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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Anaesthesist 43 (1994), S. 55-72 
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter: Regionalanästhesie im Kindesalter – "balanzierte" Anästhesie – Plexus branchialis-Blockade – intravenöse Regionalanästhesie – Kaudalanästhesie – Epiduralanästhesie – Spinalanästhesie – Femoralisblock – Fascia-iliaca-Kompartmentblock – Penisblock ; Key words: Regional anaesthesia in pediatrics – "Balanced" anaesthesia – Plexus brachialis block – Intravenous regional anaesthesia – Spinal anaesthesia – Caudal block – Femoral block – Fascia iliaca compartment block – Penile block
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract. Regional anaesthetic procedures are not popular in paediatric anaesthesia in many institutions. However, regional anaesthesia is gaining ground, especially in a "new" concept of balanced paediatric anaesthesia. The decisive argument for the use of regional anaesthesia is the prolongation of pain relief further into the postoperative phase. The minimal haemodynamic and respiratory side effects during epidural and spinal anaesthesia, the reduced narcotic requirement and the potential early mobilisation all speak in favour of practical application of these techniques. Specially adapted needles and catheters have reduced the technical limitations. The use of nerve stimulators has optimized the accuracy of needle and catheter positioning. The use of a nerve stimulator is therefore highly recommended for peripheral nerve blocks in children. On the other hand, the use of regional anaesthesia in children has potential disadvantages, which should be considered. Special knowledge and continuous training are required. Many techniques are time consuming and personnel intensive, at least temporarily, and the combination of general and regional anaesthesia exposes the child to the potential risks inherent in both procedures. The aim of this paper is to discuss procedures which have gained favour in paediatric regional anaesthesia during the past few years. These include caudal, epidural and spinal anaesthesia, especially for infants with high narcotic risk, as well as fascia iliaca compartment blocks for lower extremity analgesia and penile blocks. Many peripheral nerve blocks require special experience and therefore are not discussed here, but they are used routinely by specialists in all age groups. Good anatomic and pharmacologic knowledge should be a prerequisite for all physicians who use regional anaesthetic procedures. Continuous training and critical analysis are needed for good results. Only then can such methods be introduced into routine paediatric anaesthetic practice.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung. Verfahren der Regionalanästhesie sind in der Kinderanästhesie noch nicht vielerorts populär. Dennoch gewinnt die Regionalanästhesie – vor allem als ergänzendes Verfahren zur oberflächlich geführten allgemeinen Narkose – zunehmend Platz in einem "neuen" Konzept einer "balanzierten" Kinderanästhesie. Entscheidendes Argument dafür ist die anhaltende Schmerzausschaltung, die in der postoperativen Phase ggf. prolongiert werden kann. Die praktisch kaum wahrnehmbaren, geringen hämodynamischen und respiratorischen Einflüsse bei epiduraler oder spinaler Anästhesie, der geringe Narkosemittelbedarf, frühe Mobilisierung sowie zunehmend wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse sind ermutigend für die praktische Anwendung dieser Techniken. Durch speziell fürs Kindesalter angepaßte Nadeln und Katheter konnten bereits viele Restriktionen aufgehoben werden. Ebenso wird durch Verwendung von Nervenstimulatoren die Qualität der Nadel- bzw. Katheterpositionierung generell verbessert. Beim narkotisierten Kind ist sie vielfach eine Voraussetzung. Andererseits ist auch mit einigen potentiellen Nachteilen bei der Anwendung der Regionalanästhesie im Kindesalter zu rechnen. Spezielle Kenntnisse und laufendes Training müssen selbstverständlich vorausgesetzt werden. Viele dieser Techniken erfordern neben einem Zeitaufwand passager auch zusätzlichen Personalaufwand, und schließlich kann das Kind potentiell durch die Kombination von Allgemein- und Regionalanästhesie Risiken ausgesetzt sein, die in beiden Verfahren stecken. In diesem Beitrag wurden die Verfahren herausgehoben, die in den vergangenen Jahren besonderes Gewicht in der Regionalanästhesie im Kindesalter erlangt haben. Hierzu zählen vor allem die Anwendung der Kaudalanästhesie, die Spinalanästhesie, besonders beim Säugling mit hohem Narkoserisiko, der Fascia-iliaca-Kompartment-Block für Operationen an einer unteren Extremität und der Penisblock. Viele Blockadetechniken peripherer Nerven setzen spezielle Kenntnisse voraus. Deswegen wurden sie hier auch nicht hervorgehoben, wenn sie auch von Spezialisten in der Routine in allen Altersgruppen angewendet werden. Gute theoretische Kenntnisse von Anatomie und Pharmakologie sind selbstverständlich für jeden, der regionalanästhesiologische Verfahren ansetzen will, vorauszusetzen. Fortwährende Übung und kritische Auseinandersetzung sind unabdingbar, um gute Ergebnisse zu erhalten. Nur dadurch können solche Methoden in die Routine der Kinderanästhesie ihren berechtigten Einzug halten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-055X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Kipptisch ; Autoregulation ; Doppler–Sonographie ; Säuglinge ; Halothannarkose ; Keywords Tilting test ; Autoregulation ; Infants ; Doppler sonography ; Halothane anesthesia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Halothane causes impairment of cerebrovascular reactivity and autoregulation. We used transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) to investigate the reaction patterns of cerebral blood flow velocities (CBFV) during a standardized orthostatic maneuver after premedication and during halothane anesthesia in infants. After premedication orthostasis led to no significant changes in CBFV. During halothane anesthesia CBFV was significantly higher than after premedication, and orthostasis induced a significant decrease in CBFV compared to values obtained in horizontal position. Heart rate and mean blood pressure were significantly lower than before medication during halothane anesthesia. The observed changes in CBFV during halothane anesthesia represent a characteristic pattern of impaired cerebral autoregulation. The changes in CBFV and heart rate demonstrate that neither systemic nor cerebral hemodynamics compensate for hydrostatic inducement during halothane anesthesia. The tilting test is a useful tool for determining cerebral autoregulation capacity in infants.