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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 316-321 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The adsorption of cesium on clean {0001} surfaces of n- and p-6H-SiC samples at low temperatures was investigated by using Auger electron, x-ray photoelectron, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy as well as a Kelvin probe. At clean surfaces the Fermi level is pinned at 1.2 eV above the valence-band maximum and the ionization energy measures 5.7 and 5.8 eV on Siand become metallic after the deposition of the first Cs layer. For submonolayer coverages, Cs-induced surface donors form at 2.96 eV above the valence-band maximum. They are due to covalent Cs–Si bonds. The barrier height of Cs/6H-SiC Schottky contacts was found as 0.57±0.05 eV with n-type and 2.28±0.1 eV with p-type doped samples. These results confirm the concept that the continuum of metal-induced gap states determines the barrier heights of ideal metal-semiconductor contacts. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 68 (1990), S. 586-590 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: AlxN1−x films were prepared on GaAs(110) surfaces at room temperature by simultaneous evaporation of aluminum and exposure to a beam of ammonia molecules (reactive molecular-beam epitaxy). The formation of aluminum nitride was followed by using photoemission spectroscopy excited with ZrMζ radiation (hν=151.2 eV). The composition of the deposited films was monitored by recording the N(1s) and Al(2p) core lines excited with MgKα radiation (hν=1253.6 eV). The intensity ratio of these core levels as a function of impinging rate ratio z=ν(NH3)/ν(Al) was compared with the intensity ratio determined with an AlN standard under the same experimental conditions. Aluminum nitride was found to form at room temperature for z values larger than some 104.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 78 (2001), S. 2503-2505 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electronic properties and the electron affinities of AlxGa1−xN(0001) surfaces were investigated by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) over the whole composition range. The samples were prepared by N-ion sputtering and annealing. Surface cleanliness and stoichiometry were monitored with x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Samples with high aluminum content showed traces of oxygen which could not be removed by further cleaning cycles. However, we have evidence that the oxygen is located in the bulk and not at the surface. From the UP spectra the ionization energies and electron affinities as a function of composition x were determined. A decrease in electron affinity with increasing aluminum content was found, but the electron affinity remains positive for all x. Thus, earlier predictions of negative electron affinity for high aluminum content were not confirmed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
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    Unknown
    Paris : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Revue de littérature comparée. 35:4 (1961:oct./déc.) 617 
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Systematische Veränderungen in den SEE-Verteilungen unterschiedlich gefärbter Fluorite der Zinnlagerstätte Ehrenfriedersdorf (Deutschland) können auf die Evolution des mineralbildenden Fluids innerhalb des Endo- und Exokontakts eines mit der Lagerstättenbildung in Verbindung stehenden Li-F-Granits zurückgeführt werden. Ein mögliches geochemisches Modell, das die SEE-Verteilungen der Fluorite erklären kann, geht davon aus, daß die Lanthanide aus zwei unterschiedlichen Stoffquellen stammen. Es wird angenommen, daß ein im Mantel oder in der unteren Kruste entstandenes Fluid (leichte SEE n  〈 schwere SEE n ) eine Stoffquelle während der Entstehung der Li-F granitischen Magmen und der Lagerstättenbildung darstellte. Die metamorphen Nebengesteine (leichte SEE n  〉 schwere SEE n ) wurden durch Assimilation und Fluid-Nebengestein-Wechselwirkung (unter Einschluß der Zumischung krustaler Fluide) als zweite Stoffquelle in diese Prozesse einbezogen. Minerale, die in dem relativ kühlen und oxidierenden Umfeld des Exokontakts aus dem erzbildenden Fluid kristallisierten, bauten die SEE ein und besitzen daher SEE-Verteilungen, die auf eine einfache Mischung der Lanthanidenverteilungen der beiden Stoffquellen zurückgeführt werden können. Der Mineralabsatz im Gangsystem des Exokontakts führte zu einer sukzessiven Abnahme der absoluten Lanthanidenkonzentrationen des migrierenden Fluids. Die SEE-Verteilungen der Fluorite weisen darüber hinaus darauf hin, daß das mineralbildende Fluid im Exokontakt an Eu relativ angereichert war, was mit der Fluidevolution im Endokontakt erklärbar ist. Der Einbau von Eu2+ in Minerale, die in diesem Umfeld unter hohen Temperaturen und/oder niedriger Sauerstoffugazität aus dem Fluid-Magma-System kristallisierten, wurde durch den großen Radius des Ions behindert. Dies führte zu einer Anreicherung von Eu im Fluid, das anschließend in den Exokontakt migrierte, und zu einer komplementären Verarmung im alterierten Granit. Die SEE-Verteilungen von drei unterschiedlich gefärbten Fluoritproben eines zonierten Fluoritaggregats, das aus einem Kassiterit-führenden Quarzgang des Exokontakts stammt, sind für mathematische Modellierungen geeignet, da sie innerhalb eines relativ homogenen Nebengesteins auftraten und ihre relativen Altersstellungen zueinander gut untersucht sind. Um zu testen, ob das geochemische Mischungsmodell tatsächlich die SEE-Verteilungen der drei Fluorite vollständig erklären kann, wurde ein entsprechendes mathematisches Modell aufgestellt. In Übereinstimmung mit dem vorgeschlagenen geochemischen Modell wird angenommen, daß sich zwei Endglieder mit unterschiedlichen SEE-Verteilungen mischten und daß ein Vorgang