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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 19 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes:   Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors (TCIs) used for the treatment of atopic eczema modify the immune regulatory function of the skin and may have the potential to enhance immunosuppressive ultraviolet (UV) effects. Current recommendations on UV protection in eczema patients treated with PCIs are inconsistent and have given rise to uncertainty and anxiety in patients. Therefore, the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) developed a position statement which reviews critically the available data with regard to the problem, especially analysing and commenting the limitations of rodent models for the human situation. There is no conclusive evidence from rodent trials to indicate that long-term application of TCIs is photococarcinogenic. There is a need for further studies to investigate the validity of mouse models as well as long-term cohort studies in patients using TCIs. Available data suggest that long-term application of TCIs is safe, that there is no evidence of increased skin cancer risk and that it is ethical to treat patients with TCIs when indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 19 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1468-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The diagnosis of atopic dermatitis (AD) is made using evaluated clinical criteria. Management of AD must consider the symptomatic variability of the disease. It is based on hydrating topical treatment, and avoidance of specific and unspecific provocation factors. Anti-inflammatory treatment is used for exacerbation management. Topical corticosteroids remain the first choice. Systemic anti-inflammatory treatment should be kept to a minimum, but may be necessary in rare refractory cases. The new topical calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus and pimecrolimus) expand the available choices of topical anti-inflammatory treatment. Microbial colonization and superinfection (e.g. with Staphylococcus aureus, Malassezia furfur) can have a role in disease exacerbation and can justify the use of antimicrobials in addition to the anti-inflammatory treatment. Evidence for the efficacy of systemic antihistamines in relieving pruritus is still insufficient, but some patients seem to benefit. Adjuvant therapy includes ultraviolet (UV) irradiation preferably of UVA wavelength; UVB 311 nm has also been used successfully. Dietary recommendations should be specific and only given in diagnosed individual food allergy. Stress-induced exacerbations may make psychosomatic counselling recommendable. ‘Eczema school’ educational programmes have proved to be helpful.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Influences of microbial pathogens are crucial for the maturation of the immune system. Caspase-recruitment domain containing protein 15 (CARD15) is a cytosolic receptor involved in bacterial recognition by antigen-presenting cells. CARD15 polymorphisms have been associated with Crohn's disease. Recently, associations with atopic phenotypes have been reported in children.Objective Within a large population of German adults (n=1875), we evaluated eight CARD15 polymorphisms for associations with atopic phenotypes.Methods Subjects were phenotyped by standardized questionnaires and interviews as well as total and allergen-specific IgE measurements. Genotyping was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization – time of flight mass spectrometry. Haplotypes were estimated using the SAS/Genetics module.Results Subjects with a T allele at rs1077861 had a decreased risk of developing asthma (odds ratio OR=0.648, P=0.013), whereas the presence of an A allele at rs3135500 was significantly associated with an increased risk (OR=1.374, P=0.023). In addition, a CARD15 haplotype revealed to be protective against the development of asthma (OR=0.326, P=0.003). Subjects with an A allele at position rs5743266 or a T allele at rs2066842 had a significantly decreased risk of developing allergic rhinoconjunctivitis with ORs of 0.820 (P=0.049) and 0.801 (P=0.025). Polymorphism rs2066845 showed a significant association with increased total serum IgE (OR=2.155, P=0.006).Conclusion Genetic variants of CARD15 that might result in inappropriate immunomodulation are not only associated with autoimmune diseases but also with atopic disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:  Eosinophils may play an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Interleukin-5 is essential for eosinophil growth, differentiation and migration. A monoclonal antibody to human interleukin-5 (mepolizumab) was developed for atopic diseases. This study was designed to study the effect of mepolizumab in AD.Methods:  Two single doses of 750 mg mepolizumab, given 1 