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  • 1965-1969  (8.322)
  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8.218)
  • Psychopharmacology  (37)
  • Insulin  (35)
  • Engineering General
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 197-205 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Diurnal variations ; Food intake ; Glucose load ; Insulin ; Tolbutamide test
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume On a étudié l'effet de la lumière et de la période d'ingestion des aliments sur l'élimination d'insuline par les urines. On peut démontrer l'existence d'un rythme circadien et la présence de deux facteurs de régulation pour cette élimination. On présente quelques hypothèses concernant ces phénomènes.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Se estudió el efecto que sobre la eliminación de insulina urinaria ejercen los períodos de luzoscuridad y el horario de administración del alimento. Se demuestra la existencia de un ritmo circadiano de eliminación de dicha hormona, describiéndose dos reguladores del mismo. Se hacen especulaciones fisiopatológicas acerca de su significado.
    Notizen: Riassunto E' stato studiato l'effetto della luce e del periodo di ingestione del cibo sull'eliminazione di insulina nelle urine. Si può dimostrare l'esistenza di un ritmo circadiano e la presenza di due fattori di regolazione per questa eliminazione. Vengono presentate alcune ipotesi concernenti questi fenomeni.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Glybenclamide ; Insulin ; Insulin secretion ; Sulfonylureas ; Tolbutamide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume Les effets métaboliques de la glybenclamide et de la tolbutamide ont été étudiés chez deux groupes de sujets normaux traités avec des doses comparables des deux sulphanylurées. En rapport aussi à la dose de 1:400, la glybenclamide a démontré une activité insuline-sécrétive bien majeure de celle de la tolbutamide. La réponse insulinique a été suivie par une rapide et prolongée diminution des NEFA sériques et par un moins persistant effet hypoglycémique. Les effets métaboliques de l'HB 419 sont encore évidents 10–12 heures après l'administration du médicament, tandis que l'activité de la tolbutamide est terminée géneralement entre 4–6 heures. Quand l'administration des médicaments a été pratiquée en concomitance avec une charge veineuse de glucose, le coéfficient de Conard était élevé d'une façon significative par toutes les deux sulphanylurées.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Los efectos metabólicos de la glibenclamida y de la tolbutamida han sido investigados en dos grupos de sujetos normales tratados con dosis comparables de las dos sulfanilúreas. Inclusive en una relación de dosificación de 1:400, la glibenclamida ha demostrado una actividad insulinosecretora mucho mayor de la tolbutamida. La respuesta insulínica ha sido seguida de una disminución pronta y prolongada de los NEFA séricos y de un efecto hipoglucemiante menos persistente. Los efectos metabólicos del HB 419 son aún evidentes a las 10–12 horas después de la administración del medicamento, mientras la actividad de la tolbutamida es anulada por lo general dentro de 4–6 horas. Cuando la suministración de los medicamentos ha sido practicada en coincidencia con una carga venosa de glucosa, el coeficiente de Conard apareció significativamente elevado por ambas sulfanilúreas.
    Notizen: Riassunto Gli effetti metabolici della glibenclamide e della tolbutamide sono stati indagati in 2 gruppi di soggetti normali trattati con dosi comparabili delle due sulfaniluree. Anche in un rapporto di dosaggio di 1:400, la glibenclamide ha mostrato un'attività insulino-secretiva assai maggiore di quella della tolbutamide. La risposta insulinica è stata seguita da una pronta e prolungata diminuzione dei NEFA serici e da un meno persistente effetto ipoglicemico. Gli effetti metabolici del-l'HB 419 sono ancora evidenti 10–12 h dopo la somministrazione del farmaco mentre l'attività della tolbutamide si annulla generalmente entro 4–6 h. Quando la somministrazione dei farmaci è stata praticata in coincidenza con un carico venoso di glucosio, il coefficiente di Conard è apparso significativamente innalzato da entrambe le sulfaniluree.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 371-388 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Insulin assay ; Laboratory technique
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; Insulin antibodies ; Islets of Langerhans ; Placenta ; Transport
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume Ce travail est la continuation des communications préliminaires sur la résistance insulinique des nouveaux-nés de mères insuline-résistantes. Les recherches ont été conduites sur cobayes et sur sujets humains. Les AA. ont démontré que les anticorps anti-insuline passent dans la circulation fœtale et provoquent l'apparition d'une insuline-résistance passive qui va disparaître dans les premières semaines de la vie. Les anticorps contre l'insuline bovine lient en partie l'insuline endogène des cobayes, ce qui est mis en evidence par l'hyperglycémie élevée des cobayes jeunes nées de mères insuline-résistantes. Les anticorps anti-insuline n'ont aucun effet important sur la structure du pancréas des cobayes dans la période périnatale.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Este trabajo representa la continuación de las comunicaciones preliminares sobre la resistencia insulínica que presentan las personas nacidas de madres insulino-resistentes. Las investigaciones han sido efectuadas en cobayas y hombres. Se ha demostrado que los anticuerpos anti-insulina pasan al círculo fetal, provocando la aparición de insulino-resistencia pasiva, que desaparece durante las primeras semanas de vida. Los anticuerpos contra la insulina bovina ligan en parte la insulina endógena de cobayas, como lo demuestra la hiperglucemia elevada de las cobayas jóvenes nacidas de madres insulino-resistentes. Los anticuerpos anti-insulina no ejercen ningún efecto apreciable sobre la estructura del páncreas de las cobayas durante el período peri-natal.
    Notizen: Riassunto Questo lavoro rappresenta la continuazione delle comunicazioni preliminari sulla resistenza insulinica dei nati di madri insulino-resistenti. Le ricerche sono state condotte su cavie e su uomini. E' stato dimostrato che gli anticorpi anti-insulina passano nel circolo fetale inducendovi la comparsa di una insulino-resistenza passiva che scompare nelle prime settimane di vita. Gli anticorpi contro l'insulina bovina legano in parte l'insulina endogena di cavie, come è evidenziato dall'elevata iperglicemia delle cavie giovani nate da madri insulino-resistenti. Gli anticorpi anti-insulina non esercitano alcun effetto di rilievo sulla struttura del pancreas delle cavie nel periodo perinatale.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Acta diabetologica 6 (1969), S. 796-808 
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Schlagwort(e): Desensitization ; Immunoglobulins ; Insensitivity ; Insulin ; Insulin allergy ; Insulin antibodies ; Macroglobulins ; Porcine insulin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Resume Cinq patients atteints d'allergie à l'insuline ont été désensibilisés par de l'insuline de porc selon la méthode d'Urbach et Gotlieb. Le diagnostic d'allergie à l'insuline a été posé sur la base des manifestations cliniques, de la positivité des réactions cutanées et, dans 2 cas, des réactions de Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). On a obtenu dans 3 cas une désensibilisation. La présence d'anticorps anti-insuline a été révélée par la méthode immunoautoradiographique en employant de l'insuline131J. Avant la désensibilisation la présence d'anticorps IgG a été enregistrée chez 3 patients tandis que chez 2 on a démontré également des anticorps IgA. Une réaction de P.K. positive a été observée chez des patients dont les sérums contenaient des anticorps IgA. Pendant la désensibilisation on a observé une apparition transitoire de macroglobulines capables de lier l'insuline131J. Après la désensibilisation on a constaté la persistance de la positivité aux réactions cutanées immédiates à l'insuline de porc et de boeuf. En même temps les réactions retardées et la réaction de P.K. à l'insuline de porc étaient interverties, bien que les mêmes réactions à l'insuline bovine restaient positives.
    Kurzfassung: Resumen Cinco pacientes que padecían de alergia a la insulina han sido desensibilizados con insulina porcina según el método de Urbach y Gotlieb. El diagnóstico de alergia a la insulina ha sido puesto teniendo en cuenta las manifestaciones clínicas, el positivismo de las reacciones cutáneas, y, en 2 casos, las reacciones de Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). En 3 casos se ha obtenido desensibilización. La presencia de anticuerpos anti-insulina ha sido puesta en evidencia con el método inmunoautoradiográfico, empleando insulina131J. Antes de la desensibilización, la presencia de anticuerpos IgG ha sido hallada en 3 pacientes, mientras que en 2 han sido demostrados también anticuerpos IgA. Una reacción de P.K. positiva ha sido observada en pacientes cuyos sueros contenían anticuerpos IgA. Durante la desensibilización se ha observado aparición transitoria de macroglobulinas capaces de ligar la insulina131J. Al cabo de la desensibilización se ha notado la persistencia del positivismo a las respuestas cutáneas inmediatas a la insulina porcina y bovina. Al mismo tiempo, las respuestas retardadas y la reacción de P.K. a la insulina porcina cstaban invertidas, no obstante que las mismas reacciones a la insulina bovina hubieran quedado positivas.
    Notizen: Riassunto Cinque pazienti con allergia all'insulina sono stati desensibilizzati con insulina suina secondo il metodo di Urbach e Gotlieb. La diagnosi di allergia all'insulina è stata posta sulla base delle manifestazioni cliniche, della positività delle reazioni cutanee e, in 2 casi, delle reazioni di Prausnitz-Küstner (P.K.). In 3 casi si è ottenuta una desensibilizzazione. La presenza di anticorpi anti-insulina è stata rivelata con il metodo immunoautoradiografico impiegando insulina131J. Prima della desensibilizzazione la presenza di anticorpi IgG è stata riscontrata in 3 pazienti mentre in 2 sono stati dimostrati anche anticorpi IgA. Una reazione di P.K. positiva è stata osservata in pazienti i cui sieri contenevano anticorpi IgA. Durante la desensibilizzazione si è osservata una comparsa transitoria di macroglobuline capaci di legare l'insulina131J. Dopo la desensibilizzazione si è riscontrata la persistenza della positività delle risposte cutanee immediate all'insulina suina e bovina. Al tempo stesso le risposte ritardate e la reazione di P.K. all'insulina suina erano invertite, sebbene le stesse reazioni all'insulina bovina rimanessero positive.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1912
    Schlagwort(e): Amiloride ; Insulin ; Glucose Transport ; Leucine Incorporation ; Isolated Adipose Tissue ; Amilorid ; Insulin ; Glucosetransport ; Leucineinbau ; isoliertes Fettgewebe
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Aufnahme von Glucose ins isolierte epididymale Fettgewebe und die Bildung von 14CO2 aus [1-14C]-Glucose wurde als Maß von Transportvorgängen, die Incorporation von [1-14C]-Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein als Maß der Proteinsynthese vor und nach Zusatz von Amilorid in vitro verwendet. 2. Amilorid setzt den Transport durch die Membran sowohl ohne als auch mit Stimulierung durch Insulin halbmaximal in 10−4 M-Konzentration herab. Aus der Kinetik des Transportes kann geschlossen werden, daß Amilorid die maximale Geschwindigkeit des gesamten Vorganges verlangsamt, ohne die Transportkonstante zu verändern. 3. Der Einbau von Leucin ins Fettgewebsprotein wird durch Amilorid in 3 · 10−4 M-Konzentration auf ein Zehntel herabgesetzt. Das Verhalten von [1-14C]-α-Aminoisobuttersäure läßt den Schluß zu, daß der Aminosäuretransport durch die Membran des Fettgewebes nicht beeinflußt wird. 4. Die Wirkungen des Amilorids am Fettgewebe entsprechen im Prinzip denjenigen des Triamterens und des 6-Aminonicotinsäureamids. Ebenso ist allen gemeinsam, daß sie den renalen Natrium- und Kaliumtransport im distalen Abschnitt des Nephrons hemmen. 5. Es ist möglich, daß ein Zusammenhang zwischen den hemmenden Wirkungen dieser Pharmaka auf den Leucin-Einbau in das Fettgewebsprotein und der Störung von Transportvorgängen durch biologische Membranen besteht.
