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Comparison of age-related changes in wrinkling and sagging of the skin in Caucasian females and in Japanese females (2004)

Tsukahara, K. ; Fujimura, T. ; Yoshida, Y. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

International journal of cosmetic science 26 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1468-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: We compared age-related changes in wrinkles in eight areas of facial skin (forehead, glabella, upper eyelid, corner of the eye, lower eyelid, nasolabial groove, cheek, and corner of the mouth) and sagging in the subzygomatic area of Caucasian females and of Japanese females. The subjects studied included 85 healthy Caucasian females (aged 20–69 years) living in Cincinnati in the U.S. and 70 Japanese females (aged 20–69 years) living in Tokyo. Photos of the face in frontal and in oblique 45 views were analyzed. Wrinkles in the face and sagging in the subzygomatic area were graded on Japanese photoscales, respectively, by the same experi-enced observer. The wrinkle score increased with age in all eight areas of the face examined in Caucasian females as well as in Japanese females. In the group aged 20–29 years, the wrinkle score in each area was significantly higher in Caucasian females than in Japanese females. The wrinkle scores in the forehead, glabella, upper eyelid, and corner of the eyes were similar at advanced ages between the two groups, while the wrinkle scores in lower areas of the face (lower eyelid, nasolabial groove, cheek, and corner of the mouth) were markedly higher in Caucasian females than in Japanese females in each age group, and reached an upper limit at advanced ages in Caucasian females. The sagging score also increased with age in Caucasian females as well as in Japanese females. The sagging score was significantly higher in Caucasian females than in Japanese females in the groups aged 40 years or more. These results suggest more marked wrinkle formation in all areas of the face in younger age groups of Caucasian females living in North America than in Japanese females living in Tokyo. In particular, Caucasian females showed marked age-related wrinkle formation in the lower areas of the face, probably due to sagging in the subzygomatic area, which suggests a higher susceptibility to sagging in the subzygomatic area of Caucasian females.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00245_5.x

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2

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Age-associated changes in the amount of subcutaneous tissue in the face evaluated in the ultrasonic B mode (2005)

Satoh, M. ; Mori, S. ; Nojiri, H. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

International journal of cosmetic science 27 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1468-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: In this study, age-associated changes in facial skin, cosmetologically critical factors, were studied in terms of local subcutaneous fat tissue. The subjects were 98 Japanese females evenly chosen from their teens to 70s. On each subject, the thickness of subcutaneous tissue was determined by the ultrasonic B mode method on four facial sites, forehead, orbit, cheek, and mandible. Age-association of the tissue thickness was facial site-dependent. In the orbit, the subcutaneous tissue became thicker with age, whereas it showed a tendency of thinning in the forehead. No clear age-association was observed in the cheek or the mandible. To analyze the age-association further, the data were stratified into ‘lean group’ and ‘obese group’ based on their BMI, and subjected to multiple regression analysis. The age-association in the orbit was much more distinctive in the lean group than in the obese group.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2005.00260_3.x

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3

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Quantitative two-dimensional analysis of facial wrinkles of Japanese women at various ages (2002)

Tsukahara, K. ; Takema, Y. ; Fujimura, T. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd

International journal of cosmetic science 24 (2002), S. 0

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ISSN: 1468-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: To evaluate individual differences in the recognition of facial wrinkles, we asked 40 Japanese female observers to identify wrinkles using transparent sheets over frontal facial photos of four females aged 20, 39, 55 or 75 years. We then measured the number and length of those wrinkles by image analysis. Wrinkles identified by those 40 observers showed aged-related increases in the standard deviation (SD) values for number and length but age-related decreases in the coefficient of variation (CV)%. Therefore, to clarify factors affecting the degree of wrinkle detection, wrinkles were identified by two groups of age-matched male and female observers, by two groups that differed by age, and by two other groups, one of which who felt that there was an improvement in their wrinkles after application of an antiwrinkle agent and another group who did not feel that there was any improvement after the same treatment. Improvement was observed by replica image analysis in all groups. The degree of wrinkles identified was not affected by the age or by the sex of the observer group. However, the group who felt that there was an improvement in their wrinkles after treatment with the antiwrinkle agent identified a significantly higher number of wrinkles than did the group who did not feel that there was an improvement.These results suggest marked individual differences in the recognition of wrinkles. Fine wrinkles in relatively young subjects are difficult to detect, but moderate to marked wrinkles in middle-aged and in aged subjects can easily be detected. Concerning the cause of individual differences in the extent of wrinkle detection, observers who identified a large number of wrinkles tended to recognize not only pronounced wrinkles but also recognized fine wrinkles as ‘wrinkles’. This seems to have also affected their feelings about the success of treatment with the antiwrinkle agent.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00122.x

