 86
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 87
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 88
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    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 89
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    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 385-392 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 393-397 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 399-402 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 407-407 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 27 (1989), S. 405-406 
    ISSN: 0887-6258
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 291-299 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Spontaneous copolymerization of cyclic ketene acetal, 2-methylene-4-phenyl-1,3-dioxolane (I) with common electrophilic vinyl monomers, such as methyl α-cyanoacrylate (MCA), acrylonitrile (AN), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were investigated to further explore zwitterion polymerization method with cyclic ketene acetals. In the reaction of I with MCA and AN, spontaneous copolymerization took place at ambient temperature. The copolymers of I with MCA gave low molecular weight polymers, but copolymers obtained with I and AN were high molecular weight polymers. In the reaction of I and MMA, high molecular weight copolymer was obtained only at temperatures above 80°C. Thus, obtained polymers were not the alternating copolymers and possessed high I content in all the cases. From the above results, macrozwitterionic mechanism was suggested as discussed.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 95
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    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 53-62 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Acrylonitrile (AN) has been graft copolymerized onto isotactic polypropylene (IPP) by the preirradiation method using Co60 as the source of gamma rays in the presence of ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert. butyl alcohol, and n-pentanol. Alcohols vary in their ability to influence grafting of AN onto IPP and the following reactivity order was found: n-pentanol 〉 n-butanol 〉 tert.-butanol 〉 n-propanol 〉 ethanol 〉 isopropanol. An attempt has been made to explain the observed reactivity pattern shown by different alcohols. Thermal behavior of the graft copolymer has been compared with that of IPP and irradiated IPP and it was observed that grafted IPP is thermally more stable than IPP and irradiated IPP.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
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  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 63-73 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The photoprotective effectiveness of various polymeric and nonpolymeric hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) was determined by exposing samples of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) containing these additives to ultraviolet (UV) light and measuring the resultant oxygen uptake characteristics. Values of the initial quantum yield for oxygen uptake calculated for these formulations indicate that the higher molecular weight HALS compounds are less effective photostabilizers than the nonpolymeric HALS, and this is partly attributable to their decreased mobility in the polymer matrix. It was further found that the addition of an ultraviolet absorber (UVA) to a formulation containing a polymeric HALS compound enhances its photostability, although this phenomenon may be partly due to synergism between the UVA and the antioxidant, the latter having been added as part of the base stabilization. The antagonism which exists between certain sulfur-containing antioxidants and HALS compounds was also investigated and it was found that the lower molecular weight sulfur-containing antioxidants exhibit the greatest degree of antagonism. The results confirm that the mobility in the polymer matrix of the stabilizer system can serve as an explanation of its effectiveness. The article provides evidence that the technique of oxygen uptake monitoring is a sensitive and rapid method of assessment of polymer photostability in the presence of stabilizer systems.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Various organoaluminum compounds strongly affect reactivity of a sulfonated nickel ylide complex in its reactions with ethylene. The complex, if used alone, is an active single-component catalyst for ethylene oligomerization to linear 1-alkenes. Al(C2H5)3 and tetraethylaluminoxane completely deactivate the catalyst by reducing it to Ni(O). Alkylaluminum halides, such as Al(C2H5)2Cl and Al(C2H5)Cl2, convert the nickel complex into a very active catalyst for ethylene dimerization to mixtures of butenes. Aluminum alkoxides, e.g., Al(C2H5)2OC2H5, AlC2H5(OC2H5)2, and Al(OC2H5)3, significantly increase oligomerization activity by a factor of 20-100. The distribution of 1-alkenes (in the C4—C40 + range) produced with the sulfonated nickel ylide-aluminum alkoxide catalyst follows the Flory molecular weight distribution law. The ratio of the chain termination to chain propagation rate constants is ca. 0.3 and is not temperature-sensitive in the 50-120°C range. Kinetic analysis of the ethylene oligomerization reaction with the binary catalytic system showed that the number of active centers is proportional to the nickel complex concentration. The effective activation energy of ethylene oligomerization with the catalyst is ca. 27 kJ/mol. The oligomerization catalysts loose their activity in time. The activity decay follows the first-order kinetic law. The rate of the decay increases with increasing temperature and is caused mainly by the intrinsic instability of active species.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 237-244 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Isotactic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) is soluble and has the compact random coil structure in water solution. The effect of six ureas (thiourea, urea, methylurea, ethylurea, 1,3-dimethylurea, and tetramethylurea) on the viscometric behavior of aqueous solutions of isotactic PHEMA as a function of urea concentrations at 25°C has been investigated. The compact random coil structure is found to disappear as ureas are added. The result is discussed in terms of water structure breaking and making effect of solutes, and hydrophobic interactions. In addition, experiments were performed with aqueous isotactic PHEMA solutions at four different temperatures. Isotactic PHEMA in pure water has the most compact conformation at 20°C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 507-513 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Direct polycondensation of aromatic dicarboxylic acids and diamines with phosphorus oxychloride (POC) was successfully carried out to give polyamides of high inherent viscosity, when POC was reacted selectively and completely with a two molar quantity of carboxyl groups. To achieve the selective and complete reaction, factors, such as the amount of POC used, reactions of POC with the dicarboxylic acids by adding of POC to the acids or its reverse addition under various conditions, and aging after addition were fully examined. The reaction was proposed to proceed via a bifunctional cyclic phosphoric-carboxylic anhydride through stepwise reaction of POC with carboxyl groups.
    Additional Material: 5 Tab.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 27 (1989), S. 515-526 
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The electrosynthesis of polyparaphenylene films (PPP) by oxidation of benzene or biphenyl on a Pt electrode was studied in different organic media. Film formation was possible only if the solvent had acidic properties according to the Lewis concept, and if the water content of this medium was less than 5 × 10-2M. Addition of an excess of P2O5 or CuCl2 into the medium increased the acidity and improved the adherence and the homogeneity of the films considerably. PPP films were electroactive and conductive if the electrolysis was carried out in the presence of salts containing BF4-, SbF6-, PF6- anions; they were insulating with perchlorate salts. IR analysis of these polymers showed highly crosslinked structures and the chains were constituted of about 10 para coupled phenyl moieties.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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