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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance and mortality among elderly men: The Finnish cohorts of the seven countries study (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 760-765 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Diabetes mellitus ; elderly ; mortality ; cardiovascular disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We studied the association of glucose intolerance with total and cause-specific mortality during a 5-year follow-up of 637 elderly Finnish men aged 65 to 84 years. Total mortality was 276 per 1000 for men aged 65 to 74 years and 537 per 1000 for men aged 75 to 84 years. Five-year total mortality adjusted for age was 364 per 1000 in diabetic men, 234 per 1000 in men with impaired glucose tolerance and 209 per 1000 in men with normal glucose tolerance. The relative risk of death among diabetic men was 2.10 (95% confidence interval 1.26 to 3.49) and among men with impaired glucose tolerance 1.17 (95% confidence interval 0.71 to 1.94) times higher compared with men with normal glucose tolerance. Cardiovascular disease was the most common cause of death in every glucose tolerance group. The multivariate adjusted relative risk of cardiovascular death was increased (1.55) in diabetic patients, albeit non-significantly (95% confidence interval 0.84 to 2.85). Diabetes resulted in an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality among men aged 65–74 years but not among the 75–84-year-old men. Relative risk of death from non-cardiovascular causes was slightly increased among diabetic subjects. In conclusion, diabetes mellitus is a significant determinant of mortality among elderly Finnish men.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429097
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hypertension and overweight associated with hyperinsulinaemia and glucose tolerance: a longitudinal study of the Finnish and Dutch cohorts of the Seven Countries Study (1995)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 38 (1995), S. 839-847 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Key words Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; hypertension ; insulin ; longitudinal ; overweight.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To elucidate the role of hypertension as part of the insulin resistance syndrome, the longitudinal relationships of hypertension and overweight with hyperinsulinaemia and glucose tolerance were examined in the Dutch and Finnish cohorts of the Seven Countries Study (Zutphen, and east and west Finland). Three cohorts of men, born between 1900 and 1919, were first examined in 1959/1960. At the 30-year follow-up survey a 2-h glucose tolerance test was carried out on 619 of the surviving men, and fasting insulin was also measured. Blood pressure and body mass index (BMI) were measured several times during the entire 30-year follow-up period. In cross-sectional analyses, men with diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance at the 30-year follow-up examination had a significantly higher systolic blood pressure and a higher prevalence of hypertension than men with normal glucose tolerance, independent of age, cohort and BMI (p 〈 0.01). These differences had already been seen 5, 20 and 30 years earlier. Subjects with hyperinsulinaemia (fasting insulin ≥ 9.2 mU/l) had a higher BMI and a higher prevalence of hypertension. This cross-sectional association with hypertension was independent of age, cohort and BMI. BMI levels of men with hyperinsulinaemia had been shown to be higher 5, 20 and 30 years earlier, but blood pressure levels had not. These results indicate that hypertension is independently associated with glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in three Caucasian cohorts. Changes in blood pressure precede abnormal glucose tolerance but not hyperinsulinaemia; therefore, glucose tolerance appears to be a stronger correlate of hypertension than hyperinsulinaemia. [Diabetologia (1995) 38: 839–847]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250050361
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Allergen-specific sensitization in asthma and allergic diseases in children: the study on farmers' and non-farmers' children (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Farmers' children are less frequently sensitized to common allergens than the non-farmers' children, but less is known about their sensitization to other allergens and its association with clinical diseases.Objective To examine the association of farm environment with atopic sensitization, allergic diseases, expression of allergen-induced symptoms, and the importance of specific sensitization against ‘common’ (timothy, dog, cat, birch, Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus, mugwort) and ‘other’ (cockroach, horse, Lepidoglyphus destructor, cow) allergens for asthma and allergic diseases in children.Methods A cross-sectional study including 344 farmers' and 366 non-farmers' children aged 6–13 years in eastern Finland, using a self-administered written questionnaire and skin prick tests against the above-mentioned allergens.Results Farmers' children had less asthma and allergic diseases and were less often sensitized against common allergens than the non-farmers' children. However, little difference was observed in sensitization against the other allergens between the farmers' (17.2%) and non-farmers (14.5%) children [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 1.11 (0.71–1.72)]. Being sensitized against only other allergens, without sensitization against common allergens, was unrelated to asthma or allergic diseases. Among the single allergens, sensitization against pets or pollen, or against horse or cow, had the strongest association with asthma, hayfever, and atopic eczema; no such association was seen in D. pteronyssimus, mugwort, cockroach, or L. destructor. Farmers' children had significantly less often symptoms of allergic rhinitis in contact with dog (aOR 0.32%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.15–0.67), cat (aOR 0.45, 0.22–0.88), or pollen (aOR 0.58%, 95% CI 0.37–0.90) than the non-farmers' children.Conclusion Farm environment reduces the occurrence of asthma, allergic diseases, and atopic sensitization in children, and also the occurrence of allergen-induced rhinitis. Remarkable differences were observed between single allergens in their association with allergic disease, stressing the importance of allergen selection when defining atopy in epidemiological studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02172.