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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Mivacurium ; Neostigmin ; Edrophonium ; Key words Mivacurium ; Neostigmine ; Edrophonium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Mivacurium has a short duration of action because it is rapidly hydrolysed by plasma cholinesterase. There is ongoing controversy concerning the antagonism of mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block, firstly because of its short spontaneous recovery time, and secondly because the metabolism of mivacurium may be inhibited by anticholinesterases. We therefore compared neostigmine and edrophonium reversal of deep and moderate mivacurium-induced blocks. Methods: After approval by the local ethics committee, 48 ASA class I and II adult patients were investigated during nitrous oxide-fentanyl-thiopental anaesthesia using train-of-four (TOF) stimulation and monitoring of the isometric force of adduction of a thumb. The patients received 0.2 mg/kg mivacurium i.v. Neuromuscular transmission was allowed to recover spontaneously in 10 patients (group SP). In 2 other groups the neuromuscular block was antagonised by administration of 0.04 mg/kg neostigmine (group N5; n=9) or 1.0 mg/kg edrophonium (group E5; n=10) when T1 had recovered spontaneously to 5% of control. In two other groups the neuromuscular block was antagonised with the same doses of neostigmine or edrophonium in 10 patients (group N25) and 9 patients (group E25), respectively, when T1 had recovered spontaneously to 25% of control. Results: Neostigmine or edrophonium administered when T1 had recovered spontaneously to 25% of control shortened the recovery time (time from administration of antagonist to a T4/T1-ratio of 0.7) significantly from 10.7±2.2 min (mean±SD) in the SP group to 5.1±2.0 and 5.3±1.5 min in the N25 and E25 groups, respectively (P〈0.05). The corresponding recovery times in the SP, N5, and E5 groups were 15.9±2.9, 10.0±1.9, and 7.7±2.2 min, respectively. The difference between the SP and E5 groups was significant (P〈0.05). The recovery indices (time from 25% to 75% recovery of T1) of 3.0±1.3 and 1.7±0.9 min for the E5 and E25 groups, respectively, were shorter than those of the SP group at 6.1±2.0 min (P〈0.05). Conclusions: Two theoretical reasons, the very rapid onset time and the fact that it does not inhibit plasma cholinesterase, suggest edrophonium to be the preferred antagonist of a mivacurium-induced blockade. These two characteristics are reflected in our results: only edrophonium was able to shorten the recovery index significantly and, administered at a profound level of mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block, only edrophonium was successful in shortening recovery time significantly. Therefore, edrophonium should be the anticholinesterase of choice to antagonise a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Antagonisierung von Mivacurium wird erstens wegen seiner kurzen Spontanerholungszeit und zweitens wegen möglicher Hemmung dessen Metabolisierung durch Plasmacholinesterasehemmer kontrovers beurteilt. Methode: In einer klinischen Studie untersuchten wir bei 48 ASA I bzw. II Patienten die Antagonisierung einer tiefen und oberflächlichen Mivacuriumblockade mit Neostigmin und Edrophonium. Nach einer Bolusinjektion von 0,2 mg/kg Mivacurium und nachdem sich T1, die erste der vier Muskelantworten nach TOF Stimulation, auf 5% des Ausgangswerts, erholt hatte, erhielten die Gruppen N5 (n=9) und E5 (n=10) 0,04 mg/kg Neostigmin bzw. 1,0 mg/kg Edrophonium. Die Gruppen N25 (n=10) und E25 (n=9) erhielten die gleichen Dosierungen Neostigmin und Edrophonium bei T1=25%. Bei 10 Patienten (Gruppe SP) ließ man die neuromuskuläre Erholung spontan erfolgen. Die neuromuskuläre Transmission wurde mittels Train-of-four-Stimulation des N. ulnaris und Messung der isometrischen Adduktionskraft des Daumens monitiert. Ergebnisse: Neostigmin und Edrophonium, bei T1=25% verabreicht, verkürzten die Erholungszeit (Zeit von T1=25% bis zu einem T4/T1-Verhältnis von 0,7) signifikant von 10,7±2,2 (MW±SD) min in der SP-Gruppe auf 5,1±2,0 min in der N25-Gruppe und auf 5,3±1,5 min in der E25-Gruppe. Die entsprechenden Erholungszeiten (Zeitintervalle von T1=5% bis zu einem T4/T1-Verhältnis von 0,7) in den SP, N5 und E5 Gruppen betrugen 15,9±2,9, 10,0±1,9 und 7,7±2,2 min, wobei lediglich zwischen der SP- und der E5-Gruppe ein signifikanter Unterschied bestand (p〈0,05). Der Erholungsindex (Zeit der T1-Erholung von 25% auf 75%) betrug 3,0±1,3 und 1,7±0,9 min in der E5- und E25-Gruppe und war signifikant kürzer als in der SP-Gruppe, 6,1±2,0 min (p〈0,05). Schlußfolgerung: Da nur Edrophonium in der Lage war, die Erholungsindizes zu verkürzen, und nur Edrophonium