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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 58 (1980), S. 365-370 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hepatitis A ; Hepatitis B ; Hämodialyse ; Hepatitis A ; Hepatitis B ; Hemodialysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In 113 hemodialysed patients, 167 hospitalized patients, and 143 outpatients the frequency of HAV and HBV markers were studied by testing HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg, anti-HBe, and anti-HAV. The hemodialysis patients in a dialysiscenter had significantly more often HBV markers (85.7%) than those maintained on home-dialysis (46.5%). 29.9% of the hospitalized patients and 32.1% of the outpatients had HBV markers. By the anti-HBc test up to 41% of additional HBV infections could be detected. — The prevalence of anti-HAV was very high in all groups. Significant differences between the hemodialysis patients and the control groups existed only in the age groups up to 39 years. — The frequencies of HAV and HBV markers were related to age, duration of dialysis treatment, transfusional frequency, and transaminases. The HBV appeared as the clinically important hepatitis agent in dialysis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Häufigkeit von HAV- und HBV-Infektionen wurde bei 113 Hämodialysepatienten, 167 hospitalisierten und 146 ambulanten Patienten untersucht, indem anti-HAV, HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg und anti-HBe bestimmt wurden. Die Hämodialysepatienten in einem Zentrum hatten signifikant häufiger HBV-Marker (85,7%) als Heimdialysepatienten (46,5%). 29,9% der hospitalisierten und 32,1% der ambulanten Patienten hatten HBV-Marker. Der anti-HBc-Test entdeckte bis zu 41% zusätzliche HBV-Infektionen. — Die Prävalenz von anti-HAV war in allen Gruppen sehr hoch. Nur in den Altersgruppen bis 39 J. gab es signifikante Unterschiede zwischen den Hämodialysepatienten und den Kontrollgruppen. — Die Häufigkeit von HAV-und HBV-Marker wurde nach Alter, Dialysedauer, Zahl der Bluttransfusionen und Transaminasen untersucht. Das HBV erwies sich als die klinisch wichtige Hepatitisform in der Dialyse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 59 (1981), S. 1149-1157 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Hemodialysis ; Foreign body reaction ; Silicone ; Hepatosplenomegaly ; NonA, non-B Hepatitis ; Hämodialyse ; Fremdkörperreaktion ; Silikon ; Hepatosplenomegalie ; Non-A, non-B Hepatitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde das Sektionsgut von 47 Patienten überprüft, die zwischen 1965 und 1980 unter Verwendung von Silikonschläuchen dialysiert wurden. Ferner wurde das Sektionsgut von zehn Patienten aus zwei Dialysezentren untersucht, in denen routinemäßig PVC Schläuche verwandt wurden. Bei 40 Patienten aus dem Zentrum mit Silikonschläuchen, bei denen die Dialysezeit unter 53 Monaten lag, konnte kein Fremdmaterial nachgewiesen werden. Bei sieben Patienten, die zwischen 52 und 165 Monaten dialysiert worden waren, zeigten sich bei der licht- und elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchung Fremdkörpereinschlüsse in Makrophagen und Riesenzellen in folgenden Organen: Lunge, Leber, Milz, Knochenmark, Haut, thorakale und abdominale Lymphknoten. Das Material konnte in Hirn, Herz, Niere und endokrinen Organen nicht nachgewiesen werden. Fibrose, Nekrose oder Epitheloidzellreaktionen wurden nicht beobachtet. Das Fremdmaterial war nicht-isotrop, nicht kristallin und färbte sich mit Routine-Färbeverfahren nicht an. Die Elektronenmikroskopie zeigte, daß es von lysosomalen Membranen umschlossen war. Bei Patienten mit wesentlich kürzerer Dialysezeit konnte das Material in vivo durch Leberbiopsie eindeutig nachgewiesen werden. Hingegen wurde das Fremdkörpermaterial nicht gefunden bei den zehn Langzeithämodialyse-Patienten aus den zwei Zentren, die nicht routinemäßig Silikonschläuche verwandten. Alle Patienten mit positivem Nachweis wiesen eine Hepatosplenemegalie auf, viele Patienten hatten Transaminasen-Erhöhungen, ein Patient hatte Hypersplenismus mit Panzytopenie und ein Patient hatte ein Gallengangskarzinom. Durch Gaschromatographie und Massenspektrometrie konnten in der Leber von Dialysepatienten in hoher Menge Phthalatweichmacher nachgewiesen werden (5–11 ppm); daneben fanden sich bei einem Patienten in beträchtlicher