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  • 1965-1969  (2,167)
  • 1920-1924
  • Physics  (1,849)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy  (318)
  • 101
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    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1393-1403 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Attempts to prepare undamaged microtomed sections of crazes without reinforcement have failed. Several methods of reinforcing crazes in glassy polymers with impregnants prior to microtomy have been tried. Generalized characteristics of successful impregnant systems are suggested on the basis of this experience. The most successful system has involved the infusion of liquid sulfur into crazes in poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide). After quenching, the solid sulfur reinforces the crazes successfully during microtomy but subsequently sublimes away under vacuum. The resultant, largely undamaged craze structure is seen by transmission electron microscopy to resemble an open-cell foam, the holes and polymer elements of which uniformly average ∼200 Å in diameter. A moderate degree of orientation in the original tensile stress direction is observed. Implications drawn from craze structure for the existence of order in the glassy state are discussed.
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  • 102
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1483-1487 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Expansion of a small spherical hole in a highly elastic solid is treated theoretically. Both elastic and surface energy terms are considered; the corresponding surface forces are assumed to be additive. The surface energy of the elastomer is assumed to be similar to that of simple liquids. Pressures or triaxial tensions required to inflate pre-existing holes to an indefinitely large size are calculated. Small holes require extremely large pressures, of the order of 1000 atm for holes of 10 Å radius. These results suggest a means of determining the distribution of hole sizes in elastomers and account in principle for experimental observations of cavitation processes. Detachment of the elastomer from a small rigid inclusion is treated in a similar way. The general absence of dilation or cavitation on stretching carbon black-filled elastomers is thus accounted for solely in terms of the small size of these filler particles.
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  • 103
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    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1525-1537 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical and rheo-optical properties of a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer of a given chemical composition are dependent upon the morphology of the polymer as affected by the solvent system from which a polymer film is cast. Films cast from methyl ethyl ketone and from toluene are compared. Properties found to differ are the stress-strain curve, the birefringence-strain curve, stress relaxation birefringence relaxation, and the dynamic mechanical spectra.
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  • 104
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1585-1594 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A comparison is made between the experimentally obtained molecular weight distributions of nitric acid-oxidized polyethylene with a wide range of initial morphologies and the predictions of a random attack model. Deviations from the theoretical expectations are explained.
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  • 105
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1623-1626 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 106
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1721-1733 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric measurements of carefully purified specimens of polystyrene and poly(2,3,4 or 3,4-chlorostyrene) have been obtained at audio frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 20 kHz and at temperatures between 4 and 300°K. Each of the samples exhibits a dielectric loss maximum in the range 15-50°K. The temperature of the maximum loss decreases with the addition of a substituent which lowers the symmetry of the pendant phenyl group. The results are explained by a model which invokes a coupling mechanism between two distinct modes of side group motions. This same model also explains some results of previously reported measurements of mechanical losses in similar polymers.
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  • 107
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1755-1760 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Rates of crystallization of polyethylene fractions have been studied at high undercoolings by differential calorimetry to demonstrate the utility of this technique for fast crystallization analysis. It has been shown that there is continuity in the crystallization kinetics from low to high undercoolings. On the other hand, the influence of molecular weight on the crystallization rates, as the undercooling increases, is very moderate, as would be expected.
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  • 108
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1577-1583 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Melting temperatures were observed visually for poly-(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) in methylene chloride at nine concentrations (polymer weight fractions ranging from 0.0042 to 0.2362). The data were analyzed upon the assumptions that ΔHu and ΔSu, the molar heat and entropy of fusion per polymer unit, are constant over the temperature range studied, and that a Flory-Huggins chemical potential expression with a concentration-independent pair interaction parameter, χ1 = (0.5 + ψ1) + ψ1Φ/T, satisfactorily describes the polymer unit activity in the binary solutions. Computation gave ΔHu = 1404 cal/mole of units (therefore Δh = 11.7 cal/g), ψ1 = -0.5691, and Φ = 342.4°K. The effect of using various combinations of data points upon the values of these three parameters, as determined by least-squares linear regression treatment of the melting temperature expression, is indicated.
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  • 109
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1595-1618 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A combination of electron-microscopy, light-scattering, and stress-birefringence studies on chemically crosslinked polyurethanes point toward the existence of rodlike regions (“bundles”), approximately 3000-8000 Å in length and involving about 5% of the volume, in which molecular orientations are correlated. The elastic behavior of these networks - as indeed that of most rubberlike networks - deviates substantially from the Gaussian behavior. The empirical representation of the data in Mooney-Rivlin plots yields C1 and C2 constants which depend on the type of imposed strain. It is thus impossible to identify C1 with the Gaussian behavior and C2 with the deviation there-from. Instead, it is found that the elastic behavior can be adequately described if it is assumed that, as a result of the bundle structure, about 5% of the segments of each chain are not free to assume the normal random-walk configurations. The determination of the number of chains in the network from the elastic behavior remains ambiguous, however, and the behavior upon swelling is not (yet) adequately reproduced by the theory. It is conceivable that in many cases deviations from Gaussian elasticity behavior may be caused by an intermolecular structuring effect, rather than by various minor deficiencies in the Gaussian model for the single chain statistics or by anisotropic excluded volume effects, as has been proposed in the past. In the present case, the amount of bundle structure, as well as the C2/C1 values, increase with the number of urethane couplings per chain, and this suggests that the interaction of the highly polar urethane couplings is responsible for the structuring. In other networks one often finds a dependence of C2/C1 on the previous history of the sample, which suggests that an accidentally trapped order may be responsible for the elastic behavior.
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  • 110
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 725-733 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The site of chain scission and crosslinking in vulcanized natural rubber irradiated with 4 MeV electrons has been determined by analysis of stress relaxation data. Sulfur and peroxide vulcanizates of different crosslink densities were prepared and the crosslink densities determined from stress-strain measurements. Stress relaxation was measured during irradiation using modified commercial relaxometers. The specimens were maintained in an atmosphere of nitrogen to minimize oxidative side effects. Scission is deduced to take place in the vicinity of crosslinks, since the rate of continuous stress relaxation is independent of crosslink density. Scission may be associated both with crosslinks initially present and with those subsequently introduced by irradiation. Crosslinking by radiation is largely a random process. However, there is a crosslinking reaction dependent to a slight extent on crosslink density as well as a small contribution from random scission reactions. G values for the random reactions are given.
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  • 111
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 743-745 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 112
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 749-749 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 113
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 763-773 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Triad tacticity data obtained by NMR analysis have previously been interpreted in terms of two basic statistical models in order to elucidate the stereospecific polymerization mechanism. In this paper the characteristics of these two basic models for stereospecific polymerization, the enantiomorphic-sites (EMS) model, and the polymer-end control (PEC) model, are examined and compared. The tacticity values accessible to the two-parameter EMS model, which includes the influence of the chain end unit, are shown to be highly restricted. Only about 20% of the isotacticity versus syndiotacticity plot is accessible to this model. To this extent the consistency of a set of triad tacticity data with the model can be tested. No such tacticity limits are exhibited by the two-parameter PEC model, which includes the influence of the penultimate unit. Any set of tacticity values which can be interpreted in terms of the two-parameter EMS model can also be interpreted in terms of the two-parameter PEC model.
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  • 114
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 809-819 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A novel gas-flow method of measuring the diffusion, solubility, and permeability of gases and vapors in polymer films is described. The specific advantages of this system over the time-lag technique are discussed. Transport data, including activation energies and enthalpies of solutions, for hydrogen and deuterium in poly(vinyl fluoride) are presented, and the effects of the glass transition and of orientation on the observed transport rates are discussed.
