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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 137-145 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: aluminium electrolysis ; anode effect ; fluid dynamics ; gas evolution ; wettability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The so-called anode effect, particularly important in industrial alumina electrolysis, has mostly been interpreted as the consequence of altered wettability of the electrode surface by the melt. By means of a mathematical model assuming isolated large bubbles in contact with the electrode it is shown that the anode effect is the result of the combined action of fluid dynamics and wettability. The interpretation of the incipience of the anode effect obtained by means of a previous, completely different mathematical model is confirmed. The theoretical results are compared with experimental data by various authors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 779-788 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Keywords: aluminium ; anode effect ; gas evolution ; fluid dynamics ; two-phase flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The cause of the incipience of the anode effect in alumina reduction cells has long been a controversial issue. The most plausible interpretations are (i) an insufficient release of the gaseous phase from underneath the anode surface together with the action of diminished wettability and (ii) the depletion of oxygen-containing ions at the anode surface to result in the limiting current condition. It is shown by means of a mathematical model that each of these effects may be active. The predominant mechanism depends on the operational conditions. Theoretical results are compared with experimental data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Medullary thyroid carcinoma ; Prognostic factors ; Sporadic and familial form ; Age ; Sex ; Tumor stage at diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A retrospective study of 741 patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma diagnosed between 1967 and 1991 was carried out by members of the German Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Study Group to evaluate prognostic factors. A total of 559 patients (75%) were considered to have sporadic disease, and 182 (25%) had the familial type. The sex ratio (male to female) was 1:1.4 in sporadic disease patients, and the mean age at diagnosis was 45.9 years (range 5-81 years). For familial disease patients the sex ratio was 1:1.1, and the mean age at diagnosis was 33.4 (range 5–77 years). The follow-up time for 630 patients ranged from 1 month to 20.8 years (mean 13.0 years). The overall adjusted survival rate was 86.7% at 5 years and 64.2% at 10 years. In a univariate analysis the stage of disease at diagnosis, age, sex, and type of disease (sporadic, familial) were relevant prognostic factors, with a better prognosis for young female patients with familial disease and diagnosed at an early stage. In a multivariate proportional hazards analysis, the difference in the survival rate of patients with familial disease versus those with the sporadic form disappeared, while prognostic information provided by age and sex was still significant. The poorer prognosis of patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma may be related to the patients' older age at detection and more advanced tumor stage at diagnosis. There seems to be no difference in biological behavior between tumors of the sporadic and those of the familial type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 147 (1999), S. 733-743 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Multiple endokrine Neoplasie Typ 2 ; Medulläres Schilddrüsenkarzinom ; Phäochromozytom ; RET-Protoonkogen ; Key words Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 ; Medullary thyroid carcinoma ; Phaeochromocytoma ; RET-proto-oncogene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Background: Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 is a rare autosomal dominant inherited tumor disorder, which is subclassified into MEN type 2a, MEN type 2b and FMTC (familial medullary thyroid carcinoma). Tumor development in MEN type 2 is caused by activating mutations of the RET-protooncogene, located on chromosome 10. Apart from medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), which is the only disease manifestation in FMTC, affected individuals may also suffer from phaeochromocytoma in MEN type 2a and 2b and primary hyperparathyroidism in type 2a. Characteristical features for MEN type 2b, which is often caused by de-novo mutations, are mucosal neurinomas and a marfanoid physical appearance. Patients: The 9 patients with MEN type 2a and FMTC described here (age 4–15 y.) were identified as gene-carriers by family screening and had no clinical symptoms yet. In 6 patients mutations in exon 11 (codon 634, cystine〉arginine or cystine 〉tyrosine) of the RET-proto-oncogene were found, 3 patients showed mutations in exon 14 (codon 804, valine〉methionine). In 5 children with elevated plasma calcitonin concentrations thyroidectomy revealed C-cell-hyperplasia (CCH) in all cases, one girl had MTC and in addition a unilateral phaechromocytoma. 