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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 25 (1977), S. 155-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Steady state patterns of currents flowing extracellularly in the receptor layer of the frog retina are used to work out an electrical model of vertebrate rods. The model can be thought of as a linear network consisting of resitances and current sources. The model predicts the axial spread of currents along the outside of the receptors. In addition, it predicts membrane voltages in light and darkness. If the dark-adapted receptors are assumed to have a uniform membrane with a specific resistance of 500 Ω·cm2, a single rod gives rise to an extracellular dark current of about 200 pa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0942-0940
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Carcinoma bronchial ; Pneumonectomy radical ; Resection, thoracic wall ; Bronchoplastic procedures ; Bronchuscarcinom ; erweiterte Pneumonektomie ; Thoraxwandresektion ; bronchoplastische Eingriffe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die postoperative Letalität (30 Tage) nach erweitertei Pneumonektomie (n=21) mit intrapericardialer Gefäßabsetzung, Perikardektomie und Vorhofsresektion (Gruppe A) beträgt 19%; nach kombinierter Thoraxwand und Lungenresektion (n=8) 11 % (Gruppe B); nach ipsilateraler mediastinaler Lymphknotenausräumung (n=12) 23% (Gruppe C); und nach bronchoplastischen Eingriffen (n=8) 25%. (Gruppe D; inkl. 3 Patienten mit gleichzeitiger Gefäßanastomose). Die 5Jahres-Heilungsziffer beträgt für die Gruppe A 14,3%, die Gruppe B 11%, die Gruppe C 8,3%. Kein einziger Patient der Gruppe D hat in diesem Kollektiv die 5-Jahres-Grenze erreicht. Im Gesamtkollektiv aller unserer bronchoplastischen Eingriffe wegen Carcinom (n=17) beträgt sie dagegen 17%.
    Notes: Summary The postoperative lethality (30 days) after radical pneumonectomy (n=21) with intrapericardial disconnection of the vessels, partial pericardectomy or atrial resection (group A) is 19%, after extended thoracic wall and lung resection (n=8) 11% (group B), after radical ipsilateral lymph node and lung resection (n=12) 23% (group C), and after bronchoplastic procedure with reimplantation of the bronchus (n=8) 25% (group D, including 3 patients with reimplantation of the pulmonary vessels as well). The 5-year survival rate for group A is 14.3%, group B 11%, and group C 8.3%. No patient in group D survived the 5-year period, but from our total group of patients treated with bronchoplastic procedures (n=17) because of carcinoma, the 5-year survival rate is 17%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 22 (1966), S. 184-185 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of deep hypothermia on the single fibre activity of the optic nerve and on the electroretinogram has been studied in the cat. The ganglion cell activity of the retina has been found to be more resistant than the ERG against the effect of cooling. There is a marked delay in the restitution of theb-wave during rewarming.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 233 (1971), S. 484-485 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Crucian carp were used because their porphyropsin is not paired with rhodopsin7. In each experiment, four or eight animals of equal size (12-13 cm long) were light-adapted for 1 h in a transparent plastic tank (20 x 20 x 30 cm) illuminated by five reflector flood-lamps (light output per lamp, 1,950 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 276 (1962), S. 56-65 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Langsame Potentiale werden vom durchtrennten, zentralen Ende des Pinealnerven bei optischer Reizung des Stirnorgans abgeleitet. 2. Depolarisierende langsame Potentiale des Stirnorgans gehen mit einer Aktivierung, hyperpolarisierende Potentiale mit einer Hemmung der Impulsentladungen des Pinealnerven einher. Unter der Wirkung von Lokalanaesthetica erlischt die Spike-Aktivität, ohne daß die langsamen Potentiale alteriert werden. 3. Die Polarität der langsamen Potentiale ändert sich mit der Wellenlänge des Reizlichtes. Rein hyperpolarisierende Potentiale entstehen bei spektralen Reizen unterhalb 425 mμ, rein depolarisierende Potentiale oberhalb 520 mμ. In einem mittleren Wellenlängenbereich (435–517 mμ) sind sowohl hyper- als auch depolarisierende Anteile in den Potentialabläufen erkennbar; die Depolarisationen lassen sich durch Adaptation an ultraviolettes Dauerlicht verdeutlichen. 4. Die rein de- und hyperpolarisierenden Potentiale sind durch minutenlange Reiznachwirkungen und starke Erschöpfbarkeit gekennzeichnet. Bei wiederholter Reizung sind langsame Antworten nur ableitbar, wenn de- und hyperpolarisierende Reize miteinander alternieren und eine bestimmte Relation an Reizenergie untereinander aufweisen. 5. Die Herkunft der langsamen Potentiale und ihre Rolle bei der Erregungsübertragung im Stirnorgan werden diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 298 (1967), S. 61-69 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Zuwachsschwellen der isolierten Froschnetzhaut wurden mit blaugrünen Testreizen (502 mμ) bei Adaptation an rotes Dauerlicht (623 mμ) gemessen (Methode der konstanten Antwort im Elektroretinogramm). 2. Die Purkinje-Verschiebung wurde mit zwei Testreizen unterschiedlicher Wellenlänge (502 und 578 mμ) bei Adaptation an das gleiche rote Dauerlicht (623 mμ) gemessen. 3. Zuwachsschwelle und Purkinje-Verschiebung zeigen ebenso wie die Form der Elektroretinogramme, daß das skotopische System der Präparation seine Funktion einstellt, wenn das Adaptationslicht eine Bestrahlungsstärke von 0,11 erg/sec·cm2 (λ=502 mμ) überschreitet. Bei etwa gleicher retinaler Bestrahlungsstärke beginnt die Stäbchensättigung der menschlichen Retina.
