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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 133 (1971), S. 73-88 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Female Breast ; Angioarchitecture by different Methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arterien der weiblichen Brustdrüse und der vorderen Thoraxwand wurden in 34 Fällen von Frauen im Alter von 16–88 Jahren durch verschiedene Injektionsverfahren dargestellt. Es wurden Tuscheinjektionen (Skiptol und Makrodex), die röntgenologische Angiographie und Kunststoff-Injektionen mit Technovit angewendet. 1. Die Arterien der Mamma weisen eine große Variationshäufigkeit auf. Konstant sind an der Versorgung der Brustdrüse die A. thoracica interna und die A. axillaris beteiligt. 2. Die A. thoracica interna versorgt die Mamma durch perforierende Zweige. Der obere geht meist durch den 2. oder 3. ICR und verläuft im Panniculus adiposus liegend von cranial medial nach caudal lateral, schräg über die Brustdrüse. Die unteren Äste perforieren im 4. und 5. ICR und ziehen zum medialen unteren Quadranten. Sie gehen häufig nicht direkt aus der A. thoracica interna hervor, sondern aus den von diesem Gefäß stammenden Aa. intercostales. 3. Bei den Gefäßen der A. axillaris zeichnet sich die A. thoracica lateralis durch einen charakteristischen Verlauf aus: ein oberflächlicher Ast zieht von cranial-lateral nach caudal-medial, ein Zweig verläuft in der Nähe der Pectoralisaponeurose nach caudal. Häufig nehmen weitere Gefäße der A. axillaris, A. thoracoacromialis und A. thoracodorsalis teil. Zahl und Ausmaß dieser Gefäße ist von Fall zu Fall verschieden. 4. Die von der Aorta kommenden Aa. intercostales sind für die Versorgung der Brustdrüse unbedeutend. 5. Die größte Anastomosenhäufigkeit zeigt ein etwa V-förmiger Sektor zwischen den beiden oberen Quadranten und der laterale untere Quadrant. 6. Im lateralen oberen Quadranten ist die Variationshäufigkeit besonders ausgeprägt. 7. Die größte Vascularisationsintensität weist der laterale und angrenzende mediale obere Quadrant auf. 8. Zwischen linker und rechter Mamma bestehen Seitendifferenzen in der Gefäßversorgung. 9. Untersuchungen über die Mikroangioarchitektur wurden an dicken Schnitten nach Tuscheinjektion und Aufhellung in Wintergrünöl vorgenommen. Es werden Topik und Funktion der Vascularisation des Fett- und Drüsengewebes beschrieben und eine Altersabhängigkeit dieser Gefäßmuster aufgezeigt.
    Notes: Summary The mammary arteries of 34 women between the ages of 16 and 88 were investigated by different methods. Hereby the injection of indian ink (Scriptol and Macrodex), X-ray angiography and injection of plastics with Technovit 8001 have been used. 1. The mammary arteries show a lot of variations. Constantly to be found in the mammary vascularisation are the internal thoracic artery and the axillary artery. 2. The blood supply through the internal thoracic artery comes from different perforating branches. The upper branch runs through the 2. or 3. ICS. It lies in the panniculus adiposus and goes diagonally from medio-cranial to latero-caudal through the breast. The lower branches perforate the 4. and 5. ICS running through the medial lower quadrant. These arteries originate partly direct from the internal thoracic artery and partly from the ventral intercostal arteries. 3. The blood supply of the breast through the axillary artery shows a lot of variations. A typical course is shown by the lateral thoracic artery. The medial branch runs superficially cranial-lateral to caudal-medial. The other branch goes downwards close to the aponeurosis of the pectoralis muscle. Other arteries emerging from the axillary artery take part in the vascularisation of the mammary gland but differ (from case to case) in number and seize. 4. The blood supply comming from the aorta through the intercostal arteries is insignificant. 5. The greatest number of anastomosis is shown by a V-formed sector between the upper and the lateral lower quadrants. 6. The greatest number of variations is found in the lateral upper quadrant. 7. The lateral and the bordering medial quadrant receive the greatest quantity of blood supply. 8. There is no symmetry between the left and right mammary vascularisation. 9. The microangioarchitecture had been investigated with the aid of thick sections. After a vascular injection of indian ink clearing up methods with Wintergrünöl was used.—The topic and the function of the blood vessels of the fat-tissue and the glands had been described. These blood vessel samples exhibited changes depending on their different ages.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 146 (1987), S. 528-531 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Galactosialidosis ; Oligosaccharides ; Heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new case of infantile galactosialidosis is presented. The condition was diagnosed when the patient was 4 months of age and she died at 20 months. She exhibited some of the symptoms of classical infantile galactosialidosis but no corneal clouding, cherry-red macular spot or limitation of joint mobility. Sonographic examination showed large kidneys and thickened cardiac septa, two symptoms as yet undescribed in this disorder. Urinary oligosaccharide analysis gave grossly pathological results and subsequent fibroblast enzyme analysis showed a deficiency of α-neuraminidase and β-galactosidase. The patient's clinical features are compared with the few cases so far described