    Notizen: Summary 1. The uptake of glucose and the formation of 14CO2 from [1-14C]-glucose were used as a measure of transport processes, and the incorporation of [1-14C]-leucine into the protein of adipose tissue served as a measure of protein synthesis before and after the addition of amiloride to the isolated epididymal adipose tissue of the rat in vitro. 2. In a concentration of 10−4 M, amiloride decreases the glucose transport through tissue membranes by 50% with and without stimulation by insulin. It can be deduced from the kinetics of the transport that amiloride slows down the maximal velocity of the complete process without influencing the transport constant. 3. The incorporation of leucine into adipose tissue protein was diminished to 10% by amiloride in a concentration of 3 × 10−4 M. Experiments with [1-14C]-α-aminoisobutyric acid allow the conclusion that the amino acid transport through the membrane of the adipose tissue remains uninfluenced. 4. The effects of amiloride on the adipose tissue are similar to those of triamterene and of 6-aminonicotinamide. In addition, they all inhibit renal sodium and potassium transport in the distal part of the nephron. 5. It is possible, that there is a connection between the inhibiting effects of these drugs on the incorporation of leucine into the protein of adipose tissue and the disturbance of transport processes through biological membranes.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 61-66 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; islets of Langerhans ; mouse ; collagenase ; glucose ; mannoheptulose ; glucagon ; adrenaline ; phentolamine ; theophylline ; tolbutamide
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La libération de l'insuline pendant l'incubation des îlots de Langerhans de la souris, isolés après digestion du pancréas par la collagénase, a été étudiée, et l'influence de divers facteurs sur la vitesse de libération a été recherchée. Le glucose à 3.0 mg/ml (glucose élevé) stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais n'avait pas d'effet à 0.6 mg/ml (taux bas). Le mannoheptulose bloquait la stimulation provoquée par du glucose élevé, comme le faisait l'adrénaline. L'effet de l'adrénaline était aboli par la phentolamine, un agent bloquant alpha adrénergique. Le glucagon seul, ainsi qu'en pre'sence d'un taux de glucose bas, stimulait la libération d'insuline, mais non de façon constante avec un taux de glucose élevé. L'adrénaline abolissait la stimulation provoquée par le glucagon. La théophylline stimulait la libération lorsque le glucose était bas, mais beaucoup moins lorsque le glucose était élevé et pas du tout avec le glucagon, quelle que soit la concentration de glucose. Le tolbutamide stimulait la libération d'insuline avec une faible concentration de glucose et cet effet n'était pas inhibé par l'adrénaline. La convenance de cette préparation pour des études sur le métabolisme des cellules insulaires et sa relation avec la sécrét ion d'insuline est discutée.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Insulinausschüttung aus Langerhans'schen Inseln von Mäusen, die durch Kollagenase-Behandlung des Pankreas gewonnen worden waren, untersucht und der Einfluß verschiedener Faktoren auf die Freisetzungsgeschwindigkeit überprüft. Eine hohe Glucose-Konzentration von 3.0 mg/ml förderte die Insulin-Ausschüttung, während die niedrige Konzentration von 0.6 mg/ml keine Wirkung ergab. Mannoheptulose und Adrenalin blockierten die Stimulation durch die hohe Glucosekonzentration. Der AdrenalinEffekt konnte durch Phentolamin, eine alpha-Rezeptoren blockierende Substanz, wieder aufgehoben werden. Glucagon führte allein und in Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer verstärkten Insulininkretion: dies war jedoch bei Kombination mit der hohen Glucosekonzentration nicht konstant der Fall. Adrenalin hob die Stimulierung durch Glucagon auf. Theophyllin führte bei Gegenwart der niedrigen Glucosekonzentration zu einer gesteigerten Ausschüttung, dieser Effekt trat unter der höheren Glucosekonzentration in wesentlich geringerem Umfang und bei Zusatz von Glucagon und einer der beiden verwandten Glucosekonzentrationen überhaupt nicht auf. Bei niedriger Glucosekonzentration stimulierte Tolbutamid die Insulinfreisetzung; dieser Effekt ließ sich durch Adrenalin nicht aufheben. Die Aussagefähigkeit dieses Präparates für Untersuchungen des Inselzell-Stoffwechsels und seiner Beziehungen zur Insulininkretion wird diskutiert.
    Notizen: Summary The release of insulin during incubation of mouse islets of Langerhans, isolated after digestion of the pancreas with collagenase, has been studied, and the influence of various factors on the rate of release investigated. Glucose at 3.0 mg/ml (high glucose) stimulated insulin release, but had no effect at 0.6 mg/ml (low glucose). Mannoheptulose blocked the stimulation by high glucose, as did adrenaline. The adrenaline effect was abolished by phentolamine, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent. Glucagon alone, stimulated insulin release, and also with low glucose, but not consistently with high glucose. Adrenaline abolished the stimulation by glucagon. Theophylline stimulated release with low glucose, much less so with high glucose and not at all with glucagon at either glucose concentration. Tolbutamide stimulated release with low glucose, and this effect was not inhibited by adrenaline. The suitability of this preparation for studies of islet cell metabolism and its relationship to secretion of insulin is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; 32P incorporation ; adenine nucleotides ; guanine nucleotides ; Na+K+ ATP-ase ; ouabain
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Le but de ces investigations a été de contribuer à la compréhension du mécanisme d'action de l'insuline, en provoquant un turn-over accru du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, en ATP et autres mononucléotides, dans le diaphragme du rat. Pendant l'incubation du diaphragme intact de rat dans un milieu bicarbonaté de Krebs Ringer, sans addition de substrat, on n'a pas observé d'effet de l'insuline sur le contenu en adénine-nucléotides, en guanine-nucléotides, y compris le 3′5′ AMP cyclique et le 3′5′ GMP cyclique. Quand du phosphate inorganique radioactif marqué au32P était présent dans le milieu, l'insuline augmentait l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et provoquait une incorporation accrue du32P dans l'ATP et le GTP. L'effet sur l'ADP était moins prononcé. Il a été montré que ces effets de l'insuline dépendent de la composition ionique du milieu et du transport membranaire des ions. L'augmentation due à l'insuline de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire et du marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) était en grande partie inhibée par l'ouabaïne. Pendant l'incubation dans les milieux où le chlorure de sodium a été remplacé isoosmotiquement par le chlorure de potassium ou de choline, les effets de l'insuline décrits ci-dessus étaient abolis. Les résultats indiquent que le marquage accru de l'ATP (et du GTP) provoqué par l'insuline, peut être en premier lieu attribué à des phénomènes survenant au niveau de la membrane cellulaire. L'augmentation de l'activité spécifique du phosphate inorganique intracellulaire en présence d'insuline, peut s'expliquer par une captation accrue du phosphate inorganique marqué au32P, à partir du milieu. Apparemment le marquage accru au32P de l'ATP (et du GTP) est une conséquence secondaire. On suggère que cet effet de l'insuline est d'abord en rapport avec un effet sur les enzymes de la membrane, en particulier sur l'ATP-ase activée par Na+, K+ et Mg2+.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Ziel dieser Untersuchungen war es, zu einem besseren Verständnis der stimulierenden Wirkung von Insulin auf den Einbau von anorganischem32P Phosphat in ATP und andere Mononucleotide im Rattenzwerchfell beizutragen. Während der Inkubation intakter Rattenzwerchfelle in Krebs-Ringer-Bicarbonat Puffer ohne Substratzusatz konnte kein Insulineffekt auf den Gehalt an Adenonucleotiden und Guaninnucleotiden, sowie von cyclischem 3′,5′ AMP und cyclischem 3′,5′ GMP beobachtet werden. In Gegenwart von anorganischem32P Phosphat steigerte Insulin die spezifische Aktivität von intrazellulärem anorganischen Phosphat und bewirkte einen verstärkten Einbau von32P in ATP und GTP. Die Wirkung auf ADP war weniger ausgeprägt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Insulineffekte von dem IonenGehalt des Mediums und dem Membrantransport der Ionen abhängen. Die Steigerung der spezifischen Aktivität des anorganischen Phosphates und der Markierung von ATP (und GTP) mit32P ließ sich weitgehend durch Ouabain wieder aufheben. Bei Inkubation in Pufferlösungen, die statt NaCl isoosmolare Mengen von KCl oder Cholinchlorid enthielten, waren die oben erwähnten Insulineffekte nicht mehr nachweisbar. Die Resultate sprechen dafür, daß die verstärkte Markierung von ATP (und GTP) unter Insulin in erster Linie auf Vorgängen an der Zellmembran beruht. Die erhöhte spezifische Aktivität des intrazellulären anorganischen Phosphates in Gegenwart von Insulin läßt sich durch einen verstärkten Einstrom von32P Phosphat aus dem Medium erklären. Augenscheinlich kommt es dadurch sekundär zu einer gesteigerten32P Markierung von ATP (und GTP). Wir möchten annehmen, daß dieser Insulineffekt vorwiegend über die Membranenzyme erfolgt und sich vor allem auf die Na+, K+ und Mg++ aktivierbare ATPase erstreckt.
    Notizen: Summary The aim of these investigations has been to contribute to an understanding of the mechanism of action of insulin in promoting increased turn over of32P inorganic phosphate into ATP and other mononucleotides in the rat diaphragm. During incubation of the intact rat diaphragm in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate medium without addition of substrate, no effect of insulin on the content of adenine nucleotides and guanine nucleotides including cyclic 3′,5′ AMP and cyclic 3′,5′ GMP has been observed. When32P radioactive inorganic phosphate was present in the medium, insulin increased the specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and promoted an increased incorporation of32P into ATP and GTP. The effect on ADP was less pronounced. It has been shown that these effects of insulin depend upon the ionic composition of the medium and on ion membrane-transport. The insulin-promoted increase of specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate and of increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) was to a great extent inhibited by ouabain. During incubation in media where sodium chloride had been iso-osmotically replaced by potassium chloride or choline chloride, the above mentioned effects by insulin were abolished. The results indicate that the increased labelling of ATP (and GTP) promoted by insulin can be primarily attributed to events occuring at the cell membrane. The increased specific activity of intracellular inorganic phosphate in the presence of insulin can be explained by increased uptake of32P inorganic phosphate from the medium. Apparently the increased32P labelling of ATP (and GTP) occur as a secondary consequence. It is suggested that this insulin effect is primarily concerned with an effect on membrane enzymes, particularly the Na+, K+, Mg2+ activated ATP-ase.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 304-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; bile ; rabbit ; 125I-insulin ; glucose ; galactose ; fructose ; tolbutamide ; phenformin ; liver
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé On trouve de l'insuline immunoréactive dans la bile hépatique de lapins normaux. Moins de 1% d'une dose injectée d'insuline bovine atteint la bile. Quand de l'insuline bovine 125I, seule ou liée à l'anticorps, est administrée par voie intraveineuse, seulement 40% de la radioactivité retrouvée dans la bile est précipitable avec l'acide trichloracétique et moins de 10% réagit avec le sérum anti-insuline de cobaye. Le glucose, le fructose le galactose, le tolbutamide et la phenformine provoquent tous une élévation de l'insuline dans la bile, qui atteint son maximum 40 à 50 min après l'injection. L'alloxane atténue ou abolie ces réponses.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Immunoreaktives Insulin wird in der Leber-Galle normaler Kaninchen gefunden. Weniger als 1% einer injizierten Dosis von Rinder-Insulin erreicht die Galle. Wenn man reines oder an Antikörper gebundenes 125I-Rinderinsulin intravenös verabreicht, lassen sich mit Hilfe von Trichloressigsäure nur 40% der Radioaktivität ausfällen, die in der Galle gefunden wird, und weniger als 10% reagieren mit Meerschweinchen-Anti-Insulinserum. Glucose, Fructose, Galaktose, Tolbutamide und Phenformin verursachen ein Ansteigen von Insulin in der Galle, welches ein Maximum innerhalb von 40 bis 50 Min. nach der Injektion erreicht. Alloxan vermindert oder hebt diese Effekte auf.
