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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 48 (1970), S. 682-688 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Methods for thin-layer chromatography of urinary amino acids on commercially available procoated plates of micro-crystalline cellulose are presented. The urine is desalted by passing it through columns containing Amberlite CG 120 I. The amino acids are eluted by a solution of 5 per cent ammonia. The eluate is taken to dryness and dissolved in such an amount of water that 1 µl corresponds to 1 µg of creatinine. 1 µl is spotted to plates (10×10 cm) by micro pipets. Every urine is developed two-dimensionally by two solvent pairs. First pair: Ethanol-H2O (83:17), first direction, three times developed up to 8 cm, tert-Butanolmethylethylketone-NH3-diethylamine-H2O (35:35:10:0,4:20), second direction, once developed up to 8 cm. Second pair: n-Butanol-acetone-glacial acetic acid-H2O (35:35:10:20), first direction, phenol-formic acid (15 per cent) (250 g+83 ml), second direction, once developed up to 8 cm. Using these solvent pairs it is possible to separate most of the important urinary amino acids and diagnose or suspect most of the known metabolic disorders with a disturbed urinary excretion of amino acids. Phosphoethanolamine, S-sulphocysteine and taurine are lost by desalting the urine. Special problems of detecting and locating some amino acids are discussed.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden Methoden zur Dünnschichtchromatographie der Harnaminosäuren auf mikrokristalliner Cellulose angegeben. Vor der dünnschichtchromatographischen Trennung wird der Urin (Amberlite CG 120 I, H+-Form; Elution mit 5% igem NH3) entsalzt. Nach Einengen des Eluats zur Trockne und Lösung des Rückstandes in einer auf den Kreatiningehalt des Urins bezogenen Menge Wasser wird der Urin auf Cellulose-Fertigplatten der Fa. Merck AG. aufgetragen. Die Plattengröße beträgt 10×10 cm. Durch Verwendung von zwei Fließmittelpaaren ist es möglich, bei den meisten der bekannten Stoffwechselkrankheiten mit vermehrter Aminosäure-Ausscheidung eine Diagnose oder eine Verdachtsdiagnose zu stellen. Ausnahmen sind lediglich die Hypophosphatasie, der Sulfitoxydase-Mangel und die Taurinurie, da die bei diesen Störungen vermehrt ausgeschiedenen Aminosäuren Phosphoäthanolamin, S-Sulfo-l-cystein und Taurin bei der Entsalzung verloren gehen. Auf spezielle Probleme des Nachweises einzelner Aminosäuren wird eingegangen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 116 (1974), S. 95-114 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia ; Dietetic treatment ; Histologic changes of brain ; Liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über eine Patientin mit einer nichtketotischen Hyperglycinämie berichtet, die 2 Jahre lang mit einer vollsynthetischen Kost aus einem Aminosäurengemisch, Mineralien, Glucose, Fett und Vitaminzusätzen behandelt wurde. Die diätetische Behandlung sowie Zusatz von Natrium-Benzoat zur Nahrung führten nur kurzfristig zu einem Absinken der Plasma-Glycin-Konzentrationen. Nach Anreicherung der Nahrung mit L-Methionin in einer Dosierung von 300 mg/kg KG/die zeigten sich zwar deutlich niedrigere Glycinspiegel, gleichzeitig kam es aber zu einer exzessiven Hypermethioninämie. L-Methionin-Gabe in Dosierungen von 150–200 mg/kg KG hatten keinen Einfluß auf die Höhe des Plasma-Glycin-Spiegels. Die körperliche Entwicklung des Kindes unter Diätbehandlung war altersentsprechend. Ein Einfluß auf die geistige Entwicklung wurde nicht bemerkt, es bestand aber bereits zu Beginn der Behandlung das Bild einer Decrebrierung. Pathologisch-histologisch zeigten sich Veränderungen des ZNS in Form von Markscheidenreifungshemmung und einer spongiösen Degeneration der weißen Substanz in Großhirn, Kleinhirn und Rückenmark sowie Einlagerungen von doppeltbrechenden Kristallen. In der grauen Substanz waren keine groben Alterationen nachweisbar. Im Bereich des peripheren Nervensystems fanden sich keine Markscheidenausfälle und keine doppeltbrechenden Kristalle. Die Leber zeigte eine leichte Vacuolisierung der Leberzellen und eine starke Einlagerung von doppeltbrechenden Kristallen in Parenchymzellen und Makrophagen.