in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Biliary atresia ; Neonatal hepatitis ; Cholestatic syndrome ; Ultrasound examination ; Cholescintigraphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Thirty-three neonates and infants with cholestatic syndromes of various etiologies were evaluated by cholescintigraphy and ultrasound examinations. The results of these two diagnostic procedures were compared with the final diagnosis as confirmed by liver biopsy and/or laparotomy and the clinica follow-up of the infants. Fourteen patients had an obstructive cholangiopathy (11 biliary atresia, 2 choledochal cysts, 1 congenital choledochal stenosis), 13 had neonatal hepatitis, and 6 had cholestasis of another etiology. Typical ultrasonic and/or scintigraphic findings confirmed or excluded the need for surgical exploration in 28 patients. Thus, for must infants with cholestatic syndromes it is possible to differentiate the cause without invasive diagnostic techniques such as liver biopsy or exploratory laparotomy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 6 (1977), S. 19-26 
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Keywords: Kidney diseases ; Sonography ; Urography ; Comparative study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Renal sonograms of 260 children were compared with the corresponding excretory urograms. Since each kidney was evaluated separately 520 sonographic and urographic findings could be compared. The study is based on single investigations only, serial investigations were not included. 326 kidneys could be classified as being normal, primarily on the basis of the urogram. By sonography only 10 out of these 326 were misinterpretated as being pathological, 2 by urography. 194 kidneys could be classified as being pathological either by urography or — if necessary — by other methods. In 16 out of these 194 no evidence for a pathological process could be found in the sonogram (7 cases of destructive pyelonephritis, 3 cases of double kidneys, 2 cases of slight obstruction of urine flow, 2 cases of small kidneys, 2 cases of ureteral buds), in 10 cases no evidence was seen in the urogram (6 cases of glomerulonephritis, 2 cases of polycystic kidneys, 1 case of prevesical ureteral buds), in 10 cases no evidence was seen in the urogram (6 cases of glomerulonephritis, 2 cases of polycystic kidneys, 1 case of prevesical ureterolith, 1 case of ureteral bud). In 2 cases pathological alterations of the kidney were found by both methods, however, the diagnosis differed. Nonfunctioning kidneys were found in 15 cases. In all of these the sonogram provided important complementary information. Our results show 1) that by a systematic application of sonography the early diagnosis of urinary tract malformations can be improved 2) that renal sonography provides the basis for a stricter application of excretory urography and 3) that by the combination of both methods the diagnosis of renal diseases can be improved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 6 (1977), S. 68-73 
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Keywords: Anatomy ; Cardiology ; Echocardiography ; Ultrasonics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cardiac sonography has only recently been introduced as a diagnostic procedure. In order to facilitate the interpretation and evaluation of the ultrasonic cardiac cross-section displayed by this two-dimensional technique, we performed anatomic cross-sections corresponding to ultrasonic cross-sections. The ultrasonic cross-sectional images were taken from children with a real-time-motion scanner. The anatomic cross-sections were taken from adult hearts. Two ultrasonic transverse cross-sections are compared with the two corresponding anatomic cross-sections and three ultrasonic longitudinal cross-sections with one corresponding anatomic cross-section. The direct comparison between anatomic and ultrasonic cross-sections best promotes the understanding of the latter: such a comparison shows certain gaps of information in the ultrasonic display, mostly due to the physical prerequisites of the technique. Morphological details, therefore, should be interpreted with great care. In spite of these disadvantages, sonography is the only non-invasive method that provides an exact analysis of the heart's structure. In addition to this, the real-time-motion technique allows observation of the movements of cardiac structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 13 (1983), S. 206-211 
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Keywords: Sonographic morphometry ; Liver size in childhood ; Spleen size in childhood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 194 healthy children of all ages, sonographic measurements of the liver and spleen were performed on standardized section planes and normal values established. These measurement values showed an approximately linear increase in the course of development and correlated best with the body length. For a rapid orientative evaluation of the liver size, sonographic nomograms of the individual measurements were developed. The spleen size was determined by volume calculation. On the basis of an index of liver size, which was calculated from the individual measurements, a diagram for simultaneous determination of liver and spleen size could be developed. These nomograms permit objective morphometry of size changes in the two organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 144 (1996), S. 1063-1066 