    Notizen: Summary Immuno-reactive insulin is found in the hepatic bile of normal rabbits. Less than 1% of an injected dose of bovine insulin reached the bile. When 125I-bovine insulin alone or complexed with antibody was given intravenously, only 40% of the radioactivity recovered in the bile was precipitable with trichloracetic acid, and less than 10% reacted with guinea pig anti-insulin serum. Glucose, fructose, galactose, tolbutamide and phenformin all caused an elevation in bile insulin, which reached a maximum 40 to 50 min after the injection. Alloxan attenuated or abolished these responses.
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 325-330 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; proinsulin ; blood sugar ; mice ; rats ; pancreatectomy ; nephrectomy ; hepatectomy (partial) alloxan diabetes
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Chez les rats et les souris le taux du sucre sanguin est abaissé par une proinsuline obtenue à partir de l'insuline bovine (Schmidt et Arens [6]). Chez les rats alimentés et les souris à jeun, le rapport d'activité proinsuline: insuline est de 1∶4, chez les rats à jeun de 1∶2, dans le cas de dose équimolaire et en mesurant l'abaissement maximum du sucre sanguin. L'abaissement du sucre sanguin évolue de façon plus lente après proinsuline qu'après insuline. La proinsuline, incubée in vitro avec la trypsine, agit quantitativement et au point de vue temps, comme l'insuline. Chez les rats pancréatectomisés, chez les rats néphrectomisés ainsi que chez ceux hépatectomisés aux deux tiers, l'action de la proinsuline est la même que chez les animaux normaux. Les souris rendues diabétiques par l'alloxane répondent également à la proinsuline comme les souris intactes. L'action hypoglycémiante de la proinsuline se manifeste de façon retardée probablement parce que l'insuline active doit tout d'abord se former par un processus protéolytique dépendant du facteur temps. Ceci pourrait être aussi la raison pour laquelle, Rubenstein et coll. [5] signalent l'absence d'effet de la proinsuline dans le test de convulsion chez la souris.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung An Ratten und Mäusen wird der Blutzucker durch ein aus Rinderinsulin gewonnenes Proinsulin (Schmidt und Arens [6]) gesenkt. Bei gefütterten Ratten und nüchternen Mäusen ist das WirkungsVerhältnis Proinsulin: Insulin = 1∶4, bei nüchternen Ratten 1∶2, wenn äquiznolar dosiert und das Maximum der Blutzuckersenkung gewertet wird. Die Blutzuckersenkung verläuft nach Proinsulin protrahierter als nach Insulin. Proinsulin, welches in vitro mit Trypsin inkubiert wurde, wirkt quantitativ und zeitlich wie Insulin. Bei pankreatektomierten, bei nephrektomierten und bei zweidrittelhepatektomierten Ratten wirkt Proinsulin ebenso wie an Normaltieren. Auch alloxandidbetische Mäuse sprechen auf Proinsulin wie intakte Mäuse an. Die hypoglykämische Wirkung des Proinsulins tritt wahrscheinlich deshalb verzögert ein, weil das aktive Insulin in einem zeitabhängigen proteolytischen Prozeß erst entstehen muß. Dies könnte auch die Ursache für eine von Rubenstein et al. [5] zitierte, fehlende Wirkung von Proinsulin im Mäusekrampftest sein.
    Notizen: Summary Proinsulin obtained from bovine insulin (Schmidt and Arens [6]) lowered the blood sugar level of rats and mice. The activity ratio proinsulin: insulin was 1∶4 in fed rats and fasted mice, and 1∶2 in fasted rats, based on an equimolar dosage and measuring the effect in terms of maximum lowering of the blood sugar value. After proinsulin the decrease of the blood sugar was more protracted than after insulin. Proinsulin which was incubated with trypsin in vitro, resembled insulin in degree and onset of action. In pancreatectomized, nephrectomized and two-thirds hepatectomized rats proinsulin acted as in normal animals. Alloxan-diabetic mice responded to proinsulin like intact mice. The reason why the onset of the hypoglycaemic action of proinsulin was delayed is probably due to the fact that the active insulin must first be produced by a time-dependent proteolytic process. This may also be the cause of the ineffectiveness of proinsulin in the mouse convulsion test which was quoted by Rubenstein et al. [5].
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; mouse tissues ; kidney fluorescence microscopy ; microscopy ; autoradiography
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La localisation d'insuline marquée avec I125 ou avec de l'isothiocyanate de fluorescéine a été étudiée au moyen d'autohistoradiographie au microscope optique, au microscope électronique et au moyen de microscopie à fluorescence dans les tissus de souris à jeun et de souris alimentées normalement. L'hormone fluorescente a été trouvée dans les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein de souris à jeun seulement, tandis que l'hormone radioactive a été repérée aussi dans le rein de souris alimentées, bien qu'en quantité inférieure à celle trouvée chez les souris à jeun. Au microscope électronique la radioactivité est présente dans le rein dans la bordure en brosse, les vacuoles et les mitochondries apicales et le noyau, mais pas dans l'appareil de Golgi ou dans les lysosomes. —L'hormone radioactive est aussi présente dans les autres tissus mais sans différence quantitative entre les souris à jeun et les souris alimentées. Les auteurs concluent que le procédé de ré-absorption de l'insuline par les cellules des tubules proximaux du rein est spécifique: l'hormone n'est pas dégradée de la même façon que les autres protéines mais probablement stockée afin de contrôler les processus métaboliques relevant des organelles subcellulaires dans lesquelles elle se trouve.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Gefütterte und fastende Mäuse erhielten fluoreszierendes oder mit125J markiertes Insulin i.v. Die Lokalisation des Insulins in den Geweben wurde untersucht. Nur bei Tieren im Hungerzustand fand sich das fluoreszierende Hormon in den Nieren, während sich das radioaktive Insulin bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren in den proximalen Tubulusschlingen der Nieren nachweisen ließ. Die fastenden Tiere schienen dabei mehr Radioaktivität aufzuweisen. Wurden die Nieren unter Verwendung von Techniken mit hohem Auflösungsvermögen untersucht, so fand sich die Radioaktivität im Bürstensaum, in den apikalen Vakuolen und Mitochondrien und dem Kern, jedoch nicht im Golgi-Apparat oder den Lysosomen. Alle anderen Gewebe enthielten Hormon-Radioaktivität, aber weder ihre Menge noch ihre Lokalisation unterschieden sich bei gefütterten und fastenden Tieren. Es wird gefolgert, daß der Prozeß der Insulinabsorption durch die Zellen der proximalen Tubulusschlingen spezifisch ist und daß das Hormon nicht in ähnlicher Weise wie andere Eiweißkörper abgebaut wird. Wahrscheinlich kommt es über eine Speicherung zu einer Steuerung der entsprechenden Stoffwechselprozesse in den subzellulären Organellen, in denen das Hormon sich befindet.
    Notizen: Summary Starved and fed mice were injected intravenously with either fluorescent or125I-insulin and the localization of the hormone was investigated in various tissues. The fluorescent hormone was found in the kidney of starved animals only, whereas the radioactive hormone was found in the proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney of both fed and fasted animals, although the latter group appeared to contain more radioactivity than the first. With high resolution techniques the radioactivity in the kidney was found in the brush border, the apical vacuoles, the apical mitochondria and the nucleus, and never in the Golgi apparatus or the lysosomes. All other tissues contained radioactivity due to the hormone, but no difference in either the amount or the localization was found between fed an starved animals. It is concluded that the process of absorption of insulin by the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules is specific and that the hormone is not degraded in a way similar to other proteins, but is likely to be stored and to control cellular metabolic processes from its sites of localization.
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  • 12
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 195-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; glucagon ; adipose tissue ; lipolysis ; FFA
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé A des concentrations proches de celles qui sont rencontrées dans le plasma humain, le glucagon stimule fortement la lipolyse au niveau de la graisse épididymaire du rat, étudiéein vitro. Les effets de telles concentrations de glucagon sont réduits, voire abolis par l'insuline aux concentrations de 25 et 100μU/ml. Rapprochées de l'effet insulinogénique puissant du glucagon, ces observations peuvent fournir une explication quant au caractère retardé de l'élévation du taux sanguin des acides gras libres observée après injection de glucagonin vivo.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Glucagon stimuliert in Konzentrationen, wie sie auch im menschlichen Plasma vorkommen, die Lipolyse im Ratten-Nebenhodenfettgewebein vitro stark. Die Effekte derartiger Glucagonkonzentrationen werden durch Insulin (25–100μE/ml) verringert bis aufgehoben. Unter Berücksichtigung der ausgeprägten Wirkung von Glucagon auf die Insulinfreisetzung können diese Beobachtungen eine Erklärung für die Verzögerung des Anstiegs der freien Fettsäuren im Serum liefern, die man nach Glucagoninjektionenin vivo beobachtet.
    Notizen: Summary Glucagon in concentrations similar to those found in human plasma markedly stimulates lipolysis in rat adipose tissuein vitro. The effects of these “physiological” concentrations of glucagon are reduced or abolished by insulin at concentrations of 25 and 100μU/ml. Considering the marked insulinogenic effect of glucagon these observations may provide an explanation for the delayed increase of blood FFA observed after glucagon injectionin vivo.
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  • 13
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Diabetologia 5 (1969), S. 143-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Schlagwort(e): Insulin ; galactose ; galactokinase ; deficiency
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Chez deux adultes souffrant d'une déficience en galactokinase la charge orale de galactose a été suivie d'une hypergalactosémie prolongée sans aucune élevation de l'insuline immunoréactive plasmatique.
    Kurzfassung: Zusammenfassung Orale Belastung mit Galactose führte bei zwei Erwachsenen mit Galactokinasemangel zu einer prolongierten Hypergalactosämie, aber nicht zu einem Anstieg des immunoreaktiven Insulins im Plasma.
    Notizen: Summary Oral galactose loading in two galactokinase-deficient adults produced the expected high and prolonged rise of galactose in peripheral blood, but no rise of circulating immunoreactive insulin.
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  • 14
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 14 (1969), S. 62-73 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Amphetamine ; Hallucinogens ; Drug Addiction ; Psychopharmacology ; Phenylethylamines
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The amphetamine analog, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM), was studied in 18 volunteer subjects given single doses ranging from 2 to 14 mg. The former was a threshold dose, with definite psychotomimetic effects being evident from doses over 5 mg. The clinical syndrome greatly resembled that of the LSD-mescaline-psilocybin series of drugs, including its time-course. Somewhat more sedation was produced by DOM than would have been expected from the others, despite concomitant evidence of peripheral sympathetic stimulation. Just as with the other drugs, DOM increased plasma free fatty acids, decreased phosphorus and creatinine clearance, decreased circulating eosinophils and had little effect on catecholamine excretion. Performance of psychometric tests was impaired. Chlorpromazine treatment concurrently was found to attenuate the reaction. Tolerance rapidly developed when the drug was used chronically by patients.
