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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Augmentation of impaired tumoricidal function in alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients by cocultivation with allogeneic, but not autologous lymphocytes (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 45 (1997), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words Alveolar macrophages ; Tumoricidal activity ; PBL ; Lung cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  It has been reported that the in vitro development of tumoricidal function in alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients is reduced significantly when compared to that in peripheral blood monocytes from the same patients or alveolar macrophages from control patients. In the present investigation, a method for potentiating the development of tumoricidal function in alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients is described. This method, which relies on priming the macrophages with purified, allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors, could not be demonstrated when autologous lymphocytes from lung cancer patients were used in the priming coculture. The augmentation of tumoricidal function appears to be mediated by one or more soluble factors, since supernatants from cocultures of alveolar macrophages and allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes could enhance the cytotoxic function of freshly obtained alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, it appears that NK cells are necessary for this effect, since depletion of CD56+/CD57+ cells from allogeneic lymphocytes eliminated their capacity to enhance alveolar macrophage cytotoxic function. The augmentation of cytotoxic function elicited in alveolar macrophages by this method was not associated with changes in the secretion of tumor necrosis factor α, or interleukin 1β.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002620050397
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of tumoricidal function in alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients by interleukin-6 (1997)
    Springer
    Cancer immunology immunotherapy 45 (1997), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0851
    Keywords: Key words Alveolar macrophages ; Tumoricidal activity ; PBL ; Interleukin-6 ; Lung cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Previous studies have demonstrated that alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients are impaired in their ability to develop tumoricidal function when stimulated by activators such as interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide. However, these same macrophages have been shown to develop significant tumoricidal function when precultured with macrophage-depleted allogeneic peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors, an effect that was lost by the elimination of natural killer cells from the allogeneic lymphocyte population. In the present study, the effect of each activation condition on the expression of mRNA for interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and IL-6 was determined using reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction. The results show that the non-permissive activation condition is associated with the expression of mRNA for IL-6 while the permissive activation condition is not. Antibodies against IL-6 were subsequently shown to permit the development of tumoricidal function in alveolar macrophages stimulated with interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide while IL-6 protein was shown to inhibit the stimulatory action of allogeneic lymphocytes on the development of tumoricidal function in the same alveolar macrophages. Neither the permissive (i.e. allogeneic lymphocyte stimulation) nor the non-permissive (i.e. interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide) activation condition had any effect on the capacity of alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients to express mRNA for IL-1α, IL-1β or TNFα. These results show that IL-6 can regulate the ability of alveolar macrophages from lung cancer patients to be stimulated by interferon γ + lipopolysaccharide to develop significant tumoricidal function. They also show that allogeneic lymphocytes have the capacity to down-regulate IL-6 mRNA synthesis by alveolar macrophages thereby permitting the development and/or expression of macrophage tumoricidal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002620050398
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoinduzierte Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat in Gegenwart von niederund hochmolekularen Chinoxalinderivaten (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 43 (1975), S. 125-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The photoinduced polymerization of methyl methacrylate in presence of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline and 6-acrylamido-2,3-diphenylquinoxaline polymers is investigated. As photoexcited quinoxaline molecules are capable of hydrogen abstraction, which can be followed by hydrogen transfer, the formation of starting radicals in the considered system is referred to a hydrogen transfer from a H-donor to monomer molecules with monohydroquinoxaline radicals as transferring reagent. The polymerization mechanism based on this reaction is confirmed by endgroup analysis of the polymers and by the polymerization kinetics.