    Notes: Abstract A girl with non-ketotic hyperglycinaemia was treated for 2 years with a synthetic diet consisting of a glycine- and serine-free amino-acid mixture, glucose, fat, minerals, and vitamins. The addition of sodium benzoate to this diet resulted in only a temporary decrease of the plasma glycine concentration. Addition of 300 mg methionine/kg/day led to a marked reduction of glycine in the plasma but also to an excessive increase of the methionine plasma concentration. L-methionine at a lower dose did not influence the plasma glycine level. During the dietary treatment an almost normal gain of body weight was observed, though the psychomotor development was not influenced. Post mortem the following changes were noted: 1. reduced myelination of the white matter; 2. spongiform alterations of the white matter of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the spinal cord; 3. inclusions of birefringent crystals in liver and brain. The grey matter of the cerebrum did not show any marked alterations. In peripheral nerves no areas of demyelination or inclusions of crystals were found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 145 (1986), S. 109-115 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Essential fatty acids ; Delta-6-desaturase ; Nigeria ; Protein energy malnutrition ; Children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fatty acid (FA) composition of the main plasma lipids was analysed in eight well-nourished, generally healthy Nigerian children aged 14.1±7.2 months and in 17 malnourished children (8 marasmus, 9 kwashiorkor) aged 14.6±3.8 months within the first 2 days of admission at the Dept. of Child Health, University of Benin. In comparison to the control group, the malnourished children showed a marked decrease of polyunsaturated FA with low linoleic acid, mainly in sterolesters (STE), and severely reduced linoleic acid metabolites, including arachidonic acid, in all lipid fractions. ω-3-FA were not altered except for a reduction of docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in phospholipids. Clearly increased values were found for saturated FA in STE and for the non-essential monoenoic FA in all lipid classes. This pattern indicates the presence of essential fatty acid deficiency in the malnourished children. There was no significant difference between marasmus and kwashiorkor. Eight malnourished children were followed up in the early phase of recovery during hospital treatment 14.0±3.1 days after obtaining the first sample. Linoleic acid had increased again in STE, but its metabolites were as low or even lower than before. An impaired activity of delta-6-desaturase, the rate limiting enzyme of linoleic acid metabolism, in suggested by elevated substrate-product-ratios of this enzyme in untreated children with protein energy malnutrition and in the early phase of recovery, which may be due to low insulin levels, protein and zinc deficiency. The trientetraen-ratio (20∶3ω9/20∶4ω6) thus is not a reliable indicator of essential FA status in protein-energy malnutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Essential fatty acids ; Plasma ; Developing countries ; Africa ; Child nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fatty acid status of an unselected group of 84 Congolese children was determined by estimating the fatty acid composition of the plasma phospholipid (PL) and cholesterolester (CE) fractions using capillary gas chromatography. In comparison with North American and European children a wide range of values and low mean percentages (related to the fatty acids of a chain length of 14–24 carbon atoms) were found for the following fatty acids (mean±SD): linoleic acid (LA) (PL: 17.19±3.85; CE: 40.13±7.72); arachidonic acid (AA) (PL: 6.60±2.28; CE 4.32±1.71); dihomo-gammalinolenic acid (DHLA) (PL: 1.80±0.68; CE 0.41±0.22). On average, ω3 fatty acids were higher than in reference groups, while similar values were found for the monoenoic and ω9 fatty acids. No sample contained eicosatrienoic acid, 20:3ω9 (ETA) which, dependent on analytical methods, may be difficult to separate from behenic acid (22:0). Changes in the relation between the two lipid fractions occurred when the LA content in CE was less than 35%. Also the correlation between LA and AA in CE, which was significant below 35% LA (r=0.84), changed with higher values for LA (r=0.01). These findings may indicate that alterations in fatty acid metabolism occur when LA values in CE — which are supposed to be directly related to the dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids — fall below 35% of all fatty acids in this lipid fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 146 (1987), S. 92-93 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 143 (1985), S. 310-314 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Acrodermatitis enteropathica ; Zinc deficiency ; Essential fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fatty acid composition of different plasma lipid fractions has been estimated in a 6-month-old girl with acrodermatitis enteropathica before and after zinc supplementation. Linoleic acid and its metabolites were extremely reduced in triglycerides and sterol-esters. In contrast, n-3-fatty acids were increased in sterol-esters and phospholipids. Zinc supplementation led to quick clinical improvement, and linoleic and arachidonic acid increased rapidly in triglycerides and sterol-esters to the values of healthy infants. Fatty acids of phospholipids remained relatively stable. Our finding could be explained by impaired enteral absorption of linoleic acid. Further attention should be directed to the supply and metabolism of essential fatty acids in acrodermatitis enteropathica.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Plasma proteins ; Immunoglobulins ; Circulating immune complexes ; Anthropometry ; Developing countries