week apart, were studied in patients with moderate to severe AD using a randomized, placebo-controlled parallel group design. The primary endpoint of ‘success’ to treatment was defined as the percentage of patients with at least ‘marked improvement’ after 2 weeks as assessed by the Physician's Global Assessment of Improvement (PGA). Furthermore, SCORing AD (SCORAD), pruritus scoring, number of blood eosinophils and serum thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) values served as secondary endpoints. Fluticason propionate cream 0.05%, once daily could be used as rescue medication from day 16 if no improvement was recorded.Results:  Eighteen patients received mepolizumab and 22 placebo treatment. Peripheral blood eosinophil numbers were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared with placebo (P 〈 0.05). No clinical success was reached by PGA assessment (P = 0.115), SCORAD (P = 0.293), pruritus scoring and TARC values in the mepolizumab-treated group compared with placebo. However, modest improvement (〈50% improvement) assessed by PGA was scored significantly more in the mepolizumab-treated group compared with placebo (P 〈 0.05).Conclusion:  Two single doses of 750 mg mepolizumab did not result in clinical success in patients with AD, despite a significant decrease in peripheral blood eosinophils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin prick testing (SPT) is the standard method for diagnosing allergic sensitization but is to some extent performed differently in clinical centres across Europe. There would be advantages in harmonizing the standard panels of allergens used in different European countries, both for clinical purposes and for research, especially with increasing mobility within Europe and current trends in botany and agriculture. As well as improving diagnostic accuracy, this would allow better comparison of research findings in European allergy centres. We have compared the different SPT procedures operating in 29 allergy centres within the Global Allergy and Asthma European Network (GA2LEN). Standard SPT is performed similarly in all centres, e.g. using commercial extracts, evaluation after 15–20 min exposure with positive results defined as a wheal 〉3 mm diameter. The perennial allergens included in the standard SPT panel of inhalant allergens are largely similar (e.g. cat: pricked in all centres; dog: 26 of 29 centres and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus: 28 of 29 centres) but the choice of pollen allergens vary considerably, reflecting different exposure and sensitization rates for regional inhalant allergens. This overview may serve as reference for the practising doctor and suggests a GA2LEN Pan-European core SPT panel.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 35 (1992), S. 443-450 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; Solanum sp. ; Massenselektion ; Selektionsfehler ; erwachsene Pflanze ; Feldprüfung ; Scheibentest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The reliability of blight resistance assessments made at the seedling stage and subsequent loss of tuber blight resistance were studied in 838 seedlings with different relative resistance to foliage blight. The criteria were assessed after Darsow (1989) in a field experiment in which the effect of maturity class was largely eliminated. Seedlings with 4–6 developed leaves were inoculated in the glasshouse with 3–3.5×105 zoospores of a mixture of pathotypes. Multiple assessments (NB 9=high resistance, 1=greatest susceptibility) and immediate removal of shoots at the stem base allowed those forms most susceptible to foliage blight to be regenerated for testing in subsequent years (single plants, A-clone). Table 1 gives the crosses, scores for resistance of the parents and the numbers of seedlings tested per progeny. The percentage distribution of foliage blight resistance in the field (KRF) related to that of the seedlings (KRG) is given in Fig. 1. Potato plants which were very susceptible at the seedling stage could nevertheless grow in the field and exhibit good foliage blight resistance. The reverse was also observed. The distribution after weak selection for the development of blight on the seedling in the field is given in Table 2. There was an unavoidable loss of 10% and 14% in those rotted seedlings that possessed foliage and tuber blight resistance respectively (Table 3). High tuber blight resistance (BS) occurred in all classes of seedlings with foliage blight resistance; likewise susceptibility to tuber blight occurred in seedlings with foliage blight resistance. From seedlings with KRG≥7, 204 out of a total of 222 retained their genotypes with KRF≥5 and BS≥6.4. A reduction of 43% in the final number of seedlings was accompanied by a loss of 8% of those that possessed combined resistance. Of the seedlings which had been harvested and pre-tested, 277 out of 481 later had insufficient levels of resistance. Early selection will only be advantageous by careful selection of progenies with increased levels of resistance. The interaction of resistance with environment and developmental stage does not at present commend the application of this approach to varietal breeding.