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  • 115
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 867-877 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: SynopsisThe diffusion of six solvents in three crosslinked, glassy epoxy polymers is studied. Case II swelling and Fickian sorption are observed as two simple limiting cases. The mechanism of diffusion changes from one limit to another as the nature of the solvent or the crosslink density of the polymer is altered. With mixed solvents, properly chosen, a superposition of Fickian diffusion and case II swelling is observed.
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  • 116
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 897-907 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Poly-ε-caprolactone prepared by a dibutylzinc-catalyzed bulk polymerization process was fractionated, and the solution properties of the fractions were studied in benzene and in dimethylformamide. In these solvents at 30°C the Mark-Houwink relations were [η] = 9.94 × 10-5 Mw0.82 and [η] = 1.91 × 10-4 Mw0.73, respectively. The value of KΘ was found to vary from 1.1 to 1.2 × 10-3 when determined by three known extrapolation techniques. Poly-ε-caprolactone chains appear to be quite flexible in solution, and the steric hindrance parameter σ had the low value of 1.37. Root-mean-square end-to-end dimensions were approximated from the experimental data and calculated from the Debye-Bueche and the Kirkwood-Riseman theories.
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  • 117
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 983-992 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Interferometric studies have been made on cotton fibers as well as on twisted nylon filaments. The results so obtained provide strong evidence that the fibrils in the cotton fiber become less inclined to the fiber axis as one proceeds from the surface to the core. Also, studies on twisted nylon filaments by the fiber refractometer and Becke line techniques indicate that the latter, as practiced in this laboratory, does give values of refractive index which are heavily weighted towards the fiber periphery.
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  • 118
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1005-1019 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of T1ρ as a function of temperature have been made on three polyethylene oxides (PEO) with molecular weights of 550, 6000, and 2.8 × 106 in order to try to elucidate various problems arising in the interpretation of previous T1 measurements on PEO. In contrast to the T1 measurements, the T1ρ measurements show discontinuities at the melting or softening points of the respective polymers concerned, and also show nonexponential magnetization decay in the case of PEO 6000 and 2.8 × 106, which is presumbly due to the existence of “mobile” and “crystalline” regions, in qualitative agreement with NMR studies and x-ray measurements. Motional correlation frequencies and activation energies have been derived where possible by using the BPP theory adapted to the rotating frame and also the strong collision Slichter-Ailion theory. There is reasonable correlation with other data on motional frequencies where it is available, although the overall situation for the so-called α transition in PEO 6000 and 2.8 × 106 is still not clear. It is suggested that spin-diffusion is an important mechanism for all three polymers; for PEO 550 because it contains CH3 endgroups which act as sinks, and for the other two polymers where the mobile fraction performs the same function.
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  • 119
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1085-1099 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of infrared absorbance as a function of temperature down to 77°K have been made on poly(ethylene terephthalate). Transitions observed by other techniques such as torsion pendulum measurements are reflected in the infrared measurements by an abrupt change in the slope of the absorbance versus temperature. The infrared measurements are made on bands of known structural origin so the structures contributing to each transition can be determined. The β transition is shown by infrared to be a composite of two peaks with the lower-temperature portion arising from the amorphous regions and the higher-temperature portion from the crystalline regions.
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  • 120
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1119-1121 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 121
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1123-1150 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Stress, strain, and birefringence measurements have been carried out on swollen and unswollen networks of ′cis-1,4-polybutadiene polymers. Neither stress-strain nor birefringence-strain relations of unswollen specimens obey the Gaussian network theory, but both can be fitted by the Mooney-Rivlin equation. On the contrary, data on specimens swollen in tetralin, decalin, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride strictly obey the Gaussian network theory. Existing methods for evaluating the temperature coefficient of the unperturbed dimensions, d In 〈r2〉/dT, from the stress-temperature relation are applied to the present data and discussed in some detail. It is concluded that reliable values of d In 〈r2〉/dT are not obtainable from data on unswollen samples because of the pronounced non-Gaussian effect. The value 7.5 Å3 for the optical anisotropy Å3 (an alternative to the stress-optical coefficient) for unswollen specimens is markedly larger than values (5.8 Å3 on the average) for swollen specimens. This is interpreted as due to the shortrange orientational order among polymer segments. The quantities 〈r2〉, ΔΓ, and their temperature coefficients are calculated for both cis-1,4-polybutadiene and cis-1,4-polyisoprene chains, on the basis of the rotational isomeric state approximation for bond rotations. Values of ΔΓ for cis-1,4-polybutadiene calculated using Clément and Bothorel's set of anisotropic bond polarizabilities are in good agreement with observed values for swollen specimens. Those for cis-1,4-polyisoprene obtained using the same set of anisotropic bond polarizabilities are somewhat smaller than observed values for unswollen specimens. This departure is in the direction expected from the behavior of ΔΓ upon swelling (i.e., a decrease in ΔΓ upon swelling).
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  • 122
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1405-1414 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Molecular motions in poly(vinylidene fluoride) were studied by the dielectric technique. Three distinct absorption peaks (αc, αa, and β) were observed in the frequency range from 0.1 cps to 300 kcps and in the temperature range from -66 to 100°C. The molecular mechanisms for these absorptions and their temperature dependence are discussed, and results are compared with x-ray diffraction and the NMR measurements. It is concluded that the αc absorption located at 97°C (1 kcps) is related to molecular motion in the crystalline region. The αa absorption located at -27°C (1 kcps) can be interpreted as due to the micro-Brownian motion of the amorphous main chains. The β absorption located at -47°C (1 kcps) is attributed to local oscillation of the frozen main chains.
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  • 123
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1444-1449 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 124
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1559-1575 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric constant and dielectric loss of copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with n-butyl methacrylate (nBMA) and isobutyl methacrylate (iBMA) have been measured in the frequency range 30 cps to 1 Mcps at temperatures from 70°K to 370°K. Results lead, together with those of previously published investigations on copolymers of MMA, to the following conclusions. (1) The loss-peak temperature attributed to side-chain relaxation (β peak) of PMMA varies with the comonomer ratio when the comonomer does not have an α-methyl group, but remains almost unchanged for comonomers having an α-methyl group. (2) In both cases, the β peak height of PMMA decreases with increasing ratio of comonomer B and completely vanishes for poly-B, and the loss peak temperature plotted against the fraction of B does not extrapolate to the β peak of poly-B. It is suggested on the basis of the above facts that the moving unit in the side-chain relaxation consists of a single side chain with a segment of the backbone chain and that the change in mobility of the side chain upon copolymerization results from the distortion of the helical structure of the backbone chain due to random distribution of α-methyl groups. Dielectric studies of the low-temperature side-chain relaxation (β2 peak) in PnBMA, poly(n-octyl methacrylate), and poly(n-dodecyl methacrylate) (130°K at 1 kcps) have been made and an interpretation is offered for the molecular nature of this relaxation.
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  • 125
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 27-36 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Silica flocculated with a high molecular weight poly(DMVPMS) contains aggregates that are stable enough to permit size measurement with a Coulter counter. The average size of these aggregates increases up to a critical level of added polymer; the primary particles reappear at higher levels of added polymer. The aggregate size is reduced by continued mixing and the particle size distribution before flocculation is approached. Subsidence rates, equilibrium sediment volumes, and refiltration rates give somewhat different estimates of the degree of flocculation. Additional aggregation beyond that measured by the Coulter counter must be considered in the interpretation of these data. The decrease in floc strength during continued agitation is attributed to a disaggregation of the bridging polymer, to a decrease in the interparticle bonding of the bridging polymer, and to an increase in the surface coverage with polymer.