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  • 15
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 196-206 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Animal Behavior ; Alcohol ; Atropine ; Discrimination
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Two operant procedures were used for training albino rats to make differential responses on the basis of their drug or nondrug condition. In the Conflict procedure, every fifth lever press was rewarded by a food pellet in one condition (drug for half the animals, saline for the other half) and was punished by electric shock in the other condition. For 6 animals the drug condition was ethyl alcohol (1200 mg/kg of a 10% v/v solution in isotonic saline, injected i.p. 5 min before the start of the session); for 4 animals the drug condition was atropine sulfate (10 mg/kg in 1 ml/kg saline injected i.p. 30 min before the start of the session). In the Choice procedure, food reward was obtained by the first press on one of two levers at a variable time interval, averaging one minute, after the prior food reward. The rewarded lever depended on the animal's drug or saline condition (alcohol for 7 animals, atropine for 5 animals, administered as in the Conflict procedure); the same right-hand or left left-hand lever was rewarded in the drug condition for half the animals and in the saline condition for the other half. The response associated with 1200 mg/kg alcohol was generally elicited in tests with sufficiently high doses of pentobarbital sodium (10–20 mg/kg), chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (10–15 mg/kg) and chloral hydrate (90–120 mg/kg, administered orally). Lower doses of these compounds, and of alcohol, were perceived as less similar to the alcohol and therefore more similar to the saline condition. Substantial doses of chlorpromazine hydrochloride (2 mg/kg) and d-amphetamine sulfate (1 mg/kg) also were perceived as similar to the saline condition. The response associated with a centrally acting anticholinergic (10 mg/kg atropine) was generally elicited in tests with several doses of scopolamine hydrobromide (0.06 to 1.0 mg/kg) and of atropine (2.5–5.0 mg/kg). The saline response was elicited by a lower dose of scopolamine (0.03 mg/kg) and by a peripherally-acting anticholinergic, atropine methyl bromide, at a dose (5 mg/kg) equimolar with 10 mg/kg atropine sulfate. The same results, including closely similar ED50 doses, were generally found with the Conflict and Choice procedures, despite the differences between them in the motivational basis for the differential drug and nondrug responses. The similarities and dissimilarities among these compounds in perceived stimulus characteristics also correspond closely with those reported by Overton (1966) with a locomotor shock-escape procedure in tests which were generally limited to a single high dose of each drug.
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  • 16
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 341-350 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Nicotine ; Antimuscarinic Drugs ; Ganglion-Blocking Drugs ; Operant Conditioning ; Psychopharmacology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effects of nicotine on bar-pressing behaviour in the rat are blocked by mecamylamine. The depressant phase of the effect is blocked by atropine, supporting the conclusion that this depression is mediated by released acetylcholine. The quaternary compounds chlorisondamine and atropine methylnitrate also antagonise the behavioural effects of nicotine but the doses required for this are far in excess of those which are effective peripherally, suggesting that the sites of interaction are central.
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  • 17
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 351-360 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Nicotine ; Conditioned Stimulus ; Discrimination Learning ; Psychopharmacology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Rats were trained to respond for water rewards on different bars in a Skinner box depending on whether they had previously been injected with nicotine or with saline. No other drug tested could consistently elicit responses on the “nicotine correct” bar. Pre-treatment with mecamylamine abolished the rats' ability to distinguish between nicotine and saline but pretreatment with chlorisondamine did not.
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  • 18
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 14 (1969), S. 142-149 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Amphetamine ; Cholinergics ; Drug Interactions
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Amphetamine was administered to a group of rats trained on a nondiscriminated avoidance procedure. An intraperitoneal dose of 2.0 mg/kg caused about a 75% increase in response rate for the three-hour session. Doses of atropine, Tremorine, eserine, and 4-(1-naphthylvinyl)-pyridine (NVP), an inhibitor of the enzyme choline acetylase, which were ineffective in themselves, markedly affected the increase in rate observed after amphetamine. The quarternary amine of NVP was without effect on the amphetamine response. Those agents that decreased cholinergic function, either by blocking the effect of acetylcholine or by preventing its synthesis, augmented the stimulating effect of amphetamine. Cholinergic stimulants, on the other hand, significantly antagonized the behavioral effects of amphetamine.
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  • 19
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 14 (1969), S. 221-232 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Animal Behaviour ; Nicotine ; Punishment
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effects of nicotine, amphetamine, chlordiazepoxide and caffeine were studied in rats trained on a VI 2 crf schedule of water reward with all rewards accompanied by electric shock. Responding, partially suppressed by the shock, was restored by chlordiazepoxide and further suppressed by amphetamine. Nicotine resembled amphetamine in its effects on most rats but occasionally increased responding. Caffeine also increased responding in some rats indicating that this property is not always confined to tranquillising drugs.
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  • 20
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 14 (1969), S. 200-210 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Hashish ; Cannabinoids ; Monkeys Amphetamine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary 1. The psychopharmacological activity of Δ 1-tetrahydrocannabinol, (I); Δ 1(6)-tetrahydrocannabinol (4′ hexyl), (II); Δ 1(6)-tetrahydrocannabinol, (III); 1-ethoxyhexahydrocannabinol, (IV); 8-ethoxy-iso-hexahydrocannabinol, (V); Δ 1(6)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid Me ester, Isomer I, (VI); Δ 1(6)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid Me ester, Isomer II, (VII); cannabigerol, (VIII); Δ 1(6)-tetrahydrocannabinol (3′ hexyl), (IX); cannabichromene, (X); has been examined in a variety of animal species. 2. Compounds (I) and (III) caused severe motor disturbances and a stuporous state in dogs and ptosis, “tameness” and peculiar postural changes in monkeys. In the latter animal, compound (II) elicited similar effects. 3. Compounds (I) and (III) after intraperitoneal but not subcutaneous administration, suppressed the gerbil digging activity; reduced the rat conditioned avoidance response and induced a cataleptoid reaction in mice, rats and gerbils. In addition, compound (I) reduced the performance of mice on the rotating-rod. Both compounds, administered subcutaneously, induced a measurable ataxic gait in rats. 4. Amphetamine reversed the behavioural changes elicited by compounds (I) and (III) in monkeys, as well as the cataleptoid reaction in rats. 5. None of the other compounds provoked observable changes in any of the species studied. 6. It is suggested that Rhesus monkeys might serve as a suitable model for assessing the psychopharmacological activity of active cannabinoids.
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  • 21
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 245-254 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Aggression ; Lithium ; Psychopharmacology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The influence of lithium on aggressive behavior was studied in Siamese fighting fish, mice and golden hamsters. The fish stopped fighting when exposed to concentrations of 10 to 30 meq/l LiCl in the surrounding water. Also in mice and hamsters which ingested LiCl with the drinking fluid lithium abolished intraspecific aggression. Measurements of plasma and brain lithium levels revealed astonishing individual differences in the concentrations which were necessary for the antiaggressive effect. In all species normal aggressive behavior reappeared after lithium treatment was discontinued.
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  • 22
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Antidepressants ; Reserpine Emesis ; Apomorphine Pecking
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Seven psychic energizers have been quantitatively evaluated for their antidepressant and tranquillizing activity using antagonism of reserpine induced emesis and apomorphine induced pecking in pigeons as test procedures for the two activities respectively. Pheniprazine and deanol possess anti-reserpine activity only whereas imipramine, desmethylimipramine, amitriptyline, opipramol and orphenadrine possess both anti-reserpine as well as anti-apomorphine activity. It is suggested that the two tests form a simple and reliable combination for evaluating potential antidepressants.
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  • 23
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 425-429 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Methysergide ; Mania ; Lithium
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Six manic patients were studied in an open sequential drug trial of placebo and the serotonin antagonist methysergide; lithium was then substituted double-blind. No dramatic change occurred in individual manic item scores or in mean daily mania ratings after 48 hours or seven days of methysergide, although several of the patients showed slight trends toward improvement. However, after a mean duration of 10.3 days of lithium treatment, all manic item scores improved dramatically and significantly, so that complete clinical remission was evident in all patients. In view of the discrepancy between these essentially negative findings and several recent positive reports on the efficacy of methysergide in the treatment of mania, the authors feel that the indolealkylamine hypothesis of affective disorders should be further investigated.
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  • 24
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 19-27 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Animal Behavior ; Nicotine-Physical Performance ; Motivation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary In sessions of ten runs each, swimming time of rats through a 4 m long water alley was measured. Four doses of nicotine (0.05; 0.1; 0.2; 0.4 mg/kg given intraperitoneally 30 minutes before testing) were tested in sessions with a braking load on the tails of the animals either in all 10 runs of a session, or in every second run, or in none of the 10 runs. Regardless of the swimming condition, nicotine produced a considerable, and at doses of 0.1 mg/kg and over, significant decrease of performance in the first two runs. From the third to the 10th run, the changes caused by nicotine were smaller and differed depending on the swimming conditions. A dose of 0.1 mg nicotine/kg improved performance in the “without-load-sessions” and the “without-load-runs” of the alternating sessions, while both 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg improved performance of the “with-load-runs” of the alternating sessions. Performance in the “without-load-sessions” and the “without-load-runs” was depressed by 0.4 mg/kg and that in the “with-load-sessions” by 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg.