    Notes: Die photoinduzierte Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat in Gegenwart von 2,3-Diphenylchinoxalin und 6-Acrylamido-2,3-diphenylchinoxalin-Polymeren wird untersucht. Aufgrund der Fähigkeit der Chinoxaline, als Wasserstoffüberträger zu wirken, wird angenommen, daß der Start der Polymerisation durch. Radikale erfolgt, die bei der Übertragung von Wasserstoff aus H-Donatoren auf Monomermoleküle entstehen. Dieser radikalische Polymerisationsmechanismus wird durch Endgruppenanalysen der erhaltenen Polymeren und durch die ermittelte Polymerisationskinetik gestützt.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1975.050430109
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fraktionierung und Charakterisierung von ungehärteten Epoxidharzen aus Bisphenol A und Epichlorhydrin (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 48 (1975), S. 161-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Gel permeation chromatography and thin layer chromatography have been used respectively to separate and characterize the first seven members of an epoxy resin polymer homologous series on a preparative and analytical scale. The epoxy resin was formed by the reaction between Bisphenol-A and epichlorhydrin. NMR was used to identify the oligomers. The relationship between extinction coefficient and degree of polymerisation was also determined.
    Notes: Zur näheren chemischen und spektroskopischen Charakterisierung wurden die ersten sieben polymerhomologen Glieder der Reihe der Epoxidharze aus Bisphenol A und Epichlorhydrin mit Hilfe der Gel- und Dünnschichtchromatographie analytisch und präparativ getrennt. Die Oligomeren wurden mittels NMR-Spektroskopie identifiziert. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Extinktionskoeffizient und Polymerisationsgrad wurde ermittelt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1975.050480110
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolierung und Charakterisierung von niedermolekularem Polyvinylchlorid (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 89 (1980), S. 111-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Using suitable conditions of polymerisation low molecular weight PVC was prepared in CCl4 in the presence of isobutylen. The rate of thermal degradation increased as the molecular weight of the fraction decreased. The heat stability was less when dicyclohexylperoxodicarbonate was used instead of azoisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The substances with the lowest molecular weight were obtained as a colorless liquid by destillation of the polymerisation solvent at 90°C-110°C (10-4 Torr). The analysis of the products revealed the presence of structures which were not identical with those of PVC-homologues with low degree of polymerisation, but combination products of CCl4 and isobutylen.
    Notes: Unter geeigneten Polymerisationsbedingungen wurde niedermolekulares PVC in CCl4 in Gegenwart von Isobutylen hergestellt. Beim thermischen Abbau der fraktionierten, festen Anteile aus dem Polymerisationsansatz nimmt die Abbaugeschwindigkeit mit abnehmendem Molekulargewicht zu. Bei Verwendung von Dicyclohexylper-oxodicarbonat als Initiator gegenüber. Azoisobutyronitril verschlechtert sich die thermische Stabilität merklich. Die Substanzen mit dem niedrigsten Molekulargewicht wurden aus dem bei der Polymerisation verwendeten Lösungsmittel als farblose Flüsigkeit bei 90°C-110°C (10-4 Torr) destilliert. Es handelt sich hierbei jedoch nicht um PVC-Homologe mit niedrigem Polymerisationsgrad; vielmehr konnte mit spektroskopischen Methoden nachgewiesen werden, daß der Hauptanteil des erhaltenen Germisches eine Verbindung ist, die aus der Kombination von Tetrachlorkohlenstoff und Isobutylen entsteht.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1980.050890111
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemische Untersuchungen zum Abbau vernetzter Phenol-Formaldehyd-HarzeHerrn Prof. Dr. B. Vollmert mit besten Wünschen zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet (1980)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 92 (1980), S. 169-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: In addition to pyrolysis and degradation with superheated steam the hydrogenolytic degradation of cured phenolic resins induced by hydrogen-donors has been investigated. Especially with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (tetralin) a considerable amount of transferred hydrogen to the dispersed resin particles, involved with formation of naphthalene, has been observed at 400°C. With total maximal yields of 98 wt.-% (ref. to the initial amount of phenolic resin) of phenol, methyl phenols, and oligomerous phenolic degradation products a recovering of industrial phenolic resin wastes should be possible. Kinetic and scanning electron microscopic investigations are employed to give some mechanistic explanations involving the hydrogenolytic liquefaction of cured phenolic resins.