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  • 126
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 77-86 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The random depolymerization model of Montroll and Simha for originally homogeneous polymers is derived analytically by utilizing a weight distribution function approach not requiring the use of any approximations. The model is then extended to consider heterogeneous initial chains having an arbitrary chain length distribution. The probabilities for breakage are assumed to be identical for all bonds joining monomeric elements in the system and to be independent of chain length and position in the chain, assumptions also used in the model of Montroll and Simha. An expression is found for estimating the probability of bond breakage.
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  • 127
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 113-122 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Differences in structural parameters, shrinkage, and retractive forces have been compared for nylon 66 tire yarns annealed at several temperatures in silicone oil and in air. It is found that significantly different structural changes occur for oil-annealing and air-annealing. Retractive forces measured in hot oil are characterized by a high initial force, followed by a rapid decay and a second, more gradual, increase which is also followed by a decay at sufficiently high temperatures. In heated air, the first, short-term, retractive force is absent. It is postulated that these differences are due to the different rates of heat transfer at gas-solid and at liquid-solid interfaces, and that rapid heat transfer (as in the case of oil-annealing) promotes two mechanisms of molecular change which are characterized by different degrees of structural parameter change, and by different amounts of shrinkage.
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  • 128
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 163-170 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A resolution index for gel-permeation chromatograph (GPC) columns is defined by the relation log (RI) = αW, where RI is the resolution index, α is the slope of the calibration curve of logarithm of molecular weight against peak position for narrow polymer fractions, and W is the width of the GPC curves for narrow fractions. This resolution index is calculated approximately for several GPC columns individually and in series combinations by using data obtained on narrow fractions of polystyrene. The index increases with number of columns and with flow rate over a limited range of flow rate, does not vary much with solvent, and does not correlate well with plate count obtained with low molecular weight molecules. It is believed that the resolution index provides an improved indication of the performance of GPC columns.
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  • 129
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 219-229 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The compressibility of polyisobutylene and polystyrene above their glass transition temperature is treated as the sum of two parts; a free-volume compressibility and, as originally suggested by Bridgman, a compressibility of the molecules themselves. Two different models are used to treat the free-volume compressibility, and as a result values for the molecular compressibility are estimated. These are in reasonable agreement with other values in the literature. The magnitude of this “molecular compressibility” is then considered in relation to some existing treatments of intermolecular forces. These suggest that intermolecular contacts are more compressible than covalent bonds, and on this basis the observed levels of molecular compressibility can be explained.
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  • 130
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 297-307 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The molecular weight distributions of three polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) have been determined by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC), by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), and by precipitation fractionation. The GPC data are greatly improved by correction for band spreading. For a high molecular weight polymer the corrected distribution agrees closely with the theoretical molecular weight distribution calculated from polymerization kinetics.
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  • 131
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 357-375 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The assumed analogy between polymer solutions and polymer-network gels as regards the thermodynamics of swelling - a fundamental assumption implicit in all previous analyses of swelling measurements on gels, aimed at checking the statistical theories of rubber elasticity - is shown in fact to be rather limited. In particular, excluded volume effects, which play a dominant role in both solutions and gels, are quite different in the two types of systems. A new thermodynamic description of swelling equilibria, taking account of differences in excluded volume effects, is given, and analogies and differences between gels and solutions are pointed out.
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  • 132
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 405-410 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Multiphonon contributions to the directional phonon frequency functions are calculated for crystalline polyethylene. These results are compared to previously calculated one-phonon frequency functions.
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  • 133
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 429-429 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 134
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 515-524 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An x-ray study of poly(N-butyl isocyanate) (PBIC) was undertaken with the aim of providing the structural information required for the calculation of its ultraviolet absorption spectrum. Well defined diffraction patterns are obtained from powder samples and oriented films of the polymer cast from cyclohexane solution. All the reflections can be satisfactorily indexed in terms of a pseudo-hexagonal unit cell with a = 13.3 Å and c = 15.4 Å. This indexing and the intensity distribution lead to the conclusion that PBIC has a helical structure with a translation of 1.94 Å and a rotation of 135° per monomeric unit (i.e., the c axis corresponds to 8 units in 3 helical turns). In the absence of single-crystal data on closely similar model compounds, a range of possible bond lengths and angles was assumed. The atomic coordinates of the chromophoric group of PBIC were then computed using the restrictions imposed by the helical parameters. From an investigation of all the assumed range of bond lengths and angles, a few closely similar structures having no unacceptably short van der Waals contacts were found. A comparison of calculated and measured densities indicates that there are two molecules per unit cell. Construction of space-filling models of PBIC supports this conclusion.
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  • 135
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 563-574 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Solution parameters for the polymer poly-γ-trifluoro-propylmethylsiloxamer has been determined in cyclohexyl acetate, methyl hexanoate, and ethyl acetate. Interpretation of data follows the theory of Fox and Flory. In contrast to poly-dimethylsiloxane, an increased steric hindrance to rotation about the siloxane bond occurs as evidenced by the characteristic ratio of root-mean-square end to end dimensions, (r02/r0f2)1/2, found to be 1.90 and 1.96 at 25.0 and 72.8°C, respectively. This increase is considered to be primarily due to nearest-neighbor interaction of the polar substituent on the silicon atom. The relation, [η]θ ∝ M1/2, was observed to hold for this polymer system. The hydrodynamic model appropriate for the polymer is a random coil considerably more permeable to solvent flow than is generally reported for linear polymers. The universal parameter φ was determined to be 1.5 × 1021. The effect of temperature on polymer configuration is indicated to be negligible.
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  • 136
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1281-1282 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 137
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1357-1366 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Three types of commercial styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer were fractionated by coacervate extraction and by column-elution techniques. Both methods were studied with two different solvent-nonsolvent pairs. Glass wool was used as the support material in the column. Fractionation by the coacervate extraction method was studied with benzene-triethylene glycol as a solvent-nonsolvent system at 60°C and with dichloromethane-triethylene glycol at 25°C. Column elution was carried out with acetone-methanol as the solvent-nonsolvent system at 30°C, and with dichloromethane-methanol at 20°C. Results of excellent reproducibility were obtained by these two methods. Characterization of fractions involved determination of both the molecular weight and chemical composition. It was established that the fractionation of the samples tested was dependent upon molecular weight only. The two methods described above are compared. Each gives an efficient procedure for fractionation of styrene-acrylonitrile copolymers.
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  • 138
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1451-1459 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The adiabatic compressibility for two samples (F-1 with DP-3748 and F-2 with DP-2114) of poly(4-vinyl-N-n-butylpyridinium bromide) in aqueous solution has been determined from ultrasonic velocity and density data. The sample (F-1) with the higher degree of polymerization shows comparatively higher velocity and density in solution. However, the evidence for the difference in compressibility is not very decisive. The apparent molal volume ΦV2 and apparent molal compressibility ΦK2 for F-1 are found to be slightly higher than for F-2. In aqueous solution, the decrement of adiabatic compressibility per unit concentration, (β1 - β)/c, is found to be almost constant throughout the entire concentration range, whereas in the presence of excess added electrolyte (1.0M KBr solution), the compressibility decrement shows a decrease with dilution. The latter values are lower than those found in water, since the molecules, in the presence of excess electrolyte, are coiled up more and are less compressible. The ΦV2 and ΦK2 values in water are constant throughout the entire concentration range, as the free counterions formed on dissociation in the dilute region are not solvated and hence contribute little to the compressibility. On the other hand, in the presence of excess KBr (1.0M), the ΦV2 and ΦK2 values show a sharp decrease with increase of polyelectrolyte concentration and finally attain a constant value. This is explained by the fact that because of the formation of a charge-transfer complex between the bromide ion and the polycation, more than the equivalent number of bromide ions is bound, leaving free an equal amount of K+ ions which are solvated and cause the lowering of apparent volumes and compressibilities. Condensation of charges begins at a certain polyelectrolyte concentration, and no further increase of K+ ions is observed. A special situation arises in 0.1M KBr solution. The ΦV2 and ΦK2 values at first increase sharply with increase of polyelectrolyte concentration, but then level off to attain a constant value, at comparatively high concentration. In 2.0% poly(4-vinyl-N-n-butylpyridinium bromide) solution, the concentration of polymer repeat unit (0.08M) is almost equal to the concentration of the added electrolyte (0.1M KBr) used to suppress dissociation. As the polyelectrolyte concentration in 0.1M KBr solution is progressively decreased, more bromide ions are made available for forming the charge-transfer complex with the polycation, leaving the K+ ions free to contribute to the compressibility.