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Gewächshaus wurden 838 hoch krautfäuleanfällige bis hoch resistente Kartoffelidiotypen als Sämling auf relative Krautfäuleresistenz (KRG), als Einzelstaude und A-Klon im Scheibentest auf relative Braunfäuleresistenz (BS) und als A-Klon auf relative Krautfäuleresistenz im Feld (KRF) untersucht. Durch rechtzeitiges Abschneiden am Stengelgrund überlebten auch stark befallene Sämlinge. Bei scharfer Sämlingsselektion (KRG≥8 behalten) blieben 24% der Ausgangszahl erhalten, aber nur 52% der vorhandenen resistenten Idiotypen mit KRF≥5 und BS≥6,4. Wurden nur Sämlinge mit KRG≥7 behalten, so gingen immer noch 8% der später erkennbaren Resistenzträger für Kraut- und Braunfäule verloren, jedoch ergab sich eine Einschränkung des Zuchtmaterials durch die Frühselektion auf 57% der Ausgangszahl. Es kam starke ontogene Prädisposition des Krautes sowohl in Richtung erhöhter Anfälligkeit als auch erhöhter Resistenz vor. Neunundreißig Braunfäuleresistenzträger waren als Sämling hoch krautfäuleanfällig. Scharfe Selektion der Sämling ist unangemessen. Für die Sortenauslese wird die Frühselektion auf Krautfäuleresistenz nicht empfohlen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Potato research 36 (1993), S. 161-170 
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: Phytophthora infestans ; Prüfungsmethodik ; Krautfäuleresistenz ; Züchtung ; S. demissum ; S. stoloniferum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Results are reported of late blight resistance inS. tuberosum ssp.andigena (adg) and its use in breeding. Tests were carried out on material of the gene bank in Gross Lüsewitz (GLKS). Seedlings were cultivated under glass cover in a 6-years test period. To examine tuber resistance toPhytophthora infestans the following test was set up: 2–5 tubers per idiotype, up to 8 idiotypes per accession and year of test were taken and 1274 different accessions were examined with an average number of 23 idiotypes and 59 tubers from each. Inoculation was made by fresh deep cuts to the pith and by subsequent immersion in a solution of zoospores, 6–9×104 ml−1 with a mixture of the pathotypes (1.2.3.4.5.7.10.11, 1.2.3.4.7.8.10 and 1.2.3.4) at a temperature of 16–18°C and at an air humidity of 〉90%. Evaluation of the presence of aerial mycelium and browning after 7 days allowed the calculation of a resistance score (BK): grade 9 (highly resistant) to grade 1 (highly susceptible). The mean values derived from the accessions (Fig. 1) revealed that a medium level of susceptibility is dominating and that they rarely exceed average levels of cultivars. Approximately 1% of the accessions contained ≥25% of idiotypes with BK ≥6 and these may be interesting for breeding purposes. Table 1 shows the analysis of accessions with the most favourable mean values. Geographic evaluation did not yield indications for a more purposeful search for sources of resistance, since detailed reports on find-spots were missing (Table 2). Combination tests withPhytophthora-resistant genes of adg for crosses of adg withS. demissum (dms) andS. stoloniferum (sto) proved to be more useful as they partly showed good heritable resistance to haulm and tuber infection ofP. infestans (Table 3). The problem of the possible role of unknown r-genes is discussed. Only a few crosses with ssp.tuberosum (tbr) generated a progeny with sufficient resistance. Selection from such progeny over several years resulted after the second year in rejections, mainly because of susceptibility for viruses, too small tubers and lack of flowering (Table 4). Results of varietal research of the former German Democratic Republic proved that with the use of suitable parents in breeding for nematode resistance,Phytophthora susceptibility from adg could be balanced off (Table 5). The cultivar Auralia is a good example of the importance of adg in achieving a high level of resistance to late blight.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ergebnisse systematischer Prüfung auf relative Resistenz der Knollen von 1274 Herkünften der ssp.andigena (adg) genenüberPhytophthora infestans werden mitgeteilt. Die Methode des Knöllchenstestes ermöglichte dabei das Eindringen des Pilzes direkt ins Knollenmark oder über die intakte Schale. Nur etwa 1% der Herkünfte enthielt einen Anteil von 〉25% Idiotypen mit gutem Resistenzniveau. Eine Analyse der Fundorte ergab keine Anhaltspunkte für die gezielte Suche von Resistenzquellen. Ergebnisse aus der züchterischen Nutzung von adg betreffen die phänotypische Resistenz der Nachkommen und weitere Merkmale.
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