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  • 25
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 28-38 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Drugs ; Sleep ; Electroencephalography ; Psychophysiology ; Psychopharmacology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Sleep physiological patterns were examined following a single oral dose (500 mg) of the hypnotic drug alpha chloralose. The drug increased SW sleep and decreased REM sleep without affecting total sleep time or the amount of stage 2. These changes were accompanied by a shift to slower frequencies and greater EEG synchrony, as well as a decrease in the number of spontaneous arousals in all stages of sleep, and throughout the night of medication. Except for a slight decrease in eye movement density, the drug had no systematic effects on phasic phenomena such as electrodermal or cardio-respiratory fluctuations, nor was there a systematic change in basal heart and breathing rates. On the night following medication a “rebound” increase in percent stage REM was associated with a sharp decrease in SW sleep, and increases in spontaneous arousals and waking time. Such findings suggest that sleep stages are controlled by homeostatic mechanisms whose function is to maintain equilibrium. A comparison of the effects of alpha chloralose with those of the barbiturate secobarbital revealed some striking differences. Although both alpha chloralose and the barbiturate reduced the amount of stage REM and the frequency of brief arousals, the latter compound enhanced EEG fast activity and desynchrony, and suppressed such phasic phenomena as rapid eye movements during stage REM, sigma spindles in stage 2, nonspecific electrodermal responses during SW sleep and cardio-respiratory variability in all sleep stages. For secobarbital, the decrease in percent stage REM was compensated by an increase in stage 2 rather than SW sleep. Several studies in the cat suggest that in subanesthetic doses, alpha chloralose acts primarily on cortical inhibitory processes, causing release of the reticular activating system from inhibitory influences. The results of this study show that moderate doses in man probably act on both cortical and subcortical systems involved in the mediation of SW sleep, REM sleep and arousal.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 26
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 134-143 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Anti-Anxiety ; Controlled Trial ; Doxepin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Six patients with persistent anxiety symptoms were used in a preliminary assessment of a new anti-anxiety compound-Doxepin (Sinequan) with placebo. The factorial design is discussed as a potentially useful way of conducting a first-stage test of anti-anxiety compounds. Analysis of the results showed that Doxepin at 25 mg t.d.s. and 50 mg t.d.s. was associated with improvement in the patient's self ratings of anxiety symptoms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 27
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 144-152 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Niacin ; Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ; Schizophrenia ; Phenothiazines ; Psychopharmacology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Two grams of NAD were administered orally to ten chronic schizophrenic patients for twenty-one days. Five of the patients were also receiving thioridazine. There was no gross clinical improvement noted in any of the patients despite the fact that related experiments suggested that the NAD was absorbed. In those patients who were not also receiving phenothiazines there was a distinct tendency towards increased hostility, aggressiveness and irritability beginning one week after the initiation of NAD treatment and lasting for nearly two weeks after the NAD was discontinued.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 28
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Lysergic Acid Diethylamide or LSD ; Methylphenidate or Ritalin ; Chlordiazepoxide or Librium ; Psychopharmacology ; Alcoholism and Drug Therapy
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Through the retrospective use of the 156 item DWM Card Sort, the experiences from a single intravenous dose of 200 mcg of LSD, 75 mg of methylphenidate (Ritalin) and 75 mg of chlordiazepoxide (Librium) were compared in a population of 99 chronic male alcoholics treated in an “LSD setting” in a double-blind study. Surprisingly, 96 of the 156 items proved significantly different among the 3 groups. LSD was unique in producing Sensory and Perceptual Distortions (including Hallucinations or Illusions), and Mystical, Religious or Paranormal Sensations. However, contrary to expectation, LSD did not uniquely produce the traditional “therapeutic” experience, but appeared to be surpassed in that area by methylphenidate. Both drugs also produced some anxiety, while chlordiazepoxide produced relaxation, and enhanced music appreciation.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 29
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 14 (1969), S. 18-22 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Animal Behaviour ; Mice
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Mice were stained with pulverized charcoal and the resulting grooming behaviour observed. From 119 controls, the typical patterns indicated a late cleaning of the tail, the sacrum and the region between the ears. The following substances were tested: Imipramine, Desipramine, Trimeprimine, Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline, Chlordiazepoxide, Iproniazide, d-Amphetamine, Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol, Acetylsalicylic acid, Metronidazole. Of these Amitriptyline, Chlorpromazine, Haloperidol and Metronidazole were effective in doses less than 1/10 of LD 5.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 30
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 14 (1969), S. 248-254 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Amphetamine ; Appetite Depressants ; Psychopharmacology ; Sympathomimetics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary A method is described with which it is possible to measure locomotor activity and food intake simultaneously in the same rat or other small animal. From a study of a number of psychomotorstimulant drugs and anorectic agents it may be concluded that locomotorstimulation and appetite-suppression are two different effects that may or may not characterize the same drug. Methamphetamine and phenmetrazine are stimulants in doses that do not inhibit food intake. Amphepramon reduced food intake in low doses but acts as a stimulant in higher doses. Chlorphemternine and phenfluramine are anorectic agents that are not stimulants, even in high doses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 31
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 14 (1969), S. 394-403 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Morphine ; Skin Conductance
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Skin conductance changes during periods of stress induced by hypercapnia were studied during a cycle of addiction to morphine. Conductance changes were found to be dose dependent in both tolerant and non-tolerant states. The effects of morphine on skin conductance changes induced by hypercapnia were similar to those effects previously observed on changes induced by electric shock.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 32
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 14 (1969), S. 417-425 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Psychoses ; Reflex, Abnormal ; Chlorpromazine ; Trifluopromazine
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary According to our results in 117 subjects, recently taken medications, age and sex must be considered when duration of the Achilles-tendon reflex is used as a clinical test to assess thyroid status. Males have a shorter ATR than females. In older subjects the ATR lasts longer than in those below age 27. Fifty-two psychiatric patients before medication did not differ in ATR duration from 65 controls. However, after 28 patients took chlorpromazine and 24 received trifluoperazine, ATR was prolonged in the chlorpromazine group and shortened in the trifluoperazine group. Neither chlorpromazine concentrate, 1,800 mg, nor trifluoperazine concentrate, 180 mg, given during the first six days, affected ATR, but an additional 6,000 mg of chlorpromazine, or an additional 420 mg of trifluoperazine over the next six days, did significantly alter ATR-duration.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 33
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Doxepin ; Diazepam ; Anti-Anxiety ; Antidepressant
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Doxepin and diazepam were evaluated for therapeutic effectiveness in a double blind study carried out with 69 primarily anxious neurotic outpatients attending either a municipal hospital clinic or a general practitioner's office. Doxepin produced more clinical improvement than diazepam in several questionnaire clusters measuring depressive symptomatology, but not in clusters measuring anxious symptomatology. According to several outcome criteria, doxepin tended to produce more clinical improvement in general practice than in clinic patients, while diazepam produced either equal improvement in both populations or slightly more improvement in the clinic. Possibly contributing to the present results are low daily dosage of diazepam, differential pharmacological drug effects, population differences in levels of anxiety and depression, and differences in population characteristics, primarily as related to social class.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 34
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 1-8 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Cannabis (Marihuana) ; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ; Hallucinogens (Psychopharmacology) ; Visual Perception ; Psychopharmacology
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Four pigeons were trained on a visual discrimination task which required conditional responding along the independent dimensions of form and color. High doses of Cannabis sativa (marihuana) extract and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which were equated on the basis of their effectiveness in suppressing responding, increased responding on a color dimension but not on a form dimension. High doses of LSD produced a decrement in discrimination performance while comparable doses of Cannabis did not effect accuracy. Treatment with Bromolysergic acid diethylamide, saline, and pentobarbital did not produce significant changes in performance. Results are discussed in terms of a break-down in stimulus control and central hallucinogenic activity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 35
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 64-72 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Amphetamine ; Dextro Amphetamine ; Psychopharmacology ; Conditioning, Operant ; Pharmacodynamics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary Bar pressing was maintained by food reinforcement of each fiftieth response (FR50 schedule). Rats were tested at 3 levels of food deprivation (60, 80 and 100% of ad libitum body weight) under three drug conditions (0, 0.2 and 0.4 mg of D-amphetamine per rat). Overall response rate was reduced by increasing doses of drug, but not significantly by deprivation, within the range studied. The components of response rate were analysed separately into the starting speed (latency of the first response of each ratio run of 50 responses) and running rate. Drug level affected running rate and first latency of the session, whereas body weight affected only first latency of the session. Only the first latency of the session showed an interaction of drug level and body weight. The lack of interaction raises the question, whether amphetamine is more properly administered as total dose per rat, rather than proportional to body weight.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 36
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 15 (1969), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Schlagwort(e): Psychopharmacology ; Hallucinogens ; Drug Effects ; Behavior Exploratory ; Monkeys
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The effect of Psilocybin on the behavior of the baboon Papiopapio has been studied. Animal watchfulness, as estimated from the E.E.G., is enhanced within the first five minutes after injection and then is not further modified. Psilocybin induces a decrease of spontaneous motility. Conversely, the frequency of eye movements is considerably increased. This pattern might be explained by alterations of visual perception.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Schlagwort(e): Toad Bladder ; Sodium Transport Pool ; Aldosterone ; Insulin ; Vasopressin ; Krötenblase ; Natrium-Transport-Pool ; Aldosteron ; Insulin ; Vasopressin
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Notizen: Summary The size of toad bladder sodium transport pool, defined as that amount of sodium of apical origin and recovered in tissue at equilibrium, was compared with sodium transport rate, derived from short-circuit current read immediately before tissue analysis. Provided certain precautions be taken, the relationship between both variables can be described by a curve starting at the intersect ofX (pool, in μEq) andY (transport, in μEq/hr) axes, with a tendency forX to increase faster thanY. Assuming sodium transport pool forms one compartment, its calculated half-life averages 2–3 min. sodium transport pool measurements are thought to shed light on mechanism of sodium transport by toad bladder because pool size was large with respect to transport rate when tissue was exposed to several inhibitors of sodium transport. Conversely, upon stimulation of activity of (substrate — depleted) preparations by glucose, a relative reduction of pool size was observed. Aldosterone, vasopressin (and adenosine 3′,5′-phosphate) increased sodium pool size and transport rate, proportionately; insulin stimulated sodium transport more than it increased pool size. Thus, insulin presumably exerts its effect at the sodium “pump” while such a site of action need not be postulated for aldosterone and vasopressin: these 2 hormones would instead induce, permeability changes faciliting sodium movement at the apical border of toad bladder epithelial cells.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 38
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1845-1858 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Mercaptan and disulfide contents of modified cotton fabrics could be determined by application of Leach's polarographic method for wool, with minor modification.It was found that mercaptocellulose prepared by the reaction of tosyl cellulose and potassium thiolacetate followed by alkaline hydrolysis contained considerable amounts of disulfided in addition to mercaptain. Iodometric titration of mercaptocellulose gave a higher value of mercaptan than that obtained by the polarographic method. The mercaptan and disulfide contents and methylene blue uptake of the iodine-treated samples indicate that some of the mercaptan groups further undergo oxidation to acidic groups as a result of the iodine treatment.The spatial effect in the oxidation of mercapto groups in modified cotton is briefly discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 39
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The catalysis of the reaction of n-butyl alcohol with isocyanates, using organometallic derivatives of lead, tin, and mercury, has been investigated. The rate of the reaction was measured by following the disappearance of the isocyanate absorption in the infrared. Phenyl, n-butyl, and cyclohexyl isocyanate were chosen to represent typical aromatic primary and secondary aliphatic isocyanates. Within the same series of catalysts, RnMOAc, the catalytic effect decreases in the order RHg 〉 R3Sn 〉 R3Pb; and in all cases R = aryl 〉 R = alkyl. The electronic effects of substituents on the aryl moiety are not pronounced. Changes in X of RnMX greatly affect the catalytic activity. The mechanism of organometallic catalysis of the alcohol-isocyanate reaction occurs via a template-type mechanism whereby the catalyst acts to complex both reactants in a catalyst phase allowing the reaction to occur with greater facility.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 40
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The polymerization of N-vinylcaprolactam in toluene, dioxane, chlorobenzene, dimethylformamide, and ethylene carbonate with various peroxides, perbenzoates and azobisisobutyronitrile as initiators at 60-80°C, was studied. Under these conditions azobisisobutyronitrile and tert-butyl perbenzoate have satisfactory activity as initiators. Under these conditions N-vinylcaprolactam polymerization in homogeneous solution is first order towards the monomer and 0.5 order towards the initiators.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 41
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 9-15 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A study has been made of the photolysis and photo-oxidation of phenoxy resin. Photolysis results in the evolution of hydrogen, methane, ethane, propene, propane, toluene, and the oxides of carbon. Also observed are increased yellowing, a rapid rise in gel content, and a decrease in intrinsic viscosity and elongation. Photo-oxidation causes similar changes, but produces oxidized chain fragments, more gel, and less yellowing as well as broad absorptions in the hydroxyl and carbonyl regions of the infrared spectrum. A free-radical mechanism is proposed in which both chain scission and crosslinking occur.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 42