    Notes: Neben der Pyrolyse und dem Abbau mit überhitztem Wasserdampf wird insbesondere die hydrogenolytische Spaltung ausgehärteter Phenol-Formaldehyd-Harze in Gegenwart von Wasserstoff-Donatoren untersucht. Als H-Donor wird hierbei 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalin (Tetralin) eingesetzt, das bei Temperaturen um 400°C unter Wasserstoff-Transfer an die dispergierten Harzpartikel zu Naphthalin rearomatisiert. Bei maximalen Ausbeuten von insgesamt 98 Gew.-% (bez. auf die eingesetzte Harzmenge) Phenol, Methylphenolen und oligomeren phenolischen bruchstücken wird eine Nutzung technischer Phenolharzabfälle unter Gewinnung verwertbarer Spaltprodukte diskutiert. Anhand von Abbau-Kurven und rasterelektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen wird auf den Mechanismus der extraktiven hydrogenolytischen Phenolharzverflüssigung eingegangen.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1980.050920114
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alternierende copolymerisation mit lewissäuren. Copolymerisation von p-chlorstyrol und n-butylmethacrylat mit ethylaluminiumsesquichloridVortrag anläßlich der Tagung der Fachgruppe “Makromolekulare Chemie” der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker über “Neue Polymere-Spezielle Eigenschaften-Moderne Technologien” in Bad Nauheim am 14. und 15. April 1986. (1986)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 145 (1986), S. 101-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: After a survey of the present knowledge of the alternating copolymerization with Lewis acids the copolymerization of p-chlorostyrene and n-butyl methacrylate with ethylaluminium sesquichloride in homogeneous toluene solution is investigated (copolymerization diagram, composition of the copolymers as a function of the conversion and of the polymerization temperature, dependence of the intrinsic viscosities on the polymerization time, conversion-time-diagram). The 1H NMR spectrum of a copolymer with approximately equimolar composition confirms the alternating structure and the possibility of a mixture of an equimolar copolymer and a homopolymer is ruled out.
    Notes: Nach einem Überblick über die alternierende Copolymerisation mit Lewissäuren wird die Copolymerisation von p-Chlorstyrol und n-Butylmethacrylat mit Ethylaluminiumsesquichlorid in Toluol untersucht (Copolymerisationsdiagramm, Zusammensetzung der Copolymeren als Funktion des Umsatzes und der Polymerisationstemperatur, Abhängigkeit der Grenzviskositäten von der Polymerisationszeit, Zeit-Umsatz-Diagramm). Das 1H-NMR-Spektrum eines annähernd äquimolaren Copolymeren bestätigt die alternierende Struktur und schließt die Möglichkeit einer Mischung aus äquimolaren Co- und Homopolymeren aus.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1986.051450106
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methode zur Extraktion der niedermolekularen Anteile von PVC (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 147 (1987), S. 49-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A new method for the separation of low molecular PVC-parts from PVC is described. This method was developed by solvent extraction of the material at first with chloroform and finally with carbontetrachloride. The low molecular extracts were analysed both by gelpermeation chromatography and viscometric and spectrometric methods (IR and NMR). It was found that they are very low molecular and contain more structural defects than the total PVC. The thermal stability of these extracts is up to 8 times less than that of PVC. The removal of those low molecular parts from PVC involves a considerable lowering of the necessary amount of stabilizer for processing.