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Which factors explain the lower prevalence of atopy amongst farmers' children? (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The inverse association between farming and atopy in children has been attributed to microbial exposure, especially through livestock. Very little is known about other potential explanatory factors.Objective To explore potential differences in lifestyle and environmental factors between farmer and non-farmer families, and whether these factors could explain the association between farming and childhood atopy.Methods A cross-sectional study, including 366 farmers' and 344 non-farmers' children in eastern Finland. Information regarding exposure and background characteristics was gathered by a written questionnaire. Atopy was defined as having one or more positive skin prick test reactions (〉 3 mm) against the six common aeroallergens.Results Regardless of the current farming type, atopy was less frequent among the farmers' children than the non-farmers' children (aOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.40–0.78). Remarkable differences were seen in many lifestyle factors (including diet) between the farmer and non-farmer families, but only a few of the explored factors were associated with atopy. The frequency of current livestock contacts seemed to have an inverse, dose–dependent association with atopy (aOR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22–0.97 for daily vs. no contact). Having lived on a dairy farm in infancy (aOR 0.51, 95% CI 0.28–0.93), or having had cats or dogs in infancy (aOR 0.60, 95% CI 0.42–0.85), decreased the risk of atopy at school age. The inverse association between farming and atopy was not explained by the sociodemographic factors, or by differences in conventional risk factors of atopy. Animal contacts explained partially, but not completely, the association.Conclusion Higher frequency of animal contacts is one factor, but probably not the only one, explaining the inverse association of farming and atopy in children. The importance of early life exposures may have recently been over-emphasized, and current exposures discounted, when studying the risk factors of childhood atopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01566.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mothers of very low birth weight infants have less atopy than mothers of full-term infants (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Studies on the pregnancy outcome of asthmatic mothers have suggested an increased rate of preterm deliveries. In contrast, our earlier study suggests that mothers of very low birth weight (VLBW) (〈1500 g) infants less frequently had atopy than did mothers of full-term infants.Methods We inquired about symptoms of atopy and doctor-diagnosed atopy in parents of 370 infants of VLBW (〈1500 g) and 544 parents of full-term infants. Odds ratios for atopic symptoms and diagnosed atopy were calculated, and groups were compared with a trend test.Results Mothers of preterm infants of birth weight (BW) 〈1000 g significantly less often had physician-diagnosed allergic rhinitis (AR) (P=0.02). Among all the mothers, a trend test showed that maternal AR was significantly (P=0.03) higher in parallel with a higher infant BW. Fathers of infants with different BWs showed no differences in prevalence of atopic symptoms.Conclusion We thus infer that maternal balance between T-helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells, shifted towards Th2 in those with AR, may have a favourable effect on maintenance of pregnancy before gestational week 30.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02122.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gestational age and occurrence of atopy at age 31—a prospective birth cohort study in Finland (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It has been suggested that main risk factors for development of allergic diseases operate already during pregnancy and in early childhood.To study the association between gestational age, birth weight, parity and parental farming with the risk of atopy and asthma in young adults.In a prospective birth cohort study, 5192 subjects born in Northern Finland in 1966 were followed up at the age of 31. Skin prick tests were done to three of the most common allergens in Finland and to house dust mite. Data on doctor-diagnosed asthma was obtained from questionnaires. Perinatal data had already been collected during pregnancy.The risk of atopy increased linearly with increasing length of pregnancy among babies born in the 35th weak of gestation or later. Gestational age equal to, or over 40 weeks compared with less than 36 weeks was associated with an increased risk of atopy (multivariate odds ratio 1.65, 95% CI 1.16, 2.34). The association was stronger among farmers' children (P for interaction 0.01). High parity and being a farmer's child (multivariate odds ratio 0.50, 95% CI 0.42–0.60) was associated with decreased risk of atopy. In contrast, no associations were observed for doctor-diagnosed asthma.The results underline the importance of pregnancy and very early childhood in the development of atopy, and suggest that timing of the environmental exposure is of importance for the immune system. No association was observed for asthma, which may be due to the multifactorial origins of asthma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2001.00930.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prenatal factors and occurrence of rhinitis and eczema among offspring (1999)