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2069-2072 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Glass transitions in certain polymer samples were detected as a step change in a DTA trace in the exothermic sense. This anomaly is explained as a manifestation of the volume relaxation shown to occur at the glass transition in internally strained samples.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 43
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2057-2068 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: It was found that an ion radical complex is formed by the reaction of carbon black with an alkali metal (Li, Na, K) in tetrahydrofuran. The graft copolymerization of styrene with carbon black was carried out using the ion radical complexes as initiator, and free polystyrene and carbon black-polystyrene graft copolymer were obtained. The identification of the graft copolymer with carbon black was carried out by fractionation and thermal degradation. The initiation activity of the alkali metals increased in the order Li 〈 Na 〈 K. The effect of the particle size of the carbon black on the graft copolymerization was studied.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 44
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: From the viewpoint of continuum mechanics, and particularly the energy concept of fracture, adhesive and cohesive failures are similar. The essential difference involves the interpretation of the energy required to create new (adhesive or cohesive) surface area. A simple pressurized disk test is described for measuring the adhesive value for a bonded elastomer, and an application to a debonding problem in engineering design is given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 45
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 41-54 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A study of the swelling of Acala 4-42 cotton in aqueous alkalis and acids has been carried out. The degree of swelling of the cotton in the reagents has been indicated by measurement of the variations in width of the cotton at its widest point. The nature of the swelling process whether interfibrillar or intrafibrillar has been deduced from microscopical and x-ray evidence. It has been shown that a similarity of shape of the swelling curves, i.e., an equal degree of swelling in the same or other reagents, does not imply the same mechanism of swelling. The results are more readily explained in terms of the crystalline-fibril theory than by the fringe-micellar theory, especially when high degrees of swelling have been achieved.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 46
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 55-67 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: We have investigated the high temperature mechanical behavior of several unplasticized emulsion- and suspension-prepared whole polymers, and carried out molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, and branching characterization studies on these same materials. It is concluded that the easier workability of the emulsion product is probably due to the absence of a considerable amount of high molecular weight polymer in these as compared to suspension-prepared polymers of equal average molecular weight as reflected by intrinsic viscosity determinations of Fikentscher K values.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 47
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 69-80 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Capillary rheometer measurements show that stearic acid can be characterized as a normal lubricant. If the content of stearic acid is increased in rigid PVC formulations, the melt viscosity will decrease. This leads to a corresponding increase of shear rate and volumetric flow rate. The influence of calcium stearate is opposite to the normal characteristic of a lubricant. Increasing amounts of calcium stearate lead to an increased melt viscosity and a decreased shear rate and volumetric flow rate. In the extrusion of rigid PVC, the apparent “lubricating” effect of calcium stearate is probably due to the increased friction with resulting heat evolution and higher mass temperature, leading to a decreased viscosity of the plastic melt. This is in agreement with the results of the extrusion experiments. Both mass temperature and power consumption decrease when stearic acid is added and increase when calcium stearate is added to the formulation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 48
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2193-2207 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Studies on the peel behavior of pressure-sensitive tape comprising a polyester backing and polyacrylate adhesive have shown that, in peeling from a plane glass surface, three fundamentally different modes of peeling may be distinguished, depending upon the rate of pulling. At low rates, deformation by flow of the adhesive appears to determine the peel behavior and the peel force is strongly rate dependent. At high rates, little or no viscous deformation of the adhesive occurs and the peel force is independent of rate. At intermediate pulling rates, cyclical instability of made of failure involving alternate storage and dissipation of elastic energy in the backing, results in the phenomenon of “slip-stick” peeling, in which failure is jerky and regular. Results have been obtained which show how the pulling rates at which transitions from one mode of peel to another occur, and the peel force values for a given type of failure, depend upon such factors as molecular weight of adhesive, thickness of backing film, and angle of peeling.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 49
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2247-2255 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The reactions of trans-2,5-dimethoxy-4′-aminostilbene with poly(maleic anhydride-co-methylvinyl ether) and trans-2,5-dimethoxy-4′-isocyanatostilbene with poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneisopropylidene:1,4-phenyleneoxy-2-hydroxytrimethylene) yield polymeric systems which undergo rapid crosslinking upon short exposure to ultraviolet light. The extent of photocrosslinking as a function of exposure time was determined by the decrease of the trans-stilbene ultraviolet absorption at 350 nm.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 50
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cotton has been reacted with epichlorohydrin (1,2-epoxy-3-chloropropane) neat, in alcoholic solvents, and in aprotic solvents at temperatures ranging from 25 to 95°C. Fabric properties and electron micrographs of fibers removed from these chemically treated DEAE cottons have been compared with those obtained when DEAE-cottons were treated under similar conditions with other halogenated 1,2-epoxypropanes, and with 1,2-epoxy-4,4,4-trichlorobutane. For comparative purposes, epichlorohydrin was reacted with an aminized cotton containing primary amine groups, with cotton containing quarternary ammonium groups, and with DEAE-cottons in which the tertiary amine groups had been quaternized. For reaction at 95°C with net epichlorohydrin, greatest increase in conditioned wrinkle recovery was observed with DEAE-cottons. Only with DEAE-cottons were the add-ons and recovery angles imparted by epichlorohydrin affected by the anion associated with the amine groups. None of the halogenated 1,2-epoxypropanes reacted with unmodified cotton in the absence of a basic catalyst. Those that reacted with unmodified cotton in the presence of an external base catalyst did not improve conditioned recovery angles. The mono-, di-, and trichloro-1,2-epoxypropanes all increased the conditioned and wet wrinkle recovery of DEAE-cotton when reacted neat at 95°C. The type of oxirane ring opening of epoxypropanes was shown to be influenced by the degree of chlorination of the carbon alpha to the ring. Both primary amine groups and quaternary amine groups catalyzed the epichlorohydrin-cellulose reaction. Dilution of epichlorohydrin with alcohols or decreasing reaction temperature lowered add-ons and improvements in wrinkle recovery properties. Use of aprotic solvents for the DEAE-cotton-epichlorohydrin reaction gave finished cotton fabrics having only high wet wrinkle recovery properties.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 51
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2333-2340 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The reaction of hydrazine hydrate with manganic hydroxide and its application to the solution polymerization of methyl methacrylate has been studied. The kinetic evidence suggests that the hydrazine and the monomer are both adsorbed on the surface of the manganic hydroxide sol and that the decomposition of the hydrazine and the polymerization of the methyl methacrylate follow zero-order kinetics. The rate of polymerization increases slowly with increasing temperature, the activation energy for the polymerization being 4.9 ± 0.2 kcal/mole.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 52
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2383-2395 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The properties of 4-methyl-pentene-1 polymer (TPX-RT-D30) were altered by blending petroleum jelly (P.J.) with the polymer. The polymer was blended with up to 40% by weight P. J. The plasticization of the polymer by the P. J. apparently allows high molecular weight fractions of the polymer to crystallize and influences the crystalline size and perfection. Tensile properties of the blends showed both a break and yield value in all ratios as compared to only a break value for the pure polymer. Breaking strength ranged from 4000 psi for the polymer to 1000 psi at 40% P. J. The samples had a “necking down” effect at 10% P. J. Modulus decreased from 1.8 × 104 (literature value 2.1 × 105) to 2.3 × 104 at 40% P. J. Brittle point values varied from above room temperature to 5°C at 40% P. J. The Vicat softening point ranged from 181°C for the polymer to 87°C at 40% P. J. Differential thermal analysis (Stone) showed a melting point depression from 235°C to 218°C at 40% P. J.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 53
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2439-2445 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Curing reactions were investigated after the gel point, using infrared transmittance and reflection spectrophotometric techniques. In the system carboxyl-terminated polybutadiene (CTPB)/Epon X801 or Epotuf STF-6, catalyzed with Fe(III)-acetyl-acetonate (FeAA), at an equivalent ratio of carboxyl to epoxide groups, the final extent of reaction of COOH groups was found to be between 64% and 77% for eight CTPB samples. Increasing the ratio of epoxide to carboxyl groups (up to 1.6) resulted in an increase in the conversion, but the complete reaction of COOH groups could not be accomplished. The final extent of reaction also depends upon the functionality of the crosslinking agent. The lower the functionality of the epoxide, the higher the conversion of COOH groups. The use of chromium naphthenate as a catalyst for epoxide-COOH reactions gave higher conversions than FeAA. This result is related to side reactions catalyzed by the chromium naphthenate. The change in mechanical properties and the change in extent of reaction were followed simultaneously; it was found that no further development of mechanical properties occurred when the curing reaction between COOH and epoxide groups had ceased.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 54
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2411-2425 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The thermal conductivity, specific heat, and dynamic mechanical behavior of an epoxide system have been investigated over a relatively wide temperature range. Effects of nonstoichiometric amine concentrations and postcure heat treatments were included in the study. The thermal conductivity behavior was found to be related to the extent of cure of the poxy system, but in general the results were typical of an amorphous polymer. Calorimetric determinations were used to study the curing reaction and the glasslike transition temperature for the various systems. Dynamic mechanical results were employed to delinearte the various internal relaxations of the cured materials and in some instances to permit correlation of relaxations with the thermal conductivity and the specific heat results. From comparison of present results to those of a previous paper, the activation energy for the relaxation process occurring near 270°K has been estimated to be 16 kcal/mole.
    Zusätzliches Material: 13 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 55
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2459-2468 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: X-Ray diffractograms of cellophane showed a considerable variation in the intensity corresponding to the 101, 101, and 002 planes. Applications of generally accepted procedures for estimating crystalline content in cellulosic materials yields varying results for crystallimity in cellophane. It is concluded that such procedures are not applicable to cellophane used in this study.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 56
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2499-2503 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 57
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Long-term weathering studies of the subject transparent thermoplastic polymer revealed that sheets extruded from pristine resine gradually became hazy. Electron microscopy of fracture surfaces showed that minute voids were created during outdoor exposure. By the application of the Mie light scattering theory, it was possible to calculate that the average void size was 4 × 103 Å and that the concentration of voids numbered about 106/mm3. Yet the total void volume of the poorest sample, which had a haze value of 26%, was less than 0.05%. The average void size decreased over a three-year period, but the concentration increased with exposure. A mechanism of void formation was formulated based on photo-induced moleculàr degradation. Chemical evidence suggests that molecular degradation occurs by complete unzippering of a molecule, resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide and 2,2,4-trimethylpentene-3-al. The aldehyde is believed to plasticize the polymer in the vicinity of a growing void and the carbon dioxide acts as a blowing agent, therby generating a void. Simultaneously, free radicals formed during molecular decomposition initiate further degradation of neighboring molecules. The propensity of this resin to haze can be effectively overcome by suitable cleanup and stabilization procedures.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 58
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 205-213 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Molecular weight distributions for polypropylene samples have been determined by a permeation fractionation method (GPC). Porous silica beads were used as a packing material for the columns. The set of columns allows a good separation of the polypropylene macromolecular chains in a range of molecular weights from 5000 to 1.5 × 106, and the thermal and mechanical stabilities of these beads are very good. The calibration has been carried out with fractions of polypropylene of narrow molecular weight distribution prepared by a large-scale column fractionation. The molecular weights M̄w and M̄n and the ratios M̄w/M̄n calculated from the GPC curves show, in general, good agreement with the ones calculated from the column fractionation curves. However, the M̄w/M̄n ratios are always highter in the case of GPC fractionation. This could be due to diffusion phenomena.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 59
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 227-232 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: N-Substituted β-aminopropionhydrazides, RNHC2h4CONHNH2, were prepared by the Michael addition of primary amines to acrylic esters. The adducts were converted to the corresponding hydrazides. The aminohydrazides react readily with terminal epoxides at moderate temperatures yeilding B-stage resins of excellent storage stability. When powdered B-stage resins are sprayed on hot metal (150-230°C.), a smooth cross-linked coating is formed in less than 3 min. The coatings have unusually high elasticity, they pass the Olson button test. For best performance the amine used should have the primary amino group attached to either a primary carbon atom or directly to an aromatic nucleus. Aminohydrazides with the following R. Groups have been prepared: methyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, octyl, dodecyl, and octadecyl.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 60
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 249-250 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 61
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Continued shearing of molten long-chain branched acetal polymers raises their melt flow rates manyfold. The increase is not due to molecular degradation, as evidenced by constancy of inherent viscosity, and by the ability to reverse the increase by dissolving and reprecipitating the polymer. Shearing was found to have only a relatively small effect upon the melt viscosity but a very large effect upon the entrance correction for capillary flow. It is suggested that crystallization of branched polymers from solution creates an exceptionally strong entanglement network, and that the observed rheological changes reflect the disruption by shear of this network.