Menge normalerweise nicht vorkommende, cholesterinähnliche Steroide. Durch Rasterelektronenmikroskopie und Röntgenfluoreszenz-Mikroanalyse ließen sich in Leber und Milz zahlreiche Partikel von mehreren μ-Größe in Makrophagen nachweisen. Entsprechende Einschlüsse konnten bei nichtdialysierten Kontrollindividuen nie gefunden werden. Das Energiespektrum der Partikel zeigte einen scharfen Si-Peak mit geringer Beimengung von Al und Cl. Die Partikel entsprachen in Form und Energiespektrum dem Abrieb von Silikonschläuchen nach Einwirkung von Rollerpumpen. Partikel mit reinem Cl-Peak als Hinweis auf PVC-haltige Partikel konnten bei Patienten mit Silikoneinschlußkörpern nicht nachgewiesen werden. Wegen der beobachteten klinischen Komplikationen müssen aus den vorgelegten Ergebnissen Konsequenzen für die Herstellung von Dialysematerial gezogen werden.
    Notes: Summary We studied autopsy material of 47 patients who were dialysed between 1969 and 1980 in one center in which silicone tubing was used. In addition, we examined ten patients from two other centers where silicone tubing was not routinely used. In 40 patients with exposure to silicone tubing who were dialysed for up to 53 months, no foreign material was demonstrable. In seven patients who were dialysed for periods between 52 and 165 months, light microscopy and electron microscopy showed varying amounts of foreign material in macrophages and giant cells of lung, liver, spleen, bone marrow, skin, thoracic and abdominal lymph nodes. No such material was found in brain, heart, kidney or endocrine organs. No epitheloid cell reaction, necrosis or fibrosis was observed. The material was non-isotropic, non-crystalline, and did not take up routine stains. Electron microscopy showed its presence within lysosomal membranes. In addition, in some patients who had been dialysed for much shorter periods of time, similar material could be demonstrated in liver biopsies obtained in vivo. No such material was observed in ten long-term dialysis patients of two centers where silicone tubing was not routinely used. All positive patients had hepatosplenomegaly, some had elevated transaminases, one patient had hypersplenism with pancytopenia and one patient had bile duct carcinoma. Gaschromatography with mass spectrometry of livers of dialysed patients showed high concentrations of phthalate plasticizer (5–10 ppm) and in one patient cholesterol-like steroids which were not found in normal livers. Surface scanning electron microscopy with non-dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed the presence of numerous particles up to 10 µ, in liver and spleen of dialysed patients but of not control patients. The particles showed a characteristic Si peak with a concomitant small contribution of Al and Cl. The particles were identical with filing of silicone tubing exposed to roller pumps. No material exhibiting a pure Cl peak (as evidence for PVC) was demonstrable in patients with positive silicone inclusions. Because of its clinical consequences, the observation will have implications for manufacturing of dialysis devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; blood pressure ; salt sensitivity ; plasma renin activity ; atrial natriuretic factor ; circadian blood pressure profile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) elevated exchangeable sodium (Na) levels are found even in the absence of hypertension, but it is not known whether this is associated with increased sensitivity of blood pressure to sodium level. To clarify this issue we compared 30 patients with IDDM (19 without and 11 with microalbuminuria, i.e. more than 30 mg albumin/day) and 30 control subjects matched for age, gender and body mass index. The subjects were studied on the 4th day of a low-salt diet (20 mmol/day) under in-patient conditions and were subsequently changed to the same diet with a high-salt supplement, yielding a total daily intake of 220 mmol Na/day. Circadian blood pressure, plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma atrial natriuretic factor (p-ANF), plasma cyclic guanosine 5′-phosphate (p-cGMP) and urinary albumin were measured. The proportion of salt-sensitive subjects, i.e. showing increment of mean arterial pressure ≥ 3 mmHg on high-salt diet, was 43% in diabetic patients (50% of diabetic patients with and 37% without microalbuminuria) and 17% in