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  • 139
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1495-1511 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements are reported of the vapor pressures and the heats and volumes of mixing of solutions of poly(ethylene glycol dimethyl ether) in chloroform and in carbon tetrachloride. The measurements have been used to calculate the thermodynamic mixing functions for mixing with zero volume change. These values have been compared with the predictions of the lattice theory of mixtures at three different levels of approximation, viz., the generalized “first approximation” theory of Barker, the “zeroth approximation” theory, and the Flory theory. In the hydrogen-bonding chloroform solutions the Barker theory is more successful than the other forms of the lattice theory. The results have also been used, in conjunction with those for solutions of poly(propylene glycol dimethyl ether) in the same two solvents, to test the ability of the Barker theory to correlate the properties of related systems. Good correlation is found between the two carbon tetrachloride solutions but not between the chloroform solutions. It is probable that the side-chain methyl groups in the propylene oxide repeating unit cause the hydrogen-bonding interaction to be weaker in this polymer than it is in the polymer with the ethylene oxide repeating unit.
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  • 140
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1627-1638 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new type of long-range interaction between chain segments and solvent molecules in a polymer molecule is introduced. It can be depicted as an “interfacial” free energy, due to the more or less diffuse interface between the interior of a polymer coil and the surrounding solvent. Flory's calculation of the coil expansion α is extended for this effect, by using theoretical approaches developed by van der Waals, Cahn and Hilliard, and Debye for inhomogeneous systems (interfaces). It is found that Flory's equation for α is replaced by: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \alpha ^5 - \alpha ^3 = 2C_M \psi _1 M^{1/2} \left[ {1 - \left( {\theta /T} \right) + \left( {15/2\alpha ^2 } \right)\left( {\theta /T} \right)\left( {l^2 /\overline {r_0^2 } } \right)} \right] $\end{document} where the last term is due to the “interfacial” free-energy correction. The Debye molecular interaction length l is also found in theories on light scattering of binary mixtures near the critical solution temperature. An important result of this equation is that at T = θ, α is not equal to unity, as before, but somewhat larger, depending on the molar mass of the polymer and the solvent type. A calculation shows that the “interfacial” free energy correction may contribute substantially to the “solvent” effects on the expansion of a polymer molecule at the θ temperature, as has recently been reported in the literature.
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  • 141
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1695-1704 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Hv cloverleaf scattering pattern sometimes found for amorphous polymers can arise from the birefringent region caused by the strain surrounding a void or an inclusion in a polymer. The form of such a pattern may be theoretically explained by extension of a theory due to Goldstein.
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  • 142
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 257-270 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The orientation of crystallites grown isothermally in several drawn trans-polychloroprene networks is studied as a function of crystallization temperature tx, degree of crystallinity ω, and elongation ratio α. The orientation distribution is particularly simple for this polymer since the crystallographic c axis (chain axis) orients preferentially along the stretching direction, while a and b are randomly arranged about c. Hence the parameter cos2 χc adequately characterizes the distribution, where χc is the angle between the c axis and the fiber axis, and the average is taken over all crystallites. A treatment due to Krigbaum and Roe is utilized to obtain values of v (the number of statistical segments comprising the crystallization nucleus of critical size) through comparison of the average orientation of crystallites and amorphous statistical segments. The behavior observed falls into two categories. First, if the initial amorphous network is well oriented, 〈cos2 χc〉 is independent of crystallinity during both crystallization and melting, and v varies with tz (or the degree of supercooling) as predicted by nucleation theory. If different networks are to have the same crystallite orientation distribution, they must not only be crystallized at the same supercooling, but must also have the same distribution of amorphous segment orientations. Both the relative elongation and the network crosslink density affect the latter distribution. Next, we consider the second category. If the initial amorphous orientation is poor, 〈cos2 χc〉 decreases linearly during crystallization and increases along approximately the same path during melting. Further, 〈cos2 χc〉 for a given tz yields v values which are too large. These two behaviors can be explained if, in the former case, nucleation involves the best oriented statistical segments of all network chains, while in the latter there is a selection according to the chain displacement vector orientation. Thus, if the amorphous orientation is poor, both the orientation and thermodynamic stability of the crystallites decreases with further crystallization. If this decreased stability is reflected in shorter fold lengths, the reversible variation of long period spacing with temperature reported earlier for an oriented polychloroprene network can also be explained as a preferential melting process.
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  • 143
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 377-388 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The design of a differential thermal analysis apparatus for use at elevated pressure is described. Experiments on melting and crystallization of folded-chain crystals of polyethylene and poly(ethylene-butene-1) copolymer, and melting of extended-chain polyethylene crystals have been conducted at pressures up to 4200 bars. The precision in transition temperature measurement was ±1°C. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation predicts the melting point increase with pressure at atmospheric pressure to be 32.0°C/kb. The melting point depression due to copolymerization remained constant over the complete pressure range analyzed on the poly(ethylene-butene-1) used in this study. Crystallization of polyethylene is retarded at elevated pressures, and a 50% larger degree of supercooling is necessary at 5000 bars to give a crystallization rate equal to that observed at atmospheric pressure. The difference in melting point between folded-chain and extended-chain polyethylene increases from 8.4°C at 1 bar to 25.6°C at 3000 bars.
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  • 144
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 423-424 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 145
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 431-431 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 146
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polymer crystals are characterized by strong anisotropy of binding forces among units, i.e., the intrachain force constant f is much larger than the interchain force constant g. The anisotropic lattice is reduced to an isotropic one, in which each lattice point represents N* units (segment) along the chain axis of the anisotropic lattice [N = 2(f/g)1/2]. Vibrational modes of the reduced lattice correspond to interchain modes of the original lattice, i.e., modes whose frequencies are governed by interchain potential. Anharmonicity of crystalline force field is assumed to be related predominantly with interchain force alone. Thermodynamic and transport equations for a simple lattice are applied to the reduced, isotropic lattice, and numerical results are obtained for high-density polyethylene. The Grüneisen constant γ was obtained from the pressure dependence of sound velocity. The heat capacity of the reduced lattice, Cinter (interchain specific heat), was calculated from Grüneisen's equation, α = γβCinter (where α = thermal expansion coefficient, β = compressibility), and the mass of a segment m* was estimated from Dulong-Petit's equation, Cinter = 3ρk/m* (where ρ = density, k = Boltzmann constant). The value of m* is consistent with N* from force constants, m* = N*m (where m = mass of a unit in the original lattice). m*θ3 (where θ denotes the Debye temperature of the reduced lattice) is calculated from low temperature specific heat. The value of m* calculated from m*θ3 and θ from other sources agrees with that from the estimate by Dulong-Petit's equation. The high-temperature thermal conductivity K was calculated through Leibfried-Schloemann's equation by employing γ and m*θ3 as estimated as described above; satisfactory agreement was obtained with experiment. Poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene were also studied by similar methods.