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nutritional status of an unselected group of 111 children from the village of Bouansa, People's Republic of the Congo, was studied. Comprehensive clinical examinations, anthropometrical measurements and analysis of albumin, prealbumin, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, IgG- and IgM-circulating immune complexes (CIC) were carried out. The results show, by anthropometrical classification, a high prevalence of moderate malnutrition. Low levels of plasma proteins and high levels of immunoglobulins and CIC were found. No correlation between anthropometrical classification and plasma proteins was established. Children with increased levels of CRP showed low prealbumin values and increased levels of ferritin. Patterns of immunoglobulins and CIC were close to those found in other studies in tropical countries. To evaluate the anthropometrical and biochemical findings it is necessary to take into consideration the apparently healthy appearance of the children, which shows the degree of adaptation to the limited availability of food and the high rate of acute and chronic infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency ; Hyperammonaemia ; Plasma arginine ; Management of metabolic disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In a male with a partial defect of ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) we observed that maintenance of arginine supply was crucial for adequate metabolic control in conjunction with a low protein diet. The arginine supplement had to be given such that the concentrations of arginine and ornithine in plasma were above 50μmol/l. It appears that arginine is needed not only as an essential amino acid for protein synthesis but also as a precursor of ornithine. In this patient the substitution thus aimed at increasing the intramitochondrial ornithine in order to reach a critical substrate concentration for the kinetically abnormal OTC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Infant feeding ; Lipid metabolism ; Essential dietary requirements ; Fatty acid desaturation ; Chain-elongation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different diets on the percentage content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP; metabolites of linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids) in plasma lipids was studied in 29 premature infants on days 4 and 21 of life. Eleven infants were fed human milk which supplies LCP (1.7% of the fatty acids), 10 a commercially available milk formula without LCP, and 8 a new formula enriched with LCP of the omega-6 and the omega-3 series (0.5% LCP). LCP values in plasma lipids remained stable during the observation period in infants fed human milk. In contrast, LCP decreased markedly in plasma lipids of infants fed the conventional formula. Since the precursor fatty acids linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids were high in their diet and plasma, this finding indicates that premature infants have a limited capacity for LCP biosynthesis and may require their dietary supplementation. Infants fed the LCP enriched formula had significantly higher LCP proportions in plasma lipids than infants given the conventional formula, but less than infants fed human milk. Our results demonstrate that small concentrations of dietary LCP have marked effects on plasma lipid composition, particularly on phospholipids, suggesting that dietary LCP are preferentially channelled into structural lipids. We conclude that the essential fatty acid status of formula-fed premature infants can be improved by a supplementation of omega-6- and omega-3-LCP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 110 (1971), S. 46-58 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Secondary Cystathioninuria ; Cystathionine ; Identification ; Amino Acids ; Liver Diseases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden Methoden dargestellt, mit denen eine quantitativ geringe Cystathioninausscheidung im Urin festgestellt und bewiesen werden kann. Es wurden 5 Kinder gefunden, die eine mäßige Cystathioninausscheidung aufwiesen (14,5–99,0 μMol/Tag). Die klinischen Befunde dieser Patienten werden dargestellt. Drei von ihnen hatten Leberaffektionen, eines eine nichtketotische Hyperglycinämie, und bei einem Kind handelte es sich um ein Neugeborenes mit multiplen Fehlbildungen. Bei allen Fällen lag eine sekundäre Cystathioninurie vor. Die Ursachen, die zu einer sekundären Cystathioninurie führen, werden besprochen.
    Notes: Abstract A secondary cystathionuria was found in two children with liver disease (cirrhosis of unknown etiology, congenital biliary atresia), in one infant with hypercalcemia due to high doses of vitamin D, in one case of non-ketotic hyperglycinemia, and in one infant with multiple malformations. Methods for the determination of cystathionine, when excreted in only small amounts, are outlined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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