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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Radiation and environmental biophysics 38 (1999), S. 229-237 
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Keywords: Key words Ions ; Tumor therapy ; RBE ; Track structure ; Treatment planning ; Carbon beam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The elevated relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of heavy ions like carbon is the main reason for their use in radiotherapy and is due to the microscopic distribution of dose inside each particle track. High local doses produce lesions that are expected to have a diminished possibility of repair. Thus, RBE depends on track structure and on the biological repair capacity of the tissue that is affected by the irradiation. For tumor treatment planning with heavy ions, the beam quality and the tissue sensitivity have to be taken into account. Using the dependence of radial dose distribution on particle energy and atomic number on the physical side and x-ray dose response for the repair capacity on the biological side, the response to particle irradiation can be calculated in the local effect model (LEM) and used for treatment planning. This article traces the route from electron emission as the basis of track structure to the RBE calculation and the application in treatment planning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Keywords: Key words Normal tissue ; Minipig ; Lung ; Heavy particles ; Carbon ionsIntroduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The response of pig lungs to irradiation with 12C-ions was assessed in two experiments to validate the procedures for heavy ion therapy planning at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) and to explore their range of applicability. In both experiments, the target volume (spread-out Bragg peak, SOBP) was planned to be a 4 cm long cylinder with a diameter of 4 cm. Doses in the SOBP were prescribed to be equivalent to 5×4 Gy, 5×5.5 Gy and 5×7 Gy of x-rays in the first experiment, and to 5 fractions of 7 Gy and 9 Gy in the second experiment. The lung response in the first experiment was less than expected on the basis of earlier experiments with photons. Pneumonitis reaction and chronic fibrotic changes were observed outside the prescribed high-dose region. In the second experiment, the effects were more pronounced than had been expected on the basis of the first experiment. Changes were most intense in the high-dose region, but were also seen throughout the lung along the beam channel. Moreover, significant skin reactions were observed at the beam entrance site in all animals and – less pronounced – at the beam exit site in 3 of the 6 animals. In conclusion, the complex irradiation geometry of the pig lung, the changes of body weight between the two experiments, and insufficient accounting for a change in the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) computation led to substantial deviations of the observed reactions from expectations, the reasons for which could be identified in a subsequent analysis. The less pronounced lung reaction in the first experiment was due to an overestimation of RBE in a preliminary version of the algorithm for its determination. The extension of the fibrotic reaction resulted from the smear-out of the high-dose region due to density variations in tissue structures, respiratory movement, and limited positioning accuracy. The skin reactions at the entrance port reflect the different treatment geometry in the two experiments. The one unexplained observation is the mild skin reaction that was observed in the second experiment at the beam exit site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 334 (1964), S. 15-20 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: The precipitation of diphosphate from solutions of secondary alkali diphosphates by means of Ba2+ yields the acid salt Ba7H2P8O28·6H2O. With increasing alkalinity of the solutions, the hydrogen ion content of the Ba salt precipitate decreases. Precipitation from Na4-diphosphate solutions yields the neutral Ba2P2O7·1,5 H2O. From X-ray investigations (no structural differences between the two precipitates being found) it in concluded that the “neutral” Ba diphosphate has a phase range from Ba:H = 2:0 to 7:2.
    Notes: Ba2+ bildet-im Unterschied zu vielen anderen zweiwertigen Metallen-bei der Fällung aus Lösungen sekundärer Diphosphate ein saures Diphosphat, Ba7H2P8O28·6H2O. Mit steigender Alkalität der Fällungslösung nimmt die Acidität der Ba-Verbindung ab. Das neutrale Na-Diphosphat entsteht nur bei der Fällung aus quaternären Diphosphat-Lösungen. Bemerkenswerterweise besteht kein struktureller Unterschied zwischen den sauren Verbindungen und dem quaternären Salz, was zu der Annahme führt, daß das quaternäre Ba-Diphosphat eine Phasenbreite zwischen Ba:H = 2:0 und 7:2 besitzt.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 37 (1986), S. 110-110 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 29 (1978), S. 265-267 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigation into the effects of alternating current on magnesium anodesLaboratory tests were made to study the effects of alternating current on magnesium anodes. The electrolytes used were 20% soil solution (resistivity 34 Ωm), 0.72% sodium sulphate solution (resistivity 1 Ωm) and desalinated water (4.000 Ωm).The tests showed that it is not the a. c. voltage but the a. c. density which is the reason for a positive potential shift in magnesium anode systems. The critical density is 20 A/m2. Polarity reversal in the magnesium/iron galvanic cell occurs at an a. c. density of 60 A/m2 depending on the electrolyte; at this density, the anodic magnesium becomes cathodic. Magnesium anode mass loss tests carried out to study the effect of alternating current on magnesium anodes showed that the anode mass loss amounts to approx. 20 grammes/day/m2 at a current density of 20 A/m2; mass loss increases as a linear function of a. c. density.As far as pipeline applications are concerned, it is important to note that anode mass loss is particularly high in low resistivity soils in areas where high a. c. voltages are induced into the pipeline system.
    Notes: Es wurde der Wechselstromeinfluß auf Magnesiumanoden in Laborversuchen untersucht. Als Elektrolytlösung dienten 20%ige Bodenlösungen mit einem spezifischen Widerstand von 34 Ωm, 0,72%ige Natriumsulfatlösung 1 Ωm und entsalztes Wasser 4000 Ωm.Es zeigte sich, daß die maßgebende Größe, die eine Potentialverschiebung in positiver Richtung bei Magnesium hervorruft, nicht die Wechselspannung, sondern die Wechselstromdichte ist. Die Potentialänderung beginnt bei Wechselstromdichten ab 20 A/m2. Im galvanischen Element Magnesium/Eisen findet je nach Elektrolyt bei einer Wechselstromdichte um 60 A/m2 eine Umpolung statt, d. h. das Magnesium wird ursprünglich Anode zur Kathode. Versuche, bei denen die Massenverlustrate von Magnesium, hervorgerufen durch Wechselstromüberlagerung, bestimmt wurde, zeigten, daß bei Wechselstromdichten ab 20 A/m2 ein linear steigender Massenverlust von ungefähr 20 g pro Tag und m2 stattfindet.Für die Rohrleitungstechnik ergibt sich daraus, daß bei niederohmigem Boden und hohen induzierten Wechselspannungen eine Massenverlustrate auftritt, die bei der Auslegung der Anodengröße berücksichtigt werden muß.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 78 (1966), S. 551-552 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 5 (1966), S. 524-525 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 7 (1968), S. 318-318 
    ISSN: 0570-0833
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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