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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 8 (1978), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: IgA bound in vivo was shown by immunofluorescence on the plasma membrane of isolated hepatocytes from subjects with normal liver and patients with liver cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis or fatty liver. IgA in sera with elevated IgA concentrations, especially from cases with alcoholic cirrhosis, was bound in vitro to isolated hepatocytes from rabbit and mouse. This was not due to the high IgA concentration per se. Moreover, polyclonal polymeric serum-type and secretory IgA, and three often polymeric monoclonal IgA preparations, showed similar binding properties. Conversely, purified polyclonal and monoclonal monomeric IgA did not show affinity for the hepatocytes. The binding of polymeric IgA did not seem to depend on the proportion of dimers and larger polymers, κ or λ-type light chains, heavy-chain subclasses, content of J chain or affinity for secretory component. The in vivo binding of IgA by hepatocytes is probably a physiological phenomenon which in part may explain the normal clearance of polymeric IgA from serum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1437-160X
    Keywords: Hepatitis B virus ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Interferon alpha ; Chronic hepatitis ; Hepatitis B ; Vaccination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hepatitis B virus and the human immunodeficiency virus are similarly transmitted. Individuals with preexisting HIV infection have a higher chance to become HBsAg carriers than do anti-HIV negative persons. Cytotoxic T cells with specificity for HBcAg, that are under the control of HBcAg-specific helper T cells, are responsible for liver injury. There is good evidence that HIV infection lowers inflammatory activity, is associated with milder liver histology, high levels of viral replication and low seroconversion rates. In addition interferon alpha therapy is less effective in anti-HIV positive subjects. The immune response against HBsAg is helper T-cell dependent and vaccination against hepatitis B is of low effectiveness. In addition, vaccination against hepatitis B may activate the HIV disease and is, therefore, presently not to be recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Human immunodeficiency virus ; AIDS ; Anti-HIV ; Anti-p41 ; Anti-p24
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diagnosis of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) relies on the demonstration of antibody to this virus. Occasionally, the combined analysis of sera using ELISA and western blot reveals false-positive results. We have compared a newly developed test to detect antibodies to the core (anti-p24) and surface (anti-p41) proteins of HIV with the established tests described above. Anti-p24 and anti-p41 were negative in three individuals positive for anti-HIV by ELISA and immunoblot; they had a low risk to acquire HIV infection and were clinically and immunologically normal and suspected false positive previously. In 62 individuals at risk, anti-p41 was always positive while anti-p24 was negative in 24/62 individuals including all but one patient with AIDS. The data indicate that this new test may replace the western blot as a reliable, widely available, and standardized confirmatory assay. In addition, preliminary evidence needs to be confirmed that quantitative analysis of anti-p24 might be of prognostic value in the course of HIV infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 65 (1987), S. 891-891 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 865-872 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hepatitis B-vaccination ; Dialysis patients ; Immune deficiency ; Monocyte function ; Hepatitis B-Impfung ; Dialyse-Patienten ; Sekundärer Immundefekt ; Monozytendefekt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die aktive Hepatitis-B-Impfung führt bei Gesunden in über 95%, bei Dialysepatienten nur in ca. 60% zur Bildung protektiver anti-HBs-Antikörper. In vitro geht der Non-Responder-Status mit einer gestörten Monozytenfunktion einher, die eine mangelhafte Interleukin-2-Produktion nach sich zieht. Gleichzeitig findet sich eine vermehrte Expression funktioneller Interleukin-2-Rezeptoren. Exogen zugeführtes Interleukin-2 normalisiert daher bereits in niedriger Dosierung die vorher verminderte proliferative Antwort von Non-Responder-Lymphozyten in vitro. Außerdem läßt sich der Non-Responder-Status von Dialysepatienten in vivo beheben, wenn zur Standard-Impfung mit 40 µg Hepatitis B-Vakzine zusätzlich eine niedrige Interleukin-2-Dosis (2,5 × 105 Einheiten) lokal appliziert wird.