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  • 147
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 253-254 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 148
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 309-324 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The Huggins and Kraemer equations generally used to determine intrinsic viscosity frequently do not yield identical results, and their constants often do not add up to 1/2 as is mathematically required. To overcome these difficulties an equation has been deduced which through linear plots gives unambiguous intrinsic viscosities, constants which meet the 1/2 condition, as well as two other flow constants. Extensive tests of the equation with precise data on solutions of poly(methyl methacrylates) and polystyrenes in benzene and toluene confirm the validity of the new equation in every respect. It is further shown that the four constants involved are interrelated, and that it is possible to express the values of three of these in terms of the fourth.
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  • 149
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    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The mechanical anisotropy of regenerated cellulose films is investigated, first, on the basis of the theory of infinitesimal elasticity. Fairly good agreement of calculated with observed results is obtained on the basis of orthogonal anisotropy with respect to the machine direction and the transverse and thickness directions of the films. The shear modulus G23 along the film plane and the Poisson ratio v32 are 1.5 times; 102 kg/mm2 and about 0.4, respectively, in the standard dry state. Second, the mechanical anisotropy in three different dry states is analyzed in terms of the degree of biaxial orientation of two kinds of structural units, cellulose II crystallites and noncrystalline chain segments, and their mechanical anisotropy. The calculation for averaging the mechanical anisotropies of these structural units on the basis of the homogeneous strain hypothesis gives results much higher than the experimental data, whereas the calculation on the basis on the homogeneous stress hypothesis gives results rather lower than experiment. As a modification of the two extreme calculations, a different averaging gives considerably better agreement between the calculated and observed results. The mechanical anisotropy in the wet state is further analyzed primarily in terms of the degree of biaxial orientation of noncrystalline chains by a modification of Krigbaum treatment, based on application of the kinetic theory of entropy elasticity for semicrystalline polymers, to anisotropic systems. The calculation gives results, however, much lower than those obtained experimentally, unless the ratio of the end-to-end distance of the noncrystalline chain to its fully stretched length is taken as unusually large. This may be due to underestimation of the contribution of the crystalline phase to terms of the same type as appear in the Krigbaum treatment.
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  • 150
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 425-427 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 151
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1259-1274 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Model fibers of polyethylene and nylon 6 were strained in the direction of the fiber axis and the internal deformation of the samples was studied by large-angle and small-angle x-ray diffraction. The compression of samples along the fiber axis was successfully carried out, and the results obtained by x-ray methods yielded more interesting information on the structure of the fibers than was obtained in extension. A model for the structure of the fiber was constructed on the basis of the results on compressed fibers. In this model, crystals are distributed in cylindrical symmetry around the fiber axis keeping a crystal axis tangential to circles in the section normal to the fiber axis. The characteristic crystal axis is the b axis in polyethylene and the a axis in nylon 6. The chain axis of the crystals varies in orientation with respect to the fiber axis. In compression of fibers with such a structure, the crystals rotate around the characteristic axis indicated above. In the case of nylon 6 fiber, only this simple rotation seems to occur, while additional changes occur in polyethylene fibers. However, the simple rotation predominates even in polyethylene fibers. This fiber structure is correlated with the structure of thin films of the materials. This similarity proves the existence of a common mechanism for the origin of the structure of fibers and films.
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  • 152
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1367-1378 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thin films of polyethylene prepared from blends of fractionated polymer and a linear hydrocarbon (n-C32H66) have been used to study the role of intercrystalline links in the deformation of semicrystalline polymer under uniaxial stress. These links have been found to be strong and virtually inextensible elements of the structure. It is shown that they are firmly attached to the chain-folded lamellar crystals they bridge (both within the same spherulite and across boundaries between adjacent spherulites) and that, by concentrating applied stress, they commonly induce these lamellae to begin yielding in regions close to their points of attachment. Where there are many closely spaced links the stress is distributed fairly evenly, and drawing is relatively smooth and uniform. With more sparsely distributed links, however, stresses tend to be concentrated at widely separated points; deformation then tends to be severe and highly localized, often resulting in failure of the material upon drawing. There are indications that stress is also transmitted between chain-folded lamellae in ways other than by intercrystalline links. One such way is by means of chain ends and molecular loops that emerge from the surfaces of these crystals and are embedded in interlamellar material. Experiments in which the deformed films were subsequently heated confirm earlier conclusions that extended chains in drawn polymer may undergo refolding during annealing.
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  • 153
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1539-1558 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The scattering patterns are calculated from anisotropic rods having an arbitrary angle of the polarizability axis with respect to the rod axis. The effect of a distribution of orientation of the rods is explored. This leads to a change in scattering patterns produced by orienting the rods upon stretching the sample. The scattering patterns are affected by the relationship between the refractive indexes of the rods and that of the surroundings. The influence of the optic axis orientation angle changing upon orienting the rods is explored. Theoretical patterns are compared with experimental ones obtained upon stretching polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) films.
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  • 154
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 993-1003 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of ultraviolet radiation on dilute aqueous solutions of poly(acrylic acid) and of other polyelectrolytes were studied by viscosity measurements in connection with the effects of ionizing radiation. It was found that ultraviolet light of wavelength below about 2300 Å brought about degradation of polymer chains mainly by indirect action via water, while light of wavelength above 2300 Å caused degradation by direct action in some polymers. It was deduced from the experiments that the protective effect of NaCl could be largely attributed to a decrease in the indirect action. It was also found that a low concentration of methanol was effective in preventing degradation by direct action, although methanol promoted degradation when present in high concentration. Since the promotive effect was not observed when light of wavelength below 3700 Å was eliminated by a filter, this effect was attributed to active products of the irradiation of methanol.
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  • 155
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1075-1084 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Raman spectra have been obtained for a typical poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) of low crystallinity and for a highly crystalline sample of syndiotactic PVC obtained by irradiation of a urea-canal complex. Raman measurements have been made on the three different ordered chain structures possible for ordinary PVC. Extended and folded conformations for the syndiotactic structure and a helical structure for the isotactic molecule obey different selection rules and have different dichroic properties in the infrared and Raman spectra. The observed Raman spectrum is consistent with the model of the extended syndiotactic conformation for crystalline PVC. With the new Raman data some additional assignments can be made in the vibrational spectra of PVC.
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  • 156
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 909-927 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Non-Newtonian shear viscosities were measured over six decades of strain rate k for 13 solutions of both the ionic and nonionic forms of polyacrylamide. By using the Weissenberg rheogoniometer with both the cone-and-plate and the parallel-plate attachments, the normal stress functions σ1 (k2) and σ2(k2) were obtained for four of the solutions. From the measurements of the shear viscosity and the normal stresses at low rates of strain, characteristic times τ and τN, respectively, were determined for each solution. The quantity τ was then used to nondimensionalize the strain rate τk, and when plotted versus the reduced shear viscosity, found successfully to correlate the experimental data for all the polyelectrolyte solutions over the entire range of τk and the data for the concentrated solutions of the nonionic polymer over a smaller range of τk. However, in order to correlate the normal stress data for the polyelectrolyte solutions, a second reduced strain rate (τNk) was used. Thus, two different times were required to correlate all the observed data. The shear viscosity data for the dilute solutions of the nonionic polymer were well represented by the two-parameter, non-Newtonian intrinsic viscosity function that has been computed by Fixman.
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  • 157
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1279-1279 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 158
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1919-1935 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Batch polymerizations of vinyl acetate were conducted at 60°C and 72°C, and rate constants for branching were established from the variation of M̄n and M̄w with extent of conversion. The calculated branching densities (branch points per polymer molecule) are slightly higher at 72°C for all conversions. Selected samples were saponified and reacetylated to determine the amount of branching through the acetate group. Changes in M̄n, M̄w, and [η] indicate 63%, 75%, and 70%, respectively, of saponificable branches. These percentages are independent of branching density in the original polymer. Molecular weights extrapolated to zero conversion appear to be unchanged by saponification and reacetylation, showing that short chain branching through the acetate group is absent, or at least very infrequent.