wie die Präzipitation von Mineralen den SEE-Gehalt der Mischung verringerte. Der Einbau der SEE aus dem Fluid in die Fluorite wird durch einen Fraktionierungskoeffizient beschrieben. Mit Hilfe des mathematischen Modells wurden Modellwerte abgeleitet, die in möglichst guter Übereinstimmung mit den gemessenen Lanthanidenkonzentrationen sind. Diese Übereinstimmung wurde durch Minimierung der mittleren quadratischen Abweichung zwischen den beiden Datensätzen erhalten. Es wird gezeigt, daß das globale Minimum durch die Anwendung der Gauß-Newton Methode und einer speziell entwickelten Evolutionsstrategie gefunden wurde. Ce und Eu wurden in eine erste Analyse nicht einbezogen, da positive Anomalien in den SEE-Verteilungen der Fluorite auf ein anomales Verhalten dieser beiden Elemente während der Lagerstättenbildung hinweisen. Die erhaltenen Abweichungen zwischen den Modellwerten und den gemessenen Lanthanidenkonzentrationen sind geringer als die analytischen Fehler der SEE-Bestimmungen. In einer zweiten Analyse wurden die Ce- und Eu-Konzentrationen der drei Fluorite berücksichtigt. Die Abweichungen der Modellwerte von den gemessenen Gehalten dieser zwei Elemente sind zu hoch, um lediglich auf analytische Fehler zurückgeführt werden zu können. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, daß das geochemische Mischungsmodell eine mögliche Erklärung der gemessenen SEE-Verteilungen der drei Fluorite darstellt, aber daß die Ce- und Eu-Gehalte nicht ausschließlich auf einen Mischungsprozeß zurückgeführt werden können.
    Notes: Summary Systematic changes in REE patterns of fluorites with various colourations from the Ehrenfriedersdorf tin deposit, Germany, can be related to the evolution of the mineral forming hydrothermal fluid within the endo- and exocontact of a related Li-F granite. One possible geochemical model that may explain the fluorite REE patterns assumes that lanthanides derived from two distinct element sources. It is suggested that a mantle- or lower crust-derived fluid (LREEs n  〈 HREEs n ) participated as one source of elements in the formation of the Li-F granitic magmas and in ore deposition. The metamorphic wall rocks (LREEs n  〉 HREEs n ) were involved as a second source of elements due to assimilation and fluid-rock interaction (including admixing of crustal fluids). Minerals that crystallised in the relatively cool and/or oxidising environment of the exocontact incorporated the REEs from the ore-forming fluid and therefore exhibit REE patterns that result from simple mixing of the lanthanide distributions of the two element sources. Mineral precipitation in the exocontact vein system led to a successive decrease of the total lanthanide concentration of the migrating fluid. The fluorite REE patterns further suggest that the mineral-forming fluid in the exocontact showed a relative enrichment of Eu that can be attributed to fluid evolution within the endocontact. The large ionic radius of Eu2+ hampered the incorporation of Eu into minerals crystallising from the fluid-magma system in this high temperature and/or low oxygen fugacity environment. This process lead to an enrichment of Eu in the fluid that subsequently entered the exocontact and resulted in a corresponding Eu depletion of the altered granite. The lanthanide distributions of three differently coloured fluorite samples from a single zoned fluorite aggregate out of a cassiterite-bearing quartz vein of the exocontact are suitable for mathematical modelling because of their sample location in a sequence of homogeneous wall rocks and their well-constrained relative age relationships. Mathematical modelling has been carried out to test whether the geochemical mixing model can indeed explain the entire REE patterns of the three samples. In accordance with the proposed geochemical model, it is assumed that two endmembers with distinct REE patterns were mixed and that a process such as mineral precipitation reduced the total REE content of the mixture. The incorporation of REEs from the fluid into fluorite is described by a partition coefficient. Model values that are in closest possible agreement with the measured fluorite lanthanide concentrations were derived from the mathematical model by minimising the mean squared deviation between the two data sets. It is shown that the global minimum was found by application of the Gauss-Newton method and a specially designed evolutionary strategy. Ce and Eu were not considered in a first analysis because positive anomalies in the fluorite REE patterns indicate anomalous geochemical behaviour of these elements during the ore forming processes. The differences between the model values and the measured lanthanide concentrations were found to be smaller than the analytical errors of the REE measurements. In a second analysis the Ce and Eu concentrations of the three fluorites were taken into account and deviations between the model and measured values for these two elements were observed that could not be explained by analytical errors only. These findings suggest that the geochemical mixing model is a likely explanation for the measured fluorite REE patterns, while the observed Ce and Eu contents do not simply result from mixing processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computing 30 (1983), S. 213-223 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: 65H10 ; 65L10 ; Sparse systems of nonlinear equations ; secant methods ; boundary value problems ; multiple shooting method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Sekantenverfahren für solche schwach besetzten nichtlinearen Gleichungssysteme mit spezieller Struktur angegeben, wie sie zum Beispiel bei der Lösung von Randwertaufgaben für Systeme von gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen mit der Mehrzielmethode entstehen. Die angegebenen Verfahren werden mit einem angepaßten Broyden-Verfahren verglichen.