    Notes: Summary In dialysis patients the immune response to hepatitis B-vaccination is greatly impaired. In vitro the non-responders show a failure of the monocytes to support the process of primary T-cell activation. This defect results in a lack of interleukin 2-production and an enhanced sensitivity of the interleukin-2 receptor system. Addition of low doses of interleukin-2 fully reconstitutes the deficient immune response in vitro. Furthermore, the local application of low dose interleukin-2 during a standard vaccination with 40 µg hepatitis B-vaccine normalizes the non-responder state in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Sjögren's syndrome ; Anemia ; Vasculitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An unusual case of Sjögren's syndrome presenting with severe anemia as the predominant clinical feature is described. Histological examination of a bone marrow biopsy specimen demonstrated that the patient's anemia was caused by myelitis and vasculitis of the small intraosseous vessels. Our report might stimulate a more thorough investigation of bone marrow in patients with connective tissue diseases and anemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) ; Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-IgM antibodies ; Immunohistology ; Plasma exchange ; Immunosuppression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has been associated with various neurological disorders. In contrast, HSV infection is very rarely found in acute polyneuroradiculitis. In this report, a patient is described with a severe course of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). HSV IgM-specific antibodies and a rise of complement-fixation antibodies were detected. During the acute phase of neurologic syndrome, a nerve biopsy showed myelin damage and IgM deposits on the inner layer of the perineurium. Plasma exchange, in combination with immunosuppression, was successfully applied as a treatment in the relapsing course of GBS. Finally, after recovery, HSV-specific IgM antibodies disappeared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The natural killer (NK) cell activity of mice in the peritoneal cavity is very low or undetectable and testing peritoneal NK cells is a useful model for studying the influence of activating substances upon local injection. Injection of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) at doses of 10–200 ng caused a marked activation of NK cell activity which was maximal after 24 h and declined rapidly on day 2. A similar effect was observed when interferons alpha and beta were injected, and there were additive results when interferon was injected together with TNF. The NK cell nature of the effector cells activated by TNF was substantiated by the finding that previous injection with anti-asialo GM 1 antibody prevented activation. Interferon could not be detected in the peritoneal wash fluid after injection of TNF suggesting interferon-independent activation. In further experiments after i.p. injection of TNF peritoneal exudate cells (PECs) only killed YAC-1 targets in a 4-h assay. There was no additional killing in an 18-h assay towards neither YAC-1 cells or P815 cells, suggesting that macrophages were not involved. Furthermore TNF was also active in vitro by activating NK cells in isolated human peripheral blood cells. However in the PECs stimulated in vitro no significant induction of cytotoxic capacities by TNF was measured. Our data suggest that the action of TNF is not restricted to the lysis of tumor cells but can also induce immunological properties in the host defense against virus infections and neoplasms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Asymptomatic HBsAg-Carrier ; Characterization ; HBsAg-subtypes ; Immunserology and -histology ; Lebergesunder HBsAg-Träger ; Charakterisierung ; HBsAg-Subtypen ; Immunserologie und -histologie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir haben 129 Blutspender, bei denen bei Routineuntersuchungen HBsAg im Serum festgestellt wurde, zur diagnostischen Klärung einer möglichen Lebererkrankung untersucht. Zwölf hatten, als sie zur klinischen und leberbioptischen Untersuchung aufgenommen wurden, schon kein HBsAg mehr im Serum. Keiner von diesen hatte klinisch oder histologisch Anhalt für eine entzündliche Lebererkrankung. Zwei der 129 Patienten hatten eine milde, ikterische Hepatitis, verloren das Antigen während des Verlaufes und wurden anti-HBs-positiv. Die übrigen 115 Patienten, die klinisch gesund erschienen und keine frühere ikterische Leberkrankheit hatten, blieben HBsAg-positiv während des bisherigen Verlaufes von im Mittel 17,3±3,0 Beobachtungsmonaten. 40 dieser Patienten hatten histologisch eine normale Leber und 37 geringe bis deutliche Verfettungen des Parenchyms ohne Entzündungszeichen. 11 Patienten hatten eine leichte unspezifische Mesenchymaktivierung ohne fokale Nekrosen, 16 Patienten hatten neben Einzelzellnekrosen mit mesenchymaler Reaktion milde portale Infiltrationen, 6 hatten eine chronisch persistierende Hepatitis, 4 eine chronisch aggressive Hepatitis und 1 Patient eine posthepatitische Cirrhose. Eine Anzahl biochemischer und immunologischer Werte dieser Patientengruppen wurden mit denen einer Gruppe von 88 HBsAg-negativen Blutspendern verglichen. Signifikant höhere SGOT-Werte wurden nur in der Gruppe der Patienten mit Verfettungen, der Gruppe mit Nekrosen und Reaktionen und der Gruppe mit chronisch aggressiver Hepatitis gefunden. Die SGPT-Werte waren nur in den beiden letzteren Gruppen signifikant höher. Der Mittelwert der gamma-GT war nur in der Patientengruppe mit Verfettungen signifikant höher als in der HBsAg-Trägergruppe mit normaler Histologie, nicht aber verglichen mit dem HBsAg-negativen Kontrollkollektiv. Signifikant erhöht waren auch die Bilirubinwerte in allen Gruppen außer der Gruppe mit chronisch aggressiver Hepatitis, jedoch blieben die Mittelwerte immer im Normbereich. Die relativen Häufigkeiten der HBsAg-Subtypen verteilten sich gleichmäßig auf die verschiedenen Gruppen. Bei 7 Trägern fanden wir auch Anti-HBs im Serum. Autoimmunphänomene wurden nur selten beobachtet. Mit der direkten fluorescierenden Antikörpertechnik wurde in 77% der Leberbiopsien intrazytoplasmatisches HBsAg mit einer gleichmäßigen Häufigkeitsverteilung in den Gruppen festgestellt. Intranucleäres HBcAg konnte aber nur bei Patienten gefunden werden, die entweder eine chronisch entzündliche Lebererkrankung hatten oder entwickelten, während sie im Verlauf zur Kontrolle biopsiert wurden. Die Ergebnisse beweisen schlüssig, daß es vollkommen gesunde HBsAg-Träger mit normaler Leberhistologie gibt, die sich in bezug auf ihre Leberfunktion und Häufigkeit von positiven Autoimmunphänomenen nicht von normalen Kontrollpersonen unterscheiden. Diese Träger haben häufig intrazytoplasmatisches HBsAg aber nie HBcAg oder IgG in Kernen von Hepatocyten.