    Zusätzliches Material: 2 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 62
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 241-247 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Based on a simple, general kinetic scheme for the inhibition reaction of a photopoly-merizing system, a solution is obtained for the differential equation which describes the oxygen concentration profile as a function of exposure time, light intensity, and absorption coefficient. The effect of the absorption coefficient on the oxygen concentration in a polymer slab is evaluated by numerical computation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 63
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 251-252 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 64
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2721-2733 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The influence of hydrogen bonding on the flow behavior of polymer melts at high shear rate has been investigated using a capillary extrusion rheometer. The systems studied were copolymers of ethylene and acrylic or methacrylic acid. Hydrogen bonding was found to substantially enhance both flow activation energy and viscosity level, as well as the degree of dependence of viscosity on rate of shear. It was also found that hydrogen bonding does not influence the critical shear stress for onset of “melt fracture.” The data support the view that hydrogen bonds act effectively as temporary (quasi-) crosslinks during the short time scales of deformation involved in flow at high shear rates.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 65
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 2705-2719 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Gamma radiation-induced graft polymerization to natural rubber in benzene solution (solution grafting), graft polymerization to natural rubber latex (Emulsion grafting), and emulsion polymerization of three vinyl monomers - styrene (St), methyl methacrylate (MMA) and acrylonitrile (AN), were carried out under air atmosphere to compare the radiation intensity exponent of each polymerization rate under air atmosphere with that under nitrogen atmosphere or under vacuum. The intensity exponents of the solution grafting both under air atmosphere and under exclusion of air were found to be numerals near one half. This indicates prevailing normal radical mechanism. However, the intensity exponents of the emulsion grafting under air atmosphere were found to be 0.94, 1.00, and 0.82 for St, MMA, and AN, respectively, and those of the emulsion polymerization under air atmosphere, 0.16 and 0.15 for St and MMA, respectively, although those of both emulsion grafting and emulsion polymerization under exclusion of air were found to be numerals near to one half except for that of emulsion polymerization of AN. For emulsion grafting, the initiating species is considered to be trunk polymer radical but the terminating species is assumed to be the radical(s) produced in the water phase in the presence of oxygen. For emulsion polymerization, both initiating and terminating species are assumed to be the radical(s) produced in the water phase in the presence of oxygen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 66
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 323-336 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The oxidative susceptibility to different oxidizing agents such as dichromate-sulfuric acid, dichromate-oxalic acid and sodium hypochlorite in presence of leuco Cibanone Orange R of cellulose oxidized with sodium metaperiodate and its corresponding borohydride-reduced product was studied and compared with that of cellulose. From the changes in the chemical properties of the oxidixed products, an attempt was made to study the mechanism of oxidation of periodate oxycellulose and sodium borohydride-reduced periodate oxycellulose with the above mentioned oxidizing agents.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 67
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 377-391 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The extensive use of plastics for insulation and building materials has created interest in the possible toxicity of their combustion products. Three poly(vinyl chloride) homopolymers, a vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, and formulations of two of the homopolymers and the copolymer have been examined to determine the composition and toxicity of their combustion products. Differential thermal analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis were used to study the breakdown process which occurred in several steps, the largest and first being the release of hydrogen chloride from the polymer at about 300°C. Approximately 50 products of combustion were then determined qualitatively by using either infrared spectroscopy or a combination of gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Quantitative analyses were carried out on 22 of the combustion products, and quantitative changes with varying air supply, temperature, and heating rate were determined. A comparison of the products of the polymers and their formulations is given.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 68
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 397-397 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 69
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 399-399 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 70
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 71
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 401-415 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis have been employed to study the effect on the thermal degradation pattern in static air of the molecular weight of poly(m-aminostyrene) homopolymers and copolymers with styrene. Related substituted styrene polymers and copolymers with styrene have also been studied in order to assess the effect of introduction of amino, substituted amino, and hydroxy groupings into a polystyrene main chain. The effect of these groupings on the thermal stability of the polymers as compared with polystyrene suggests that the inherent antioxidant characteristics of the subtituent grouping plays the major role in stabilization. A molecular weight effect has been shown to be operative for m-aminostyrene, p-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene, and m-hydroxystyrene polymers. This manifests itself in terms of different thermograms rather than by significantly influencing the procedural decomposition temperatures, although a trend is seen.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 72
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 427-436 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The rate of contraction of drawn nylon 66 in aqueous phenol was investigated, and a method is described for correlating this contraction with a series of elementary rate processes. The rate constants so obtained were analyzed by absolute rate theory, and the variations of ΔH† and ΔS† with phenol concentration gave evidence of the nature of the reaction steps.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 73
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 561-570 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The kinetic model for polycondensation reactions has been derived and techniques for validating the model have been described in Parts I and II of this work. This paper is concerned with using the results of Part I and II for the analysis and design of continuous polycondensation reactors.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 74
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 571-576 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A tensile testing device for measurements on polymer samples while immersed in a liquid is described. The temperature range is approximately -100 to +150°C. The sample older containing the immersion liquid is an all-glass container attached to a modified tensile testing device. The thermostatting and recording equipment is also described. Stress-strain curves obtained with monofilaments of regenerated cellulose immersed in n-pentane and liquid ammonia are shown. For filaments in n-pentane the variation of the modulus of elasticity with temperature down to -40°C is also reported as a further example of the applicability of the new device.
    Zusätzliches Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 75
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 599-606 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effect of molecular weight on the changes in the surface layer of polystyrene films on near-ultraviolet irradiation has been studied in a nitrogen atmosphere at 25°C. Changes produced by irradiation were followed by determining the amount of solvent-insoluble portions, the molecular weight changes, and the intrinsic viscosity changes. Most crosslinking took place in the range of the transmissible depth of 2537 Å light. Low molecular weight samples formed a small amount of solvent-insoluble material. High molecular weight samples formed a large amount of solvent-insoluble material. In the range above a certain molecular weight, the amount of solvent-insoluble material approached an asymptotic value with increasing molecular weight, because of the limited penetration of 2537 Å light. Since most crosslinking took place in the range of the transmissible depth of 2537 Å light, the average number of crosslinks in the solvent-soluble portions was influenced by the amount of solvent-insoluble material. Low molecular weight samples produced many crosslinks. High molecular weight samples produced a few crosslinks. In the range above a certain molecular weight, the average number of crosslinks in the solvent soluble portions approached an asymptote with increasing molecular weight. Chain scission seems to have occurred in every sample.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 76
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 637-657 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Experimental data support the hypothesis that the surface layer of the asymmetric Loeb-Sourirajan type porous cellulose acetate membranes has a heterogeneous microporous structure. A general method is proposed for improving the performance of the above membranes in reverse osmosis, by which product rates are increased without decreasing solute separation. The method consists in pumping pure water past the back side of the membrane under just enough pressure for a sufficiently prolonged period of time; after such pretreatment, the membrane is used in the reverse osmosis experiments in the normal manner with the surface layer facing the feed solution. Back-pressure treatment at 400 psig for 85 hr on preshrunk and normally pressure-treated membranes increases the product rate by over 20% without decreasing solute separation in reverse osmosis experiments at 600 psig with the use of 0.5 wt-% NaCl-H2O feed solutions; with a different sequence of back-pressure treatment, similar results have been obtained in reverse osmosis experiments at 1500 psig also. The compaction effect of a normal membrane and that of a back pressure treated membrane are the same during continuous reverse osmosis operation under 600 psig; the effects of back-pressure treatment on a normal membrane and a compacted membrane are also the same. The pure water permeability data obtained in cyclic experiments show that the smaller pores on the surface layer are opened more than the bigger ones during the back side operation. The probable structural changes taking place in the film during back-pressure treatment are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 10 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 77
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The permeabilities of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide through polyethylene-styrene graft copolymer films were measured by means of a gas permeability apparatus based on a modification of Barrer's high vacuum technique. Polyethylene-styrene grafts were prepared by mutual γ-ray irradiation of low-density polyethylene films in styrene-methanol solution. Densities and thicknesses of the graft copolymer films were determined. It was observed that the gas permeability constants decreased with increasing grafting to minimum values at 20-30% styrene grafting and increased again above 30% grafting. These results are explained in terms of a decrease in the free volume of the amorphous regions of the polyethylene by a “filling in” effect of the grafted polystyrene chains. Above 30% grafting, disruption of the crystallites may occur resulting in increased gas permeation. Activation energies for gas permeation through polyethylene-styrene graft copolymer films were calculated and found to decrease with increasing per cent styrene grafting. For nitrogen permeation, the activation energy decreased from 11.7 kcal/mole for unirradiated polyethylene to 9.5 kcal/mole for a 50.5% graft. Corresponding values for oxygen and carbon dioxide were 10.2-8.2 kcal/mole for a 48.7% graft and 8.4-6.5 kcal/mole for a 50.5% graft.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 78
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 713-720 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Chemical crosslinking of high-density polyethylene was studied. The amount of gel produced by a given peroxide concentration depends on the molecular weight of the polymer. More scission reactions, during the crosslinking process, occur in low-density than in high-density polyethylene crosslinked with Varox and Luperox 130 peroxides. The rheological behavior of partially crosslinked polyethylene is useful and convenient for quality control, for characterization, and for studies on the various mechanisms associated with the crosslinking process.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 79
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 775-784 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Present methods of correcting instrument spreading (resolution correction) in GPC are either too cumbersome to use or inaccurate when the correction is large. Two new methods which are both accurate and simple to use are presented in this work. The first method using the technique of Fourier analysis is more general and can be used to correct non-Gaussian instrument spreading. The second method using a fourth-degree polynomial requires a Gaussian instrument spreading function. The instrument spreading function may vary with respect to the elution volume in both methods.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 80
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Ruland's concept of an isotropic disorder function is applied to estimate the disorder parameter and the degree of crystallinity in a few cellulosic fibers: two cottons, native ramie, and a high-tenacity rayon. The results indicate an increase in disorder without any change in crystallinity on mercerization of native celluloses. On hydrolysis, with or without a pretreatment of mercerization, the samples exhibit a higher crystallinity, disorder remaining the same as for native celluloses. A ball-milled sample of “amorphous” cellulose is still found to be fairly crystalline with the lowest disorder. On being wetted in water and oven-dried, a distorted form of cellulose II with higher crystallinity and disorder was obtained. The polynosic fiber, Tufcel, has low values for the degree of crystallinity, disorder parameter, as well as crystallite dimension. A strong dependence of the degree of crystallinity on the crystallite size, particularly the lateral, is observed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 81
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 807-816 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Low temperature gaseous plasmas of ammonia or nitrogen-hydrogen mixtures contain —NH2 groups, or precursors thereof, formed in the plasma, which experimental evidence strongly suggests, can add to various polymer surfaces. The plasmas were established in the 0.3-1.5 torr range by radiofrequency (13.56 MHz) electrodeless excitation at powers ranging from 50 to 500 W. Samples of polypropylene, poly(vinyl chloride), polytetrafluorethylene, polycarbonate, polyurethane, and poly(methl methacrylate) were investigated. All these polymers added amino groups to varying degrees of amino site densities depending on the choice of plasma parameters and the reactivity of the polymer itself. In every instance the polymer was rendered more wettable, although no quantitative wettability measurements were made. Following the plasma treatment, degrees of amino attachment to the polymer were followed radiometrically and reported in terms of “heparin thicknesses” resulting from ionic heparin —35S attachment to quaternary sites produced from the amino groups. Two implications of such a surface modification are to adhesion and blood compatible materials preparation.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 82
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 817-826 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The molecular orientation acquired during fiber formation of acrylic fibers by wetspinning has been studied. Orientation was detected by measurements of sonic modulus which were converted into an orientation factor. The orientation correlates very well with the ratio of take-up velocity to the freely extreuded velocity. Several mechanisms for the origin of spin orientation are discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 83
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: EPDM and SBR were masticated on an open mill. The temperature range of mastication for EPDM was 68-480°F. SBR was milled at 170-200°F. The gel-permeation chromatography analyses were made on the masticated samples. For EPDM at 68°F, molecular weight decreases and molecular weight distribution narrows with mastication time; the degradation process is nonrandom. At constant mastication time between 182 and 315°F, there is little change in molecular weight. Mastication for 18 min at 480°F broadens the molecular weight distribution; the degradation is random. For SBR at 170-200°F, molecular weight decreases and molecular weight distribution narrows with mastication time; the degradation process is also nonrandom. Nonrandom degradation for both EPDM and SBR results in a narrowing of the molecular weight distribution, without build-up of low molecular weight molecules, and without a shift in the peak molecular weight. This is contrary to nonrandom degradation of natural rubber where a shift in the peak molecular weight occurs with mastication time.
    Zusätzliches Material: 6 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 84
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 827-833 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Investigation of the nucleating ability of selected nucleating agents in various commercial types of isolactic polypropylene revealed that the efficiency of individual additives is not equal for all types of polypropylene. As to the nucleation mechanism, it can be supposed that in most cases the added nucleating agents act mainly secondarily, activating the heterogeneities originally present in the polymer.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 85
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 867-869 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: We consider two approaches to strain magnification in a composite material, point out that they apply to different situations, and caution against misapplication of the equations derived.
