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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Diabetologia 23 (1982), S. 288-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Inspiratory muscle load ; cycle ergometer test ; diabetes mellitus ; exercise hyperpnea ; respiratory effort sensation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference between Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and healthy control subjects regarding inspiratory muscle load during exercise hyperpnea. For this purpose an incremental progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer was performed by 36 Type 1 diabetic patients and 40 healthy subjects. In order to determine the mechanical load on the inspiratory muscles breath by breath, we selected the following two parameters, which represent the pressure generated by the inspiratory muscles as well as the duration and velocity of their contraction: (1) the oesophageal tension time index, which is the product of the duty cycle (ratio of inspiratory time to total breath cycle duration) and the mean oesophageal pressure expressed as a percentage of the maximal oesophageal pressure and (2) the mean oesophageal pressure change per time unit during the inspiratory phase of each breathing manoeuver, which is expressed as a fraction of the subject's maximal oesophageal pressure. Comparison of the two groups revealed that at similar levels of ventilation the mechanical load on the inspiratory muscles was significantly higher in the Type 1 diabetic patients than in the control subjects. When the loading was stopped the maximal ventilation was lower in the patients. Nevertheless, they reported a degree of respiratory effort sensation comparable to the control group, which seems to have been caused by an increase of the mechanical load on the ventilatory muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetic nephropathy ; risk factors ; ACE polymorphism ; glycaemic control ; hypertension.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diabetic nephropathy represents a major complication in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Intervention trials using angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have pointed towards the important pathogenetic role of the renin-angiotensin system. Recently an insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism for the gene encoding the ACE has been described, the deletion type being associated with higher plasma ACE levels. As the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system might also be activated in this setting, we determined the ACE genotype together with other risk factors for the development of diabetic nephropathy in 122 patients with IDDM from a single centre with (n = 63) and without (n = 59) nephropathy. Long-term glycaemic control was evaluated using mean HbA1c values from the last 10 years. The two patient group were comparable with regard to duration of diabetes and glycaemic control as assessed by current HbA1c values. However, mean long-term HbA1c values were significantly higher in patients with diabetic nephropathy as was systemic blood pressure. The DD genotype was more prevalent in patients with renal disease. In the subgroup of patients who had had diabetes for more than 20 years (n = 90), the DD genotype was even more frequent in patients with nephropathy, and blood pressure and long-term HbA1c values were also higher in patients with renal disease. Logistic regression analysis revealed long-term glycaemic control, blood pressure and the ACE genotype to be independent risk factors for the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy. [Diabetologia (1997) 40: 327–331]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Type I diabetes mellitus ; apo(a) gene ; apo(a) polymorphism ; Lp(a) ; susceptibility gene ; atherosclerosis ; risk factor.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. High lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] plasma concentrations are a genetically determined risk factor for atherosclerotic complications. In healthy subjects Lp(a) concentrations are mostly controlled by the apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)] gene locus which determines a size polymorphism with more than 30 alleles. Subjects with low molecular weight apo(a) phenotypes on average have higher Lp(a) concentrations than those with high molecular weight apo(a) phenotypes. There are many opinions about whether and why Lp(a) is raised in patients with Type I diabetes (insulin-dependent) mellitus. Methods. We investigated Lp(a) plasma concentrations and apo(a) phenotypes in 327 patients with Type I diabetes mellitus (disease duration 1–61 years) and in 200 control subjects matched for age and sex. Results. Patients with a disease duration of up to 15 years had significantly higher Lp(a) concentrations (24.3 ± 34.0 mg/dl vs 16.7 ± 22.6 mg/dl, p = 0.014) compared with control subjects. This increase can be explained by a considerably higher frequency of low molecular weight apo(a) phenotypes (38.9 % vs 23.5 %, p 〈 0.005). The frequency of low molecular weight apo(a) phenotypes decreased continuously with disease duration from 41.7 % in those with disease duration of up to 5 years to 18.2 % in those with the disease lasting more than 35 years. Conclusion/interpretation. Our data show that an increase of Lp(a) in Type I diabetic patients can only be observed in groups with short diabetes duration and that this elevation is genetically determined. Therefore, the apo(a) gene, located at 6q26–27, might be a susceptibility gene for Type I diabetes mellitus which is supported by recently published studies reporting evidence for linkage of this region (6q27) with Type I diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, the decreasing frequency of low molecular weight apo(a) phenotypes with disease duration suggests a survivor effect. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 1021–1027]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 46 (1968), S. 432-438 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The cylinder of liver tissue won by biopsy with the Menghini needle is rinsed with isotonic saline and weighed. Then the material is frozen at −20° C and can be stored. After drying at 4° C with KOH at low pressure the weighed material is put into small plastic tubes and the lipid extraction and hydrolysis of triglycerides is done with ethanolic KOH. The enzymatic determination ofEggstein andKreutz was used to determine the glycerol content of the supernatant after hydrolysis and neutralisation. The total content of triglycerides was calculated from the total glycerol estimated. In accordance to experimental work fromCarlson and others it could be prooven by thin layer chromatography that nearly all fat in liver steatosis is triglyceride. Di- and monoglycerides are negligable. Glycerophosphatides are not completely but only hydrolyzed to glycerophosphate by this procedure. It was found, that tissue specimens of 10 mg or more could be analysed for triglyceride content. Six post mortem human fatty livers with different etiology of steatosis were used and livercylinders from 15 punctures from each liver were analyzed. The right lobe of the liver prooved to be considerable homogenous concerning triglyceride content and the standard deviation was not more than ±2.8% triglyceride from dry weight. Single specimens from punctures of the left lobe don't give representative results. It could be prooven, that the specimen of liver tissue routinely won by biopsy can be used for chemical estimation of the triglyceride content of the liver. By statistical analysis of the results from 6 livers it could be calculated, that for biopsies from one liver at different times a change of more than 5.5% triglycerides from dry weight is significant with p 0.05. This means, that this method can be used for evaluation of the validity of therapeutic programs with medicaments or different diets in fatty liver.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die chemische Neutralfett-bestimmung von Lebergewebe, welches durch Nadelbiopsie gewonnen wird, werden die methodischen und statistischen Grundlagen angegeben. So wurde im Punktionsmaterial von menschlichen Fettlebern basierend auf der enzymatischen Glycerinbestimmung vonEggstein undKreutz [12] eine quantitative Neutralfettbestimmung durchgeführt. Die zumindest 10 mg schweren Punktionszylinder (Naßgewicht) wurden getrocknet und das Trockenmaterial direkt in die äthanolische KOH zur Hydrolyse eingesetzt. Durch die Gesamtglycerinbestimmung im Hydrolysat wird der Neutralfettgehalt erfaßt. Mittels Punktion an fünf Stellen der Leber wurden für sechs post mortem punktierte Fettlebern berechnet, wieweit das Einzelpunktat repräsentativ für die ganze Leber gelten kann. Der Fettgehalt im rechten Leberlappen erwies sich bei Fettlebern verschiedener Ätiologie als hinreichend homogen mit einer Standardabweichung von nicht mehr als 2,8% bei Berechnung des Neutralfettgehaltes mehrerer Biopsiezylinder bezogen auf das Trockengewicht derselben. Damit scheint uns die Methode auch zur Analyse von Punktionsmaterial der Leber vom lebenden Menschen geeignet. Methodisch ist die quantitative Erfassung des Neutralfettgehaltes einer Leber aus Biopsiematerial möglich. Daraus ergibt sich die Möglichkeit, bei Verlaufskontrollen mit Biopsien in zeitlichem Abstand die Änderung des Neutralfettgehaltes der Leber eines Patienten unter medikamentösen oder diätetischen Maßnahmen zu verfolgen. Für solche Verlaufskontrollen konnte durch Berechnung der Vertrauensgrenzen der Methode die Signifikanz des Unterschiedes des Neutralfettgehaltes von zwei Punktaten aus derselben Leber angegeben werden. Eine Änderung des Triglyceridgehaltes des Biopsiematerials bei zwei aufeinanderfolgenden Punktionen ein und derselben Leber von mehr als 5,5% Neutralfettgehalt vom Trockengewicht ist für ein p von 0,05 signifikant. Die gewonnenen Daten werden mit histologischen Bildern verglichen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 111 (1971), S. 95-108 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Type I Hyperlipoproteinemia ; Lipiduria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An Hand des Krankheitsverlaufes eines $$2{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}$$ jährigen Knaben mit exogener (fettinduzierter) Hyperlipoproteinämie (Typ I nach Fredrickson) wird auf diagnostische und therapeutische Schwierigkeiten bei dieser seltenen Erkrankung eingegangen. Besonders bemerkenswert sind eine mehrfach beobachtete Lipidurie, ein Extremwert der Serumtriglyceride von 30200 mg% und eine gesteigerte TmPAH. Letztere wurde auch beim Kindesvater beobachtet. Der Kindesvater hatte bereits bei üblicher, 2 seiner 4 Schwestern nach fettreicher Kost einen hohen Triglyceridspiegel. Eine verminderte Lipoproteinlipase und ein Chylomikronenband konnten beim Kindesvater nachgewiesen werden. Die Fettmenge in der Kost mußte bei unserem Patienten mit 7 g/Tag sehr niedrig gehalten werden. Therapieversuche mit mittelkettigen Triglyceriden, mit Heparin und Clofibrat blieben erfolglos.