die Erholungszeit aus einem tiefen Block heraus verkürzen konnte, sollte es dem Neostigmin zur Antagonisierung einer Mivacuriumblockade vorgezogen werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 29 (1951), S. 450-452 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 66 (1988), S. 552-555 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hodgkin's disease ; Hypothermia ; Exploratory laparotomy ; Corticosteroids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Hypothermia is a rare complication of unknown origin in Hodgkin's disease which has been reported after the administration of antineoplastic agents, chlorpromazine and paracetamol. We report a highly febrile patient with stage IV-B Hodgkin's disease of mixed cellularity type who underwent exploratory laparotomy. Because of suspected septic shock high-dose prednisolone was given during surgery. Postoperatively the patient's body temperature fell progressively to 32.9° C and remained at less then 35.5° C for the following 5 days. There seems to be some functional disorder of thermoregulation in Hodgkin's disease. Physical factors during surgery or certain drugs, especially cytotoxics, corticosteroids, anesthetics or antipyretics may lead to prolonged hypothermia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Anaesthesia 50 (1995), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Eleven brain-dead organ donors were studied during surgery. Plasma levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline were measured before and after skin incision, upon sternotomy and 15, 30 and 45min thereafter. Haemodynamic changes were measured continuously throughout the observation period. Blood pressure and heart rate increased after skin incision, remained high at sternotomy then decreased towards the end of the observation period in six of the 11 patients. Plasma catecholamines increased promptly with the onset of surgical stimuli. We conclude that surgical stress can evoke an excessive rise of plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline and thus could impair allograft function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 4 (1976), S. 204-210 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 133 patients in an intensive care unit, who prior to admission had not shown any signs of bacterial infection and had not received antibiotic treatment, were assigned to two groups at random. One group received antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillins or cephalosporins (+Pat.), the other group did not receive antibiotics (−Pat.). Staph. aureus was the most frequent facultative pathogen in tracheal secretions and in the environment of „−Pat.“. This organism was significantly more frequent in „−Pat.“ than in „+Pat.“ in both the tracheal secretions and the enviroment. Klebsiella spp. outnumbered all other species in „+Pat.“. They were significantly more frequent in tracheal secretions of „+Pat.“ than of „−Pat.“. In the first week of hospitalisation marked changes were seen in bacterial flora of tracheal secretions of „+Pat.“. Colonization with gramnegative bacteria rose to nearly 100%, the frequency of Staph. aureus diminishing at the same time. Monitoring by contact cultures revealed that gramnegative rods were significantly more numerous in the environment of „+Pat.“ than of „−Pat.“. Matching bacterial strains cultured from tracheal secretions and from the environment of the patients proved that „+Pat. spread significantly higher numbers of their gramnegative bacteria into the environment. The same is true of „−Pat.“ for Staph. aureus. Intubation had no noticeable effect on the degree of contamination of the surroundings with Staph. aureus. Gramnegative rods were significantly more frequent in tracheal secretions of patients with intubation than in patients without. The same trend was observed for environmental contamination. As the clinical results of this study have shown, antibiotic prophylaxis does not protect patients from infections to the extent expected. Patients, and particularly intubated patients, receiving antibiotic treatment have to be considered as sources of highly resistant gramnegative organisms.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 133 Patienten einer Intensivpflegestation, die bei der Aufnahme keine Symptome bakterieller Infektion zeigten und noch keine Antibiotika erhalten hatten, wurden nach dem Zufallsprinzip zwei Gruppen zugeordnet. Eine Gruppe (+Pat.) erhielt eine Antibiotikaprophylaxe mit Penicillinen oder Cephalosporinen, die zweite Gruppe (−Pat.) erhielt keine Antibiotika. Staph. aureus war bei „−Pat.“ im Trachealsekret und in der Umgebung der häufigste potentiell pathogene Keim. Staph. aureus war im Trachealsekret und in der Umgebung der „−Pat.