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  • 159
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1987-1994 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The thickness of the interphase layer as a function of time at 160°C has been determined directly in a microheterogeneous polymer mixture, and the layer thickness between two bonded sheets has also been measured by phase-contrast microscopy. Two mixtures of polymers, isotatic polypropylene with polyethylene and poly(vinyl chloride) with polyethylene, were prepared by mixing size-sorted powders in suspension, followed by evaporating the suspension medium and compacting the powdered mixtures. The mutual penetration initially obeyed Fick's second law; then diffusion was retarded and stopped after 15-20 min. An equilibrium state was reached which did not correspond to the classical thermodynamic equilibrium, at which the so-called equilibrium thickness of the interphase layer for the pair isotactic polypropylene-polyethylene was about 28,000 Å and for the pair poly(vinyl chloride)-polyethylene was about 89,600 Å. The equilibrium values can be used as a quantitative criterion for the compatibility of the polymer pairs.
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  • 160
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2029-2041 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Drawing of single-crystal mats of linear polyethylene has been investigated. Drawing is possible at temperatures higher than about 90°C. The drawing is accompanied by distinct necking, with a large decrease in the thickness of the mat and a very high maximum draw ratio, sometimes over 30. The maximum draw ratio is approximately proportional to the thickness of the lamellae. This behavior strongly suggests the unfolding of chains during drawing. A change of orientation of crystal axes occurs before necking without change of lamellar orientation. The a axis orients in the drawing direction; the b axis orients perpendicular to the direction of drawing; and the chain axis tilts away from the thickness direction of the mat. The structure of films drawn from mats is characterized by a distinct double orientation of crystals. This biaxial orientation in the drawn films has a high degree of correlation with the orientation of crystal axes observed before necking, and suggests that necking takes place in such a way that the chain tilts gradually about the b axis and ultimately unfolds. The postulate of formation of transitory two-dimensional crystals in necking seems useful in explaining the double orientation in the drawn film. The orientation behavior of crystal axes observed before necking is not always similar to that observed in the deformation of a single crystal. The difference is thought to be due to the effect of forces induced by drawing that act in the direction normal to the lamellae within a mat.
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  • 161
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2073-2089 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dilatometric melting experiments were performed on an extended-chain crystalline polyethylene with a broad molecular weight distribution and on four samples crystallized from fractionated polyethylenes. The melting curves were compared with computer calculations based on the assumption of eutectic separation. For the fraction of lowest molecular weight, agreement between experiment and calculation was achieved. The melting behavior of all other samples indicated that only for molecular weights up to 10,000-12,000 did eutectic separation occur. The higher molecular weight portion of each sample crystallized in the form of mixed crystals. Of the experimental maximum melting-point lowering of these mixed crystals, 0.1-0.9°C is due to the lower molecular weight diluents. Another 2-3°C lowering in melting point is due to the fact that the phase diagram of polyethylene mixed crystals has a minimum.
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  • 162
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2139-2140 
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 163
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2144-2144 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 164
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1835-1861 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Dielectric relaxation processes observed in solid polar polymers seem to be generally classified into three kinds. Amorphous polymers with flexible polar side groups usually show two kinds of relaxation process. The high-temperature process is attributed to the large scale conformational rearrangements of the main chains, while the low-temperature one results from the motion of side groups. We shall call the former αa relaxation and the latter β relaxation, where the subscript refers to the amorphous phase. Even in amorphous polymers without flexible side groups, two processes are observed. The molecular mechanism of high temperature one is the same as the αa relaxation. The low-temperature one is due to the “local relaxation mode” of the main chains. We shall call it also β relaxation because of the similarity of the observed characteristics. Semicrystalline polymers show two relaxation processes classified as αa and β, although their behavior is modified by crystallization. When the crystallinity is greatly increased, a third relaxation process with associated with crystalline phase appears. We shall call it αc relaxation, where the subscript means the crystalline phase. The effects of chemical structure, stereoregularity, pressure, and crystallization on the dielectric behavior can be explained consistently based on the above molecular mechanisms.
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  • 165
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1907-1918 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A new apparatus for investigating dynamic strain birefringence in polymer films at frequencies up to 10 Hz and at various degrees of internal sample orientation is described. Samples are elongated at constant low rates while simultaneously being strained sinusoidally. Fast changes in sample retardance are recorded while slow changes are automatically compensated with a servo-controlled Soleil-Babinet compensator. The signal-to-noise ratio of the system is greatly enhanced by incorporating a highly monochromatic laser light source, a synchronous amplifier, and a light beam modulator based on a rotating polarizer. Data obtained from this apparatus can be used to elucidate polymer relaxation mechanisms at various frequencies over a wide range of static strains.
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  • 166
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1895-1905 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A simple, practical calculation procedure has been developed for predicting the changes in molecular weight distribution of a polymer undergoing random crosslinking and/or degradation. Simulations of the random crosslinking and degradation of narrow and broad Poisson-type distributions have been made. The results agree with those calculated from Kimura's analytical solutions to Saito's general equations after a correction has been made for a mathematical error in Kimura's solution. This method can be applied to determining the probabilities of crosslinking and scission for any arbitrary molecular weight distribution expressed in tabular form. The importance of using narrow distribution samples to estimate crosslinking from changes in molecular weight distribution is graphically demonstrated.
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  • 167
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1965-1982 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Raman spectra are described for the three crystalline modifications of polybutene-1. The Raman frequencies are compared with infrared results and give good agreement. A normal-coordinate analysis for A-mode vibrations is presented for five possible helical conformations. The behavior of several calculated helix-sensitive bands is characterized. These results are applied to the experimental Raman frequencies and lead to the prediction of a 103 helix for the orthorhombic form III modification.
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  • 168
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1995-2004 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Solution characterization measurements indicate that cylization of the polyamic acid from 2,4-diaminoisopropylbenzene and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) to the polyimide can be effected with small change in number-average degree of polymerization. An increase in weight-average molecular weight on conversion to polyimide is attributed to branching side reactions. Inherent viscosities of polyimides from 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether and PMDA decreased slowly with time in concentrated (97%) sulfuric acid, probably as a result of hydrolytic cleavage. The zero-time viscosity intercepts were related to both the precursor and the estimated polyimide molecular weight. The latter gave ηinh (c = 0.5% solids) = 2.76 × 10-3M̄0.53w for 60,000 〈 Mw 〈 300,000. The exponent is near the lower limit of 0.5 found in theta solvents. The characteristic ratio of the root-mean-square end-to-end distance of a chain to the square root of its molecular weight is 1.1 Å and the steric factor is 1.1; these results suggest that the unperturbed polyimide chain is almost as extended as an equivalent freely rotating chain, a general feature of long-bonded polymers with p-phenylene rings in the chain backbone.
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  • 169
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2051-2059 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A report on crystallization of polyethylene at elevated pressures to an extended-chain morphology is presented. The crystals have been characterized by electron microscopy and density determination. Pressure, supercooling (temperature), and crystallization time have been varied to find the best conditions for production of perfect crystals. At 10-30°C supercooling completely crystallized polyethylene was obtained between 4.5 and 7 kb crystallization pressure in 1-8 hr. Analysis of fracture surfaces of samples crystallized for different lengths of time shows an increase in size and number of crystal lamellae and an improvement of extended chain crystals in the early stages of crystallization. A further improvement of the less well crystallized material between the lamellae occurs after 15 min of crystallization time.