    Notes: Summary 1. Increment thresholds of the isolated frog's retina have been measured by superimposing blue-green test stimuli (502 mμ) upon a red conditioning field (623 mμ). The whole retina was illuminated by both the test and the background field. A constant small response in the electro-retinogram (e.r.g.) was used as threshold criterion. 2. Using the same red background illumination (623 mμ) the Purkinje-shift of the preparation has been studied with the aid of two monochromatic test stimuli of wavelengths 502 and 578 mμ respectively. 3. Increment thresholds and Purkinje-shift as well as configurational changes in the e.r.g. indicate the failure of rod function if the background field exceeds a certain value of retinal irradiance (0.11 erg/sec·cm2; λ=502 mμ) which is comparable to the figure found at the beginning of rod saturation in the human retina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 341 (1973), S. 219-232 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Human Retina ; Rhodopsin ; Electroretinography ; Rods and Cones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pieces of human retinas were dissected from dark adapted eyes enucleated because of malignant tumours. The preparations were perfused at 36°C with a glucose-containing ionic medium of pH 7.4. The rhodopsin content was determined by means of the absorbance changes due to bleaching. Electroretino-graphic responses were recorded transretinally. Scotopicb-waves (8 preparations) or slow P III responses (19 preparations) were obtained at stimulus strengths corresponding to approx. one quantum absorbed per rod per flash (20 ms). Photopic potentials appeared when the stimuli were 1.5 log units more intense. Partial bleaching of rhodopsin was followed by an amplitude decrease of scotopic responses. This decrease was a temporary one from which the retinas fully recovered if less than 6% of the rhodopsin had been bleached. Bleaching of larger amounts of the pigment resulted in a permanent loss of potential amplitude and of retinal sensitivity. During the recovery process after small bleaches, the reduction of potential amplitude was proportional to the concentration of metarhodopsin380 in the rods, and may indicate a link between metarhodopsin380 and the temporary desensitization of the retina.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 298 (1967), S. 44-60 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. An der isolierten perfundierten Netzhaut von Rana esculenta wurde die Transmission monochromatischen Lichts im sichtbaren und ultravioletten Spektralbereich gemessen. Durch Bleichung der Präparation wurden vorübergehende und bleibende Änderungen der Transmission erzeugt. 2. Die bleibenden Änderungen der Transmission ergeben ein für Sehpurpur typisches Differenzspektrum, welches Vitamin A1 als stabiles Endprodukt der Sehpurpurbleichung anzeigt. 3. Zwei instabile Photoprodukte mit Absorptionsmaxima bei 380 und 480 mμ (Metarhodopsin I und II) verursachen die vorübergehenden Änderungen der Transmission (Dunkelreaktionen). Der gleichzeitige Zerfall beider Stoffe läßt sich näherungsweise als Reaktion 1. Ordnung beschreiben. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante beträgt bei Zimmertemperatur etwa 0,002 sec−1.
    Notes: Summary 1. Photochemical reactions in the isolated perfused retina of the frog (Rana esculenta) have been studied by measuring the amount of light transmitted through the preparation. Bleaching of the retina is connected with transient and permanent changes of transmission. 2. Difference spectra derived from permanent transmission changes indicate that the principal pigment involved is visual purple. Vitamin A1 has been identified as the final stable product of bleaching visual purple in the preparation. 3. Transient changes of transmission are caused by the transient photoproducts metarhodopsin I and II. The simultaneous fading of these products in the dark can approximately be described in terms of a first order reaction the rate constant being of the order of 0.002 sec−1 at room temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pflügers Archiv 298 (1967), S. 70-81 
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Der Sehpurpur der isolierten Froschnetzhaut wurde partiell gebleicht und die Erregbarkeit der Präparation vor und nach der Bleichung elektroretinographisch bestimmt (Methode der konstanten Antwort). 2. Die nach der Einwirkung des bleichenden Lichts zweiphasisch ablaufende Dunkeladaptation dauert 45 min, wenn weniger als 45% des Sehpurpurs gebleicht werden. Die spektrale Empfindlichkeit am Ende dieser Dunkeladaptation folgt unterhalb 520 mμ der Sehpurpurabsorption. Werden mehr als 45% des Pigments gebleicht, dann verkürzt sich die Dauer der Dunkeladaptation auf 25–28 min und wird einphasisch. Die spektrale Sensitivität zeigt in diesem Fall ein Maximum zwischen 560 und 570 mμ. 3. Nach partieller Bleichung bis 44% steigt der Logarithmus der Dunkelschwelle linear mit der gebleichten Sehpurpurfraktion an. Bei noch weitergehender Bleichung wird die Dunkelschwelle unabhängig vom Ausmaß der Sehpurpurbleichung. Die Erregbarkeit der Netzhaut wird dann allein vom photopischen System bestimmt.
    Notes: Summary 1. The visual purple content of the isolated frog's retina has been diminished by partial bleaching. After cessation of the bleaching light, the rhodopsin concentration in the rods underwent no further change since bleached rhodopsin was not regenerated by the preparation. Threshold changes in the retina following the partial bleach have been recorded by measuring the light intensities required to elicit a constant small response from the electro-retinogram. 2. If the fraction of pigment bleached does not exceed 45% of the full rhodopsin content the dark adaptation curves obtained by the above method exhibit two branches and reach steady values of sensitivity after about 45 min. Bleaching of more than 45% is followed by a shorter recovery process occuring in one stage only. Scotopic and mesopic spectral sensitivity curves with λmax at 502 mμ are connected with two branches in the dark adaptation curve whereas single branchea curves are accompanied by photopic spectral sensitivity distributions (λmax=560–570 mμ). 3. In experiments showing two branches in the recovery curve the logarithm of threshold measured after completion of the dark adaptation is linearly related to the fraction of pigment bleached.
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