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4

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Facial distribution of subcutaneous fat in women (2004)

Satoh, M. ; Mori, S. ; Yoshizuka, N. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

International journal of cosmetic science 26 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1468-2494

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: There is great interest in the cosmetic field in improving the shape of the face, which is determined by the amount of bone, muscle and subcutaneous fat. We examined the amount of facial subcutaneous fat in healthy women by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and investigated the distribution of fat in relation to the body shape. A total of 38 healthy women; 10 lean, 18 normal and 10 obese subjects, were examined by cephalometric MRI to obtain T1-weighted images, by which fat regions can be clearly observed. The area of subcutaneous fat was greater in obese subjects than in normal subjects, and was decreased in lean subjects. At 45 measured points, the thickness of subcutaneous fat was greater in the cheek near the nose independently of the body shape, and the surface of the masseter muscle and lower jaw increased according to the body mass index (BMI). This research suggested that there are two types of regions, one type maintains fat mass and the other type increases with BMI.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.2004.00231_4.x

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5

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Lower vertebrate collagen. Evidence for type I-like collagen in the skin of lamprey and shark

Kimura, S. ; Kamimura, T. ; Takema, Y. ; [et al.]

Amsterdam : Elsevier

BBA - Protein Structure 669 (1981), S. 251-257

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ISSN: 0005-2795

Keywords: Chain composition, (Lamprey, Shark) ; Collagen subunit ; Skin

Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002

Topics: Biology

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2795(81)90248-8

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Ovariectomy is sufficient to accelerate spontaneous skin ageing and to stimulate ultraviolet irradiation-induced photoageing of murine skin (2004)

Tsukahara, K. ; Nakagawa, H. ; Moriwaki, S. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

British journal of dermatology 151 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2133

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary Background Wrinkling and sagging of the skin during photoageing is physiologically associated with diminished elasticity, which can be attributed to increased fibroblast-derived elastase activity. This degrades the dermal elastic fibres needed to maintain the three-dimensional structure of the skin. We previously reported that ovariectomy accelerates ultraviolet (UV)B-induced wrinkle formation in rat hind limb skin by altering the three-dimensional structure of elastic fibres.Objectives In this study, we used hairless mice to assess the effects of ovariectomy with or without chronic UVA or UVB radiation on sagging and wrinkling of skin, on the elasticity of skin, as well as on matrix metalloproteinase activities in the skin.Methods Ovariectomies or sham operations were performed on 6-week-old female ICR/HR hairless mice.Results Even in the ovariectomy group without UV irradiation, the skin elasticity was significantly decreased during the 3–13 weeks after ovariectomy, which was accompanied by a significant increase in elastase activity in the skin. After UVA or UVB irradiation, skin elasticity was significantly decreased to a greater extent in the ovariectomy group than in the sham operation group, and this was accompanied by a reciprocal increase in elastase activity but not in the activities of collagenases I or IV in the skin. Consistent with the decreased skin elasticity, UVA irradiation for 12 weeks elicited more marked sagging in the ovariectomy group than in the sham operation group. UVB irradiation for 12 weeks also induced more marked wrinkle formation in the ovariectomy group than in the sham operation group.Conclusions These results suggest that ovariectomy alone is sufficient to accelerate skin ageing and to increase UV sensitivity, which results in the further deterioration of the skin and photoageing, and may account for the accelerated skin ageing seen in postmenopausal women.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.06203.x

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7

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Dermal fluid translocation is an important determinant of the diurnal variation in human skin thickness (2001)

Tsukahara, K. ; Takema, Y. ; Moriwaki, S. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

British journal of dermatology 145 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2133

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Background Ultrasonography has been used as a non-invasive approach to measure skin thickness. To date there have been no studies on diurnal variations in skin thickness. Objectives To evaluate diurnal variations in skin thickness and to compare these with corresponding echogenicity and skin elasticity. Methods Measurements by ultrasonography B-mode and by Cutometer SEM 575 were carried out in the morning and in the afternoon on 20 men and 20 women (mean age 30 years) on three areas of the face (forehead, corner of the eye and cheek), the forearm and the upper arm, and the flank, thigh and calf. Results From the morning to the afternoon, the skin thickness in both sexes significantly decreased on three areas of the face, the forearm and the upper arm, but significantly increased on the thigh and calf. In parallel, the echogenicity significantly increased from the morning to the afternoon on the three areas of the face, the forearm and the upper arm, but decreased significantly on the thigh and calf. Measurements of mechanical properties at four sites demonstrated that from the morning to the afternoon, the major parameters of skin elasticity Ue* and Uf* increased significantly in both sexes on two areas of the face and slightly on the forearm, but decreased significantly on the calf. Conclusions The diurnal profiles of skin thickness and skin elasticity in the upper half of the body are the reverse of those in the lower half of the body. These findings suggest that shifts of dermal fluid from the face to the leg by gravity during the day cause the diurnal variation in skin thickness.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04430.x