    Notes: Abstract A $$2{\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 2$}}$$ -year-old boy with excessive hyperlipemia type I could be observed. In a fat rich diet period elevation of plasma triglycerides up to 30200 mg% with severe abdominal symptoms was induced. The level of lipoprotein-lipase, typical lipidelectrophoresis and fat induction of hyperglyceridemia confirmed the diagnosis. A reduction of heparin induced lipoproteinlipase could be also found in the father of the child. Both father and child had an elevation of PAH-clearance to nearly threefold. The boy several times had fat floating on the urine. Medium chain triglycerides did not give an improvement, dietary management could be achieved by reduction of dietary fats to 10 g per day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 20 (1984), S. 1491 
    ISSN: 0022-4731
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1435-2451
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Anhand eines experimentellen Fettemboliemodells wurde untersucht, ob eine Störung der Oberflächenspannung die Pathologie der Schocklunge mitgestaltet. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten an 50 Kaninchen, bei denen eine standardisierte Oberschenkelfraktur gesetzt wurde, die Lungen wurden histologisch untersucht, die Oberflächenspannung wurde anhand eines DruckVolumendiagrammes und einer Extraktuntersuchung in der Wilhelmy-Waage bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich folgendermaßen interpretieren: In derFrühphase des posttraumatischen Syndroms kommt es u. a. zur Entwicklung einer Lungenödems. Am Zustandekommen dieser ersten Veränderung in der Lunge ist eine Störung der Oberflächenspannungsverhältnisse pathogenetisch nicht beteiligt. Dieses primary Odem hebt den oberflächenaktiven Alveolarfilm von der Alveormembran ab and führt zu einer Störung der Oberflächenspannungs-verhältnisse. Diese jetzt pathologisch gesteigerte Oberflächenspannung bedingt eine weitere Zunahme des Odems and führt zur Entwicklung von Atelektasen, zur Verschlechterung der Compliance and zu einer Gasaustauschstörung. In der Spät-phase werden die oberflächenaktiven Phospholipide durch Fettsäuren direkt geschädigt, oder es tritt infolge Gewebehypoxie eine Hemmung der Produktion und ein Mangel an Surfactant au£ In diesem Stadium dürfte die Störung der Oberflächenspannungsverhältnisse an der Progression des Krankheitsbildes hauptbeteiligt sein.
    Notes: Summary Ligations were carried out with the aid of experimental fat embolism models to decide whether a disturbance of the surface tension contributes to the pathology of the lung in shock. The trial was carried out on 50 rabbits which were subjected to a standardized fracture of the femur. The lungs were examined histologically, surface tension was measured with the aid of a pressure-volume diagram and extracts examined on a Wilhelmy balance. The results can be interpreted as follows: In theearly phase of the post-traumatic syndrome, pulmonary oedema, among other symptoms, develops. A disturbance of surface tension is not pathogenetically involved in this first pulmonary manifestation. This primary oedema lifts the surface-active alveolar film from the alveolar membrane and in this way leads to a disturbance of the surface tension. The now pathologically raised surface tension aggravates the oedema, leads to the development of atelectasis, deterioration in compliance and gas-exchange disturbances. In thelate phase the surface-active phospholipids are directly damaged by fatty acids or the production of surfactant is inhibited due to tissue hypoxia. At this stage the disturbed surface tension constitutes one of the main reasons for the progressive nature of the illness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1238
    Keywords: Severe cerebral trauma ; Midbrain syndrome ; Apallic syndrome ; Catecholamines ; Fat oxidation ; Thyroid hormones ; High caloric total parenteral alimentation (TPA)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Urinary catecholamine excretion and thyroid hormone blood level were studied in 16 patients following severe cerebral trauma. Increased excretion rates of epinephrine and norepinephrine were found. There was no significant difference in the catecholamine excretion when compared with generally traumatized patients. The relationships between catecholamine excretion, increased metabolic rates, and negative nitrogen balance indicate that in patients with a midbrain syndrome there exists an additional diencephalic metabolic factor, which leads to a rise in fat oxidation and perpetuation of catabolism. Early high caloric parenteral nutrition seems to inhibit the initial increase of catecholamine excretion and thus protects the body from an unnecessary breakdown of its own reserves. If the course is classified according to neurological stages, it can be shown that patients with a traumatic apallic syndrome in poor condition have a high increase of catecholamine excretion. Secretion of thyroid hormones is not influenced significantly by cerebral trauma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 diabetes ; implantation ; insulin pump ; basal rate infusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A multi-phase study was undertaken to compare the metabolic effect on unstable Type 1 diabetic patients of optimized conventional treatment with that of external or implantable insulin delivery devices. External units were programmed to simulate implantable constant basal rate insulin infusion pumps with additional insulin doses given by subcutaneous injection or delivered by the pump. The study was continued using external devices with an optimal, meal-adjusted insulin profile simulating programmable, remote-controlled, implantable devices. Such good metabolic control was achieved using the constant insulin infusion, supplemented by two subcutaneous injections of insulin daily, that it justified the implantation of constant rate pumps in five Type 1 patients. Patients with the implanted devices achieved a near-normal life style, experienced significantly fewer hypoglycaemic reactions and had significantly improved glycosylated haemoglobin A1 and mean blood glucose values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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