“ signifikant häufiger als bei „+Pat.“. Klebsiella spp. standen im Trachealsekret und in der Umgebung von „+Pat.“ an erster Stelle. Sie waren im Trachealsekret von „+Pat.“ signifikant häufiger als bei „−Pat.“. In der ersten Woche des Stationsaufenthaltes traten bei „+Pat.“ starke Veränderungen in der Keimflora der Trachealsekrete auf: die Besiedelung mit gramnegativen Keimen stieg auf fast 100% an, gleichzeitig ging die Frequenz von Staph. aureus zurück. In den Abklatschuntersuchungen aus der Patientenumgebung traten gramnegative Stäbchen bei „+Pat.“ in signifikant höheren Koloniezahlen auf als bei „−Pat.“. Die paarweisen Vergleiche von Bakterienstämmen aus den Trachealsekreten und aus der Patientenumgebung ergaben, daß „+Pat.“ gramnegative Keime und „−Pat.“ Staph. aureus signifikant häufiger an die Umgebung abgaben. Auf die Kontamination der Patientenumgebung mit Staph. aureus wirkte sich der Faktor der trachealen Intubation nicht aus. Gramnegative Keime waren im Trachealsekret von intubierten Patienten signifikant häufiger als bei nicht intubierten. Derselbe Trend zeigte sich auch in der Patientenumgebung. Die Antibiotikaprophylaxe konnte, wie die klinischen Ergebnisse der Studie zeigten, die Patienten nicht im erwarteten Ausmaß vor Infektionen schützen. Patienten, insbesondere tracheal-intubierte, die Antibiotika erhalten, sind als Streuquellen für hochresistente gramnegative Keime anzusehen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Langenbeck's archives of surgery 342 (1976), S. 549-551 
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Keywords: Melanoma ; Treatment, multiple-stage ; Melanom ; Mehrschrittstherapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über 11 weit fortgeschrittene Melanompatienten berichtet, die in einer modifizierten Form der Krebs-Mehrschrittstherapie behandelt wurden. Das Ergebnis konnte den Verlauf nicht bessern, möglicherweise eine geringgradige Lebensverlängerung bringen.
    Notes: Summary The paper reports on 11 patients with very advanced melanoma, who were treated with a modified version of multiple-stage cancer therapy. No improvement in the course of the illness resulted, but survival may have been slightly prolonged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Severe cerebral trauma ; Midbrain syndrome ; Apallic syndrome ; Catecholamines ; Fat oxidation ; Thyroid hormones ; High caloric total parenteral alimentation (TPA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Urinary catecholamine excretion and thyroid hormone blood level were studied in 16 patients following severe cerebral trauma. Increased excretion rates of epinephrine and norepinephrine were found. There was no significant difference in the catecholamine excretion when compared with generally traumatized patients. The relationships between catecholamine excretion, increased metabolic rates, and negative nitrogen balance indicate that in patients with a midbrain syndrome there exists an additional diencephalic metabolic factor, which leads to a rise in fat oxidation and perpetuation of catabolism. Early high caloric parenteral nutrition seems to inhibit the initial increase of catecholamine excretion and thus protects the body from an unnecessary breakdown of its own reserves. If the course is classified according to neurological stages, it can be shown that patients with a traumatic apallic syndrome in poor condition have a high increase of catecholamine excretion. Secretion of thyroid hormones is not influenced significantly by cerebral trauma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Keywords: Monitoring of Respiratory Parameters ; Hyperbaric Chambers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine hyperbare Einmannkammer vom Typ Vickers wurde zu erweitertem Monitoring adaptiert. Registriert wurde an einem Schädelhirnverletzten: EKG, Basaltemperatur, zentralvenöse und arterielle Blutgase, blutiger Blutdruck, pneumotachographische Kurve und der Beatmungsdruck. Bei Spontanatmung wurde Anstieg des venösen pO2, des arteriellen pCO2 und des Atemminutenvolumens bei Kompression mit reinem O2 gefunden. Bei Beatmung mit einem Fluid-logic-Respirator kam es zu noch stärkerem Anstieg des arteriellen pCO2 und des venösen pO2 bei Kompression. Anhand der pneumotachographischen Kurven und mittels Beatmungsdruckregistrierung wurde gezeigt, daß der fluid-logic-Respirator in Grenzsituationen und insbesondere bei Verwendung als Assistor am nicht relaxierten Patienten die Beatmung nicht suffizient durchführen kann. Die Interpretation der gefundenen Werte aufgrund der vorliegenden Literatur wird diskutiert. Es wird vor unkontrolliertem Gebrauch des fluid-logic-Respirators gewarnt, und die vorliegende Anordnung für den Einzelfall empfohlen.