    Copenhagen : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 54 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: It has recently been suggested that an atopic phenotype may already be programmed in utero. We examine here the association between prenatal factors and the subsequent development of allergic rhinitis and eczema among offspring. Methods: The analyses were based on 8088 children in a population-based prospective birth cohort started in northern Finland in 1985–6. Results: The prevalences of allergic rhinitis and allergic eczema by the age of 7 years among 8088 children were 3.3% and 6.7%, respectively. The results indicate that low parity, febrile infections in pregnancy, and the use of contraceptives before pregnancy increased the risk of allergic disorders among children. Bleeding in the first trimester and a greater weight gain during pregnancy appeared to be risk factors for rhinitis only. Children whose mothers experienced infections in the first trimester had ORs of 2.65 (95% CI 1.50–4.69) for rhinitis and 1.63(95%CI1.00–2.69) for eczema after adjustment for potential confounders. Conclusions: Obstetric complications and infection in pregnancy may increase the risk of allergic disorders among the offspring.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00117.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis among children in four regions of Finland (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 53 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalences of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis and their regional differences among Finnish children. The secondary objective was to determine whether the responses to the questions used are affected by the pollen season if asked during such a season. In 1994–5, the self-reported prevalence of allergic symptoms in four regions of Finland was studied among 11607 schoolchildren aged 13–14 years, as part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). The prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis during the preceding year was 16% in eastern Finland (Kuopio County, n=2821), 23% in southern Finland (Helsinki area, n=2771), 15% in southwestern Finland (Turku and Pod County, n=2983), and 16% in northern Finland (Lapland, n=3032). The respective prevalences of flexural dermatitis were 15%, 19%, 16%, and 18%. The surveys were performed in winter, except in the Helsinki area where the survey was carried out mainly in the spring pollen season. Among the children studied in autumn in Helsinki, the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis was 19% and that of flexural dermatitis 17%. In multivariate analysis, flexural dermatitis was slightly more common in Lapland than in all other areas. In contrast, no significant differences were found in rhinoconjunctivitis. The prevalences of both disorders were twice as high in girls as in boys. In conclusion, regional differences in the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis were small in our country, and the prevalence figures were rather similar to those reported from other European countries. Almost half of the children had suffered from at least one atopic disorder, and over one-third had had symptoms in the past year. A clear season-of-response effect was observed; the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis was 25% when studied during the pollen seasons in the Helsinki area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1998.tb03954.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of moisture-damage repairs on microbial exposure and symptoms in schoolchildren (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    Indoor air 15 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0668
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00357.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inter-cohort differences in coronary heart disease mortality in the 25-year follow-up of the seven countries study (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 9 (1993), S. 527-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Coronary heart disease ; Risk factors ; Population comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Sixteen cohorts of men aged 40–59 years at entry were examined with the measurement of some risk factors and then followed-up for mortality and causes of death for 25 years. These cohorts were located in the USA (1 cohort), Finland (2), the Netherlands (1), Italy (3), the former Yugoslavia (5), Greece (2), and Japan (2), and included a total of 12,763 subjects. Large differences in age-adjusted coronary heart disease (CHD) death rates were found, with extremes of 45 per 1000 in 25 years in Tanushimaru, Japan, to 288 per 1000 in 25 years in East Finland. In general, higher rates were found in the US and Northern European cohorts as compared to the Southern European and Japanese cohorts. However, during the last 10 years of follow-up large increases of CHD death rates were found in some Yugoslavian areas. Out of 5 measured entry characteristics treated as age-adjusted levels (serum cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, body mass index and physical activity at work), only serum cholesterol was significant in explaining cohort differences in CHD death rates. Over 50% of the variance in CHD death rates in 25 years was accounted for by the difference in mean serum cholesterol. This association tended to decline with increasing length of follow-up, but this was due to the great changes in mean serum cholesterol in the two Jugoslavian cohorts of Velika Krsna and Zrenjanin. When these two cohorts were excluded the association increased with time. Changes in mean serum cholesterol between year 0 and 10 helped in explaining differences in CHD death rates from year 10 onward. It can be concluded that this study suggests that mean serum cholesterol is the major risk factor in explaining cross-cultural differences in CHD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00209531
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