    Zusätzliches Material: 1 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 86
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 835-849 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Latex dip adhesives for nylon and rayon tire cords are prepared by reacting resorcinol and formaldehyde in aqueous solution in the presence of a catalyst for a specified time and then adding a butadience-styrene-vinylpyridine latex. Ammonia improves the stability of the latex and increases the adhesion of rubber to cord. However, a white precipitate forms if ammonia is added before the resorcinol and formaldehyde have reacted sufficiently. This paper is study of the nature of this precipitate and the conditions for its formation. By measuring the heat of reaction of formaldehyde and ammonia and, subsequently, of mixtures of formaldehyde and resorcinol to which varying amounts of ammonia were added, information on the reaction mechanism has been obtained. Ammonia reacts rapidly with formaldehyde to form an unstable intermediate, presumably trimethylolamine, which then reacts further with resorcinol to form trisdihydroxybenzylamine. This compound is also very reactive and condenses withmore ammonia and formaldehyde to give a polymer of low solubility, the composition depending on the amounts of ammonia and formaldehyde available for reaction. Elemental analyses support this concept. Primary and secondary amines react in a maner similar to ammonia.
    Zusätzliches Material: 12 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 87
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 851-865 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Untreated and fire-retardant-treated white α-cellulose samples were isothermally pyrolyzed in a fluidized bath in a nitrogen environment at 298-360°C. Results were reported in terms of volatilization (based on weight loss-time measurements) and the degradation products (based on gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis). The findings products (based on gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis). The findings on untreated cellulose indicate that: (1) pyrolysis occurs in three distinct phases in the temperature range 276-360°C; (2) there is a single activation energy of 42 kcal/mole over this temperature range; (3) the initial rapid weight loss is not due to the desoprtion of water, but primarily to decomposition of the cellulose; molecules: (4) there is little difference in either the quality or relative quantity of the volatiles generated during the three different phases of pyrolysis. The findings on treated cellulose show that the fire retardant, KHCO3, does not markedly change the types of degradation products having molecular weights below about 110, althought it does change their relative concentrations. Furthermore, the rate of product generation and the quantity of residual char are increased.
    Zusätzliches Material: 11 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 88
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Epoxy-Versamid specimens were loaded in tension, compression, and flexure at different strain rates and temperatures to determine mode of failure, yield stress and strain, and tangent and relaxation moduli. Stress-strain curves were used to define brittle, ductile, ductile-rubbery, and rubbery modes of behavior which prevailed in different temperature-strain rate regions. The time-temperature superposition principle was applied to yield stress, initial tangent moduli, and relaxation moduli data for all three types of loading.The transition regions, tangent and relaxation moduli, and shift factors were the same in tension, compression, and flexure. Thus the most convenient mode of loading can be used to determine the general time-temperature dependence. The ratio of compressive-to-tensile yield stress was almost constant over the entire ductile region. Flexural yielding data were used to predict yield stress in tension and compression, and stress relaxation master curves were shown to be related to elastic modulus vs. strain rate curves. The yielding phenomenon was interpreted using Eyring's theory of non-Newtonian viscoplastic flow. The apparent activation energy and activation volume were larger for tension than compression. A theory is offered to explain why yielding can occur in a cross-linked system.
    Zusätzliches Material: 15 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 89
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1277-1288 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The development of new and more sensitive techniques in thermal analyses aids in a more complete understanding of the contributions of individual components in urethane elastomers regarding their mechanical and thermodynamic behavior. The behavior of various segments of the elastomers reported in this work illustrates a clearer interpretation of reasons for changes in mechanical behavior caused by changes in heat capacity, volume and tensile properties; the gross changes previously reported for polyurethane properties as a function of temperature are also confirmed with a more exact definition of their origin.The sub-ambient temperature behavior and response of physical measurements near the melting point of the backbone polyol are largely a function of the so-called “soft block.” The soft block does not contribute to the mechanical properties above the melting point of the polyol unless some urethane segments from the diisocyanate and extender are structured into the soft block, that is, excess diisocyanate and extender are added to build in the “hard” block. The extender and isocyanate influence for both low and high temperature properties is observed by the lack of molecular fit imparted to the backbone polyol as well as some crystallinity in the polymer hard block. The usual Tg transition reported in urethane elastomers corresponds to a first-order transition in the polyester or polyether backbone.
    Zusätzliches Material: 9 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 90
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1326-1326 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 91
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1329-1335 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effects of a number of sulfur compounds on the melt stability of polypropylene milled at 165°C have been studied. Dilaurylthiodipropionate (DLTP), Mercaptobenzimidazole (MBI), and Mercaptobenzthiazole (MBT) are all antioxidiants in a polymer lightly stabilized with a phenolic antioxidant although the last two are initially pro-oxidants. 2,2′-Dibenzoylaminodiphenyldisulfide (22BDD) is a pro-oxidant under the Conditions studied.In the absence of a phenolic antioxidant the effectiveness of DLTP is reduced in the early stages of oxidation, with increasing concentration although its over all antioxidant activity increases. The results are consistent with the view that both radical and non-radical processes occur concomitantly.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 92
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1337-1351 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The preparation of the acetaldehyde polymers (PACH) having a poly(vinyl alcohol)-type structure and the thermal degradation of PACH have been reported previously. This paper will describe detailed aspects of several reactions of PACH. Copolymerization of PACH with toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was performed both thermally and catalytically. When piperidine was used as catalyst, the rate of reaction between PACH and TDI was found to depend on the concentration of both the active hydrogen of PACH and the isocynante group TDI. Acid and alkali treatment of PACH were carried out. On treatment with sulfuric acid, white polymers with good spinnability were obtained. The copolymerization of acetaldehyde with n-butylaldehyde were performed in the presence of sodium amalgam as catalyst. The reaction products were colorless, viscous liquids and assumed from the infrared and NMR spectra, elemental analyses, molecular weight and solubility tests to be aldol condensation-type copolymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 93
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1353-1371 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A novel technique for the control of continuous synthesis of addition polymers with precisely controlled average molecular weight and minimum polydispersity has been developed. A control system adjusts the concentration of chain-transfer agent in the reactor feed to compensate for all other upsets, in the reactor inputs: initiator and monomer concentrations, temperature and feed rate. The technique has been evaluated quantitatively on a digital computer using a kinetic model of homogeneous, free-radical solution polymerization. In computational tests, the modeled control system generally held the instantaneous number-average chain length within 1%, and quickly returned it to the desired value in response to a wide variety of upsets. By generalizing the Schulz distributions to include termination by disproportionation, combination and chain-transfer, it is shown that changes in the molecular-weight distribution resulting from the action of the control system are minor.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 94
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1381-1419 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: A new-method of interpreting GPC chromatograms which accounts for skewing and symmetrical axial dispersion has been developed. General relationships for a symmetrical axial dispersion correction and for a skewing correction are derived.The method has been verified experimentally for unimodal chromatograms and linear calibration curves over a wide range of GPC operating conditions, polymer molecular weights and polydispersities. Measurements of h and skewing factors were obtained by a once-through technique. The need for performing reverse flow experiments has been eliminated. Artificial oscillations in the corrected chromatogram due to step size (Method of Pierce-Armonas), and to number of terms in a polynomial expansion (Method of Tung and Method of Smith) are eliminated.The method has yet to be evaluated for nonlinear calibration curves and multi-modal distributions. However, suggestions for its application in these circumstances are presented.
    Zusätzliches Material: 21 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 95
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1523-1535 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Difluorocarbene (difluoromethylene, :CF2) generated by the pyrolysis of sodium chlorodifluoroacetate has been shown to irreversibly modify the surfaces of polymers and fibers. The critical surface tension values of several polymers are shown to decrease with increasing exposure to difluorocarbene vapors and ultimately approach the critical surface tension values of partially fluorinated polyethylenes. The rate-controlling step appears to be the diffusion of difluorocarbene from the precursor to the polymer substrate. The nature of the interaction between difluorocarbene and the polymer surface is unknown; however, the absence of infrared bands due to C—F bonds in attenuated total reflection measurements tends to establish the mono-molecular-like character of the modified surface.
    Zusätzliches Material: 8 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 96
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1509-1522 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Study was made concerning both the rate of crosslinking and the structure of crosslinks of terpolymers that have dicyclopentadiene, 1, 4-hexadiene, methylene norbornene, and ethylidene norbornene for termonomers so as to look into the role of termonomers during crosslinking of ethylene propylene terpolymers. In the study, activation energy and frequency factor, both apparent were determined by the rate constant of crosslinking and differences in crosslinks were analyzed following both chemical and physical methods. Infrared analysis into the volume of consumption of double bond was adopted to examine the manner of crosslinking. In respect to the magnitude of the rate constant, ethylidene norbornene came in first being followed by 1,4-hexadiene, methylene norbornene, and dicyclopentadiene. The structure of termoners affected the apparent activation energy and the apparent frequency factor was subject to the influences of said structure and others including the variation in the degree of unsaturation. During the early stage of crosslinking, the formation of the crosslink of polysulfide-type was paramount to all others and the speed of conversion therefrom either to disulfide-type or to monosulfide varied with the kind of terpolymers and was in proportion to the rate constant of crosslinking.
    Zusätzliches Material: 14 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 97
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: The effects of crystalline modification of cellulose and of water on the ESR spectra generated by the trapped free radicals in gamma-irradiated celluloses were investigated for cotton cellulose I, II, III, and IV, partially decrystallized cotton cellulose, ballmilled cotton cellulose, hydrocelluloses of cellulose III and IV, and ramie. On irradiation of the celluloses, free radicals were formed on the cellulose molecule, probably following dehydrogenation or chain cleavage. The free radicals located within the less ordered or amorphous regions of the cellulose reacted readily with water and were terminated. The radicals located within the more ordered regions of the celluloses could be made accessible to reaction with water by the interaction of the celluloses with solvents which caused dimensional changes in the cellulosic structure. In the highly ordered regions of the celluloses, even after long periods of time in solvents which caused large dimensional changes in the cellulosic structure, the trapped free radicals were not terminated by reaction with solvent or water. The ESR spectra of the irradiated, dried celluloses were determined at -160°C, the single-line spectra recorded had line widths of about 18-24 gauss. On the absorption of water by the irradiated celluloses, the ESR spectra changed and were dependent on the crystalline structure of the irradiated celluloses. The effects of different arrangements of the irradiated celluloses, as shown by their trapped radical spectra, particularly after interaction with water, were discussed.
    Zusätzliches Material: 7 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 98
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1537-1544 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Carbethoxycarbene, carbethoxynitrene, and nitrene generated respectively by the pyrolysis of ethyl diazoacetate, ethyl azidoformate, chloramine and sodium hydroxyl amine-o-sulfonate are shown to irreversibly modify the surface of polyethylene as shown by wettability measurements. The nature of the modification is not fully understood; however, insertion of the carbene or nitrene into a carbon-hydrogen bond appears likely. The modified surfaces thus formed are shown to undergo several classical organic reactions as again determined by wettability measurements.
    Zusätzliches Material: 3 Ill.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 99
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1545-1553 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Notizen: Vinyl esters of some undecylenic acid derivatives and acrylates and methacrylates of undecyl and undecylenyl alcohols, which may be considered as derivaties of castor oil, have been polymerized and copolymerized with vinyl chloride to provide a variety of new polymers. The acrylate and the methacrylate of undecylenyl alcohol have been epoxidized to yield two new polymerizable monomers of potential usefulness as crosslinking agents in finished copolymers.
    Zusätzliches Material: 5 Tab.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 100
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 13 (1969), S. 1577-1577 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Schlagwort(e): Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Quelle: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Maschinenbau , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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