    Notes: Abstract A small hyperbaric chamber (Vickers) was modified in order to facilitate amplified monitoring. ECG, basal temperature, central venous and arterial blood gases, blood pressure pneumotachygraphy and ventilation pressure were monitored in a cerebral trauma case. With rising pressure in O2 atmosphere rises in venous pO2 and in arterial pCO2 were observed. When the patient was ventilated with a fluid-logic ventilator there was a higher rise in arterial pCO2 and in venous pO2, as hyperbaric atmosphere was gained. The pneumotachygraphic registration and the ventilation pressure showed, that the fluid logic ventilator can not comply with requirements in critical situations, and especially when used as an assistor. The interpretation of these findings is discussed in the light of current knowledge in this field. Uncontrolled use of the fluid-logic ventilator is depreciated and the modification of the Vickers chamber is recommended for monitoring in selected cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Severe cerebral trauma ; Midbrain syndrome ; Apallic syndrome ; Metabolic rates ; Catabolism ; High caloric nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 27 Patients following severe brain injury were studied with regard to metabolic alterations. Metabolic rate was calculated from measured RQ, respiratory minute volume and oxygen consumption, as soon as the patient was able to breathe spontaneously. Catabolism was defined by determination of N-balance. It was concluded that metabolism following cerebral injury is particularly enhanced compared to common trauma. The neurological course of patients, who after midbrain syndrome recovered in contrast to those who developed apallic syndrome had little influence on metabolic rates, however, it distinctly seemed to modify catabolism. Thus catabolism throughout the apallic phase was found to be higher. The requirements for a favourable recovery from severe brain injury were defined as a well balanced nitrogen regime apart from a high amount of carbohydrate and fat calories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Transplant international 9 (1996), S. 102-108 
    ISSN: 1432-2277
    Keywords: Brain death, endocrine stress ; Donor, endocrine stress ; Stress hormones, brain death ; Endocrine stress, brain death
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied the course of plasma levels of the stress markers adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, human growth hormone (h-GH), β-endorphin, and prolactin during retrieval surgery in eleven brain-dead organ donors scheduled for multiple organ explantation. Donors were divided into two groups according to hemodynamic stability. Hormones demonstrated a great variability in plasma levels and in the pattern of reaction, revealing a different degree of remaining pituitary function. β-Endorphin was the only stress hormone that showed a response to surgical stimuli in six patients. Only three of them developed a concomitant rise in ACTH. Cortisol, prolactin, and h-GH plasma levels did not change during the observation period. In the three cases with a slight elevation in ACTH, no subsequent change in cortisol was detectable. β-Endorphin showed greater variability and a tendency to higher levels in the group presenting with a higher arterial pressure, which resulted in a significant difference (P〈0.005) when distributions were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. No correlation was found between hypotensive episodes and deficiencies of other stress hormones. We conclude that pituitary function varies considerably in brain-dead organ donors without demonstrating a correlation to the onset of hypotension. Thus, we feel no need for a substitution treatment with any of the hormones investigated prior to organ explantation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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