    Notes: Abstract Secant methods for sparse systems of nonlinear equations with a special structure are given, as they arise, e. g., in the solution of boundary value problems for systems of ordinary differential equations by multiple shooting. The presented methods are compared with an adapted Broyden method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Computing 28 (1982), S. 79-87 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: Generalized inverse ; iterative refinement ; 65F20 ; 15A09
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden ALGOL-Prozeduren zur Nachkorrektur einer näherungsweise berechneten, verallgemeinerten Inversen einer Matrix sowie einige Ergebnisse von Testrechnungen mit schlecht konditionierten, rangdefizienten Matrizen angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract ALGOL procedures for the iterative refinement of an approximation to a generalized inverse of a matrix and some results of numerical tests with ill-conditioned and rank-deficient matrices are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 7 (1999), S. 457-466 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions - 73.40.Ei Rectification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: Unreconstructed interfaces may be prepared by evaporation of thick Pb films onto surfaces at room temperature. Current-voltage and capacitance-voltage characteristics of such Schottky contacts were measured in the temperature range between 140 and 300 K. The experimental data are analyzed by applying the thermionic-emission theory of inhomogeneous metal-semiconductor contacts as well as the “standard” thermionic-emission theory. From both methods the Schottky barrier height of laterally homogeneous contacts results as 0.724 eV. This value is by 74 meV larger than the previously observed barrier heights of laterally homogeneous interfaces. Similar differences were reported for unreconstructed and reconstructed Al- and contacts. The reduced barrier heights of all these interfaces are explained by the electric dipole associated with the stacking faults of reconstructions at surfaces and interfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 7 (1999), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) - 68.35.Bs Surface structure and topography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: Clean, ordered, and stoichiometric GaN surfaces are obtained after exposure to a Ga-flux followed by annealing in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), after desorption of a Ga layer deposited at room-temperature or after nitrogen ion-bombardment and annealing in UHV. Samples annealed at temperatures above approximately display low-energy electron diffraction patterns. As a function of electron energy, the normal-order spots split into circular sextets. These multiplet rings periodically expand and coalesce. This observation is explained by oppositely oriented, regular step arrays in the [1000]-, [0100]- and [0010]-directions on the GaN surfaces. Quantitative analysis of the data gives terrace widths of Å and step heights of Å. The observations suggest faceting or the “development” of growth spirals with steps heights of two Ga-N bilayers by thermal etching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    The European physical journal 90 (1993), S. 331-339 
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Chemical and electronic properties of scrapecleaned YBa2Cu3O7−δ(YBCO) ceramics, which were also annealed in vacuum or exposed to H atoms or O2 molecules, were studied at room temperature by applying Auger electron (AES) and low-energy electron energy-loss spectroscopy (LEELS). Scanning electron micrographs showed such scraped surfaces to consist mainly of small, fractured YBCO crystallites, i.e. of clean YBCO surfaces. With only one exception, all low-energy AES lines were found to be shifted in energy compared to data recorded with surfaces of metallic Cu and Y. The analysis of the high-energy AES lines indicated the existence of non-stoichiometric material in grain boundaries. At least 25 different LEELS features were recorded. The 24.9-eV energy loss, which is due to the excitation of bulk valence-electron plasmons, indicates an enhanced oxygen deficit δs ≈ 0.8 at scrape-cleaned YBCO surfaces. Annealing of scraped YBCO samples at approximately 700 K in vacuum and also their exposure to hydrogen atoms resulted in an additional oxygen depletion within a few atomic layers near to the surfaces. These oxygen deficiencies were found to increase the intensity ratios of low-and high-energy AES lines of Cu, Ba, and Y and to intensify the energy-loss peak at 4.4 eV which has been attributed to O−Cu−O dumbbells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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