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  • 170
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2099-2113 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polyethylene crystals of different degrees of perfection were annealed at 5.1 kb pressure for 20 hr at various temperatures and analyzed by electron microscopy, thermal analysis, and density determination. No annealing took place until the temperature was close to the melting point of the starting material. Up to 235°C increasing solidstate annealing was observed. Mixed crystals of up to 0.989 g/cm3 density and 1500 Å thickness in the chain direction could be produced. At slightly higher temperature recrystallization to extended-chain crystals rather than annealing occurred. The annealing process at atmospheric pressure seems to be similar in nature, but takes much longer for comparable perfection. From a comparison of annealing and crystallization it is concluded that polymer crystallization goes through a stage of internally imperfect order during which most of the observed chain extension occurs. Estimates of this outer imperfect layer of a growing crystal place its depth at 30,000 Å.
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  • 171
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1735-1744 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The infrared absorption of poly(ethylene glycol) was measured in the molten state. Characteristic bands of the molten state were identified. Normal vibrations and frequency distributions were treated for various conformation models with CH2CH2O repeat units. The infrared absorption peaks of the molten state closely correspond to the frequency distribution peaks of the TGT conformation with gauche O—CH2—CH2—O groups, although infrared bands due to trans O—CH2—CH2—O groups are also observed. Vibrational assignments of the infrared bands and Raman lines were made on the basis of potential energy distributions.
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  • 172
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    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is finding increasing utility in investigations of the pyrolysis and combustion behavior of materials. Although a theoretical treatment of the TGA behavior of an idealized reaction is relatively straight-forward, major complications can be introduced when the reactions are complex, e.g., in the pyrolysis of cellulose, and when experimental imperfections arise. Consequently, a fairly large number of analytical methods have been proposed for obtaining kinetic parameters from TGA curves. Among the proposed methods are several graphical procedures, mostly involving relatively inaccurate tehniques, such as obtaining slopes on a rapidly changing curve. Included among the proposed procedures is one which permits a linear plot of TGA data. The sensitivity with which such a plot can be used to identify and correct for a variety of experimental complications seems to have escaped even the proponents of the techniques. This paper provides an illustration of the use of this graphical procedure in a hypothetical first-order pyrolysis typical of those occurring in the TGA behavior of cellulose.
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  • 173
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1819-1833 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Annealed polyethylene single crystals have been degraded with fuming nitric acid, and the molecular weight distribution of the fragments determined by using a gel-permeation chromatograph. Peaks due to chain folding were observed in these distributions as for unannealed single crystals. The peaks moved to lower molecular weight with increasing degradation time. Comparison of the lowest molecular weight peak length after a given degradation time with the low-angle x-ray periodicity before degradation gave information about a disordered surface layer. The thickness of this layer at early states of degradation was dependent solely on annealing temperature, though changes in the layer must have occurred with annealing time, since there was an increase in reaction rate with annealing time. At higher degradation states, the thickness of the layer was dependent solely on the original low-angle periodicity. This has been related to the depth at which some folds are buried beneath the lamellar surfaces. The relevance of these observations to the structure of annealed single crystals is discussed.
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  • 174
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 1955-1964 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The intrinsic viscosity ratio [η]B/[η]L was calculated as a function of average branching density for trifunctionally branched, free-radical polymers. Calculations were made for the g1/2, g3/2, and h3 rules, using realistic distributions of molecular weights and branches. Experimental data on branched poly(vinyl acetate) lay between the curves obtained from the g1/2 and h3 relations.
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  • 175
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2019-2028 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The diffusion studies of several solvents in epoxy polymer reported by Kewi and Zupko in Part I of this series are explained with the solution obtained from the generalized diffusion equation which includes the internal stress contribution. The rate of permeation of a penetrant through a polymer film and the time lag needed to reach steady state are also given for the generalized diffusion equation.
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  • 176
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2043-2050 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: This is the first paper of a series of reports concerning extended-chain crystals of flexible, linear high polymers. The general conditions for crystal growth are discussed. Polymer crystallization is described as a two-step process: nucleation of each crystallizing molecule to a folded-chain conformation, followed by an increase in fold length in a solid-state reorganization step. This reorganization step is enhanced in the case of polyethylene by crystallization at high temperature under elevated pressure. Mechanical deformation during crystallization is also able to produce extended-chain crystals. The most promising method, however, is crystallization during polymerization. Previous work on crystallization of polyethylene under elevated pressure is critically reviewed.
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  • 177
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2091-2097 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Differential thermal analysis and electron microscopy of partially molten, extended-chain polyethylene crystals, grown under elevated pressure, was performed. It could be shown that melting peaks on the low temperature side of the main melting peak are due to narrowly distributed, low molecular weight polymer segregated in extended-chain crystals. Superheating of crystals before melting increased with molecular weight and chain extension. The melting mechanism of extended chain crystals was shown to be a successive peeling off of chains which leaves the chain extension constant up to melting of the last crystal trace.
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  • 178
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    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 7 (1969), S. 2140-2141 
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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  • 179
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 180
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 1-1 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 181
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 2-2 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 182
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 3-9 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 19F and 31P decoupling experiments are used to simplify the proton spectra of para-substituted derivatives of triphenyl phosphine, prior to 1H-{1H} tickling experiments. 3J(31P…H) and 4J(31P…H) are positive, and 5J(31P…19F) is negative in the trivalent phosphorus derivatives, and all become more positive as the valency of the phosphorus atom is increased. A triple resonance experiment is used to show that 7J(31P…H) in [p-CH3C6H4CH2P⊕(C6H5)3] is negative. The double resonance technique is used to relate the 31P chemical shifts to the tetramethylsilane resonant frequency.
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  • 183
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 88-89 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 184
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 90-92 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 185
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969) 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 186
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The theory for deceptive simplicity in the NMR spectra of oriented molecules is discussed in terms of degeneracy of subspectra. The conditions for the degeneracy of AB, AB2 and AA′BB′ spectra leading to deceptive simplicity in the spectra of the type ABX, AB2X, AA′BB′X and AA′XX′ are reported.It is shown that the conditions for deceptive simplicity are easily fulfilled for ABX, AA′BB′X and AA′XX′ cases. It is further demonstrated that deceptive simplicity is not so common in AB2X spectra.The proton spectra of partially oriented 2,4,5-trichloronitrobenzene (AB) and 2,6-dibromo-pyridine (AB2) are use to illustrate degeneracy and those of p-chloro- and p-bromo-fluorobenzenes are reported to demonstrate deceptive simplicity.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
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  • 187
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 101-108 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An NMR study of some bridged bicyclo and tricyclo compounds yielded unusual spectra with respect to solvent effects and virtual coupling. As is the general case for most large polycyclic systems a complete analysis of the spectrum is not possible and the structural details derived from NMR are based on a partial analysis of the spectrum. If the accessible resonances correspond to protons adjacent to methylene groups, the resonance patterns and the chemical shifts may be strongly dependent upon solvent. For 6-endo-hydroxy, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,endo-carboxylic acid lactone (1), 6-endo-hydroxy, 2-exo-methyl-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-endo-carboxylic acid lactone (2), and exo-3,4,exo-8,9-diepoxy, endo-tricyclo[5,2,1,02,6]decane (3), resonances for each fall in this class and the change induced by solvent are attributed to virtual coupling as well as a change in the overall splitting pattern.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 188
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 109-123 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The barriers to rotation about the C—N bond in eighteen substituted N,N-dimethylbenzamides have been determined by complete line shape analysis of the NMR spectra of the N,N-dimethyl protons. The barriers have been correlated with the substituent constants σ and σ+. It has been shown that polar solvents increase the barrier in N,N-dimethylbenzamide.Acid catalysis of rotation about the amide C—N bond in N-(p-N,N-dimethylcarboxamidobenzyl)-pyridinium bromide has been investigated. 18O exchange studies show that catalysis is due to N-protonation rather than the formation of a tetrahedral intermediate. The rate of rotation is a function of the Hammett acidity function, H0, and the water activity, and it is shown that proton exchange between the N- and O-protonated species involves the intermediacy of a water molecule.The differences in chemical shifts for the non-equivalent N, N-dimethyl groups of the benzamides are also a function of the substituents. Possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
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  • 189
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 190-190 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 190
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The ring inversion of cyclohexane derivatives with one, two and three pairs of geminal methyl and alkoxyl groups has been studied by investigations of the temperature dependence of the NMR signals.The rate of the inversion depends on the number and the relative positions of the ligand pairs as well as on their size. A single pair of geminal ligands has only a very slight effect on the inversion rate. Two ligand pairs hinder the inversion when they are in the 1 and 4 positions relative to one another, but facilitate it when they are in the 1 and 3 positions. In both cases the effects are smaller with methoxyl groups than with methyl groups.Three ligand pairs significantly increase the inversion rate when they are in the 1, 3 and 5 positions, but reduce it when they are in the 1, 2 and 4 positions.The effect of 1,3 substituents is attributed to an increase in the energy of the ground state of the molecules whereas the effect of 1,4 arranged substituents is attributed to an increase in the energy of the transition state of the chair inversion.