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Halothan führt zu einer Hemmung der Vasomotorenreaktivität und verursacht so eine Einschränkung der zerebralen Autoregulation. Wir untersuchten bei Säuglingen mittels transkranieller Dopplersonogaphie (TCD) die Reaktionsmuster der zerebralen Blutflussgeschwindigkeiten (zBFG) im Rahmen eines standardisierten Orthostasetests (Kipptischtest) unter Prämedikation und in Halothannarkose. Unter der alleinigen Prämedikation kam es in vertikaler Körperposition (Orthostase) zu keinen signifikanten Veränderungen der zBFG. Unter Halothannarkose kam es bereits in horizontaler Körperposition im Vergleich zur Prämedikation zu einem signifikanten Anstieg der zBFG. In Orthostase kam es im Vergleich zu den Ausgangswerten in horizontaler Lage zu einem signifikanten Abfall der zBFG. Im Vergleich zur Prämedikation waren unter Haloththannarkose das Niveau der Herzfrequenz und der mittleren Blutdruckwerte signifikant niedriger. Die Veränderungen der zBFG und der Herzfrequenz zeigen, dass unter Halothannarkose sowohl systemische als auch zerebrale Kreislaufparameter nicht kompensatorisch auf die Orthostase als hydrostatischen Provokationsreiz reagieren. Die beschriebenen Veränderungen der zBFG im Orthostasetest während der Halothannarkose stellen ein typisches Muster dar, das bei eingeschränkter Autoregulation zu erwarten ist. Der Orthostasetest ist ein brauchbarer Test zur Beurteilung der zerebralen Autoregulation bei Säuglingen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 3 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The conditions for intubation were studied in 28 infants (age 1–14 months, ASA I/II) after intravenous administration of propofol or atracurium. Anaesthesia was induced via mask with halothane and N2O/O2. The study propofol group (GrP, n= 14) received a bolus of propofol 3.0 mg·kg−1, whilst the control atracurium group (GrA, n= 14) received atracurium 0.4 mg·kg−1. Intubation conditions were listed as excellent, moderate or impossible in GrP 79%–14%−7% and in GrA 72%–14%–14% respectively. A decrease of mean arterial pressure (GrP–9.17 ± 10.8 mmHg, −13% GrA–9.67 ± 15.2 mmHg, −12%) and heart rate (GrP–18 ± 21 bpm; GrA–14 ± 23 bpm) were seen after induction with halothane. After intubation the mean arterial pressure increased. The increase of heart rate observed after intubation was higher in GrA (GrP +6 ± 8 bpm; GrA +17 ± 19 bpm). The same intubation scores found with propofol in comparison with atracurium may be due to the reflex-suppressive and stress-inhibitory effect of propofol. Since excellent conditions for intubation were found with comparable smaller effects on measured haemodynamic parameters, propofol is regarded as a safe alternative to atracurium to facilitate intubation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Pediatric anesthesia 10 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1460-9592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Two newborn infants with traumatic perforation of the pharyngo–oesophageal region are presented. This injury was induced by pharyngeal suction catheters and/or vigorous attempts at nasogastric or tracheal intubation during resuscitation of the newborn. The true nature of this condition remained unrecognized and the babies were thus referred with a tentative diagnosis of oesophageal atresia. The perforation itself could be treated successfully without surgery, despite a severe complication in one infant resulting from inadvertent use of barium sulphate contrast medium. Raising awareness of the possibility of this injury should help in avoiding this complication by gentle and skilful action during newborn resuscitation, particularly in the premature infant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Congenital abdominal wall defect ; Patchplasty ; Skinplasty ; Expanded ; Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A combined technique of patchplasty with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and a special skinplasty is described for congenital abdominal wall defects where the abdominal cavity needs enlargement but skin closure is primarily possible. The patchplasty consists of suturing two half-moon-shaped, expanded PTFE leaves to the sides of the muscular abdominal wall, then approximating them under observation of intra-abdominal pressure by monitoring five parameters (urinary bladder pressure, central venous pressure, transcutaneous oxygen saturation, ventilation pressure, and mean arterial pressure). The skin is incised in a horizontal manner according to the tension lines. However, after closure, regional necrosis of the skin in the mid-portion above the incision is often observed due to lack of sufficient subcutaneous tissue at this site. Therefore, a skinplasty is done as a preventive measure, resecting this potential site of necrosis. The final appearance of the skin is an inverted T-shape. The surgical and monitoring techniques are described and illustrated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 68 (1981), S. 583-589 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Abstract During shock the organism reacts by means of primarily useful autoregulation mechanisms which, however, in excess become useless and at least harmful. Therapeutically it is necessary now, to partly break through these mechanisms going along with substitution of certain necessary substances and besides that in part to support the organism's own concept.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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