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Electronic Resource

Akazaki, S. ; Nakagawa, H. ; Kazama, H. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

British journal of dermatology 147 (2002), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2133

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Summary Background A system has been developed whereby the morphology of the skin surface can be evaluated directly in three dimensions. This system employs a non-invasive device that utilizes white light of halogen origin, and which allows the computation of wrinkle depth and width, and other parameters of skin surface morphology. Using innovative engineering, an optical system has been devised so that light is transmitted via a slit and can be used to measure not only replicas of the skin but also the skin surface directly. The measurement area is 6·4 × 6·4 mm, and the theoretical resolution with a × 50 magnification lens is within 12·5 µm. Objectives To use this system to study age-related changes in the morphology of wrinkles at the eye corner areas of women of varying ages. Methods One hundred and one healthy women (age range 20–80 years) residing in the Tokyo area were the subjects used in this study. Results Wrinkles demonstrated a rapid increase in depth in women aged 40 years or older, and plateaued at the age of 60 years. Surface morphology parameters yielded results similar to those of age-related changes in wrinkles. Conclusions This new analytical system provides a rapid and convenient non-invasive method to evaluate skin surface morphology in three dimensions, especially with respect to wrinkle formation. The results obtained using this system provide a deeper insight into the mechanistic relationship between wrinkles and skin elasticity.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04874.x

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9

Electronic Resource

TAKEMA, Y. ; YORIMOTO, Y. ; KAWAI, M. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

British journal of dermatology 131 (1994), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2133

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Using recently designed, commercially available, non-invasive instruments, we measured the thickness and elasticity of the skin of the face and ventral forearm in 170 women, and evaluated the effects of age and exposure to sunlight. Skin thickness decreased with age in ventral forearm skin, which has limited exposure to sunlight, but increased significantly in the skin of the forehead, corners of the eyes, and cheeks, which are markedly exposed to sunlight. Skin elasticity (Ur/Uf) decreased with age on both the face and forearm. The ratio of viscosity element to elasticity element (Uv/Ue) increased with age at all sites. However, delayed distension (Uv), immediate retraction (Ur), final distension (Uf), and immediate distention (Ue), as individual elements, decreased on the face and increased on the forearm with age. This tendency was more marked after correction for skin thickness. These results suggested the specificity of skin thickness and elasticity in the facial skin. Analysis using a four-element model showed no changes in the elasticity coefficient of Maxwell element on the forearm, but an increase on the face. This indicates quantitative or qualitative changes in elastic fibres in facial skin. Thus, sunlight appears to have a considerable effect on the thickness and physical properties of facial skin.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb04975.x

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Carbon dioxide laser treatment promotes repair of the three-dimensional network of elastic fibres in rat skin (2001)

Tsukahara, K. ; Takema, Y. ; Moriwaki, S. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

British journal of dermatology 144 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2133

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Medicine

Notes: Background We have previously reported that ultraviolet (UV) B irradiation induces a loss of linearity in the three-dimensional structure of dermal elastic fibres, which results in the reduction of elastic properties of the skin and leads to wrinkle formation. We further reported that repair of wrinkles by all-trans retinoic acid is accompanied by recovery of the linearity of elastic fibres. Carbon dioxide (CO2) lasers are widely used for treating wrinkles in cosmetic surgery. Objectives To perform CO2 laser treatment of wrinkles induced in rat skin by UVB irradiation and to evaluate changes in the three-dimensional structure of dermal elastic fibres during wrinkle repair. Methods Wrinkles were induced in the hind limb skin of Sprague–Dawley rats by UVB irradiation (130 mJ cm−2 three times weekly for 6 weeks), followed by CO2 laser treatment (11·3 J cm−2). The surface appearance of the skin was evaluated by replica observation 6 and 10 weeks after CO2 laser treatment followed by measurement of mechanical properties using a Cutometer. Subsequently, perfusion fixation and digestion with formic acid were performed and elastic fibres were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Image analysis of SEM micrographs was carried out to evaluate the linearity in the three-dimensional structure of elastic fibres. Results Six weeks after CO2 laser treatment, all parameters of skin mechanical properties in the UVB-irradiated group recovered to levels of the control non-irradiated group, accompanied by repair of wrinkles and a significant increase in linearity of the three-dimensional structure of elastic fibres. Conclusions These findings indicate that CO2 laser treatment has a therapeutic potential to repair wrinkles to non-irradiated levels through recovery of the three-dimensional structure of elastic fibres.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04067.x

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