    Notes: Es wurde eine neue Methode zur Abtrennung der niedermolekularen Anteile aus PVC entwickelt. Sie beruht auf einer Löseextraktion mit Chloroform und anschließend mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff. Die extrahierten niedermolekularen Anteile wurden viskosimetrisch, gelpermeationschromatographisch und spektroskopisch (IR und NMR) analysiert. Es wurde festgestellt, daß sie sehr niedermolekular sind und viel mehr strukturelle Defekte als das Gesamt-PVC enthalten. Die thermische Stabilität ist bis zu achtmal geringer als die von PVC. Die Entfernung dieser niedermolekularen Anteile aus PVC ermöglicht eine erhebliche Herabsetzung der notwendigen Stabilisatormenge.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1987.051470105
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mutual miscibility of chlorinated hydrocarbon polymers derived from polyethylene and polyvinylchlorideDedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. H. Hellmann on the occasion of his 75th birthday (1989)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 171 (1989), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Untersucht wurde die Verträglichkeit von polymeren Chlorkohlenwasserstoffen mit verschiedener Comonomersequenzordnung. Eine erste Copolymerenserie (“PVCx”) wurde durch Reduktion von Polyvinylchorid hergestellt, eine zweite Serie (“PECx”) durch Chlorieren von Polyethylen. Die Polymer-Legierungen PECx/PECy, PVCx/PVCy und PVCx/PECy wurden bei 30°C und 110°C mit einer Lösungsfilmmethode analysiert. Im System PECx/PECy nimmt die Mischbarkeit mit steigendem Chlorgehalt der Copolymeren stetig zu. Bei den Systemen PVCx/PVCy und PVCx/PECy zeigt sich im Bereich um x = 1 eine erhöhte Tendenz zur Phasenseparation, die auf die bessere Comonomersequenzordnung der Copolymeren PVCx zurückzuführen ist. Im letzteren System ist diese Tendenz so stark, daß Polyvinylchlorid (PVCx=1) sogar mit dem chlorierten Polyethylen PECx=1, das die gleiche Bruttozusammensetzung hat, nicht mischbar ist.
    Notes: The compatibility of chlorinated hydrocarbon polymers of two different comonomer sequence orders was investigated. One series of copolymers (“PVCx”) was prepared via reduction of polyvinylchloride, the other (“PECx”) via chlorination of polyethylene in solution. The blends PECx/PECy, PVCx/PVCy and PVCx/PECy were analyzed with a film casting method at 30°C and 110°C. Miscibility increases in the system PECx/PECy steadily in the direction of increasing chlorine content. Due to the comonomer sequence order in the copolymers PVCx the systems PVCx/PVCy and PVCx/PECy show in the range around x = 1 an extra effect favouring phase separation. In the latter system this effect is so strong that polyvinylchloride (PVCx = 1) is even incompatible with the chlorinated polyethylene PECx=1 although both have the same overall composition.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1989.051710104
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triazine-based polymers, 1. Synthesis of poly[(2,4-dichloro-6-ethoxy-s-triazine)-alt-(bisphenol a)] (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 219 (1994), S. 27-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Poly[(2,4-dichlor-6-ethoxy-s-triazin)-alt-(bisphenol A)] (T-BPA) ist ein Polymeres mit interessanten thermischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften; die Monomeren 2,4-Dichlor-6-ethoxy-s-triazin und Bisphenol A sind in technischem Maßstab zu günstigen Preisen verfügbar. Die Reaktionsbedingungen für die Synthese von T-BPA durch phasentransferkatalysierte Polykondensation wurden untersucht und optimiert. Dazu wurde der Einfluß der verschiedenen Reaktionsvariablen wie Temperatur, Reaktionszeit, Art und Konzentration des Phasentransferkatalysators, Monomerkonzentration, Lösungsmittel, Art der Base, Salzzusatz und Konzentration eines Molekulargewichtsreglers auf die reduzierte spezifische Viskosität und die Ausbeute an T-BPA untersucht. Auf diese Weise ist es möglich, T-BPA unter Reaktionsbedingungen herzustellen, die günstig hinsichtlich der Energie- und Anlagekosten sind.
    Notes: Poly[(2,4-dichloro-6-ethoxy-s-triazine)-alt-(bisphenol A)] (T-BPA), a polymer with interesting mechanical and thermal properties, was synthesized by phase transfer catalysed interfacial polycondensation. The reaction conditions for the synthesis of T-BPA were investigated and optimized. The influence of several reaction parameters, such as temperature, reaction time, type and concentration of phase transfer catalyst, concentration of monomers, type of solvent, type of base, salt addition, and molecular weight terminator concentration on the reduced specific viscosity and yield of T-BPA was investigated. As a result, it is possible to synthesize T-BPA at reaction conditions being favourable with regard to the costs of energy and equipment.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1994.052190103
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