control subjects (p〈0.05). Lying and standing PRA levels on low- or high-salt diet were significantly lower in diabetic patients than in control subjects. Salt-sensitive diabetic patients had significantly higher lying ANF on high-salt (38.7±4.2 pmol/l vs 20.1±2.3 pmol/l, p〈0.005) than on low-salt diet. The results suggest that (i) the prevalence of sodium sensitivity is high in IDDM (ii) sodium sensitivity is found even in the absence of nephropathy as indicated by albuminuria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 diabetes ; diabetic nephropathy ; blood pressure ; metabolic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The respective rôles of arterial blood pressure and metabolic control in different stages of diabetic nephropathy were analyzed retrospectively in 52 sequentially-followed Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. A negative correlation was found between median post-prandial blood glucose and median duration of diabetes until onset of persistent proteinuria (p〈0.01). Systolic blood pressure was higher in patients who subsequently developed persistent proteinuria than those who did not (140 versus 121 mmHg; p〈0.05), but duration of the interval until onset of persistent proteinuria was not related to blood pressure. After onset of persistent proteinuria, hypertensive diabetic patients developed elevated serum creatinine concentrations more frequently than normotensive diabetic patients (67% versus 14%, p〈0.05). In these patients, the delay until elevation of serum creatinine concentration was negatively correlated with blood glucose (p〈0.01). Once serum creatinine was raised, decay of renal function occurred faster in patients with persistent than intermittent hypertension (p〈0.05). No effect of metabolic control was demonstrable at this stage of nephropathy. It is concluded that metabolic control determines the early course of diabetic nephropathy, whereas blood pressure is more important in advanced stages of nephropathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 48 (1995), S. 203-208 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Moxonidine ; Renal haemodynamics ; imidazoline receptors ; natriuresis ; blood pressure ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Moxonidine and related compounds have been recently introduced into antihypertensive therapy. It is thought that these drugs exert their blood pressure lowering effect through interaction with nonadrenergic receptors in the central nervous system, i.e. imidazoline receptors, although the contribution of specific interaction with α2-receptors is still under debate. Imidazoline receptors have recently been documented in the renal proximal tubule. In experimental studies, interaction of imidazolines with these receptors decreased the activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter and induced natriuresis. To quantitate the effect of the imidazoline receptor agonist moxonidine on renal sodium handling and renal haemodynamics in man, we examined ten healthy normotensive males (aged 25 ± 4 years) in a double blind placebo-controlled study using a crossover design. Subjects were studied on a standardized salt intake (50 mmol per day). On the 7th and 10th study day they were randomly allocated to receive either i.v. placebo or i.v. 0.2 mg moxonidine. Urinary electrolyte excretion, lithium clearance (as an index of proximal tubular sodium handling), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), renal vascular resistance (RVR), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma noradrenaline (NA) levels were assessed. Injection of moxonidine did not increase fractional sodium excretion or lithium clearance. Specifically, antinatriuresis was not observed after injection of moxonidine despite a significant decrease in MAP from 91 to 85 mmHg and a significant increase in PRA. MAP and PRA did not change with administration of placebo. Injection of moxonidine did not affect GFR and RVR; ERPF decreased slightly but not significantly. Acute administration of 0.2 mg i.v. moxonidine decreased blood pressure in healthy volunteers on standardized salt intake, but did not affect natriuresis, proximal tubular sodium reabsorption or glomerular filtration rate. The absence of an antinatriuretic response despite a decrease in blood pressure suggests a direct facilitation of natriuresis