    Notes: Summary 129 blood donors found to be HBsAg-positive on routine testing were studied for evidence of hepatic disease. Twelve had already lost the antigen from the serum when histologically examined. None of these has had clinical or histological evidence of inflammatory liver disease. Two of the 129 patients showed mild icteric hepatitis, cleared the antigen during the follow up and became anti-HBs positive. The remaining 115 patients who appeared clinically healthy and who had no history of previous icteric liver disease remained HBsAg positive during a mean follow up period of 17.3±3.0 months. Forty patients from these had a normal liver histology and 37 mild to distinct steatosis but no signs of inflammatory liver disease. 11 patients a mild nonspecific mesenchymal activity but no focal necrosis, 16 patients had mild infiltration in portal tracts and a few necrotic parenchymal cells with mesenchymal reaction, 6 patients had chronic persistent hepatitis, 4 chronic aggressive hepatitis, and 1 definite posthepatitic cirrhosis. A number of biochemical and immunological variables of these patients were compared to those of a group of 88 HBsAg-negative blood donors. Significant higher SGOT values were found only in the groups of patients with steatosis, necrosis of parenchymal cells, and chronic aggressive hepatitis. SGPT values were significantly higher only in the two latter groups. The mean value for the gamma GT was significantly higher only in the group with steatosis, compared to the HBsAg carrier group with normal liver histology. A significant difference could not be established when compared to HBsAg-negative controls. Significantly higher, but still within normal range, were bilirubin values in all groups except for the 4 patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis. The relative frequencies of HBsAg subtypes were evenly distributed among the different groups. 7 carriers also had anti-HBs detectable in their serum. Autoimmune phenomena were rarely found. With the direct fluorescent antibody technique intracytoplasmic HBsAg was found in 77% of the liver biopsy specimens with an even distribution of the frequencies among the groups. Intranuclear HBcAg however could only be found in patients who either had or developed a chronic inflammatory liver disease when rebiopsied during the follow up. The results definitely establish that there are completely healthy HBsAg carriers with normal liver histology who do not differ from normal controls in their liver function and frequencies of positive autoimmune phenomena. They frequently have intracycloplasmic HBsAg but never HBcAg or IgG in the nuclei of their hepatocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Inflammatory liver diseases ; HBAg ; Lymphocytes ; Immunological reaction ; Fluorescent antibody technique ; Entzündliche Lebererkrankungen ; HBAg ; Lymphocyten ; Immunreaktionen ; Fluoreszierende Antikörper-Technik
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 127 Patienten mit verschiedenen entzündlichen Lebererkrankungen wurde die Fixation von HBAg an peripheren Lymphocyten untersucht. Bei 60 von diesen Patienten wurden im Parallelansatz die Fixation von HBAg an peripheren Lymphocyten und isolierten Leberzellen sowie die Fixation von IgG an isolierten Leberzellen geprüft. Membranfixiertes HBAg konnte an isolierten Hepatocyten auch bei Patienten mit positivem HBAg-Befund im Serum nicht nachgewiesen werden. HBAg an peripheren Lymphocyten fand sich hauptsächlich in der Phase des Verschwindens von HBAg im Serum (Zeitpunkt der Immunelimination). Membranfixiertes IgG fand sich vorwiegend bei HBAg-positiven protrahiert verlaufenden Hepatitiden und bei HBAg-positiver ACH und hoher entzündlicher Aktivität. Die Befunde sprechen bei persistierenden Antigenträgern für eine immunologische Toleranz gegenüber HBAg, für das Fortbestehen einer Virusinfektion der Leberzelle und für eine antikörpervermittelte Cyto- und Histotoxizität als pathogenetisches Prinzip bestimmter Verlaufsformen chronischer Lebererkrankungen. Die Definition der Antigendeterminante des Membran-fixierten Antikörpers steht noch aus.
    Notes: Summary The fixation of HBAg on lymphocytes was investigated in 127 patients with various inflammatory liver diseases. The fixation of HBAg on lymphocytes and isolated hepatocytes as well as the fixation of IgG on isolated hepatocytes were studied in 60 cases. Membrane-fixed HBAg could in no case be demonstrated on isolated hepatocytes whether these cells were derived from patients with or without HBAg in the serum. HBAg on lymphocytes was detectable in most cases of acute hepatitis during the phase when HBAg disappeared from the serum (time of immunoelimination). Membrane-fixed IgG could be mainly demonstrated in HBAg positive acute hepatitis with a protracted course or in HBAg-positive active chronic hepatitis and signs of inflammatory activity. The results obtained for HBAg-carriers indicate (a) an immunological tolerance against HBAg, (b) a persistance of the virus infection in liver cells, and (c) an antibody-mediated cyto- and histotoxicity as a pathogenetic principle for the course of certain chronic liver diseases. The antigenic determinant of the membrane-fixed antibody is not known until now.
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