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Primäre Hyperoxalsäure ; Alanin: Glyoxylat Aminotransferase ; Oxalat ; D-Glyzeratdehydrogenase ; Key words Primary hyperoxaluria ; Alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase ; Oxalate ; D-glycerate dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Primary hyperoxalurias are rare inherited metabolic disorders. From 1978 to 1993 we diagnosed 10 children with primary hyperoxaluria. Symptoms leading to diagnosis were: nephrolithiasis (4), urinary tract infection (2), failure to thrive (2), and accidental finding of nephrocalcinosis (1); one infants was diagnosed through family screening. All children had nephrocalcinosis detectable on ultrasonography. Two children were already anuric, the others excreted increased amounts of oxalate, as demonstrated especially by elevated urinary oxalate to creatinine ratios (range: 356–1644 mmol/mol, normal 〈 86). Glycolate excretion was elevated in 5/8. One child excreted L-glycerate, and was thus classified as type II. Activity and intracellular distribution of alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase was measured in 6 children (C. J. Danpure, London). Three children had no detectable enzyme, 3 had residual mistargeted activity in the mitochondria. Untreated, a tendency of rapid progress to end-stage renal failure prevails. Because aggressive conservative management can slow this, early diagnosis is mandatory. Five of our children were already in renal failure at the time of diagnosis. Currently, one each is in chronic renal failure (GFR 15 ml/min), is chronically dialysed, or has undergone successful liver-kidney grafting. Two died after failure of their grafts. In the remaining 5 patients, normal renal function could be maintained (range 2–4.5 years).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Primäre Hyperoxalurien sind seltene angeborene Stoffwechselstörungen. Von 1978–1993 diagnostizierten wir 10 Patienten mit primärer Hyperoxalurie. Die zur Diagnose führenden Symptome waren Nephrolithiasis (4), Harnwegsinfekt (2), Gedeihstörung (2) und Zufallsbefund einer Nephrokalzinose (1); 1 Säugling wurde durch eine Familienuntersuchung diagnostiziert. Alle Kinder wiesen eine sonographisch nachweisbare Nephrokalzinose auf. Zwei Kinder waren bereits anurisch, alle anderen hatten erhöhte Oxalatausscheidungen. Dies wurde besonders unter Verwendung des Urin-Oxalat-Kreatinin-Quotienten deutlich (Streubreite: 356–1644 mmol/mol, Norm 〈 86). Die Glykolatausscheidung war bei 5 von 8 Kindern erhöht. Nur 1 Kind wies eine erhöhte L-Glyzeratausscheidung auf und wurde damit als Typ II klassifiziert. Bei 6 Kindern wurde die Aktivität und intrazelluläre Verteilung der Alanin-Glyoxylat-Aminotransferase bestimmt (C. J. Danpure, London). Kein nachweisbares Enzym hatten 3 Kinder, 3 wiesen eine Restaktivität des peroxisomalen Enzyms in den Lebermitochondrien auf. Da unbehandelt die Tendenz zur rasch progredienten Niereninsuffizienz besteht und da eine intensive konservative Behandlung die Verschlechterung der Nierenfunktion verlangsamen kann, ist eine frühe Diagnose anzustreben. Bei der Diagnose bereits niereninsuffizient waren 5 unserer Kinder. Je 1 ist z. Z. chronisch niereninsuffizient (GFR 15 ml/min), chronisch dialysiert bzw. erfolgreich kombiniert Leber-Nieren-transplantiert. Nach Transplantatversagen sind 2 Kinder verstorben. Die übrigen 5 Patienten konnten ihre normale Nierenfunktion stabil erhalten (Streubreite 2–4,5 Jahre).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde 147 (1999), S. 465-468 
    ISSN: 1433-0474
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Morbus Wilson ; Sonographie ; Früherkennung ; Fettleber ; Key words Morbus Wilson ; Sonography ; Fatty liver ; Early diagnosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The following three case studies will prove, that the sonographic diagnosis of a fatty liver is often related to a metabolic disease, beginning at the age of 4 to 5 years in conjunction with the Morbus Wilson. Discussion: Due to te widly spread use of sonography and the meticulous search for morphological changes it becames possible to examine at an early presymptomatic stage the Wilson disease. This and a reliable enforcement of therapy might help to prevent further damage and side effects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Anhand von 3 Kasuistiken wird gezeigt, daß die sonongraphische Diagnose einer Fettleber im Kindesalter meist mit einer Stoffwechselerkrankung, ab dem 4. bis 5. Lebensjahr bevorzugt mit einem Morbus Wilson verbunden ist. Diskussion: Aufgrund der weiten Verbreitung der Sonographie ermöglicht die konsequente Abklärung dieser Veränderung neue Perspektiven für eine Frühdiagnose des Morbus Wilson im präsymptomatischen Stadium, dessen symptomatische Phase durch eine konsequente, lebenslange Therapie vermieden werden kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 330 (1988), S. 353-354 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 330 (1988), S. 352-353 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Conclusions The presented p24 ELISA performs better than other methods to follow HIV infection in cell culture: it is more sensitive, more specific and less laborious than the reverse transcriptase assay or advanced histochemical procedures. It is especially well suited for the study of glycosylation inhibitors on HIV replication since p24 itself is not glycosylated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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