by moxonidine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 56 (1978), S. 843-853 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Lactic acidosis ; Biguanides ; Buformin ; Diabetes mellitus ; Hemodialysis ; Lactat-Azidose ; Biguanide ; Buformin ; Diabetes mellitus ; Hämodialyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Lactat-Azidose ist definiert als metabolische Azidose, d.h. Erniedrigung des arteriellen pH unter 7,36 bei gleichzeitigem Anstieg des Blutlactatspiegels auf über 2 mmol/l. Von klinischer Relevanz ist dieser Zustand, wenn die Lactatspiegel über 7 mmol/l liegen. Lactat-Azidosen können unter den verschiedensten Bedingungen auftreten; die Biguanidinduzierte Lactat-Azidose (nach Buformin, Metformin und Phenformin) ist auf eine toxische Wirkung dieser Substanzen zurückzuführen. Das klinische Bild ist charakterisiert durch Bewußtseinsstörungen, extreme Azidose mit Kußmaulscher Atmung, Schock, Hypothermie, sowie in rd. 30% der Fälle Hypoglykämie. Neben den üblichen intensivmedizinischen Maßnahmen besteht die Therapie in der Korrektur des Säuren- und Basenhaushaltes und der Eliminierung des Biguanids. Der Stellenwert der Hämodialyse-Behandlung ist zur Zeit noch umstritten. Bei strenger Beachtung der Kontraindikationen sollte die Lactat-Azidose eine sehr seltene Komplikation der Biguanid-Therapie des Diabetes mellitus sein.
    Notes: Summary Lactic acidosis is defined as a state of metabolic acidosis (arterial pH below 7.36) due to an increase in the blood concentration of lactate above 2 mEq/l. Lactic acidosis may occur under a variety of conditions; the biguanide-induced lactic acidosis is due to the toxic effects of biguanides (buformin, metformin, phenformin). The clinical picture is characterized by the occurrence of disturbances of consciousness, severe acidosis with Kußmaul's respiration, shock, hypothermia and in about 30% of all cases hypoglycemia. Apart from the general principles of intensive medical care, therapy should comprise correction of the acid-base-disturbances and elimination of the offending biguanide. The efficacy of hemodialysis in the treatment of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis is difficult to evaluate. By a more sensible use of biguanides, lactic acidosis secondary to drug administration should become a rare event.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 55 (1977), S. 1089-1093 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Sympathikusaktivität ; Dopamin-β-Hydroxylase ; Hypertonie ; Urämie, Hämodialyse ; Sympathetic activity ; Dopamin-β-hydroxylase ; Hypertension ; Uremia ; Hemodialysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Plasma dopamin-β-hydroxylase (DBH) was studied in 70 healthy control persons and in 37 hemodialysed patients. Basal DBH in controls corresponded to 50.0±29.3 IU. There was no significant difference between males (53.9±33.8 IU) and females (47.4±25 IU); no correlation could be found between age and plasma DBH. In hemodialysed patients basal DBH levels were significantly (p〈0.01) decreased (32.5±17.6 IU), suggesting lowered sympathetic activity and/or abnormalities in release, distribution space, or metabolism of DBH. During hemodialysis plasma DBH activity rose during ultrafiltration. This finding indicates a directionally appropriate sympathetic reflex response to volume depletion in dialysed patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Plasma Dopamin-β-Hydroxylase-Aktivität (DBH) wurde bei 70 gesunden Kontrollpersonen und 37 Hämodialysepatienten untersucht. Bei Kontrollpersonen wurde eine basale DBH-Aktivität von 50,0±29,3 IE gefunden. Es bestand kein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Männern (53,9±33,8 IE) und Frauen (47,4±25 IE). Es wurde keine Korrelation zwischen Lebensalter und basaler DBH-Aktivität gefunden. Die basale DBH-Aktivität war bei Hämodialysepatienten signifikant (p〈0,01) vermindert (32,5±17,6 IE); der Befund ist vereinbar mit verminderter Sympathikusaktivität und/oder Störungen der Freisetzung, des Verteilungsvolumens oder des Abbaues von DBH. Unter Hämodialyse stieg die Plasma DBH-Aktivität während Ultrafiltration an. Dieser Befund belegt eine Aktivierung sympathischer Reflexe durch Volumendepletion bei hämodialysierten Patienten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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