    Notes: Mittels der Temperaturabhängigkeit der Protonenresonanzsignale wurde die sesselinversion von Cyclohexanderivaten mit ein, zwei und drei Paaren geminaler Methyl- und Alkoxylgruppen untersucht.Die Geschwindigkeit der Sesselinversion hängt von der Zahl und der relativen Stellung der Ligandenpaare sowie von der Größe der Liganden ab.Ein Paar geminaler Liganden verändert die Inversionsgeschwindigkeit nur unwesentlich.Zwei Liganden-Paare erschweren die Inversion, wenn sie in 1- und 4-Position zueinander stehen, erleichtern sie jedoch, wenn die in 1- und 3-Position zueinander angeordnet sind. Beide Effekte sind bei Methoxylgruppen kleiner als bei Methylgruppen.Drei Liganden-Paare erhöhen die Umklapphäufigkeit besonders stark, wenn sie in 1-, 3- und 5- Position zueinander stehen, vermindern sie hingegen, wenn sie in 1-, 2- und 4-Position angeordnet sind.Der Effekt 1,3-ständiger Substituenten wird auf Erhöhung des Energieinhaltes des Grundzustandes der Molekeln, der Effekt 1,4-ständiger Substituenten auf Erhöhung des Energieinhaltes des Übergangszustandes der Sesselinversion zuriückgeführt.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 191
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Detailed interpretations of the spectra of four of the possible isomeric cyclopentadiene trimers are given. It is shown that the geometry of the ring fusion can be determined by measuring the chemical shifts of the bridge protons and of the allylic proton on the cyclopentene ring 3a-H.
    Additional Material: 3 Tab.
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  • 192
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The accuracy of several methods for deuterium content determination in organic molecules are tabulated. The sample-substitution (using one or two NMR sample tubes) and internal standard (inter- or intra-molecular) processes are discussed and compared. These methods are applied to some examples and the NMR results are confirmed by mass spectrometry.
    Notes: Les précisions de différentes méthodes de détermination du taux de deutériation de molécules organiques par RMN sont évaluées. On compare successivement les méthodes de changement de tube-échantillon et les méthodes utilisant un étalon interne. Ces méthodes sont ensuite appliquées au dosage du deutérium dans plusieurs molécules et les résultats sont comparés à des mesures de spectrographie de masse.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 193
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 209-212 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The two stereochemically distinct two-bond carbon-13- hydrogen coupling constants J(13C—CH), for α-chlorostyrene-α-13C have been shown to be of similar magnitude but opposite sign (-6.3 and +5.6 Hz). A simple additivity relationship which adequately reproduces all the reported J(13C—CH) values for chloroethylenes has been found.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 194
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Various complexes of boron trifluoride and typical organo-phosphours compounds have been investigated using proton and fluorine resonance (at variable temperature) and boron and phosphorus resonance. In BF3, boron resonance is insensitive to the complex strength, but fluorine resonance suggests the possibility of various types of complexes on the phosphorus group or, additionally on the heteroatoms (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen) of the molecule. These complexes are probably σ type. Proton chemical shifts in the organo-phosphorus compounds follow the same trends as in similar complexes of amines, esters etc.; these perturbations may be mainly due to magnetic anisotropy effects; proton-phosphorus couplings conversely follow changes in phosphorus electronegativity.
    Notes: On a étudié, en résonance du proton et du fluor (à température variable) ainsi qu'en résonance du bore et du phosphore, un certain nombre de complexes entre BF3 et des composés organo-phosphorés typiques. En ce qui concerne BF3, la résonance de bore reste insensible à la force du complexe; par contre, la résonance du fluor suggéère l'existence de plusieurs types de complexes, soit sur le groupe phosphoré, soit sur les hétéroatomes (par example N, O) de la molécule. Ces complexes sont vraisemblablement de type σ pur. Le déplacement chimique des protons dans la molécule organo-phosphorée subit sensiblement les mêmes perturbations que dans les autres molécules complexables (amines, esters, etc.); ces perturbations peuvent provenir avant tout d'effets d'anisotropie magnétiques; par contre, les couplages proton-phophore suivent la modification de l'électronégativité de ce dernier.
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  • 195
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    Organic Magnetic Resonance 1 (1969), S. 491-491 
    ISSN: 0030-4921
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 196
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 331-333 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In a series of straight chain aliphatic ketones which has been studied, it has been shown that the structural requirement for loss of water from the molecular ions produced by electron-impact is an alkyl group of seven or more carbon atoms attached to the carbonyl function.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 197
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 843-861 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 198
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 877-892 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mass spectra of enol derivatives of β-diketones, such as enol ethers and enaminies are discussed. Their behaviour under electron-impact is in accordance with the fragmentation we suggested for an acyclic β-diketone in the enol form.Rearrangement of the enol functional group is observed in the spectra. This process is a general one, as it show not only migration of oxygen and nitrogen in the enol ethers and enamines, but also migeration of sulphur and chlorine in the thio-ether and in 4-chloro-3-pentene-2-one.Enol derivatives are suitable compounds for determining the branching of alkyl chains in β-diketones.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 199
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 893-900 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The main fragmentation sequences of glycollide and its homologues are initiated by fission of a CO—O bond, leading to the formation of fragment ions of low, m/e, such as [R1CO]+ and [CR1R2CCO]+. When a hydrogen atom is present on a ring carbon atom, 1,3 hydrogen migration occurs to produce [CHR2OH]+. In case where a ring carbon atom carries an alkylchain ≥ C2H5, a McLafferty rearrangement occurs with the adjacent carbonyl group. When both ring carbon atoms are dimethyl substituted, a 1,4 hydrogen migration must be invoked to account for the observed fragmentation sequence.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 200
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    Biological Mass Spectrometry 2 (1969), S. 907-914 
    ISSN: 0030-493X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The effect of ortho substituents in nitrobenzence radical cation decompositions are discussed for non-interacting halogen substituents. These effects are distinct from those of the same substituents in the meta and para positions, and support previous indications that ring position identity is retained in nitrobenzene molecular ions. More importantly, the steric effect of the halo substituents may be gauged from these data; it indicates that several previously suggested mechanisms for the loss of NO must be reconsidered. The existence of steric effect in very well defined systems may be used as a structural tool in organic mass spectrometry.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
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