3 out of 4 children with normal calcitonin values underwent thyroidectomy so far, one had CCH. In the remaining 2 no pathologic histological changes were found. All 3 patients with MEN type 2b (age 4–16 y.) showed a typical phenotype and had metastasizing MTC. None of these survived, the youngest died at the age of 5 years. Discussion: Today, gene-carrier status for MEN type 2 can be detected reliably by mutation analysis of the RET-proto-oncogene. Prophylactic thyroidectomy in affected individuals may prevent the development of MTC. Because of the high malignancy of MTC in MEN type 2b early diagnosis and immediate thyroidectomy are crucial. All patients with MEN type 2 must be kept under endocrinological control because of the risk of relapse after surgery and/or the development of associated tumors.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Die multiple endokrine Neoplasie (MEN) Typ 2 mit ihren Subtypen MEN Typ 2a, Typ 2b und dem familiären medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinom ist eine seltene autosomal-dominant erbliche Tumorerkrankung, die auf aktivierenden Keimbahnmutationen des Ret-Protoonkogens beruht. Neben medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinomen treten bei den Subtypen MEN Typ 2a und 2b auch Phäochromozytome, bei Typ 2a zudem ein primärer Hyperparathyreoidismus auf. Charakteristisch für die häufig durch Neumutationen verursachte MEN Typ 2b sind gastrointestinale Neurinome sowie ein dem Marfan-Syndrom ähnlicher Habitus. Patienten: Wir stellen 9 Patienten mit MEN Typ 2a bzw. familiärem medullärem Schilddrüsenkarzinom (Alter 4–13 Jahre) und 3 Patienten mit MEN Typ 2b (Alter 4–15 Jahre) vor. Die Patienten mit MEN Typ 2a bzw. familiärem medullärem Schilddrüsenkarzinom waren im Familien-Screening als Genträger identifiziert worden und klinisch symptomfrei. Bei 6 Kindern fanden sich Mutationen des RET-Protoonkogens in Exon 11 (Kodon 634, Cystin≥Arginin bzw. Cystin≥Tyrosin), in 3 Fällen zeigten sich Mutationen in Exon 14 (Kodon 804, Valin≥Methionin). Erhöhte Kalzitoninwerte bestanden bei 5 Kindern. Die Thyreoidektomie bei diesen erbrachte in allen Fällen den Befund einer C-Zell-Hyperplasie der Schilddrüse, bei 1 Patientin lagen zudem ein medulläres Schilddrüsenkarzinom sowie ein unilaterales Phäochromozytom vor. 3 von 4 Kindern mit normalem Kalzitonin wurden bisher thyreoidektomiert, histologisch zeigte sich in 1 Fall eine C-Zell-Hyperplasie, bei 2 Kindern ein Normalbefund. Die 3 Patienten mit MEN Typ 2b (Alter 4–16 Jahre) wiesen typische äußere Stigmata auf, bei allen lag ein metastasierendes medulläres Schilddrüsenkarzinom vor. Keiner dieser Patienten überlebte, der jüngste verstarb mit 5 Jahren. Diskussion: Der Genträgerstatus für eine MEN Typ 2 kann heute durch eine molekulargenetische Analyse zuverlässig festgestellt werden. Durch eine frühzeitige Thyreoidektomie bei Trägern einer Mutation kann die Manifestation eines medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinoms verhindert werden. Die Kenntnis der typischen körperlichen Stigmata der MEN Typ 2b erlaubt in vielen Fällen eine Blickdiagnose. Aufgrund der hohen Malignität des medullären Schilddrüsenkarzinoms bei MEN Typ 2b ist eine möglichst frühzeitige Diagnose und Thyreoidektomie von entscheidender Bedeutung. Alle Patienten mit MEN Typ 2 benötigen auch postoperativ aufgrund des Rezidivrisikos und der Möglichkeit der späteren Manifestation von assoziierten Tumoren eine endokrinologische Nachsorge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Anterior cerebral artery ; Terminal branches ; Three-dimensional neuroimaging ; Computer graphics ; Anatomical model ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a three-dimensional anatomical computer model of the terminal branches of the anterior cerebral artery, acquired from equidistant serial anatomical slices of three brains. The reconstructions provide a clear picture from all angles of the complicated course of the terminal branches of the cerebral arteries, which can help to identify them on conventional and magnetic resonance angiography. Our rendition of the cerebral arteries can also be matched with CT, MR or PET images to indicate the areas of extension of individual branches, allowing neuromorphological and functional correlations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Middle cerebral artery ; Terminal branches ; Three-dimensional neuroimaging ; Computer graphics ; Anatomical model ; Human
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a three-dimensional anatomical computer model of the terminal branches of the middle cerebral artery, acquired from equidistant serial anatomical slices of three brains. The reconstructions provide a clear picture from all angles of the complicated course of the terminal branches of the cerebral arteries, which can help to identify them on conventional angiography and magnetic resonance angiography. The arteries can also be matched with CT, MR or PET images to indicate the areas of extension of individual branches, allowing neuromorphological and functional correlations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Posterior cerebral artery ; Terminal branches ; Circle of Willis ; Three-dimensional neuroimaging ; Computer graphics ; Anatomical model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We present a three-dimensional anatomical computer model of the terminal branches of the posterior cerebral artery and circle of Willis, acquired from equidistant serial anatomical slices of three brains. The reconstructions provide a clear picture from all angles of the complicated course of the terminal branches of the cerebral arteries. This can help to identify the arteries in conventional and magnetic resonance angiography. Our rendition of the cerebral arteries can be matched with CT, MR und PET images to indicate the areas of extension of the individual branches, allowing neuromorphological and functional correlations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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