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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2099
    Keywords: Key words Normal tissue ; Minipig ; Lung ; Heavy particles ; Carbon ionsIntroduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The response of pig lungs to irradiation with 12C-ions was assessed in two experiments to validate the procedures for heavy ion therapy planning at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) and to explore their range of applicability. In both experiments, the target volume (spread-out Bragg peak, SOBP) was planned to be a 4 cm long cylinder with a diameter of 4 cm. Doses in the SOBP were prescribed to be equivalent to 5×4 Gy, 5×5.5 Gy and 5×7 Gy of x-rays in the first experiment, and to 5 fractions of 7 Gy and 9 Gy in the second experiment. The lung response in the first experiment was less than expected on the basis of earlier experiments with photons. Pneumonitis reaction and chronic fibrotic changes were observed outside the prescribed high-dose region. In the second experiment, the effects were more pronounced than had been expected on the basis of the first experiment. Changes were most intense in the high-dose region, but were also seen throughout the lung along the beam channel. Moreover, significant skin reactions were observed at the beam entrance site in all animals and – less pronounced – at the beam exit site in 3 of the 6 animals. In conclusion, the complex irradiation geometry of the pig lung, the changes of body weight between the two experiments, and insufficient accounting for a change in the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) computation led to substantial deviations of the observed reactions from expectations, the reasons for which could be identified in a subsequent analysis. The less pronounced lung reaction in the first experiment was due to an overestimation of RBE in a preliminary version of the algorithm for its determination. The extension of the fibrotic reaction resulted from the smear-out of the high-dose region due to density variations in tissue structures, respiratory movement, and limited positioning accuracy. The skin reactions at the entrance port reflect the different treatment geometry in the two experiments. The one unexplained observation is the mild skin reaction that was observed in the second experiment at the beam exit site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 20 (1969), S. 571-574 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Silicon nitride  -  a corrosion resistant refractory materialSilicon nitride as a material having high temperature strength (flexural strength at 1500° C still 15-20 kp/mm2) is, in addition, highly corrosion resistant. This resistance applies to mineral acids (although results are somewhat scattering), and even HF produces but slow dissolution. Oxide slags and glass melts attack but slowly, and it is resistant to many salt melts, not, however to hydroxide solutions or molten alkalies. Nonoxidising gases have no effect, in oxidising atmospheres a protective SiO2 layer is formed which yields good resistance up to 1600° C. Hydrogen does not react up to 1250° C with silicon nitride. Molten metals attack vehemently when the corresponding silicides are formed easily. The reaction with copper takes place in the air only, not in the vacuum.
    Notes: Siliziumnitrid als Werkstoff mit hoher Temperaturbeständigkeit (Biegefestigkeit bei 1500° C noch 15-20 kp/mm2) ist außerdem noch äußerst korrosionsbeständig. Gegen Mineralsäuren aller Konzentrationen ist es hoch beständig (obwohl die Ergebnisse stark streuen), und auch von HF wird es nur langsam gelöst. Oxidische Schlacken und Glasschmelzen greifen nur sehr langsam an, ebenso ist es beständig gegen viele Salzschmelzen, nicht hingegen in Hydroxidlösungen und Alkalischmelzen. Nichtoxydierende Gase zeigen keine Einwirkung, in oxydierenden Gasen entsteht eine SiO2-Schutzschicht, welche bis 1600° C gute Beständigkeit gewährleistet. Wasserstoff reagiert bis 1250° C nicht mit Si-Nitrid. Metallschmelzen wirken besonders stark, wenn die entsprechenden Silicide leicht entstehen können. Mit Cu-Schmelzen reagiert das Nitrid nur an der Luft, nicht im Vakuum.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für die chemische Industrie 32 (1919), S. 21-24 
    ISSN: 0044-8249
    Keywords: Chemistry ; General Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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